1223:
3005:), the action takes place in an enclosed television studio over a short period of time; however, they have higher production values, more dramatic background music, and higher stakes than traditional shows (done either through putting contestants into physical danger or offering large cash prizes). In addition, there is more interaction between contestants and hosts, and in some cases, they feature reality-style contestant competition or elimination as well. These factors, as well as these shows' rise in global popularity at the same time as the arrival of the reality craze, have led to such shows often being grouped under both the reality television and game show umbrellas.
2334:), but usually there is a new target for improvement in each episode. Despite differences in the content, the format is usually the same: first the show introduces the subjects in their current, less-than-ideal environment. Then the subjects meet with a group of experts, who give the subjects instructions on how to improve things; they offer aid and encouragement along the way. Finally, the subjects are placed back in their environment and they, along with their friends and family and the experts, appraise the changes that have occurred. Other self-improvement or makeover shows include
2675:, features contestants divided into two factions—the "traitors" and the "faithful"—and competing in challenges to build a cash jackpot awarded in the finale; three contestants secretly designated as "traitors" (which are known to the viewers) have the ability to secretly eliminate ("murder") other contestants each night, while the remaining contestants try to figure out the identities of the traitors so they can attempt to "banish" them in elimination votes. The jackpot is split among the faithful if they eliminate all of the traitors, but is split among the traitors if they fail.
4329:
3532:. They can also pass on their immunity to someone else and in the latter case, they can keep their immunity secret from other players. On most shows, immunity is quite a bit simpler: it is usually achieved by winning a task, often a relatively minor task during the first half of the episode; the announcement of immunity is made publicly and immunity is usually non-transferable. At some point in the season, immunity ceases to be available, and all contestants are susceptible to elimination. Competition shows that have featured immunity include the
4829:"Survivor" (1965), a science fiction novelette by Walter F. Moudy, depicted the 2050 "Olympic War Games" between Russia and the United States. The games are fought to show the world the futility of war and thus deter further conflict. Each side has one hundred soldiers who fight in a large natural arena. The goal is for one side to wipe out the other; the few who survive the battle become heroes. The games are televised, complete with color commentary discussing tactics, soldiers' personal backgrounds, and slow-motion replays of their deaths.
2956:. Although the shows involve a traditional talent search, the shows follow the reality-competition conventions of removing one or more contestants in every episode, allowing the public to vote on who is removed, and interspersing performances with video clips showing the contestants' "back stories", their thoughts about the competition, their rehearsals and unguarded behind-the-scenes moments. Additionally, there is a good deal of unscripted interaction shown between contestants and judges. The American
630:, during which live network television followed suspect Simpson for 90 minutes being chased by police, has been described as a seminal moment in reality television. Networks interrupted their regular television programming for months for coverage of the trial and related events. Because of Simpson's status as a top athlete and celebrity, the brutal nature of the murders, and issues of race and class in Los Angeles celebrity culture, the sensational case dominated ratings and the public conversation.
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338:
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in which the prize for the winner includes a contract to perform that kind of work and an undisclosed salary, although the award can simply be a sum of money and ancillary prizes, like a cover article in a magazine. The show also features judges who act as counselors, mediators and sometimes mentors to help contestants develop their skills further or perhaps decide their future position in the competition.
9889:
830:
1467:), until such time that production could recommence with appropriate health and safety protocols approved by local authorities. Due to their quicker turnaround times, the U.S. networks used reality series and other unscripted content (including those delayed from their summer lineups) to fill gaps in their schedules while the production of scripted programming resumed.
4369:, which have spawned music stars in many of the countries in which they have aired. Many other shows, however, have made at least temporary celebrities out of their participants; some participants have then been able to parlay this fame into media and merchandising careers. Participants of non-talent-search programs who have had subsequent acting careers include
122:
scenes being staged). Some shows have been accused of rigging the favorite or underdog to win. Other criticisms of reality television shows include that they are intended to humiliate or exploit participants; that they make stars out of untalented people unworthy of fame, infamous figures, or both; and that they glamorize vulgarity.
4228:("If I Were"), follows young, middle-class people as they are temporarily placed into lower-class life, where they learn to appreciate their circumstances back home by experiencing daily life for the less fortunate. Critics have claimed that this and similar programs in Indonesia reinforce traditionally Western ideals of
4901:(1976) includes a subplot in which network executives negotiate with an urban terrorist group for the production of a weekly series, each episode of which was to feature an act of terrorism. The climax of the film has the terrorist group being turned against the network's own unstable star, news commentator Howard Beale.
1330:, in 2013 became the most popular reality series in U.S. cable television history. Its fourth-season premiere was viewed by nearly 12 million viewers in the United States, most of which were in rural markets. Its rural audience share ranked in the 30s, an extremely high number for any series, broadcast or cable.
254:, episodes included "7 Plus Seven", "21 Up", etc.; it is still ongoing. The program was structured as a series of interviews with no element of the plot. By virtue of the attention paid to the participants, it effectively turned ordinary people into a type of celebrity, especially after they became adults.
83:
Reality television shows tend to be interspersed with "confessionals", short interview segments in which cast members reflect on or provide context for the events being depicted on-screen; this is most commonly seen in
American reality television. Competition-based reality shows typically feature the
4891:
about a television show in which contestants (including a B-list actress who is hoping to revitalize her career) attempt to make their way to a checkpoint after being dropped off in the
Alaskan wilderness, while being filmed and broadcast around the clock through an entire weekend. The story focuses
4706:
In 2006, four of the ten most popular programs among viewers under 17 were reality shows. Studies have shown that young people emulate the behavior displayed on these programs, gathering much of their knowledge of the social world, particularly about consumer practices, from television. Some critics
3160:
In this category, the competition revolves around a skill that contestants were pre-screened for. Competitors perform a variety of tasks based on that skill, are judged, and are then kept or removed by a single expert or a panel of experts. The show is usually presented as a job search of some kind,
2926:
contests. Typically, participants are filmed competing to win a prize, often while living together in a confined environment. In many cases, participants are removed until only one person or team remains, who is then declared the winner. Usually this is done by eliminating participants one at a time
3065:
Dating-based competition shows follow a contestant choosing one out of a group of suitors. Over the course of either a single episode or an entire season, suitors are eliminated until only the contestant and the final suitor remains. In the early 2000s, this type of reality show dominated the other
1556:
Although the term "docusoap" has been used for many documentary-style reality television shows, there have been shows that have deliberately tried to mimic the appearance and structure of soap operas. Such shows often focus on a close-knit group of people and their shifting friendships and romantic
1358:
again noted a stagnation in reality television programs' ratings in the U.S., which they attributed to "The diminishing returns of cable TV's sea of reality sameness". They noted that a number of networks that featured reality programming, including Bravo and E!, were launching their first scripted
572:
also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows, including extensive use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after-the-fact "confessionals" recorded by cast members, which serve as narration. One year later,
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A number of studies have tried to pinpoint the appeal of reality television. Factors that have been cited in its appeal include personal identification with the onscreen participants; pure entertainment; diversion from scripted TV; vicarious participation; a feeling of self-importance compared to
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partners, although the authenticity of the show has been questioned, and even refuted by some who have been featured on the series. Once the evidence has been gathered, the accuser confronts the cheating partner with the assistance of the host. In many special-living documentary programs, hidden
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In many cases, the entire premise of the show is contrived, based around a competition or another unusual situation. Some shows have been accused of using fakery in order to create more compelling television, such as having premeditated storylines and in some cases feeding participants lines of
121:
since its rise in popularity. Critics argue that reality television shows do not accurately reflect reality, in ways both implicit (participants being placed in artificial situations), and deceptive (misleading editing, participants being coached on behavior, storylines generated ahead of time,
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set most of its sketches as excerpts from various fictional reality television shows, which one critic wrote "aren't far off from the lineups at E!, Bravo, and VH1", and parodied those shows' participants' "lack of self-awareness". The show also satirized the often incestuous nature of reality
4212:
ran the front-page headline: "Is Super Girl a Force for
Democracy?" The Chinese government criticized the show, citing both its democratic nature and its excessive vulgarity, or "worldliness", and in 2006 banned it outright. It was later reintroduced in 2009, before being banned again in 2011.
5802:
newspaper, February 8, 1975, Charleston, South
Carolina. Quote: "Peter Benchley's journey to the world of the White Shark is an evocative portrait of one of nature's extraordinary phenomena, the shark, and of one man's revealing transition from the world of fantasy to the world of underwater
3947:
employs unusual and outlandish strategies to help struggling businesses. Although aware they are on a reality program, the employees of the businesses featured were unaware of the show's comedic nature, and reacted genuinely to
Fielder's antics. On multiple occasions, the show received media
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Another categorization divides reality television into two types: shows that purport to document real life, and shows that place participants in new circumstances. In a 2003 paper, theorists
Elisabeth Klaus and Stephanie Lücke referred to the former category as "docusoaps", which consist of
4163:. The show became popular in Arab countries, with around 18 million viewers, partly because it was able to combine the excitement of reality television with a traditional, culturally relevant topic. In April 2010, however, the show also became a subject of political controversy, when
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subjects a contestant to various staged situations over a month-long period, designed to analyze their personality and how they respond. After the contestant is taken to a studio and let off the hook, they then answer observation questions related to the events for a chance to win prizes.
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countries, reality-television voting has provided the first opportunity for many citizens to vote in any free and fair wide-scale "elections". In addition, the frankness of the settings on some reality shows presents situations that are often taboo in certain conservative cultures, like
747:
franchises. In the United States, reality television programs suffered a temporary decline in viewership in 2001, leading some entertainment industry columnists to speculate that the genre was a temporary fad that had run its course. Reality shows that suffered from low ratings included
5450:
executive producer John
Levenstein said in an interview that reality TV "has so many tools for telling stories in terms of text and flashbacks and ways to show things to the audience that it's incredibly convenient for comedy and storytelling if you use the full reality show toolkit."
4021:, and are monitored during the filming by the legal staff and standards and practice staff of the parent network. These shows cannot be manipulated in any way that affects the outcome of the game. However, misleading editing does not fall into altering the fairness of the competition.
249:
broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary 7-year-olds from a broad cross-section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, the filmmaker created a new film documenting the lives of the same individuals during the intervening period. Titled the
4251:
in 2012, author Mark
Andrejevic characterised the role of reality television in a post-9/11 society as the normalisation of surveillance in participatory monitoring, the "logic of the emerging surveillance economy", and in the promise of a societal self-image that is contrived. An
1382:
was a more traditional singing competition show, but with the wrinkle that the contestants were celebrities who remained masked until they were removed from the show, adding an element of guesswork to the competition. The two shows both spawned successful international franchises,
3993:
The authenticity of reality television is often called into question by its detractors. The genre's title of "reality" is often criticized as being inaccurate because of claims that the genre frequently includes elements such as premeditated scripting (including a practice called
3442:
Some job-related competition shows have a different set of contestants competing on every episode, and thus more closely resemble game shows, although the "confessional" commentary provided by contestants gives them a reality TV aspect. The 1993-1999 Japanese cooking competition
2005:
One notable subset of shows about professional activities is those in which the professionals haggle and engage in financial transactions, often over unique or rare items whose value must first be appraised. Two such shows, both of which have led to multiple spinoff shows, are
4299:
showcase working-class people of the kind that "used to be routine" on scripted network television, but that became a rarity in the 2000s: "The better to woo upscale viewers, TV has evicted its mechanics and dockworkers to collect higher rents from yuppies in coffeehouses."
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in 2012 and was run in marathon format, but attracted low viewership and had very poor ratings). Another option is to create documentaries around series, including extended interviews with the participants and outtakes not seen in the original airings; the syndicated series
10220:
Ho, H. (June 16, 2006). Parasocial identification, reality television, and viewer self-worth. Paper presented at the 56th annual meeting of the international
Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany. Retrieved March 14, 2011, from
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accurately conveyed how, in real life, "so much of self is situational", so that, as circumstances change, "the oppressed becomes the oppressor, the bully becomes the bullied." In contrast, he felt that in scripted drama "there's a lot of religiosity around humanity."
2938:, in which cast members live together in the same house, with participants removed at regular intervals by either the viewing audience or, in the American version, by the participants themselves. There remains disagreement over whether talent-search shows such as the
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Originally, court shows were all dramatized and staged programs, with actors playing the litigants, witnesses and lawyers. The cases were either reenactments of real-life cases or cases that were fictionalized altogether. Among examples of staged courtroom dramas are
1514:
In many reality television programs, camera shooting and footage editing give the viewer the impression that they are passive observers following people going about their daily personal and professional activities; this style of filming is sometimes referred to as
10457:
Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & Rosengren, K. E. (1985). Uses and gratifications research: The past ten years. in K. E. Rosengren, L. A. Wenner & P. Palmgreen (eds.), Media gratifications research: Current perspectives (pp. 11–37). Beverly Hills, CA:
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in which the population of a planet watches live television broadcasts of the torture and executions of those who oppose the government. The planet's political system is based on the leaders themselves facing disintegration if the population votes 'no' to their
3509:
One concept pioneered by, and unique to, reality competition shows is the idea of immunity, in which a contestant can win the right to be exempt the next time contestants are eliminated from the show. Possibly the first instance of immunity in reality TV was on
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and deconstruct the conventions and cliches of the genre for comedic effect; in such cases, a fictitious premise is usually presented to one or more of the participants, with the rest of the cast consisting of actors and other figures that are in on the joke.
859:
Internationally, a number of shows created in the late 1990s and 2000s have had massive global success. Reality-television franchises created during that time that have had more than 30 international adaptations each include the singing competition franchises
4271:
VH1 executive vice president
Michael Hirschorn wrote in 2007 that the plots and subject matters on reality television are more authentic and more engaging than in scripted dramas, writing that scripted network television "remains dominated by variants on the
2613:, which began in 2003, and has had many spinoffs in the UK and other countries, is a notable example. In the show, people with different values agree to live by each other's social rules for a brief period of time. Other shows in this category include
611:) in 1989. These systems made it easy to quickly edit hours of video footage into a usable form, something that had been very difficult to do before (film, which was easy to edit, was too expensive to use in shooting enough hours on a regular basis).
1257:, premiered; it added to the singing competition template the twist that judges could not see contestants during the initial audition round, and could judge them only by their voice. The show was an instant success, and spawned an entire franchise,
4799:"The Prize of Peril" (1958), another Robert Sheckley story, is about a television show in which a contestant volunteers to be hunted for a week by trained killers, with a large cash prize if he survives. It was adapted in 1970 as the TV movie
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competitor, read out a poem criticizing her country's Muslim clerics. Both critics and the public reacted favorably to Hilal's poetry; she received the highest scores from the judges throughout the competition and came in third place overall.
2100:
has contestants living together in an overseas residence, and has been around for over 30 seasons. The format of each season changes, however the main premise of the series involves a daily challenge, nomination process and elimination round.
3528:) premiered in 2000. On that show, there are complex rules around immunity: a player can achieve it by winning challenges (either as a team in the tribal phase or individually in the merged phase), or, in more recent seasons, through finding
3449:
could be considered an early example, although it does not include commentary by the participants, only by announcers and judges. Cooking competition shows with different contestants per episode that are considered reality shows include the
5549:
film genre, which began in the mid-2000s, and uses video cameras and relies heavily on improvisation and non-professional actors, has been described as influenced in part by what one critic called "the spring-break psychodrama of MTV's
1403:
was the third highest-rated series overall of both the 2018–19 and 2019–20 television seasons. The success of the two franchises has led to other globally-syndicated franchises of reality competitions based around guesswork, such as
10378:
Nabi, R. L.; Stitt, C. R.; Halford, J.; Finnerty, K. L. (2006). "Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective".
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depicting a game show in which a contestant flees around the world from "hunters" trying to chase him down and kill him; it has been speculated that the book was inspired by "The Prize of Peril". The book was loosely adapted as a
140:, in which unsuspecting people were confronted with funny, unusual situations and filmed with hidden cameras, first aired in 1948. In the 21st century, the series is often considered a prototype of reality television programming.
10810:
Zillmann, D. (1988). Mood management: Using entertainment to full advantage. in L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher, & T. E. Higgins (eds.), Communication, social cognition and affect (pp. 147–171). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
1372:, which premiered in 2015, showed guest judges attempting to guess which of a group of contestants could sing, and which could not, without hearing them sing. The show was successful, and spawned several imitators, most notably
668:
template the idea of competition and elimination. Cast members or contestants battled against each other and were removed from the show until only one winner remained (these shows are now sometimes called elimination shows).
1891:
Some documentary-style shows portray professionals either going about day-to-day business or performing an entire project over the course of a series. One early example (and the longest running reality show of any genre) is
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Nabi, R.; Stitt, C.; Halford, J.; Finnerty, K. (2006). "Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective".
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Grimm, J. (2010). From reality TV to coaching TV: Elements of theory and empirical findings towards understanding the genre. In A. Hetsroni (ed.), Reality TV: Merging the global and the local (pp. 211–258). New York:
10068:
Cooper-Chen, A. (2005). A world of "millionaires": Global, local and "glocal" TV game shows. In A. Cooper-Chen (ed.), Global entertainment media. Content, audiences, issues (pp. 237–251). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
807:
Another trend was to combine reality TV with a social history angle usually by having contestants taken back to various time periods primarily to see how millennials would cope without modern technology. Examples included
2824:, surveillance, and hand held camera footage; odd angles; subtitles establishing place and time; desaturated imagery; and non-melodic soundtracks. Noting the trend in reality shows that take the paranormal at face value,
2661:
pods with limited sleep, food and information while competing in elimination challenges ended by a quit button, causing winners to go on for much longer than needed as a blind gamble to not be the first person to quit.
418:
featured a different amateur in some field (cooking, comedy, football, etc.) trying to succeed professionally in that field, with help from notable experts. The 15-episode series is credited with starting the career of
4236:. However, Eko Nugroho, reality-show producer and president of Dreamlight World Media, insists that these reality shows are not promoting American lifestyles but rather reaching people through their universal desires.
3405:
Some shows use the same format with celebrities: in this case, there is no expectation that the winner will continue this line of work, and prize winnings often go to charity. The most popular such shows have been the
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6425:
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4918:. The movie removed most of the reality-TV element of the book: its competition now took place entirely within a large television studio, and more closely resembled an athletic competition (though a deadly one).
54:
that documents purportedly unscripted real-life situations, often starring unfamiliar people rather than professional actors. Reality television emerged as a distinct genre in the early 1990s with shows such as
8343:
10101:
Grindstaff, L. (2011). Just be yourself—only more so: ordinary celebrity. in M. M. Kraidy & K. Sender (eds.), The politics of reality television: Global perspectives (pp. 44–58). London and New York:
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that depicted a futuristic game in which one player gets to hunt down another player and kill him. The first player who can score ten kills wins the grand prize. This story was the basis for the Italian film
1363:, were abandoning plans to launch further reality programs; though they clarified that the genre as a whole "isn't going anywhere." Ratings and profits from reality TV continued to decline in the late 2010s.
10187:
Hetsroni, A., & Tukachinsky, R. H. (2003). "Who wants to be a millionaire" in America, Russia, and Saudi Arabia: A celebration of differences or a unified global culture? The Communication Review, 6(2),
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has the main character, a fictional European monarch portrayed by Chaplin, secretly filmed while talking to people at a New York cocktail party. The footage is later turned into a television show within the
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Klaus, E., & Lucke, S. (2003). Reality TV: Definition und Merkmale einer erfolgreichen Genrefamilie am Beispiel von Reality Soap und Docu Soap. Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft, 51 (2), 195–212.
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Livio, o. (2010). Performing the nation: A cross-cultural comparison of idol shows in four countries. in A. Hetsroni (ed.), Reality TV: Merging the global and the local (pp. 165–188). New York: Nova.
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4276:... in which a stock group of characters (ethnically, sexually, and generationally diverse) grapples with endless versions of the same dilemma. The episodes have all the ritual predictability of Japanese
1574:
had a more cinematic feel than any previous reality television show, through the use of higher-quality lighting and cameras, voice-over narration instead of on-screen "confessionals", and slower pacing.
8026:
5123:(2008) is a British comedy special that satirized reality music competitions, and in particular the reliance on emotional backstories, depicting the series finale of the fictitious reality competition
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106:
are generally not classified as reality television. Some genres of television programming that predate the reality television boom have been retroactively classified as reality television, including
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West, E. (2010). Reality nations: An international comparison of the historical reality genre. in A. Hetsroni (ed.), Reality TV: Merging the global and the local (pp. 259-277). New York: Nova.
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A reality TV personality may also use the genre as a platform to preach or minister as Mark Anthony DiBello has done with almost 40 different appearances on a variety of reality and game shows.
3692:
Some series may follow non-sportspeople (usually celebrities, or in some cases athletes known for their participation in a different sport) training and participating in a sporting event, such as
4595:
from 2004 to 2015 has been credited by some commentators as a factor in his political success, since it greatly increased his fame, and showcased him as a tough and experienced authority figure.
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Cohen, J.; Weimann, G. (2008). "Who's afraid of reality shows? Exploring the effects of perceived influence of reality shows and the concern over their social effects on willingness to censor".
6624:
9676:
Prigge, Matt (January 3, 2007). "Jackass Number Two... the year's best, most twisted cross-over documentary—and don't forget it is, in every definition of the word, a documentary". Repertory.
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theater," while reality television is "the liveliest genre on the set right now. It has engaged hot-button cultural issues – class, sex, race – that respectable television... rarely touches."
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1485:
A 2009 study proposed eight subgenres: "gamedocs", dating programs, makeover programs, docusoaps, talent contests, court programs, reality sitcoms, and celebrity variations of other programs.
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5035:(2002) is a horror slasher film that takes place in a wired house full of surveillance cameras. Each "contestant" is recorded as they attempt to survive and solve the mystery of the murders.
1025:, changed their programming to feature mostly reality television series. In addition, three cable channels were started around that time that were devoted exclusively to reality television:
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3139:
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2040:, which began airing in 1979 and has since spawned numerous international versions, although that show includes only appraisals and does not include bargaining or other dramatic elements.
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Such women are symbolic of both the triumph and failure of consumerism and popular culture, where Playboy models and reality TV stars are revered by a younger, impressionable generation.
8147:
4401:; though Barrett and Trimbur were already aspiring actresses when they appeared on reality television. Reality TV participants who have become television hosts and personalities include
2262:
offers a twist in which artworks' artistic value, rather than their financial value, is appraised by a panel of judges, who determine whether each one will be featured at an exhibition.
3998:"), acting, urgings from behind-the-scenes crew to create specified situations of adversity and drama, and misleading editing. It has often been described as "scripting without paper".
5857:
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has said, "As annoying as reality TV is, it's been really good for filmmakers because it got mainstream audiences used to watching shaky camerawork and different kinds of situations."
1730:
in the mid-2000s had an entire block of such shows, known as "Celebreality". Shows such as these are often created with the idea of promoting a celebrity product or upcoming project.
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series has been the longest-running and, for most of its run, the most popular such franchise. The first job-search show which showed dramatic, unscripted situations may have been
283:, rock climbing, wildlife photography, horseback riding, race car driving, and the like, with most of the resulting action and dialogue being unscripted, except for the narration.
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4202:) has similarly been cited for its political and cultural impact. After the finale of the show's 2005 season drew an audience of around 400 million people, and eight million
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attempting to find the worst singer. The judges criticized good singers and eliminated them, but bad singers were praised and allowed to progress further through the competition.
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8902:
5195:" is set in a space station, Satellite Five, where residents of Earth are randomly abducted and forced to participate in lethal incarnations of game and reality shows, such as
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10491:
Patino, A.; Kaltcheva, V. D.; Smith, M. F. (2011). "The appeal of reality television for teen and pre-teen audiences: The power of "connectedness" and psycho demographics".
7127:
492:, a fantasies-fulfilled reality show, originally ran from 1982 to 1988. It was revived from 2001 to 2003. In 1985, underwater cinematographer Al Giddings teamed with former
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Riley, S. G. (2010). Temporary celebrity. in S. G. Riley (ed.), Star struck: An encyclopedia of celebrity culture (pp. 294–299). Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press.
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Ebersole, S. & Woods, R.(2007). Motivations for Viewing Reality Television: A Uses and Gratifications Analysis. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, 23(1, 23-42)
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Crockett, Richard; Pruzinsky, Thomas; Persin, John (2007). "The Influence of Plastic Surgery "Reality TV" on Cosmetic Surgery Patient Expectations and Decision Making".
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in 2006 and has since spawned nearly twenty other series, in the U.S. and internationally. The franchise has an older cast and different personal dynamics than that of
8340:
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8318:
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that date to the 1960s had similar premises (though each episode was self-contained, and not the serial format of more modern shows). One of the more recent hits was
568:
television in 1991, originated the concept of putting strangers together in a limited environment for an extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued.
8517:
Onishi, Norimitsu (May 25, 2009). "Indonesia goes wild for American-style reality TV in a nation where income varies widely, shows offer a look at how others live".
8175:
5076:(2005) satirizes the indignity of reality television by presenting itself as "raw footage" of a new reality show documenting the attempted comeback of has-been star
213:
was a crime and police show that aired from June 1958 to January 1959, with interviewer Jack Wyatt questioning criminals from assorted backgrounds. The radio series
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stated that reality television is "a firm and embedded part of television's vocabulary, used in every genre from game-shows and drama to news and current affairs."
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or by voting for the most popular to win. Voting is done by the viewing audience, the show's own participants, a panel of judges, or some combination of the three.
2454:
In one study, participants who admitted to watching more reality television were more likely to proceed with a desired plastic surgery than those who watched less.
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The viewers are seeing the PRODUCED side of her show and not so much the genuine stuff, and she looks silly because of it... A LOT TAKES PLACE IN THE EDITING ROOM!
4524:, or children of famous parents, who were somewhat well known before they appeared on reality television shows have become much more famous as a result, including
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Some reality television shows cover a person or group of people improving their lives. Sometimes the same group of people are covered over an entire season (as in
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There are also fly-on-the-wall-style shows directly involving celebrities. Often these show a celebrity going about their everyday life: notable examples include
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Hellmueller, L. C., & Aeschbacher, N. (2010). Media and celebrity: Production and consumption of "wellKnownness." Communication Research Trends, 29(4), 3-35.
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2022:. Other shows, while based around such financial transactions, also show elements of its main cast members' personal and professional lives; these shows include
1288:, had begun to see declining ratings. However, reality television as a whole remained durable in the U.S., with hundreds of shows across many channels. In 2012,
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is probably the best-known program of this type in the world, with around 50 international versions having been produced. Other shows in this category, such as
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have admitted to coaching cast members on what to say in order to draw more emotion from each scene, although they insist that the underlying stories are real.
373:(filmed in 1971) going through a divorce; unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style. In 1974 a counterpart program,
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In some shows, one or more experts try to improve a failing small business over the course of each episode. Examples that cover many types of business include
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became more popular. Many of these featured the same types of unusual or dysfunctional guests who would later become popular as cast members of reality shows.
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Baruh, L (2009). "Publicized intimacies on reality television: An analysis of voyeuristic content and its contribution to the appeal of reality programming".
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Baruh, L (2009). "Publicized intimacies on reality television: An analysis of voyeuristic content and its contribution to the appeal of reality programming".
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from a terminally-ill woman—was, by contrast, not intended for comedic effect, and was a hoax directed at viewers to help raise awareness for kidney donation.
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Due to their dramatized feel, many of these shows have been accused of being pre-scripted, more so than other reality television shows have. The producers of
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television play in which a dissident in a dictatorship is forced onto a secluded island and taped for a reality show in order to keep the masses entertained.
4449:; some of them have had acting careers as well. Reality TV participants who have become television personalities as well as successful entrepreneurs include
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and his TV show, 'The American Sportsman.' Gowdy had a distinct, soft-spoken demeanor and the destinations of his hunts were in various parts of the world."
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McCarthy, A. (2009). "Stanley Milgram, Allen Funt and me: Postwar Social Science and the First Wave of Reality TV". In Ouellette, L., and Murray, S. (eds).
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4582:, are notable for having some of the business people who appeared there as judges and investors go on to win political office. The prime example is former
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One notable subset, popular from approximately 2005 to 2012, consisted of shows in which the winner gets a specific part in a known film, television show,
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During the early part of the 2000s, network executives expressed concern that reality-television programming was limited in its appeal for DVD reissue and
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Hall, A (2009). "Perceptions of the authenticity of reality programs and their relationships to audience Involvement, enjoyment, and perceived learning".
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3583:-related reality shows can fall within the aforementioned sub-genres, either using it as the basis of competition, or by following sport as a profession:
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3689:(before it was reformatted as a traditional wrestling show with developmental talent), a contract with the respective organization was the grand prize.
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was the originator of this format. In almost every other such type of programming, cast members are given specific challenges or obstacles to overcome.
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5170:, set in a dystopian future in which appearing on reality television is the only way in which people can escape their miserable, jail-like conditions.
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4878:), is about a woman dying of cancer whose last days are recorded without her knowledge for a television show. It was later adapted as the 1980 movie
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and its imitators, as well as lower production values, but similarly is meant to resemble scripted soap operas – in this case, the television series
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achieved some notoriety by placing several couples on an island surrounded by single people in order to test the couples' commitment to each other.
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in the United States, would typically feature one or more celebrities, and sometimes their family members, being accompanied by a camera crew on an
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found that Americans who watch reality television regularly are more extroverted, more neurotic, and have lower self-esteem than those who do not.
3054:, devoted the first part of the season to selecting a winner, and the second part to showing that person or group of people working on a project.
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similarly involves investors, but involves more of a game show element in which restaurant owners compete to prove their worth. The British series
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are hidden-camera programs in which the goal is to frighten contestants rather than just befuddle or amuse them. The Belgian hidden camera series
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Though the litigants are legitimate, the "judges" in such shows are actually arbitrators, as these pseudo-judges are not actually presiding in a
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Kilborn, R. M. (2003). Staging the real. Factual TV programming in the age of Big Brother. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
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Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
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6709:"'American Idol, 'Ninja Warrior', 'SYTYCD' & 'MasterChef' Among Unscripted Series In Limbo As Networks Deal With Reality Of COVID-19 Crisis"
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Competition-based programs, featuring groups of athletes competing against each other in challenges and events within a specific sport, such as
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8138:"Kim Kardashian, Kris Humphries divorce case heats up: Court documents show marriage scenes were 'scripted, reshot or edited' for reality show"
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4140:, noting both of these issues, wrote that "the best hope of little Americas developing in the Middle East could be Arab-produced reality TV".
2927:(or sometimes two at a time, as an episodic twist due to the number of contestants involved and the length of a given season), through either
820:. In addition to those was a series consisting of archeologists and historians running a farm though various historical periods, most notably
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Shattuc, J. (2001). Confessional talk shows. In G. Creeber (ed.), The television genre book (pp. 84–87). London: British Film institute.
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newspaper, Syracuse, New York, December 21, 2012, by Tom Adessa. "As a teenager, I always looked forward to Sunday afternoons when I'd watch
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primarily on the show's effect on a couple whose domestic tensions and eventual reconciliation parallel the dangers faced by the contestants.
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combined the "special living environment" format with the "professional activity" format noted earlier; in addition to living together in a
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Clissold, B.(2004). "Candid Camera and the origins of reality TV: contextualizing a historical precedent". In Holmes, and Jermyn, D. (eds)
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A number of fictional works since the 1940s have contained elements similar to elements of reality television. They tended to be set in a
3883:). The final decision on eliminations in each episode was always given to Todd's "real boss"—revealed in the series finale to have been a
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Lundy, L. Ruth, A. & Park, T.(2008). Simply Irresistible: Reality TV Consumption Patterns, Communication Quarterly, 56(2), p.208-225.
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Some documentary-style programs place cast members, who in most cases previously did not know each other, in staged living environments;
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Nabi, R. L.; Biely, E. N.; Morgan, S. J.; Stitt, C. R. (2003). "Reality-based television programming and the psychology of its appeal".
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Hill, A.; Weibull, L.; Nilsson, A. (2007). "Public and popular: British and Swedish audience trends in factual and reality television".
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Hill, A.; Weibull, L.; Nilsson, A. (2007). "Public and popular: British and Swedish audience trends in factual and reality television".
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Television formats portraying ordinary people in unscripted situations are almost as old as the television medium itself. Producer-host
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4783:, is about a man who discovers that he is an actor in a "livie", a live-action show that is viewed by billions of people in the future.
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has also been criticized by non-government commentators for creating seemingly impossible ideals that may be harmful to Chinese youth.
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Li Cui; Francis L. F. Lee (2010). "Becoming Extra-Ordinary: Negotiation of Media Power in the Case of "Super Girls' Voice" in China".
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Some feature films have been produced that use some of the conventions of reality television; such films are sometimes referred to as
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cameras are set up all over the residence in order to capture moments missed by the regular camera crew, or intimate bedroom footage.
2425:, in which people who had become hoarders, even living in squalor, were given professional assistance. The American television series
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Many reality television stars of the 2000s and 2010s have direct or indirect connections to people involved in the case, most notably
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6556:"The State Of Non-Scripted TV: Networks & Streamers Optimistic In 2021 As They Seek Post-Pandemic Stability & Noisy New Hits"
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A number of scripted television comedy and satire shows have adopted the format of the documentary-type reality television show, in "
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is one such group of reality television personalities who were subject to this criticism in the 2010s, Kim Kardashian in particular.
10094:(2004). From Tit-Bits to Big Brother: A century of audience participation in the media. Media, Culture & Society, 26(4), 533–548
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1041:(formerly known as Reality TV and then Zone Reality) in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, which has run from 1999 to the present.
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games, with the announcer urging viewers at home to vote for their favorites, stating, "This is your program. You pick the winner."
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gradual elimination of participants, either by a panel of judges, by the viewership of the show, or by the contestants themselves.
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Papacharissi, Z.; Mendelson, A. L. (2007). "An exploratory study of reality appeal: Uses and gratifications of reality TV shows".
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Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Uses and gratifications research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509–523.
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Biltereyst, D (2004). "Media audiences and the game of controversy: on Reality TV, moral panic and controversial media stories".
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focused on the breaking down of cultural and socioeconomic barriers as the public rallied around the show's top two contestants.
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to draw the necessary viewers to make it worthwhile. (Even in these cases, it is not always successful: the first ten seasons of
675:, a program that began in the UK in 1996, showed couples redecorating each other's houses, and was the first reality show with a
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Thornborrow, J.; Morris, D. (2004). ""Gossip as strategy: The management of talk about others on reality TV show "Big Brother".
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Sharon Rose Wilson, "Myths and fairy tales in contemporary women's fiction: from Atwood to Morrison", Palgrave Macmillan, 2008,
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Papacharissi, Z.; Mendelson, A. (2007). "An exploratory study of reality appeal: Uses and Gratifications of reality TV shows".
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A 2007 study proposed five subgenres: infotainment, docusoap, lifestyle, reality game shows, and lifestyle experiment programs.
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1400:
405:, all of which featured participants who were eager to sacrifice some of their privacy and dignity in a televised competition.
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Boddy, W. (2001). Quiz shows. In G. Creeber (ed.), The television genre book (pp. 79–81). London: British Film institute.
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6678:"Non-Scripted Producers Plot "Corona-Proof" Programming & Uplifting Formats To Launch During & After COVID-19 Crisis"
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5101:'s newfound fame, convinces Sean to tape a reality show based on their careers as plastic surgeons, with disastrous results.
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A notable subset of such series focus on a group of women who are romantically connected to male celebrities; these include
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shows, talent-search shows, documentary series about ordinary people, high-concept game shows, home improvement shows, and
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franchise offers a window into the lives of social-striving urban and suburban housewives. Many shows focus on wealth and
1490:"narrative reality", and the latter category as "reality soaps", which consist of "performative reality". Since 2014, the
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was cancelled in 2004 after less than two weeks on the air after a public outcry and street protests. In 2004 journalist
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Reality television's global success has become, in the view of some analysts, an important political phenomenon. In some
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where the winning contestant usually has influence over deciding who faces an elimination vote later in the week. In one
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3927:, a hoax dating competition where single women were manipulated into believing they were competing for the affection of
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Godard, Ellis (2003). "Reel Life: The Social Geometry of Reality Shows". In Matthew J. Smith and Andrew F. Wood (ed.).
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4937:, "Academy", the character Blank Reg fights for his life on a courtroom game show, with the audience deciding his fate.
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investors who have gone on to hold political office after appearing on their country's version of the program include
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dialogue, focusing only on participants' most outlandish behavior, and altering events through editing and re-shoots.
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4826:"It Could Be You" (1964), a short story by Australian Frank Roberts, features a day-in-day-out televised blood sport.
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format in 1981, later adopted by the vast majority of court shows. The genre experienced a lull in programming after
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5154:(2008) is a British television show about two judges on a televised singing contest whose marriage is falling apart.
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to series as part of a larger slare of male-targeted reality shows, without immediately revealing it was actually a
2691:, which first aired on television in 1948, pioneered the format. Modern variants of this type of production include
2466:, which debuted in 1979, features the start-to-finish renovation of different houses through a season; media critic
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7795:"Just how real are reality TV shows? - Shows may exist in a middle ground – not fully scripted nor completely true"
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5141:
4345:
4224:, reality television shows have surpassed soap operas as the most-watched broadcast programs. One popular program,
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A 2006 study proposed six subgenres: romance, crime, informational, reality-drama, competition or game, and talent.
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227:(1950–1959) incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers.
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4132:, which began airing in 2003, and which shows male and female contestants living together. A Pan-Arab version of
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503:, which chronicled Weatherly's adventures scuba diving in various exotic locales. Weatherly was nominated for an
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1179:, which has been running since 2000 in the U.S. and is syndicated in over 100 countries worldwide. In 2001, the
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423:, who was selected to appear in the episode showing an aspiring pop singer trying to enter the music business.
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McGee, M. (2005). Self-help Inc.: Makeover culture in American life. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
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6770:"ABC Dates 'The Bachelorette' As Part Of Unscripted Fall Schedule, Eyes October Return For Scripted Originals"
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2064:, created a show structure where the cast would travel to various countries performing challenges for prizes.
1191:. In 2003, to better differentiate between competition and informational reality programs, a second category,
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Tincknell, E.; Raghuram, P. (2002). "Big Brother: Reconfiguring the "active" audience of cultural studies?".
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house. Part of the film was shot during an actual eviction with host Davina McCall making a cameo appearance.
4490:, various reality TV personalities have later served as radio hosts, including Fitzy and Rachel Corbett from
4260:, condemning the ritualised enactment and consumption of what must be legitimised for the society it serves.
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Shows that portray a set of people in the same line of work, occasionally competing with each other, include
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showing popular themes across American reality shows then running, including shows set in the U.S. states of
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incorporated reality TV-style confessionals in which the two main characters talked directly to the camera.
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Britain's Got the Pop Factor... and Possibly a New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice
5005:) who discovers that his entire life is being staged and filmed for a 24-hour-a-day reality television show.
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in which one member of the jury is not aware that the entire trial and its events are planned and acted out.
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format for products instead of people. Some reality shows that aired mostly during the early 2000s, such as
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and became a cult hit. The production team from the original series later created the popular reality shows
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3118:, contestants were chosen by viewer voting. This is one of the older variants of the format; shows such as
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Some documentary-style shows shed light on rarely seen cultures and lifestyles. One example is shows about
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2221:. Typically, however, they are retired judges or at least individuals who have had some legal experience.
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8166:"Kim Kardashian Faked Kris Humphries Scenes: Show Producer Reveals Star Wanted To Make Humpries Look Bad"
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in which the contestants were given challenges with inane objectives by businessman Mr. N. Paul Todd (an
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Ouellette, L., & Hay, J. (2008). Better living through reality TV. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
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Nabi, R. L. (2007). "Determining dimensions of reality: A concept mapping of the reality TV landscape".
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Paron, Katina (2008). "It's About Audience: How Adult Audiences Can Benefit Youth Media Organizations".
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Reality television became globally popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s, with the successes of the
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Lundy, L. K.; Ruth, A. M.; Park, T. D. (2008). "Simply irresistible: Reality TV consumption patterns".
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Some shows makeover part or all of a person's living space, workspace, or vehicle. The American series
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2111:, each member of the show's cast was hired to host a television program for a Canadian cable channel.
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Holmes, S (2004). "But this time you choose!" Approaching the "interactive" audience in reality TV".
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7764:"Reality Is Only An Illusion, Writers Say - Hollywood Scribes Want a Cut Of Not-So-Unscripted Series"
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In a rare case of a previously unknown reality television alumnus succeeding in the political arena,
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was a series where people had to learn a new skill and pass themselves off as experts in that skill.
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Another subgenre places people in wild and challenging natural settings. This includes such shows as
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1527:. Story "plots" are often constructed via editing or planned situations, with the results resembling
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5178:(2015) is an American television show that depicts the behind-the-scenes drama on a show similar to
2482:) was the first such renovation show that added a game show feel with different weekly contestants.
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Another example is shows that portray the lives of ethnic or religious minorities. Examples include
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Coral Ann Howells, "The Cambridge companion to Margaret Atwood", Cambridge University Press, 2006,
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as having "brought old-school documentary sobriety to a genre more often known for shamelessness."
3907:, a series in which a group of contestants were set up on the purported reality competition series
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By 2012, many of the long-running reality television show franchises in the United States, such as
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180:) broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. In 1948, talent search shows, such as
30:"Reality TV" and "Reality Show" redirect here. For the channel formerly known as "Reality TV", see
9122:
Patino, Anthony (March 2011). "The Appeal of Reality Television for Teen and Pre-Teen Audiences".
7151:"Eerste 'slachtoffer' Sorry voor Alles: opeens sta je in een tv-studio na megacomplot in je leven"
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Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s.
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Specialist skill-based TV competitions became popular during this decade with such programs like
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Star Academy reality show comes to town. (February 21, 2014). Retrieved November 30, 2014, from
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franchises. Immunity may come with additional power as well, such as in the American version of
3388:). The most extreme prize for such a show may have been for one of the first such shows, 2005's
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Not all hidden camera shows use strictly staged situations. For example, the syndicated program
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There have been various attempts to classify reality television shows into different subgenres:
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5317:, which premiered in 1997. Arguably the best-known and most influential such show is the BBC's
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Shoemaker, P. J., & Vos, T. P. (2009). Gatekeeping theory. New York / Abingdon: Routledge.
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AMC Scraps Second Season of 'Game of Arms,' Other Shows as Cabler Reconsiders Unscripted Genre
6340:"Have a PlayStation? You can watch 'The Tester'; Reality series is available only on consoles"
4887:"Ladies and Gentlemen, This Is Your Crisis" (1976) is a short story by science fiction author
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has had huge success in syndication, direct response sales, and DVD. A Fox staple since 1989,
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Wallis, Cara (2011). "New Media Practices in China: Youth Patterns, Processes and Politics".
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was a controversial 2004 UK series in which contestants competed for how long they could go
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shows a group of wealthy investors choosing whether or not to invest in a series of pitched
984:, most of its adaptations are based on the British version.) In India, the competition show
526:
154:(1945–1964) was an early example of reality-based television. The 1946 television game show
10797:
10520:
Price, E (2010). "Reinforcing the myth: Constructing Australian identity in 'reality TV'".
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Andrejevic, M (2008). "Watching television without pity: The productivity of online fans".
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Guo, Ke; Ying Wu (2009). "Media Consumption and Global Visions Among Urban Chinese Youth".
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Not all reality-television-style mockumentary series are comedic: the 2013 American series
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have had lucrative endorsement deals, and in some cases their own product lines. Wrestlers
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that offer a monetary prize are regulated in the United States by federal "game show" law,
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6587:"'Big Brother Canada' Donates Season 8 Prize Money To Charities Responding To Coronavirus"
5848:"The Beatles: Get Back – An Exclusive Deep Dive Into Peter Jackson's Revelatory New Movie"
5027:(2001) is a film about a reality show in which contestants have to kill each other to win.
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1173:), outlasted all competing scripted police shows. Another series that had wide success is
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continued to thrive: both topped the U.S. season-average television ratings in the 2000s.
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episode, a participant chose to waive his earned immunity and was immediately "fired" by
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follow similar premises, presenting interventions in the lives of people who suffer from
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Waisbord, S (2004). "Mc TV: Understanding the global popularity of television formats".
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Hall, A (2003). "Reading realism: Audiences' evaluation of the reality of media texts".
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9031:"Poll: Trump Surges Past Hillary, Biden, Sanders, and Gore -- Here Are Some Reasons Why"
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Reality television has also received criticism in Britain and the United States for its
1585:. It also inspired various other series, including the highly successful British series
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10759:"Jade and the journalists: Media coverage of a young British celebrity dying of cancer"
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7541:"Ipswich, we have a problem: Space Cadets, the reality show that never left the ground"
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here have been various hybrid reality-competition shows, like the worldwide-syndicated
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9257:. London: Media@ LSE, London School of Economics and Political Science. Archived from
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Some reality-television alumni have parlayed their fame into paid public appearances.
4361:, at least for a short period. This is most notable in talent-search programs such as
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Reality television shows that have been accused of, or admitted to, deception include
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Documentary-style series following specific competitions, teams, or athletes, such as
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Aslama, M (2009). "Playing house: Participants' experiences Of Big Brother Finland".
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Reiss, S. & Wiltz, J. (2004). Why People Watch Reality TV, Media Psychology 6(4).
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Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology
7261:"Why Do Reality Contest Shows Eliminate People? Your Pressing TV Questions, Answered"
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future, with subjects being recorded against their will and often involved violence.
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have decried the positive representation of sexually objectified women in shows like
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were filmed for a month during the recording sessions which would become their album
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http://vietnamnews.vn/life-style/251419/star-academy-reality-show-comes-to-town.html
5754:"Syracuse.com - Guest column: These new reality hunting TV shows are out of control"
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relationships. One highly influential such series was the American 2004–2006 series
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5109:(2008) is a British television program featuring a zombie apocalypse affecting the
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Within documentary-style reality television are several subcategories or variants:
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1271:(2010–2012) was the first reality television show aired over a video game console.
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8713:"Sea FM serves up a fresh new breakfast show on the Gold Coast | radioinfo.com.au"
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7608:"In "The Movement," Nathan Fielder continues his journey down the left-hand path"
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film about a man who signs up to star in a 24-hour-a-day reality television show.
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House renovation shows are a mainstay on the American and Canadian cable channel
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Move over American Idol: Hissa Hilal in finals of Arab reality TV poetry contest
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series are truly reality television or just newer incarnations of shows such as
2922:", or so-called "reality game shows", which follow the format of non-tournament
956:, with over 50 international adaptions each. (All but four of these franchises,
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7574:"I Wanna Marry Harry makes women compete for 'Prince Harry's' hand in marriage"
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Some scripted and written works have used reality television as a plot device:
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that produces drama, conflict, and sometimes transformation. British TV series
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The concept of self-improvement was taken to its extreme with the British show
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or people who have unusual physical circumstances, such as the American series
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650:, created by television producer Charlie Parsons, which first aired in 1997 in
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383:. Other forerunners of modern reality television were the 1970s productions of
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6272:
Punathambekar, Aswin (2010). "Reality TV and Participatory Culture in India".
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4846:, but with 20th-century technology. The planet's "Empire TV" features regular
2934:
A well-known example of a reality-competition show is the globally syndicated
1318:, and shows, usually competition-based, whose title includes the word "Wars".
1263:, which has been highly successful, with almost 50 international adaptations.
603:, this type of reality television was enabled by the advent of computer-based
268:
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Thompson, A.; Stringfellow, L.; Maclean, M. MacLaren; O'Gorman, K.D. (2015).
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9963:
9722:"Has reality television had its day, or are audiences still attracted to it?"
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9135:
8653:"The Big Brother contestant and the Radio Nerd make peace | radioinfo.com.au"
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697:, it was a flop in the United States. But the show was revamped in the UK by
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195:, featured amateur competitors and audience voting. In the 1950s, game shows
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61:, then achieved prominence in the early 2000s with the success of the series
9505:"Organ Grinder: Peter Kay's Britain's Got the Pop Factor was a pure delight"
8027:"Jesse Csincsak Talks About Ashley Hebert And Last Night's The Bachelorette"
7030:"Rachel Antony appointed Greenstone TV CEO as Richard Driver moves to chair"
4620:
4357:
Reality television has the potential to turn its participants into national
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challenge participants to survive the investigation; whereas others such as
619:(1992) was an Australian show that depicted a family, similar in concept to
10785:
10441:
10119:
10021:
7853:'Real World: Chicago' cast admits their September 11 reactions were staged"
7639:"Get Ready for the Weirdest—and Most Personal—Season of Nathan For You Yet"
7545:
7479:"You're hired: how The Apprentice led to President Trump | Stuart Heritage"
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has speculated that it is "the original reality TV show." The British show
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521:, showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals. It introduced the
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280:
2776:, place participants into frightening situations which ostensibly involve
2131:
are all shows in which celebrities are put into an unnatural environment.
1867:
celebrations thrown by wealthy parents. Conversely, the highly successful
9534:
Scott, Cavan (July 25, 2013). "The Way Back Part One: Bring Me to Life".
9062:"A Rich 'Apprentice' Host in Politics? But This Mayor Says He's No Trump"
8914:"Jonah Hill Talks 'The Sitter,' Weight Loss And Disgust With Kardashians"
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4733:, especially given "scenes which take place in private settings, contain
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Reality television generally costs less to produce than scripted series.
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had concealed the third season by announcing in 2012 that it had ordered
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Docusoaps following the lives of sportspeople or their families, such as
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Shows that show people working in the same non-business location include
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involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes.
80:
31:
10626:"Puppets of Necessity? Celebritisation in Structured Reality Television"
10583:"Paradox and the consumption of authenticity through reality television"
7055:
Lawrence, Christopher. "Las Vegas pawnshop center of new reality series"
6372:
Reality Ratings Slip: Aging Bachelors, Idols and Dancers Lose Their Bite
5974:
3057:
Popular variants of the competition-based format include the following:
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8224:
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5774:
5572:
5546:
5459:
5441:
5252:
novel, also by Ben Elton, in which a contestant is murdered while on a
5187:
5002:
4947:
4760:"The Seventh Victim" (1953) is a short story by science fiction author
4687:
4662:
4541:
4458:
4080:
3884:
3768:
3464:
3341:
3317:
3253:
3217:
2886: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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454:, a surprise hit for NBC, and it ran from 1979 to 1984. The success of
352:
337:
161:
131:
111:
8487:(Press release). University of Cambridge. July 5, 2007. Archived from
3165:, which debuted in 1999, may have been the first such show, while the
3138:
1676:(2015). Most of these shows have had spin-offs in multiple locations.
9762:
9169:
9004:
8844:
8115:
8087:
License to Pawn: Deals, Steals, and My Life at the Gold & Silver
7671:"Dumb Starbucks: Comedy Central star Nathan Fielder behind faux cafe"
7380:"Another Pittsburgher, another 'Joe Schmo' - Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"
7290:
6344:
6177:"14 reality stars who exist today because of the O. J. Simpson trial"
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5225:
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celebrities". Some have been lampooned for exploiting an undeserved "
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4358:
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franchises. Other examples of celebrity competition programs include
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2013:
1945:
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Television development across all genres was impacted in 2020 by the
1307:
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251:
245:
103:
99:
9713:
8980:"I Used to Be Homeless—And Here's What Everyone Gets Wrong About It"
8485:"Footage from banned Chinese "Pop Idol" receives Cambridge premiere"
5788:"'The American Sportsman' Penetrates the Awesome World of the Shark"
2861:
754:(although the show has since recovered and is in its 32nd edition),
379:, was made in the UK, following the working-class Wilkins family of
160:
sometimes featured contestants performing stunts. Debuting in 1948,
10598:
8773:"2DayFM to start 2017 with a new breakfast team | radioinfo.com.au"
7879:
6531:"2018–19 TV Season: Live-Plus-7 Ratings for Every Broadcast Series"
5249:
5192:
5135:
5105:
5089:
4753:
4333:
4155:
3335:
3323:
3235:
3193:
3038:
3026:, which combines competition with the self-improvement format, and
2748:
2729:
1679:
1566:
1084:
990:
was the most popular television program for its first six seasons.
680:
433:
5323:(2001), which spawned numerous international remakes, including a
4729:
onscreen participants; enjoyment of competition; and an appeal to
4159:-style voting and elimination, but for the writing and oration of
2184:
in 1996. This led to a slew of other reality court shows, such as
5994:"With writers on strike, expect more repeats and dose of reality"
5161:" (2011) is an episode in the first season of British television
4975:(1979) is a comedic film about the creation of a show similar to
4476:
3872:
3599:
3402:, who won the show, went on to be INXS's lead singer until 2011.
2919:
1617:
Another highly successful group of soap-opera-style shows is the
1579:
led to several spinoff series, most notably the 2006–2010 series
1399:
has been especially popular, with over 50 local adaptations; its
1343:
in which a family would experience tea time for various decades.
973:
829:
517:
and was developed due to the need for new programming during the
276:
272:
9835:
Blurred Boundaries: Questions of Meaning in Contemporary Culture
7350:
Survivor Lessons: Essays on Communication and Reality Television
6205:
Sigesmund, B. J. (October 11, 2001). "Will Reality TV Survive?"
5446:
television, in which some series lead to a cascade of spinoffs.
5055:(2008) is a film in which a contestant on the Indian version of
4836:" (1968) is an episode of the science fiction television series
3827:
of reality television contestants. The first season portrayed a
2310:
combine outdoor survival with a competition format, although in
1326:(2012–2017), which focused on the Robertson family that founded
938:" from the same period have had even greater success, including
770:(which was successful in other countries). But stronghold shows
654:(and was later produced in a large number of other countries as
328:
created an eight-hour, three-episode television series entitled
7009:"FMPD: TV show 'COPS' to start filming in Fort Myers next week"
5426:
has a science fiction-horror bent, while the 2014 Dutch series
4734:
4548:
3806:
1811:
1791:
1564:
which attempted to specifically mimic the primetime soap opera
1303:
1034:
651:
483:
7738:"Charming Comedy Jury Duty Makes Case for a Different Verdict"
6739:"The pandemic wiped out the fall TV schedule. Does it matter?"
6647:"'Bigg Boss' Malayalam to go off air soon over COVID-19 fears"
3823:, with the remaining "contestants" representing stereotypical
3819:, a series in which a civilian is set up as a contestant on a
2451:, is similar, but it also redesigns the participants' houses.
1494:
have used a similar classification, with separate awards for "
9571:
John Moss, Tobi Kozakewich, "Margaret Atwood: The Open Eye",
9150:
9115:
7907:
7798:
6394:
6132:"The Chase, or: Where Were You When Reality TV Was Invented?"
4189:
4176:
3580:
2781:
2687:
rolling when random passers-by encounter a staged situation.
2178:
was canceled in 1993, but then soared after the emergence of
1827:
1311:
1214:, and was billed as the world's first Internet reality show.
1197:
Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program
981:
47:
10549:
Reiss, S.; Wiltz, J. (2004). "Why people watch reality TV".
10127:
Hall, A (2006). "Viewers' perceptions of reality programs".
9612:"Kroll Show skewers reality TV, but in a friendlier fashion"
6617:"Coronavirus: Bigg Boss Malayalam season 2 to be called off"
3489:
Non-cooking competition shows with a similar format include
2820:. In general, the shows follow similar stylized patterns of
1545:
give viewers a private look into the lives of the subjects.
1094:. Syndication, however, has been problematic; shows such as
10825:
9644:"Sketch Anatomy: John Levenstein Goes Behind the Scenes of
5205:(hosted by a robot modeled after the real show's then-host
5009:
4547:
Reality television personalities are sometimes derided as "
3604:
3395:
3394:, where the winner became the lead singer of the rock band
2489:, whose renovation shows include the successful franchises
2486:
2108:
1138:
generally perform more poorly and usually must be rerun in
432:
had amateurs participating in a re-enactment of life in an
8391:
8389:
8387:
8225:"'Reality is Not Enough': The Politics of Arab Reality TV"
3839:, which featured both a man and woman as the targets) and
3651:) for example. In the case of combat sports examples, the
3156:
in 2006, and by 2010 had become "the face of the network".
719:, among others. The 1980s and 1990s were also a time when
507:
for Outstanding Achievement in informational programming.
307:
said that the film was "to blame for reality television".
300:
filmed various acquaintances with no direction given. The
9435:"Reality Check for reality TV fans: You're more neurotic"
8683:"MKR's Mick makes breakfast in Hobart | radioinfo.com.au"
7928:
7204:"Mike Hale, Editor, The New York Times Knowledge Network"
4859:
4277:
4256:
paper by Nick Couldry associates reality television with
4179:, in the summer of 2007, coverage of the third season of
3664:
3652:
1727:
1022:
1018:
574:
409:
360:
351:. During filming, the parents decided to divorce and son
342:
10377:
9188:
8463:"TV talent contest 'too democratic' for China's censors"
6798:
2798:, the stated aim is investigation, and some series like
2034:. Such shows have some antecedent in the British series
2000:
1029:
in the United States, which operated from 2005 to 2010;
591:
was directly inspired by his show. But the producers of
8886:"Elton John Trashes Kim Kardashian, Reality Television"
8395:
8384:
8194:""Deadliest Catch": Reality TV's first on-screen death"
7078:
3100:
that led directly and indirectly to over 10 spinoffs),
2571:. Shows geared for a specific type of business include
1006:
8900:"Kardashian Family: The Backlash of Being Overexposed"
8834:"Rick Harrison of 'Pawn Stars' spills success secrets"
5302:
3175:, which premiered in May 2003. Other examples include
10461:
9327:
8311:
8309:
6107:"How the O. J. Simpson Case Explains Reality in 2016"
4623:, who hosted seasons 7-8 of the Brazilian version of
4263:
1208:
appeared; it was a competition show based in part on
1120:
being exceptions). Season-long competitions, such as
10490:
10348:
9803:
Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television
8555:"Reality TV, Or The Secret Theatre of Neoliberalism"
5663:
Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television
5568:
4565:
3437:
3066:
genres on the major U.S. networks. Examples include
2845:
8567:
Review of education, pedagogy, and cultural studies
7373:
7371:
6498:"'King of Mask Singer' leads Sunday for first time"
6088:"Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe - Reality TV Editing"
5944:"Where are they now? Scottish singer Sheena Easton"
4747:
3948:
attention related to its stunts prior to broadcast.
2747:purports to use hidden cameras to record suspected
689:premiered in the UK in 1998. Originally created by
529:feel of much of later reality television. The 1991
10522:Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies
10191:
9819:Murray, Susan, and Laurie Ouellette, eds. (2004).
9795:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
9314:
9312:
8860:"Kim Kardashian Is Fighting Back Against Backlash"
8306:
6834:
6395:Margaret Lyons and Jen Cotton (January 31, 2012).
5880:
3988:
3931:, but in reality "Harry" was actually a lookalike.
3835:, with subsequent seasons parodying dating shows (
2834:shows as "pure theater" and compared the genre to
1937:Shows set at a specific place of business include
217:(1951–1955) tape-recorded the daily activities of
10688:
10667:
10223:http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p93143_index.html
9251:Bunny Talk: Teenagers Discuss The Girls Next Door
8855:
8853:
8316:Winner's tribe put the millions in Million's Poet
7663:
6467:"This may be the end of reality TV as we know it"
5399:(2021). The genre has even encompassed cartoons (
5061:is interrogated because he knows all the answers.
4842:in which the crew visits a planet resembling the
3957:—where a group of patients competed to receive a
2551:show vehicles being rebuilt in a customized way.
2476:, beginning in 1996 (later remade in the U.S. as
448:capitalized on the advent of videotape to create
10832:
10410:Cue the Sun! The Invention of Reality Television
9696:Heritage Film: Nation, Genre, and Representation
7368:
6397:"See a Venn Diagram Connecting Reality-TV Shows"
6023:van den Boogaard, Raymond (September 28, 1996).
6022:
5311:" style. The first such show was the BBC series
4819:(1960) is about a hidden-camera show similar to
4206:votes, the state-run English-language newspaper
4116:
3915:in Russia and compete to become Britain's first
1169:has, as of 2013 (when it moved to cable channel
1037:, which lasted two years from 2010 to 2012; and
837:, who created the reality television franchises
9309:
7441:"Fox Will Follow Red Sox Surge With Reality TV"
7124:"Tag the greatest – but not obvious – TV shows"
6915:
4643:, who hosted the short-lived French version of
4483:got their start on non-athletic reality shows.
3969:, a mockumentary series portraying a fictional
2317:
2314:the competition also involves social dynamics.
641:, and several of her relatives and associates.
10464:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
10322:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
10158:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
9400:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
9365:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
9330:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media
9005:"The Official Website of Mark Anthony DiBello"
8960:"Ronda Rousey wants to beat up Kim Kardashian"
8850:
8367:"Million's Poet finalist defies death threats"
7755:
7605:
7510:"Can't sing or dance? Give 'Superstar' a shot"
2755:
2657:series that isolated contestants for weeks in
792:has the longest hold on the No. 1 rank in the
10824:, Mark Greif's assessment of Reality TV from
10290:
9216:"Cindy Hinant's Make-Up, Glamour and TV Show"
8801:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8506:
7998:Christensen, Kim; James, Meg (May 13, 2007).
7900:"At last! The secrets of 'Survivor' revealed"
7410:"'Obnoxious Boss' is mean, funny --and smart"
6271:
6080:
6025:"Zeven werklozen samen op zoek naar een baan"
2683:Another type of reality programming features
2060:, which first aired in 1995 as a spin-off of
2043:
513:, which first aired in the spring of 1989 on
10451:Paul Watson's UK & Australian docusoaps.
10039:
8978:Andersen, Charlotte Hilton (June 24, 2019).
8525:
6495:
5914:"Bachelor No. 1 And the Birth Of Reality TV"
4615:from 2009 to 2013, has been a member of the
3704:(where celebrities are tasked to become the
2170:revolutionized the genre by introducing the
1416:(which began in the United States in 2020).
595:have said that their direct inspiration was
341:The Loud family, subjects of the pioneering
10259:"Bachelor No.1 and the birth of reality TV"
9475:"Peter Kay returns with reality show spoof"
8934:"Jon Hamm Defends Kim Kardashian Criticism"
8620:
6300:
5087:episode "Damien Sands" of American TV show
4927:(1985), and the spin-off television series
4315:) said that reality competition shows like
3382:(the lead role in a revival of the musical
3060:
2914:Another subgenre of reality television is "
1247:In 2010 the Dutch singing competition show
1048:. But DVDs for reality shows sold briskly;
10548:
10007:
9939:
9573:Re-appraisals, Canadian writers, volume 30
9175:
8597:
8503:
7891:
7169:
6882:
6058:"MTV's 'Real World' launched a revolution"
5478:spawned five feature films, starting with
4945:(1985) is a serial of the television show
2525:. Non-HGTV shows in this category include
1886:
1502:" programs, as well as a third award for "
587:creator Erik Latour has long claimed that
10731:
10230:International Journal of Cultural Studies
9981:International Journal of Cultural Studies
9953:
9926:Learn how and when to remove this message
9851:Cue the Sun!: The Invention of Reality TV
8898:Vanderberg, Madison (December 23, 2011).
8826:
8578:
8548:
8460:
7636:
7601:
7599:
7507:
6900:
6221:"Who would win a World Idol competition?"
6016:
5468:was based on his reality-television show
5458:, and sometimes simply as documentaries.
4956:
3977:
2902:Learn how and when to remove this message
1337:format, the BBC produced a series called
1239:in 2014, with the trophy for winning the
10717:
10611:"Reality TV: the Big Brother phenomenon"
10580:
10407:
9867:S. Holmes & D. Jermyn (eds.), 2004.
9848:
9213:
8977:
8795:
8621:VanArendonk, Kathryn (August 15, 2021).
8200:. Salon Media Group, Inc. Archived from
8111:'Storage Wars' star says show is rigged"
7866:
7532:
6916:Bindig, Lori; Bergstrom, Andrea (2013).
6331:
6090:. YouTube. February 2007. Archived from
5991:
5815:"Warhol 'reality' film named in top 100"
5812:
5286:(2009) is a young adult novel series by
4327:
3720:competition series with similarities to
3137:
1678:
1221:
1195:, was added. In 2008, a third category,
828:
543:attending Glenbard West High School, in
336:
174:(based on his previous 1947 radio show,
34:. For other uses of "Reality Show", see
9821:Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture
9432:
8804:"Reality Stars Keep on Going and Going"
8079:
8058:
7953:from the original on September 21, 2013
7940:
7897:
7872:
7838:from the original on December 22, 2008.
7774:from the original on September 20, 2005
7571:
7318:"Guy Fieri, Chef-Dude, Is in the House"
7297:from the original on September 20, 2020
7287:"How can I audition for reality shows?"
6942:
6889:Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft
6871:Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture
6869:Murray, S. & Ouellette, L. (2009).
6578:
6445:
6055:
5878:
5872:
5743:(New York: Penguin Books, 1996), p. 178
5290:, which is based on her experiences on
5276:, frog squashing, graphic surgery, and
5264:(2003), a speculative fiction novel by
3516:, which premiered in 1997 in Sweden as
2970:Outstanding Reality-Competition Program
2830:culture editor Mike Hale characterized
2603:Another type of reality program is the
2554:
1193:Outstanding Reality-Competition Program
1181:Academy of Television Arts and Sciences
14:
10833:
10756:
10608:
10227:
10072:
9978:
9750:
9675:
9609:
9433:Hazlett, Courtney (November 9, 2012).
9247:
9159:International Journal of Communication
9156:
9121:
9103:from the original on December 23, 2012
9072:from the original on February 11, 2017
9059:
9028:
8723:from the original on November 22, 2016
8663:from the original on November 16, 2018
8516:
8442:from the original on February 24, 2007
8279:
7823:
7792:
7681:from the original on February 11, 2014
7596:
7538:
7438:
7390:from the original on December 14, 2012
7330:from the original on November 24, 2012
7315:
7175:
7130:from the original on November 23, 2006
7121:
6955:from the original on February 14, 2017
6873:. New York: New York University Press.
6584:
6528:
6421:Littleton, Cynthia (October 9, 2014).
6403:from the original on December 11, 2019
6337:
6209:. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis database.
6159:"It All Began with O. J.: The Diagram"
6156:
6104:
4791:, a 1957 film written and directed by
4289:wrote in 2008 that reality shows like
3800:
3379:How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?
3352:or performing group. Examples include
599:. According to television commentator
533:on "typical American high schoolers",
324:the following year. In 2021, director
114:featuring real-life cases and issues.
10519:
10256:
9793:Reality TV: The work of being watched
9732:from the original on November 7, 2013
9692:
9533:
9397:
9362:
9226:from the original on October 23, 2020
9194:
8753:from the original on October 18, 2017
8693:from the original on October 18, 2017
8633:from the original on December 6, 2022
8222:
8188:
8024:
7943:"As 'Shot' misses, Tequila aims anew"
7786:
7761:
7735:
7651:from the original on October 17, 2015
7196:
6767:
6706:
6675:
6566:from the original on November 2, 2022
6553:
6309:"'Simple economics': More reality TV"
6306:
6004:from the original on November 6, 2007
5911:
5887:. London: Wallflower Press. pp.
5845:
5760:from the original on October 22, 2013
5712:
5653:
5043:(2006) is a film set partially on an
4599:, who hosted the Georgian version of
4349:in 2010, and later became one of the
3911:, where they would allegedly receive
2842:for its formulaic, teasing approach.
2001:Financial transactions and appraisals
1879:are set in poorer rural areas of the
10691:European Journal of Cultural Studies
10319:
10155:
10126:
10105:
9882:
9719:
9610:Nowalk, Brandon (January 14, 2014).
9575:, University of Ottawa Press, 2006,
9540:(463). Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent:
9459:. arthurwendover.com. Archived from
9090:
8783:from the original on January 7, 2017
8163:
8106:Oldenburg, Ann (December 11, 2012).
8059:Carbone, Steve (February 26, 2009).
7630:
7618:from the original on August 19, 2017
7377:
7228:
6973:
6780:from the original on August 22, 2022
6749:from the original on August 22, 2022
6688:from the original on August 22, 2022
6657:from the original on August 22, 2022
6627:from the original on August 22, 2022
6319:from the original on August 14, 2009
6138:from the original on August 13, 2017
6068:from the original on August 26, 2012
5992:Peterson, Karla (November 6, 2007).
5860:from the original on October 3, 2022
5659:
5292:Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County
5016:Louis the 19th, King of the Airwaves
4986:Louis the 19th, King of the Airwaves
4611:, who hosted the Finnish version of
4589:: his stint as host of the original
4323:
3796:(wives and girlfriends of athletes).
2884:adding citations to reliable sources
2855:
2598:
1626:The Real Housewives of Orange County
1560:Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County
1509:
1051:Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County
519:1988 Writers Guild of America strike
9093:"Sean Duffy's 'Real World' reprise"
9060:Romero, Simon (February 10, 2017).
9029:French, David (September 7, 2015).
8958:Mitchell, Houston (July 14, 2012).
8912:Gostin, Nicki (December 12, 2011).
8814:from the original on April 16, 2009
8743:"Instant Access | radioinfo.com.au"
8600:"Reality TV's Working Class Heroes"
8461:Macartney, Jane (August 29, 2005).
7873:Roberts, Michael (March 14, 1996).
7606:Alston, Joshua (October 30, 2015).
7553:from the original on March 17, 2021
7222:
6761:
6731:
6510:from the original on August 2, 2017
6464:
6446:Hibberd, James (October 31, 2014).
6352:from the original on March 15, 2010
6037:from the original on April 17, 2009
5924:from the original on August 9, 2009
5813:Baracaia, Alexa (October 4, 2006).
5621:List of reality television programs
5303:Other influences on popular culture
4343:of the British singing competition
3572:for giving up this powerful asset.
3370:(for a role on the television show
3358:(where the prize was a role in the
3224:The Great Interior Design Challenge
2852:List of reality television programs
2265:
1551:
1410:(which began in Spain in 2019) and
1072:all ranked in the top DVDs sold on
24:
9780:
9753:"Reality Never Looked So ... Real"
9515:from the original on June 15, 2022
9485:from the original on June 15, 2022
9041:from the original on March 6, 2016
8932:Marikar, Sheila (March 19, 2012).
8895:. The Improper. February 4, 2011.
8802:Aurthur, Kate (October 10, 2004).
8623:"Mike White Accepts the Criticism"
8598:Poniewozik, James (May 22, 2008).
8532:"Reality TV is About Surveillance"
8261:from the original on July 28, 2011
8231:from the original on July 16, 2011
8136:Maresca, Rachel (March 13, 2013).
8025:McDow, Christine (June 28, 2011).
7817:
7793:Ventre, Michael (April 15, 2009).
7762:Booth, William (August 10, 2004).
7520:from the original on March 4, 2016
7489:from the original on June 15, 2022
7361:Frank J. Landy, Jeffrey M. Conte,
7348:Matthew J. Smith, Andrew F. Wood,
7316:Moskin, Julia (August 10, 2010) .
7267:from the original on July 27, 2018
7176:Nowell, Scott (October 17, 2002).
7093:10.1097/01.prs.0000264339.67451.71
7081:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
6919:The O.C.: A Critical Understanding
6543:from the original on May 27, 2020.
6477:from the original on June 22, 2019
6465:Ang, Katerina (February 4, 2017).
6399:. New York Magazine Vulture blog.
6231:from the original on March 8, 2020
6218:
6187:from the original on April 2, 2016
5883:Reality TV: Realism and Revelation
5626:List of television show franchises
5514:in 2003. The Chinese reality show
5411:(2007)) and a show about puppets (
4876:The Continuous Katherine Mortenhoe
4647:in 2015, was a member of France's
4607:from 2007, and served until 2008.
4264:As a substitute for scripted drama
3765:the school's men's basketball team
1994:Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles
1570:, which had begun airing in 2003.
1366:The South Korean competition show
1314:, shows about cakes, weddings and
25:
10857:
10822:The Reality of Reality Television
10815:
10581:Rose, R. L.; Wood, S. L. (2005).
9871:. London and New York: Routledge.
9751:Dollar, Steve (August 17, 2007).
9624:from the original on July 1, 2017
8365:Hassan, Hassan (March 19, 2010).
8280:Labash, Matt (October 18, 2004).
8251:"Arab Big Brother show suspended"
8164:Tate, Amethyst (March 14, 2013).
7898:Dehnart, Andy (October 7, 2008).
7459:from the original on June 7, 2022
7439:Carter, Bill (November 1, 2004).
7420:from the original on June 7, 2022
7241:from the original on July 1, 2017
6977:Disability and Discourse Analysis
6719:from the original on May 28, 2022
6105:Anolik, Lila (February 2, 2016).
6056:Keveney, Bill (October 9, 2007).
5956:from the original on May 17, 2018
5912:James, Caryn (January 26, 2003).
5504:, both in 2006. The producers of
5484:in 2002. A similar Finnish show,
4803:, and again in 1983 as the movie
4701:
4566:Springboard for political success
3438:Different contestants per episode
2846:Reality competition or game shows
2678:
2224:Courtroom programs are typically
1082:outranked scripted shows such as
472:; CBS's entry into the genre was
263:, which ran from 1965 to 1986 on
10682:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2004.00260.x
10434:
9887:
9869:Understanding reality television
9744:
9720:Jury, Louise (January 4, 2007).
9686:
9669:
9636:
9603:
9586:
9565:
9548:
9527:
9497:
9467:
9445:
9426:
9391:
9356:
9321:
9300:
9291:
9276:
9241:
9207:
9091:Hunt, Kasie (October 20, 2010).
9084:
9053:
9022:
8997:
8971:
8952:
8878:
8832:Childers, Linda (July 7, 2011).
8765:
8735:
8705:
8675:
8645:
8614:
8591:
8572:
8477:
8454:
8424:
8282:"When a Kiss Is Not Just a Kiss"
8061:"My Interview with Megan Parris"
7941:Johnson, K C (January 3, 2008).
7572:Vincent, Alice (April 1, 2014).
7539:Martin, Laura (March 17, 2021).
7229:Hale, Mike (December 10, 2009).
6945:"A different kind of reality TV"
6768:White, Peter (August 27, 2020).
5721:from the original on May 1, 2007
5688:Understanding Reality Television
5571:
5465:What Do You Say to a Naked Lady?
4748:Similar works in popular culture
4469:. Several cast members of MTV's
4307:(who had previously competed on
4051:A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila
3181:(which judges business skills);
3096:(a dating show featuring rapper
2860:
2416:(self-improvement and manners).
2377:Trinny & Susannah Undress...
1159:is an example of this strategy.
310:In 1969, the British rock group
10778:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.003
10633:Journal of Marketing Management
10609:Sparks, Colin (April 9, 2007).
10493:Journal of Advertising Research
9287:. January 27, 2007. p. 57.
9124:Journal of Advertising Research
8579:Hirschorn, Michael (May 2007).
8359:
8334:
8273:
8243:
8216:
8182:
8157:
8130:
8100:
8052:
8018:
7992:
7965:
7934:
7918:
7842:
7824:Fretts, Bruce (July 21, 1995).
7729:
7693:
7565:
7508:Oldenburg, Ann (May 16, 2004).
7501:
7471:
7432:
7402:
7378:Owen, Rob (December 10, 2012).
7355:
7342:
7309:
7279:
7253:
7148:
7142:
7122:Jarvis, Jeff (August 6, 2005).
7115:
7072:
7048:
7032:. March 2, 2017. Archived from
7022:
7001:
6967:
6943:Raeside, Julia (May 31, 2011).
6936:
6909:
6876:
6863:
6828:
6792:
6707:White, Peter (March 26, 2020).
6700:
6676:White, Peter (March 26, 2020).
6669:
6639:
6609:
6585:Furdyk, Brent (April 1, 2020).
6547:
6522:
6489:
6458:
6439:
6415:
6388:
6364:
6243:
6212:
6199:
6169:
6150:
6124:
6098:
6049:
5985:
5968:
5936:
5905:
4631:, from 2010 to 2011, served as
4303:In a 2021 interview, filmmaker
4097:Keeping Up with the Kardashians
3984:Criticism of reality television
2871:needs additional citations for
2236:The globally syndicated format
1717:Keeping Up with the Kardashians
1183:added the reality genre to the
928:, and the investment franchise
878:, other competition franchises
760:(unrelated to the better-known
683:theme. The dating reality show
637:, daughter of defense attorney
607:for video (such as produced by
458:was quickly copied by ABC with
27:Genre of television programming
10437:"Lord of the Fly-on-the-walls"
10257:James, C. (January 26, 2003).
9653:. May 27, 2014. Archived from
7736:Jones, Rendy (April 6, 2023).
7637:Alex Wong (October 14, 2015).
7231:"Consigning Reality to Ghosts"
7180:. HoustonPress. Archived from
6554:White, Peter (April 5, 2021).
6529:Porter, Rick (June 10, 2019).
6496:Park So-jung (July 20, 2015).
6370:Molloy, Tim (March 13, 2012).
6338:Snider, Mike (March 5, 2010).
6157:Anolik, Lila (February 2016).
6134:. Decider. February 10, 2016.
5839:
5806:
5780:
5746:
5733:
5706:
5693:
5680:
5520:was adapted for the 2015 film
5494:, and a similar British show,
5058:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
5001:(1998) is a film about a man (
4570:Two international franchises,
4540:, and many of the rest of the
4063:Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
3821:fictitious reality competition
2981:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
2653:was a controversial 2006-2010
2528:Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
2356:(entire physical appearance),
2307:Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls
2231:
2134:
1733:
1117:America's Funniest Home Videos
947:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
439:
230:
192:Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts
143:
13:
1:
10766:Social Science & Medicine
10077:. McFarland. pp. 73–96.
9910:and help improve the section.
9823:. New York University Press.
7263:. Vulture. October 28, 2015.
6883:Klaus, E.; Lucke, S. (2003).
6448:"Are we tired of reality TV?"
6436:. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
5713:Rowan, Beth (July 21, 2000).
5647:
5213:
5065:
4117:Political and cultural impact
3269:(for fashion photographers),
3133:
2706:Primetime: What Would You Do?
2671:, adapted internationally as
2457:
1754:, and the British programmes
1359:shows, and others, including
1205:The Next Internet Millionaire
762:serial drama of the same name
573:the same concept was used by
79:, all of which became global
36:Reality Show (disambiguation)
10645:10.1080/0267257X.2014.988282
10587:Journal of Consumer Research
9837:. Indiana University Press.
8519:International Herald Tribune
8410:10.1080/15405702.2010.512829
8171:International Business Times
8089:. Hyperion. 2011. New York.
8000:"And then the roof caved in"
6902:10.5771/1615-634x-2003-2-195
6286:10.1080/15405702.2010.514177
5846:Hagan, Joe (June 17, 2021).
5462:'s 1970 hidden camera movie
5240:, among other reality shows.
5125:Britain's Got the Pop Factor
4855:The Year of the Sex Olympics
4247:and consumerism. Writing in
3755:(which followed students at
3299:(for aspiring politicians),
2795:Celebrity Paranormal Project
2712:The Jamie Kennedy Experiment
2404:(relationship building) and
2318:Self-improvement or makeover
2228:shows that air on weekdays.
2158:, and the first two eras of
1623:franchise, which began with
1597:, and the Australian series
1470:
1434:The Great British Sewing Bee
1241:Eurovision Song Contest 2019
1233:of singing competition show
1076:. In the mid-2000s, DVDs of
880:Survivor/Expedition Robinson
710:Location, Location, Location
355:(top right) came out as gay.
221:police officers. The series
7:
10703:10.1177/1364942002005002159
10670:Journal of Sociolinguistics
10363:10.1207/s1532785xmep0504_01
9878:
9437:. Today.com. Archived from
8005:September 21, 2013, at the
7925:Reality TV Secrets Revealed
6593:. ET Canada. Archived from
6385:. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
6307:Levin, Gary (May 8, 2007).
5690:. London: Routledge, 33-53.
5564:
5490:, was adapted for the film
5325:successful American version
5224:(2006) is a comic novel by
4916:1987 movie of the same name
4718:Learning and Skills Council
4673:of the Czech Republic, and
3504:
2756:Supernatural and paranormal
2574:Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares
2507:, as well as shows such as
2350:(which cover weight loss),
2172:arbitration-based "reality"
1763:Britain's Missing Top Model
1711:Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica
1189:Outstanding Reality Program
794:American television ratings
464:, a stunt show produced by
119:faced significant criticism
10:
10862:
10720:Television & New Media
10563:10.1207/s1532785xmep0604_3
10412:. New York: Random House.
10393:10.1207/s1532785xmep0804_5
9942:Television & New Media
9699:. Wallflower. p. 33.
9037:. National Review Online.
9009:www.markanthonydibello.com
8891:February 12, 2012, at the
8839:November 12, 2020, at the
8561:November 11, 2016, at the
8537:February 15, 2017, at the
8123:September 1, 2017, at the
6974:Grue, Jan (May 23, 2016).
6814:10.1207/s1532785xmep0804_5
6377:December 11, 2019, at the
5701:Reality Television Culture
5384:Real Husbands of Hollywood
4924:20 Minutes into the Future
4716:In 2007, according to the
4635:from 2017 to 2018, and as
4030:, the American version of
3981:
3805:Some reality shows aim to
3272:So You Think You Can Dance
3200:The Great British Bake Off
2849:
2759:
2138:
2044:Special living environment
1705:Gene Simmons Family Jewels
1543:Documentary-style programs
1422:The Great British Bake-Off
1298:blog published a humorous
1199:, was added. In 2007, the
993:During the 2000s, several
605:non-linear editing systems
125:
29:
10534:10.1080/10304311003703157
10476:10.1080/08838150701307152
10334:10.1080/08838150701307111
10305:10.1080/01463370802026828
10206:10.1080/09548960601106920
10170:10.1080/08838150903310468
10141:10.1080/01463370600650902
10010:Journal of Media Practice
9412:10.1080/08838150902907678
9377:10.1080/08838150902907678
9342:10.1080/08838150701307152
9248:Barton, Jennifer (2010).
8939:January 11, 2020, at the
8865:January 15, 2012, at the
8581:"The Case for Reality TV"
8353:Christian Science Monitor
6997:– via Google Books.
6849:10.1080/09548960601106920
6256:December 5, 2014, at the
5327:. Other examples include
4723:
4605:Prime Minister of Georgia
4092:Squid Game: The Challenge
3864:My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss
3575:
3146:won the second season of
2285:Marooned with Ed Stafford
2122:Tommy Lee Goes to College
1521:observational documentary
628:O. J. Simpson murder case
10742:10.1177/1527476404268922
10505:10.2501/jar-51-1-288-297
10445:. London. Archived from
10408:Nussbaum, Emily (2024).
10242:10.1177/1367877904043238
10108:Journal of Communication
10054:10.1177/0093650208315964
9993:10.1177/1367877908098852
9964:10.1177/1527476407307241
9849:Nussbaum, Emily (2024).
9785:
9214:Battista, Kathy (2012).
9136:10.2501/jar-51-1-288-297
8919:October 1, 2018, at the
8469:. London. Archived from
7976:My Life Outside the Ring
7859:January 1, 2012, at the
7066:Las Vegas Review-Journal
7060:October 7, 2012, at the
6885:"Reality TV: Definition"
5606:Great Reality TV Swindle
5593:Bunim/Murray Productions
5502:Dirty Sanchez: The Movie
5024:Series 7: The Contenders
4964:
4779:, a 1955 short story by
3287:(for television hosts),
3251:(for child performers),
3172:America's Next Top Model
3061:Dating-based competition
2816:use a recurring crew of
2801:Scariest Places on Earth
2248:entrepreneurial ventures
1870:Here Comes Honey Boo Boo
1863:, which documented huge
1751:Little People, Big World
1740:people with disabilities
1446:
1217:
1135:America's Next Top Model
1069:America's Next Top Model
726:
699:Tiger Aspect Productions
10616:International Socialism
10293:Communication Quarterly
10129:Communication Quarterly
9791:Andrejevic, M. (2004).
8321:April 23, 2010, at the
8150:March 16, 2013, at the
8085:Harrison, Rick (2011).
7384:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
6428:August 7, 2020, at the
6033:(in Dutch). Amsterdam.
5998:San Diego Union-Tribune
5879:Biressi, Anita (2005).
5715:"Reality TV Takes Hold"
5435:The 2013–2015 American
5354:The Naked Brothers Band
5339:(ABC Australia, 1999),
5032:Halloween: Resurrection
5013:(1999) was a remake of
4603:in 2005, was appointed
4502:, Heather Maltman from
4167:, a 43-year-old female
4129:Star Academy Arab World
3951:The Dutch reality show
3468:franchises, along with
3239:(for fashion editors),
3230:American Dream Builders
3227:(for interior design),
3215:(for clothing design),
2510:Debbie Travis' Facelift
2398:(life transformation),
2086:historical re-enactment
1887:Professional activities
1849:conspicuous consumption
1683:Reality TV personality
235:First broadcast in the
219:Culver City, California
117:Reality television has
10042:Communication Research
9833:Nichols, Bill (1994).
9801:Hill, Annette (2005).
8659:. September 29, 2009.
8372:June 29, 2017, at the
8178:on September 21, 2013.
7826:"The British Invasion"
6536:The Hollywood Reporter
5703:. New York: NYU Press.
5660:Hill, Annette (2005).
5557:. Mumblecore director
5159:Fifteen Million Merits
4957:Pop culture references
4737:, or include gossip".
4683:The Real World: Boston
4477:Mike "The Miz" Mizanin
4354:
4351:best-selling boy bands
4245:surveillance societies
4198:(a local imitation of
3978:Criticism and analysis
3722:Dancing with the Stars
3669:professional wrestling
3594:American Ninja Warrior
3408:Dancing with the Stars
3327:(for tattoo artists),
3248:I Know My Kid's a Star
3157:
3142:Chef and restaurateur
2966:Dancing with the Stars
2948:Dancing with the Stars
2836:professional wrestling
2818:paranormal researchers
2770:reality shows such as
2580:Restaurant: Impossible
2434:Hoarding: Buried Alive
2386:(style and grooming),
1881:Southern United States
1833:Big Fat Gypsy Weddings
1687:
1378:several months later.
1280:Dancing with the Stars
1244:
1229:, who competed on the
1145:Dancing with the Stars
1031:Global Reality Channel
925:Dancing with the Stars
856:
531:television documentary
356:
260:The American Sportsman
52:television programming
10803:on December 10, 2015.
10449:on December 27, 2002.
9693:Vidal, Belén (2012).
9463:on December 24, 2005.
8905:May 11, 2013, at the
8749:. November 23, 2015.
8719:. November 20, 2016.
8438:. September 8, 2005.
8398:Popular Communication
8346:May 15, 2010, at the
7677:. February 10, 2014.
7485:. November 10, 2016.
7416:. November 19, 2004.
6745:. September 4, 2020.
6274:Popular Communication
5756:. December 21, 2012.
5538:In 2007, broadcaster
5532:The Other Boleyn Girl
4637:Governor of São Paulo
4617:Parliament of Finland
4508:, and Sam Frost from
4331:
3989:"Reality" as misnomer
3982:Further information:
3924:I Wanna Marry "Harry"
3757:Texas Tech University
3701:Celebrity Bainisteoir
3293:(for sportscasters),
3233:(for home builders),
3141:
3012:, which combines the
2958:Primetime Emmy Awards
2850:Further information:
2762:paranormal television
2760:Further information:
2441:. The British series
1907:Dog the Bounty Hunter
1682:
1608:The Only Way Is Essex
1588:The Only Way Is Essex
1492:Primetime Emmy Awards
1225:
832:
704:Strictly Come Dancing
478:, a series hosted by
340:
331:The Beatles: Get Back
204:Truth or Consequences
186:Original Amateur Hour
177:The Candid Microphone
10120:10.1093/joc/53.4.624
10022:10.1386/jmpr.5.1.7/0
9511:. October 13, 2008.
9453:"The Prize of Peril"
9197:Youth Media Reporter
9178:China Media Research
8777:www.radioinfo.com.au
8747:www.radioinfo.com.au
8717:www.radioinfo.com.au
8687:www.radioinfo.com.au
8657:www.radioinfo.com.au
8585:The Atlantic Monthly
8473:on February 8, 2007.
8325:, James Calderwood,
8223:Lynch, Marc (2006).
7887:on January 28, 2015.
7831:Entertainment Weekly
6452:Entertainment Weekly
6094:on October 28, 2021.
5920:. Television/Radio.
5800:The News and Courier
5540:Krishnan Guru-Murthy
5366:Parks and Recreation
5248:(2001) is a comedic
5130:Britain's Got Talent
5127:(an amalgamation of
4981:gone horribly wrong.
4909:(1982) is a book by
4423:Elisabeth Hasselbeck
4192:singing competition
4103:In contrast, critic
3837:Last Chance for Love
3831:-like show entitled
3661:The Ultimate Fighter
3648:The Ultimate Fighter
3431:Celebrity Apprentice
3345:(for game testers).
3209:(for hair styling),
2960:have nominated both
2880:improve this article
2840:softcore pornography
2792:. In series such as
2718:Just for Laughs Gags
2659:solitary confinement
2555:Business improvement
1810:(polygamists from a
1693:The Anna Nicole Show
1636:Desperate Housewives
1496:unstructured reality
1386:I Can See Your Voice
1369:I Can See Your Voice
1349:Entertainment Weekly
1340:Back in Time for Tea
1250:The Voice of Holland
1236:The Voice of Holland
1156:American Idol Rewind
1091:Desperate Housewives
997:networks, including
804:television seasons.
549:broadcast prime-time
489:Thrill of a Lifetime
9679:Philadelphia Weekly
9657:on January 18, 2018
9537:Doctor Who Magazine
9481:. August 22, 2008.
8926:The Huffington Post
8875:. December 21, 2011
8779:. January 5, 2017.
8565:; Nick Couldry, in
8287:The Weekly Standard
8031:Reality TV Magazine
7855:. August 19, 2002.
7768:The Washington Post
7717:on November 2, 2012
7710:The Washington Post
7578:The Daily Telegraph
7210:on December 2, 2009
7178:"Your Cheatin' Art"
7155:Gazet van Antwerpen
7126:. BuzzMachine.com.
6922:. Lexington Books.
6181:The Washington Post
5827:on December 4, 2008
5360:Summer Heights High
5314:Operation Good Guys
5052:Slumdog Millionaire
4874:(also published as
4870:(1973), a novel by
4710:The Girls Next Door
4698:from 2010 to 2019.
4692:U.S. Representative
4651:from 2017 to 2022.
4639:from 2018 to 2022.
4496:, Mick Newell from
4407:Rachel Campos-Duffy
4153:, a show featuring
3801:Parodies and hoaxes
3763:roster position on
3659:competition series
3519:Expedition Robinson
3483:Guy's Grocery Games
3339:(for marksmen) and
3333:(for songwriters),
3278:MuchMusic VJ Search
3263:(for drag queens),
3242:Last Comic Standing
3127:Farmer Wants a Wife
2986:American Gladiators
2916:reality competition
2583:(for restaurants),
2439:compulsive hoarding
2341:Extreme Weight Loss
2297:Alaskan Bush People
1784:All-American Muslim
1504:reality-competition
1401:American adaptation
1380:King of Mask Singer
1375:King of Mask Singer
1333:Following from the
1187:in the category of
833:Dutch media tycoon
784:led the ratings in
744:Expedition Robinson
713:, and the revamped
647:Expedition Robinson
44:Reality television
10841:Reality television
10757:Walter, T (2010).
10264:The New York Times
9441:on August 7, 2015.
9066:The New York Times
8808:The New York Times
8689:. April 10, 2013.
8545:, October 21, 2012
8543:The New York Times
8541:; Mark Adrejevic,
8190:Seitz, Matt Zoller
7980:St. Martin's Press
7875:"The Unreal World"
7848:Reality TV World.
7445:The New York Times
7323:The New York Times
7235:The New York Times
7184:on August 14, 2009
6653:. March 18, 2020.
6623:. March 18, 2020.
6503:Yonhap News Agency
6225:The World from PRX
5918:The New York Times
5717:. Infoplease.com.
5529:The 2003 BBC film
5500:, was adapted for
5492:The Dudesons Movie
5481:Jackass: The Movie
4978:An American Family
4942:Vengeance on Varos
4867:The Unsleeping Eye
4834:Bread and Circuses
4801:Das Millionenspiel
4788:A King in New York
4633:Mayor of São Paulo
4553:15 minutes of fame
4355:
4339:formed during the
4332:The English-Irish
4249:The New York Times
4243:relationship with
3954:De Grote Donorshow
3913:astronaut training
3847:; its broadcaster
3816:The Joe Schmo Show
3657:mixed martial arts
3385:The Sound of Music
3296:American Candidate
3260:RuPaul's Drag Race
3257:(for filmmakers),
3158:
3115:Married by America
3051:Project Greenlight
2996:The Price Is Right
2929:disapproval voting
2780:phenomena such as
2534:While You Were Out
2498:Love It or List It
2444:Sort Your Life Out
2331:Celebrity Fit Club
2253:Restaurant Startup
2226:daytime television
2176:The People's Court
2167:The People's Court
2149:Famous Jury Trials
1997:and its spinoffs.
1958:Lizard Lick Towing
1949:and its spinoffs,
1836:and its spinoffs (
1688:
1657:Love & Hip Hop
1531:– hence the terms
1525:factual television
1500:structured reality
1245:
1148:were picked up by
936:reality game shows
857:
721:tabloid talk shows
621:An American Family
597:An American Family
577:in its new series
499:on the NBC series
429:Living in the Past
366:An American Family
357:
348:An American Family
305:Guide to Film 2007
241:Granada Television
102:, and traditional
10846:Television genres
10092:Griffen-Foley, B.
10084:978-0-7864-1668-4
9936:
9935:
9928:
8965:Los Angeles Times
8350:, Kristen Chick,
8294:on March 11, 2007
8257:. March 1, 2004.
8204:on August 5, 2012
8192:(July 13, 2010).
8095:978-1-4013-2430-8
8037:on April 22, 2012
8012:Los Angeles Times
7982:. pp. 175 - 178,
7931:documentary, 2004
7805:on April 10, 2009
7675:Los Angeles Times
7584:on April 22, 2014
6929:978-0-7391-3317-0
6743:Los Angeles Times
6651:thenewsminute.com
6183:. June 12, 2016.
6064:. Washington DC.
5952:. July 22, 2016.
5771:The Post-Standard
5673:978-0-415-26152-4
5579:Television portal
5396:Abbott Elementary
5390:Trial & Error
5342:Trailer Park Boys
5278:child pornography
4806:Le Prix du Danger
4740:A 2012 survey by
4675:Lencke Wischhusen
4649:National Assembly
4557:Kardashian family
4411:Kristin Cavallari
4324:Instant celebrity
4296:Ice Road Truckers
4284:Television critic
4274:police procedural
4105:Matt Zoller Seitz
3887:spinning a wheel.
3477:Cutthroat Kitchen
3459:Come Dine with Me
3313:prosthetic makeup
3284:Food Network Star
3245:(for comedians),
3153:Food Network Star
3081:Temptation Island
3032:, which uses the
3029:American Inventor
3023:The Biggest Loser
2912:
2911:
2904:
2766:Supernatural and
2665:The Dutch series
2605:social experiment
2599:Social experiment
2504:Property Brothers
2413:From G's to Gents
2392:(child-rearing),
2383:Snog Marry Avoid?
2336:The Biggest Loser
2259:Show Me the Monet
2244:startup companies
2104:U8TV: The Lofters
2091:Temptation Island
2037:Antiques Roadshow
1988:Ice Road Truckers
1952:Bikini Barbershop
1860:My Super Sweet 16
1854:Platinum Weddings
1814:splinter group),
1802:Persian-Americans
1789:Lebanese-American
1757:Beyond Boundaries
1510:Documentary-style
1453:COVID-19 pandemic
1413:The Masked Dancer
966:The Biggest Loser
895:Come Dine with Me
889:The Biggest Loser
639:Robert Kardashian
564:, which aired on
468:and co-hosted by
461:That's Incredible
436:English village.
396:The Newlywed Game
359:The 12-part 1973
320:and released the
269:outdoor adventure
96:sports television
16:(Redirected from
10853:
10804:
10802:
10796:. Archived from
10763:
10753:
10735:
10714:
10685:
10664:
10639:(5–6): 478–501.
10630:
10620:
10602:
10574:
10551:Media Psychology
10545:
10516:
10487:
10450:
10431:
10404:
10381:Media Psychology
10374:
10351:Media Psychology
10345:
10316:
10275:
10273:
10271:
10253:
10217:
10181:
10152:
10123:
10088:
10075:Survivor Lessons
10065:
10033:
10004:
9975:
9957:
9955:10.1.1.1029.1828
9931:
9924:
9920:
9917:
9911:
9906:Please read the
9902:may need cleanup
9891:
9890:
9883:
9864:
9853:. Random House.
9775:
9774:
9772:
9770:
9761:. Archived from
9758:The New York Sun
9748:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9717:
9711:
9710:
9690:
9684:
9683:
9673:
9667:
9666:
9664:
9662:
9650:
9640:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9629:
9607:
9601:
9590:
9584:
9569:
9563:
9552:
9546:
9545:
9531:
9525:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9501:
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9494:
9492:
9490:
9471:
9465:
9464:
9449:
9443:
9442:
9430:
9424:
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9395:
9389:
9388:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9325:
9319:
9316:
9307:
9304:
9298:
9295:
9289:
9288:
9280:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9269:
9264:on June 11, 2014
9263:
9256:
9245:
9239:
9238:
9233:
9231:
9211:
9205:
9204:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9173:
9167:
9166:
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9148:
9147:
9119:
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9112:
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9088:
9082:
9081:
9079:
9077:
9057:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9026:
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9017:
9015:
9001:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8975:
8969:
8956:
8950:
8882:
8876:
8857:
8848:
8830:
8824:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
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8758:
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8733:
8732:
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8709:
8703:
8702:
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8698:
8679:
8673:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8649:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8610:on May 26, 2008.
8606:. Archived from
8595:
8589:
8588:
8576:
8570:
8552:
8546:
8529:
8523:
8522:
8514:
8501:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8491:on March 3, 2008
8481:
8475:
8474:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8432:"Democracy Idol"
8428:
8422:
8421:
8393:
8382:
8363:
8357:
8338:
8332:
8331:, April 19, 2010
8313:
8304:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8290:. Archived from
8277:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8247:
8241:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8174:. Archived from
8161:
8155:
8134:
8128:
8110:
8104:
8098:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8072:
8067:on March 1, 2013
8063:. Archived from
8056:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8042:
8033:. Archived from
8022:
8016:
7996:
7990:
7974:(October 2009),
7969:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7958:
7938:
7932:
7922:
7916:
7915:
7914:on June 3, 2011.
7910:. Archived from
7895:
7889:
7888:
7883:. Archived from
7870:
7864:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7839:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7801:. Archived from
7790:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7713:. Archived from
7697:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7634:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7603:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7580:. Archived from
7569:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
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7397:
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7359:
7353:
7346:
7340:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7293:. June 1, 2007.
7283:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7272:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7206:. Archived from
7200:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7146:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7087:(120): 316–324.
7076:
7070:
7069:; July 19, 2009,
7052:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7036:on March 7, 2017
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7005:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6880:
6874:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6802:Media Psychology
6796:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6597:on April 4, 2020
6582:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6493:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6482:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6443:
6437:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6392:
6386:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6348:. p. D.12.
6335:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6269:
6260:
6247:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6216:
6210:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:
5989:
5983:
5972:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5886:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5823:. Archived from
5820:Evening Standard
5810:
5804:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5784:
5778:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5750:
5744:
5741:Total Television
5737:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5710:
5704:
5697:
5691:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5657:
5636:Scripted reality
5581:
5576:
5575:
5556:
5378:Come Fly with Me
5333:(BBC UK, 1998),
5202:The Weakest Link
5163:anthology series
4813:Richard G. Stern
4511:The Bachelorette
4499:My Kitchen Rules
4467:Spencer Matthews
4463:Bethenny Frankel
4403:Nabilla Benattia
4383:Stephen Colletti
4309:The Amazing Race
4287:James Poniewozik
4226:Jika Aku Menjadi
4075:The Bachelorette
4057:Hogan Knows Best
3742:Drive to Survive
3671:talent searches
3367:The Glee Project
3109:Love in the Wild
3075:The Bachelorette
2975:Game shows like
2907:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2864:
2856:
2807:Paranormal State
2736:Sorry voor alles
2700:Trigger Happy TV
2628:Holiday Showdown
2562:We Mean Business
2516:Designed to Sell
2365:What Not to Wear
2353:Extreme Makeover
2291:Naked and Afraid
2266:Outdoor survival
2205:Judge Mills Lane
2128:The Surreal Life
2019:American Pickers
1940:American Chopper
1723:Hogan Knows Best
1668:Ex-Wives of Rock
1651:Basketball Wives
1552:Soap-opera style
1395:, respectively.
1123:The Amazing Race
1057:The Amazing Race
751:The Amazing Race
677:self-improvement
660:), added to the
446:George Schlatter
224:You Asked for It
21:
10861:
10860:
10856:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10851:
10850:
10831:
10830:
10818:
10800:
10761:
10733:10.1.1.469.7883
10628:
10420:
10269:
10267:
10194:Cultural Trends
10085:
9932:
9921:
9915:
9912:
9905:
9898:Further reading
9892:
9888:
9881:
9861:
9788:
9783:
9781:Further reading
9778:
9768:
9766:
9749:
9745:
9735:
9733:
9726:The Independent
9718:
9714:
9707:
9691:
9687:
9674:
9670:
9660:
9658:
9651:'Niece Denise'"
9648:
9642:
9641:
9637:
9627:
9625:
9608:
9604:
9591:
9587:
9570:
9566:
9553:
9549:
9532:
9528:
9518:
9516:
9503:
9502:
9498:
9488:
9486:
9473:
9472:
9468:
9451:
9450:
9446:
9431:
9427:
9396:
9392:
9361:
9357:
9326:
9322:
9317:
9310:
9305:
9301:
9296:
9292:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9267:
9265:
9261:
9254:
9246:
9242:
9229:
9227:
9212:
9208:
9193:
9189:
9174:
9170:
9155:
9151:
9120:
9116:
9106:
9104:
9089:
9085:
9075:
9073:
9058:
9054:
9044:
9042:
9027:
9023:
9013:
9011:
9003:
9002:
8998:
8988:
8986:
8984:Reader's Digest
8976:
8972:
8957:
8953:
8941:Wayback Machine
8921:Wayback Machine
8907:Wayback Machine
8893:Wayback Machine
8883:
8879:
8867:Wayback Machine
8858:
8851:
8841:Wayback Machine
8831:
8827:
8817:
8815:
8800:
8796:
8786:
8784:
8771:
8770:
8766:
8756:
8754:
8741:
8740:
8736:
8726:
8724:
8711:
8710:
8706:
8696:
8694:
8681:
8680:
8676:
8666:
8664:
8651:
8650:
8646:
8636:
8634:
8619:
8615:
8596:
8592:
8577:
8573:
8563:Wayback Machine
8553:
8549:
8539:Wayback Machine
8530:
8526:
8515:
8504:
8494:
8492:
8483:
8482:
8478:
8459:
8455:
8445:
8443:
8430:
8429:
8425:
8394:
8385:
8374:Wayback Machine
8364:
8360:
8356:, April 7, 2010
8348:Wayback Machine
8339:
8335:
8323:Wayback Machine
8314:
8307:
8297:
8295:
8278:
8274:
8264:
8262:
8249:
8248:
8244:
8234:
8232:
8221:
8217:
8207:
8205:
8187:
8183:
8162:
8158:
8152:Wayback Machine
8135:
8131:
8125:Wayback Machine
8108:
8105:
8101:
8084:
8080:
8070:
8068:
8057:
8053:
8040:
8038:
8023:
8019:
8007:Wayback Machine
7997:
7993:
7970:
7966:
7956:
7954:
7947:Chicago Tribune
7939:
7935:
7923:
7919:
7896:
7892:
7880:Denver Westword
7871:
7867:
7861:Wayback Machine
7850:
7847:
7843:
7822:
7818:
7808:
7806:
7791:
7787:
7777:
7775:
7760:
7756:
7746:
7744:
7734:
7730:
7720:
7718:
7705:, June 1, 2007"
7703:Washington Post
7699:
7698:
7694:
7684:
7682:
7669:
7668:
7664:
7654:
7652:
7635:
7631:
7621:
7619:
7604:
7597:
7587:
7585:
7570:
7566:
7556:
7554:
7537:
7533:
7523:
7521:
7506:
7502:
7492:
7490:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7462:
7460:
7437:
7433:
7423:
7421:
7414:Chicago Tribune
7408:
7407:
7403:
7393:
7391:
7376:
7369:
7360:
7356:
7347:
7343:
7333:
7331:
7314:
7310:
7300:
7298:
7285:
7284:
7280:
7270:
7268:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7244:
7242:
7227:
7223:
7213:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7187:
7185:
7174:
7170:
7160:
7158:
7147:
7143:
7133:
7131:
7120:
7116:
7077:
7073:
7062:Wayback Machine
7053:
7049:
7039:
7037:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7006:
7002:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6972:
6968:
6958:
6956:
6941:
6937:
6930:
6914:
6910:
6881:
6877:
6868:
6864:
6837:Cultural Trends
6833:
6829:
6797:
6793:
6783:
6781:
6766:
6762:
6752:
6750:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6722:
6720:
6705:
6701:
6691:
6689:
6674:
6670:
6660:
6658:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6630:
6628:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6600:
6598:
6583:
6579:
6569:
6567:
6552:
6548:
6527:
6523:
6513:
6511:
6494:
6490:
6480:
6478:
6463:
6459:
6444:
6440:
6430:Wayback Machine
6420:
6416:
6406:
6404:
6393:
6389:
6379:Wayback Machine
6369:
6365:
6355:
6353:
6336:
6332:
6322:
6320:
6305:
6301:
6270:
6263:
6258:Wayback Machine
6248:
6244:
6234:
6232:
6219:Lodish, Emily.
6217:
6213:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6155:
6151:
6141:
6139:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6115:
6113:
6103:
6099:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6054:
6050:
6040:
6038:
6030:NRC Handelsblad
6021:
6017:
6007:
6005:
5990:
5986:
5973:
5969:
5959:
5957:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5910:
5906:
5899:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5861:
5844:
5840:
5830:
5828:
5811:
5807:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5781:
5763:
5761:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5738:
5734:
5724:
5722:
5711:
5707:
5698:
5694:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5645:
5577:
5570:
5567:
5554:
5511:The Real Cancun
5429:The First Years
5305:
5267:Margaret Atwood
5216:
5097:, jealous over
5078:Valerie Cherish
5068:
5040:American Dreamz
4998:The Truman Show
4967:
4959:
4906:The Running Man
4793:Charlie Chaplin
4768:The 10th Victim
4762:Robert Sheckley
4750:
4726:
4704:
4597:Lado Gurgenidze
4568:
4443:Tiffany Pollard
4415:Colby Donaldson
4375:Jacinda Barrett
4326:
4291:Deadliest Catch
4266:
4119:
4110:Deadliest Catch
4039:Joe Millionaire
3991:
3986:
3980:
3959:kidney donation
3803:
3710:Gaelic football
3698:, Irish series
3578:
3507:
3440:
3391:Rock Star: INXS
3305:(for artists),
3275:(for dancers),
3136:
3121:The Dating Game
3072:, its spin-off
3063:
3045:Making the Band
2991:Deal or No Deal
2946:series and the
2908:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2877:
2865:
2854:
2848:
2764:
2758:
2681:
2616:Trading Spouses
2601:
2589:(for bars) and
2557:
2522:Holmes on Homes
2460:
2447:, presented by
2320:
2268:
2234:
2193:Judge Joe Brown
2143:
2137:
2116:The Simple Life
2046:
2003:
1982:Deadliest Catch
1931:Motorway Patrol
1925:Border Security
1889:
1845:Real Housewives
1797:Shahs of Sunset
1769:The Undateables
1736:
1620:Real Housewives
1612:Made in Chelsea
1600:Freshwater Blue
1594:Made in Chelsea
1554:
1517:fly on the wall
1512:
1473:
1449:
1407:Game of Talents
1255:John de Mol Jr.
1227:Duncan Laurence
1220:
1079:The Simple Life
941:Deal or No Deal
835:John de Mol Jr.
729:
616:Sylvania Waters
609:Avid Technology
601:Charlie Brooker
547:, Illinois and
497:Shawn Weatherly
442:
390:The Dating Game
322:homonymous film
233:
151:Queen for a Day
146:
128:
92:television news
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10859:
10849:
10848:
10843:
10829:
10828:
10817:
10816:External links
10814:
10813:
10812:
10808:
10805:
10772:(5): 853–860.
10754:
10726:(4): 359–383.
10715:
10697:(2): 199–215.
10686:
10676:(2): 246–271.
10665:
10621:
10606:
10603:
10599:10.1086/432238
10593:(2): 284–296.
10578:
10575:
10557:(4): 363–378.
10546:
10528:(3): 451–459.
10517:
10499:(1): 288–297.
10488:
10470:(2): 355–370.
10459:
10455:
10452:
10432:
10418:
10405:
10387:(4): 421–447.
10375:
10357:(4): 303–330.
10346:
10328:(2): 371–390.
10317:
10299:(2): 208–225.
10288:
10285:
10282:
10279:
10276:
10254:
10236:(2): 213–231.
10225:
10218:
10189:
10185:
10182:
10164:(4): 515–531.
10153:
10135:(2): 191–211.
10124:
10114:(4): 624–641.
10103:
10099:
10095:
10089:
10083:
10070:
10066:
10048:(3): 382–397.
10037:
10034:
10005:
9976:
9934:
9933:
9895:
9893:
9886:
9880:
9877:
9876:
9875:
9872:
9865:
9860:978-0525508991
9859:
9846:
9831:
9817:
9814:
9799:
9796:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9776:
9765:on May 3, 2008
9743:
9712:
9705:
9685:
9668:
9635:
9602:
9585:
9564:
9547:
9526:
9496:
9466:
9444:
9425:
9390:
9355:
9336:(2): 355–370.
9320:
9308:
9299:
9290:
9275:
9240:
9206:
9187:
9168:
9149:
9130:(1): 288–297.
9114:
9083:
9052:
9021:
8996:
8970:
8951:
8949:
8948:
8930:
8910:
8877:
8872:Inside Edition
8849:
8825:
8794:
8764:
8734:
8704:
8674:
8644:
8613:
8590:
8571:
8547:
8524:
8502:
8476:
8453:
8423:
8404:(4): 256–272.
8383:
8358:
8333:
8305:
8272:
8242:
8215:
8181:
8156:
8129:
8099:
8078:
8051:
8017:
8015:. Page 2 of 3.
7991:
7964:
7933:
7917:
7890:
7865:
7841:
7816:
7785:
7754:
7742:rogerebert.com
7728:
7692:
7662:
7629:
7595:
7564:
7531:
7500:
7470:
7431:
7401:
7367:
7365:(2009) p. 151.
7354:
7352:(2003), p. 33.
7341:
7326:. p. D1.
7308:
7278:
7252:
7221:
7195:
7168:
7141:
7114:
7071:
7047:
7021:
7000:
6986:
6966:
6935:
6928:
6908:
6895:(2): 195–212.
6875:
6862:
6827:
6808:(4): 421–447.
6791:
6760:
6730:
6699:
6668:
6638:
6608:
6577:
6546:
6521:
6488:
6457:
6438:
6414:
6387:
6363:
6330:
6299:
6280:(4): 241–255.
6261:
6242:
6211:
6198:
6168:
6149:
6123:
6097:
6079:
6048:
6015:
5984:
5967:
5935:
5904:
5898:978-1904764045
5897:
5871:
5838:
5805:
5779:
5745:
5732:
5705:
5692:
5679:
5672:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5641:TV consumption
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5601:(2023 TV show)
5595:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5566:
5563:
5552:The Real World
5506:The Real World
5402:Drawn Together
5330:People Like Us
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5281:
5261:Oryx and Crake
5257:
5241:
5228:that parodies
5215:
5212:
5211:
5210:
5183:
5171:
5155:
5147:
5116:
5102:
5095:Christian Troy
5081:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5048:
5036:
5028:
5020:
5006:
4994:
4982:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4938:
4919:
4902:
4893:
4885:
4863:
4851:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4810:
4797:
4784:
4776:You're Another
4772:
4749:
4746:
4725:
4722:
4703:
4702:Youth audience
4700:
4645:The Apprentice
4625:The Apprentice
4613:The Apprentice
4601:The Apprentice
4592:The Apprentice
4584:U.S. President
4573:The Apprentice
4567:
4564:
4538:Kim Kardashian
4534:Kelly Osbourne
4431:Rebecca Jarvis
4419:Raffaella Fico
4399:Angela Trimbur
4387:David Giuntoli
4371:Lilian Afegbai
4341:seventh series
4325:
4322:
4265:
4262:
4150:Million's Poet
4118:
4115:
4027:The Real World
4015:47 U.S.C.
4005:Shows such as
3996:soft-scripting
3990:
3987:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3962:
3949:
3945:Nathan Fielder
3936:Nathan for You
3932:
3920:
3917:space tourists
3909:Thrill Seekers
3900:
3895:, a parody of
3888:
3869:The Apprentice
3867:, a parody of
3860:
3857:Joe Schmo Show
3841:bounty hunting
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3778:
3774:All or Nothing
3727:
3726:
3725:
3718:figure skating
3714:Dancing on Ice
3577:
3574:
3550:Project Runway
3530:a hidden totem
3506:
3503:
3492:Forged in Fire
3439:
3436:
3425:Celebracadabra
3413:Dancing on Ice
3364:film series),
3212:Project Runway
3203:(for bakers),
3184:Hell's Kitchen
3178:The Apprentice
3135:
3132:
3093:Flavor of Love
3062:
3059:
2910:
2909:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2847:
2844:
2827:New York Times
2790:haunted houses
2757:
2754:
2685:hidden cameras
2680:
2679:Hidden cameras
2677:
2622:Bad Girls Club
2600:
2597:
2595:(for hotels).
2556:
2553:
2479:Trading Spaces
2473:Changing Rooms
2464:This Old House
2459:
2456:
2449:Stacey Solomon
2371:How Do I Look?
2319:
2316:
2267:
2264:
2233:
2230:
2211:Judge Hatchett
2139:Main article:
2136:
2133:
2075:The 1900 House
2062:The Real World
2051:The Real World
2045:
2042:
2031:Comic Book Men
2002:
1999:
1888:
1885:
1817:Breaking Amish
1735:
1732:
1685:Kim Kardashian
1663:Hollywood Exes
1553:
1550:
1511:
1508:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1472:
1469:
1448:
1445:
1440:Forged in Fire
1328:Duck Commander
1219:
1216:
1211:The Apprentice
1063:Project Runway
980:originated in
962:Project Runway
919:Project Runway
855:, among others
823:Victorian Farm
817:Bad Lad's Army
811:The 1900 House
728:
725:
672:Changing Rooms
635:Kim Kardashian
593:The Real World
589:The Real World
580:The Real World
475:That's My Line
470:Fran Tarkenton
466:Alan Landsburg
441:
438:
408:The 1976–1980
371:nuclear family
237:United Kingdom
232:
229:
198:Beat the Clock
157:Cash and Carry
145:
142:
127:
124:
58:The Real World
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10858:
10847:
10844:
10842:
10839:
10838:
10836:
10827:
10823:
10820:
10819:
10809:
10806:
10799:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10760:
10755:
10751:
10747:
10743:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10716:
10712:
10708:
10704:
10700:
10696:
10692:
10687:
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10675:
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10650:
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10638:
10634:
10627:
10622:
10618:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10604:
10600:
10596:
10592:
10588:
10584:
10579:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10518:
10514:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10489:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10460:
10456:
10453:
10448:
10444:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10419:9780525508991
10415:
10411:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10382:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10289:
10286:
10283:
10280:
10277:
10266:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10251:
10247:
10243:
10239:
10235:
10231:
10226:
10224:
10219:
10215:
10211:
10207:
10203:
10199:
10195:
10190:
10186:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10104:
10100:
10096:
10093:
10090:
10086:
10080:
10076:
10071:
10067:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10038:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10006:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9947:
9943:
9938:
9937:
9930:
9927:
9919:
9909:
9908:editing guide
9903:
9899:
9894:
9885:
9884:
9873:
9870:
9866:
9862:
9856:
9852:
9847:
9844:
9843:0-253-34064-0
9840:
9836:
9832:
9830:
9829:0-8147-5688-3
9826:
9822:
9818:
9815:
9812:
9811:0-415-26152-X
9808:
9805:. Routledge.
9804:
9800:
9797:
9794:
9790:
9789:
9764:
9760:
9759:
9754:
9747:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9716:
9708:
9706:9780231850049
9702:
9698:
9697:
9689:
9681:
9680:
9672:
9656:
9652:
9647:
9639:
9623:
9619:
9618:
9617:The A.V. Club
9613:
9606:
9599:
9598:0-230-60554-0
9595:
9589:
9582:
9581:0-7766-0613-1
9578:
9574:
9568:
9561:
9560:0-521-83966-1
9557:
9551:
9543:
9542:Panini Comics
9539:
9538:
9530:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9500:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9470:
9462:
9458:
9454:
9448:
9440:
9436:
9429:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9394:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9359:
9351:
9347:
9343:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9324:
9315:
9313:
9303:
9294:
9286:
9285:The Economist
9279:
9260:
9253:
9252:
9244:
9237:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9210:
9203:(1–6): 87–91.
9202:
9198:
9191:
9183:
9179:
9172:
9164:
9160:
9153:
9145:
9141:
9137:
9133:
9129:
9125:
9118:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9087:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9056:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9025:
9014:September 13,
9010:
9006:
9000:
8989:September 13,
8985:
8981:
8974:
8967:
8966:
8961:
8955:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8935:
8931:
8928:
8927:
8922:
8918:
8915:
8911:
8909:. Hollyscoop.
8908:
8904:
8901:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8890:
8887:
8881:
8874:
8873:
8868:
8864:
8861:
8856:
8854:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8835:
8829:
8813:
8810:. p. 2.
8809:
8805:
8798:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8768:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8738:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8708:
8692:
8688:
8684:
8678:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8648:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8617:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8594:
8586:
8582:
8575:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8551:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8533:
8528:
8520:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8490:
8486:
8480:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8457:
8441:
8437:
8436:The Economist
8433:
8427:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8362:
8355:
8354:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8337:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8312:
8310:
8293:
8289:
8288:
8283:
8276:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8246:
8230:
8226:
8219:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8177:
8173:
8172:
8167:
8160:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8144:
8139:
8133:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8117:
8112:
8103:
8096:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8066:
8062:
8055:
8048:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8021:
8014:
8013:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7988:0-312-58889-5
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7952:
7948:
7944:
7937:
7930:
7926:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7869:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7845:
7837:
7834:. p. 3.
7833:
7832:
7827:
7820:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7789:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7743:
7739:
7732:
7716:
7712:
7711:
7706:
7704:
7696:
7680:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7640:
7633:
7617:
7613:
7612:The A.V. Club
7609:
7602:
7600:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7568:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7535:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7504:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7474:
7458:
7454:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7435:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7405:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7374:
7372:
7364:
7358:
7351:
7345:
7329:
7325:
7324:
7319:
7312:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7225:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7183:
7179:
7172:
7156:
7152:
7145:
7129:
7125:
7118:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7056:
7051:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7010:
7004:
6989:
6987:9781317150428
6983:
6980:. Routledge.
6979:
6978:
6970:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6939:
6931:
6925:
6921:
6920:
6912:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6879:
6872:
6866:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6795:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6764:
6753:September 22,
6748:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6672:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6642:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6612:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6581:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6550:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6532:
6525:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6492:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6418:
6402:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6367:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6341:
6334:
6323:September 10,
6318:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6266:
6259:
6255:
6252:
6246:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6208:
6202:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6164:
6160:
6153:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6112:
6108:
6101:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6072:September 10,
6067:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6036:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6019:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5988:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5971:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5900:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5875:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5842:
5826:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5809:
5801:
5789:
5783:
5776:
5772:
5759:
5755:
5749:
5742:
5739:Alex McNeil,
5736:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5696:
5689:
5683:
5675:
5669:
5666:. Routledge.
5665:
5664:
5656:
5652:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5569:
5562:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5541:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5498:
5497:Dirty Sanchez
5493:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5476:
5472:. The series
5471:
5470:Candid Camera
5467:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5456:reality films
5452:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5437:sketch comedy
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5372:Modern Family
5368:
5367:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5288:Lauren Conrad
5285:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5237:The Osbournes
5233:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5208:
5207:Anne Robinson
5204:
5203:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:Sean McNamara
5096:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5045:American Idol
5042:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4962:
4952:propositions.
4950:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4821:Candid Camera
4818:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:Tomio Okamura
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4641:Bruno Bonnell
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4609:Harry Harkimo
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4530:Nicole Richie
4527:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4455:Lauren Conrad
4452:
4451:Gemma Collins
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4427:Katie Hopkins
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4391:Vishal Karwal
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4337:One Direction
4335:
4330:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4261:
4259:
4258:neoliberalism
4255:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4209:Beijing Today
4205:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4161:Arabic poetry
4158:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4147:began airing
4146:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4124:
4123:authoritarian
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3985:
3972:
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3833:Lap of Luxury
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3708:of mid-level
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3642:The Contender
3638:
3637:combat sports
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3610:The Big Break
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3542:Biggest Loser
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3355:Scream Queens
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3197:(for chefs),
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2962:American Idol
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2874:
2869:This section
2867:
2863:
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2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:ghost hunting
2829:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2813:Ghost Hunters
2809:
2808:
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2797:
2796:
2791:
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2779:
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2753:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:
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2732:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:Scare Tactics
2721:. The series
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2689:Candid Camera
2686:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2645:without sleep
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2255:
2254:
2250:. The series
2249:
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2240:
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2227:
2222:
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2213:
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2206:
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2195:
2194:
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2183:
2182:
2177:
2173:
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2168:
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2161:Divorce Court
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2150:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2097:The Challenge
2093:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2025:Hardcore Pawn
2021:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1865:coming of age
1862:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1838:Romani people
1835:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1790:
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1779:
1777:
1776:
1775:Seven Dwarves
1771:
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1731:
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1701:
1700:
1699:The Osbournes
1695:
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1402:
1398:
1397:Masked Singer
1394:
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1392:Masked Singer
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1286:
1281:
1277:
1276:American Idol
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1253:, created by
1252:
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787:
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779:
778:
777:American Idol
773:
769:
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539:, focused on
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527:cinéma vérité
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516:
512:
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498:
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494:Miss Universe
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447:
437:
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421:Sheena Easton
417:
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406:
404:
403:
402:The Gong Show
398:
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382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
367:
362:
354:
350:
349:
344:
339:
335:
333:
332:
327:
326:Peter Jackson
323:
319:
318:
313:
308:
306:
304:
299:
295:
294:
293:Chelsea Girls
289:
288:Direct Cinema
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:
255:
253:
248:
247:
242:
239:in 1964, the
238:
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211:
206:
205:
200:
199:
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193:
188:
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179:
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173:
172:
171:Candid Camera
167:
166:hidden camera
163:
159:
158:
153:
152:
141:
139:
138:
137:Candid Camera
133:
123:
120:
115:
113:
109:
108:hidden camera
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:Documentaries
85:
82:
78:
77:
72:
71:
66:
65:
60:
59:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Reality shows
10798:the original
10769:
10765:
10723:
10719:
10694:
10690:
10673:
10669:
10636:
10632:
10614:
10590:
10586:
10554:
10550:
10525:
10521:
10496:
10492:
10467:
10463:
10447:the original
10442:The Observer
10440:
10435:Ogle, Tina.
10409:
10384:
10380:
10354:
10350:
10325:
10321:
10296:
10292:
10268:. Retrieved
10262:
10233:
10229:
10200:(1): 17–41.
10197:
10193:
10161:
10157:
10132:
10128:
10111:
10107:
10074:
10045:
10041:
10013:
10009:
9987:(1): 81–96.
9984:
9980:
9948:(1): 24–46.
9945:
9941:
9922:
9913:
9901:
9868:
9850:
9834:
9820:
9802:
9792:
9769:February 24,
9767:. Retrieved
9763:the original
9756:
9746:
9734:. Retrieved
9725:
9715:
9695:
9688:
9677:
9671:
9659:. Retrieved
9655:the original
9645:
9638:
9628:February 20,
9626:. Retrieved
9615:
9605:
9588:
9572:
9567:
9550:
9535:
9529:
9517:. Retrieved
9509:The Guardian
9508:
9499:
9487:. Retrieved
9479:The Guardian
9478:
9469:
9461:the original
9456:
9447:
9439:the original
9428:
9403:
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9393:
9368:
9364:
9358:
9333:
9329:
9323:
9302:
9293:
9284:
9278:
9268:November 23,
9266:. Retrieved
9259:the original
9250:
9243:
9235:
9230:November 23,
9228:. Retrieved
9219:
9209:
9200:
9196:
9190:
9181:
9177:
9171:
9162:
9158:
9152:
9127:
9123:
9117:
9105:. Retrieved
9096:
9086:
9076:February 10,
9074:. Retrieved
9065:
9055:
9043:. Retrieved
9034:
9024:
9012:. Retrieved
9008:
8999:
8987:. Retrieved
8983:
8973:
8963:
8954:
8924:
8880:
8870:
8828:
8818:December 19,
8816:. Retrieved
8807:
8797:
8785:. Retrieved
8776:
8767:
8755:. Retrieved
8746:
8737:
8725:. Retrieved
8716:
8707:
8695:. Retrieved
8686:
8677:
8665:. Retrieved
8656:
8647:
8637:September 3,
8635:. Retrieved
8626:
8616:
8608:the original
8603:
8593:
8584:
8574:
8566:
8550:
8542:
8527:
8518:
8493:. Retrieved
8489:the original
8479:
8471:the original
8466:
8456:
8444:. Retrieved
8435:
8426:
8401:
8397:
8379:The National
8377:
8361:
8351:
8336:
8328:The National
8326:
8296:. Retrieved
8292:the original
8285:
8275:
8263:. Retrieved
8254:
8245:
8233:. Retrieved
8218:
8206:. Retrieved
8202:the original
8197:
8184:
8176:the original
8169:
8159:
8141:
8132:
8114:
8102:
8086:
8081:
8069:. Retrieved
8065:the original
8054:
8046:
8039:. Retrieved
8035:the original
8030:
8020:
8010:
7994:
7975:
7967:
7957:November 30,
7955:. Retrieved
7946:
7936:
7924:
7920:
7912:the original
7903:
7893:
7885:the original
7878:
7868:
7844:
7829:
7819:
7807:. Retrieved
7803:the original
7788:
7776:. Retrieved
7767:
7757:
7745:. Retrieved
7741:
7731:
7719:. Retrieved
7715:the original
7708:
7702:
7695:
7685:February 11,
7683:. Retrieved
7674:
7665:
7653:. Retrieved
7642:
7632:
7622:February 18,
7620:. Retrieved
7586:. Retrieved
7582:the original
7577:
7567:
7555:. Retrieved
7546:The Guardian
7544:
7534:
7522:. Retrieved
7513:
7503:
7491:. Retrieved
7483:The Guardian
7482:
7473:
7461:. Retrieved
7444:
7434:
7422:. Retrieved
7413:
7404:
7392:. Retrieved
7383:
7362:
7357:
7349:
7344:
7334:November 27,
7332:. Retrieved
7321:
7311:
7301:November 10,
7299:. Retrieved
7281:
7269:. Retrieved
7255:
7243:. Retrieved
7234:
7224:
7212:. Retrieved
7208:the original
7198:
7186:. Retrieved
7182:the original
7171:
7159:. Retrieved
7157:(in Flemish)
7154:
7144:
7132:. Retrieved
7117:
7084:
7080:
7074:
7064:
7050:
7038:. Retrieved
7034:the original
7024:
7012:. Retrieved
7003:
6991:. Retrieved
6976:
6969:
6959:December 16,
6957:. Retrieved
6949:The Guardian
6948:
6938:
6918:
6911:
6892:
6888:
6878:
6870:
6865:
6843:(1): 17–41.
6840:
6836:
6830:
6805:
6801:
6794:
6782:. Retrieved
6773:
6763:
6751:. Retrieved
6742:
6733:
6721:. Retrieved
6712:
6702:
6690:. Retrieved
6681:
6671:
6659:. Retrieved
6650:
6641:
6629:. Retrieved
6620:
6611:
6599:. Retrieved
6595:the original
6591:etcanada.com
6590:
6580:
6568:. Retrieved
6559:
6549:
6534:
6524:
6512:. Retrieved
6501:
6491:
6479:. Retrieved
6470:
6460:
6451:
6441:
6433:
6417:
6407:February 20,
6405:. Retrieved
6390:
6382:
6366:
6354:. Retrieved
6343:
6333:
6321:. Retrieved
6312:
6302:
6277:
6273:
6245:
6233:. Retrieved
6224:
6214:
6206:
6201:
6189:. Retrieved
6180:
6171:
6162:
6152:
6140:. Retrieved
6126:
6114:. Retrieved
6110:
6100:
6092:the original
6082:
6070:. Retrieved
6061:
6051:
6039:. Retrieved
6028:
6018:
6006:. Retrieved
5997:
5987:
5975:
5970:
5958:. Retrieved
5949:Daily Record
5947:
5938:
5926:. Retrieved
5917:
5907:
5882:
5874:
5862:. Retrieved
5851:
5841:
5831:December 19,
5829:. Retrieved
5825:the original
5818:
5808:
5799:
5791:. Retrieved
5782:
5770:
5762:. Retrieved
5748:
5740:
5735:
5723:. Retrieved
5708:
5700:
5695:
5687:
5682:
5662:
5655:
5616:John Langley
5598:
5588:Broadcasting
5559:Joe Swanberg
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5528:
5521:
5517:Keep Running
5515:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5491:
5487:The Dudesons
5485:
5479:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5453:
5447:
5440:
5434:
5432:is a drama.
5427:
5421:
5419:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5318:
5312:
5309:mockumentary
5306:
5295:
5291:
5283:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5243:
5235:
5231:The X Factor
5229:
5219:
5200:
5196:
5186:
5180:The Bachelor
5179:
5173:
5167:Black Mirror
5165:
5149:
5142:The X Factor
5140:
5134:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5110:
5104:
5088:
5073:The Comeback
5071:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5008:
4996:
4989:(1994) is a
4984:
4976:
4970:
4960:
4946:
4940:
4935:Max Headroom
4934:
4930:Max Headroom
4928:
4922:
4911:Stephen King
4904:
4896:
4889:Kate Wilhelm
4879:
4875:
4872:D.G. Compton
4865:
4858:(1968) is a
4853:
4848:gladiatorial
4844:Roman Empire
4837:
4820:
4816:
4804:
4800:
4786:
4781:Damon Knight
4774:
4766:
4751:
4739:
4727:
4715:
4708:
4705:
4686:cast member
4681:
4679:
4677:of Germany.
4669:of Finland,
4661:of Denmark,
4659:Tommy Ahlers
4655:Dragons' Den
4654:
4653:
4644:
4628:
4624:
4619:since 2015.
4612:
4600:
4590:
4587:Donald Trump
4579:Dragons' Den
4577:
4571:
4569:
4561:
4546:
4526:Paris Hilton
4519:
4516:
4509:
4505:The Bachelor
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4481:David Otunga
4472:Jersey Shore
4470:
4447:Whitney Port
4439:Heidi Montag
4367:The X Factor
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:of all time.
4346:The X Factor
4344:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4282:
4270:
4267:
4248:
4238:
4225:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4204:text-message
4199:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4154:
4148:
4145:Abu Dhabi TV
4142:
4133:
4127:
4120:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4087:Storage Wars
4085:
4079:
4073:
4069:The Bachelor
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4011:Amazing Race
4010:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3964:
3952:
3941:mockumentary
3939:, a reality
3934:
3929:Prince Harry
3922:
3908:
3904:Space Cadets
3902:
3896:
3890:
3881:Donald Trump
3876:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3814:
3804:
3791:
3788:women in WWE
3781:
3772:
3767:under coach
3759:vying for a
3750:
3740:
3730:
3721:
3713:
3712:teams), and
3699:
3693:
3684:
3678:
3674:Tough Enough
3672:
3660:
3646:
3640:
3630:
3624:
3620:Crash Course
3618:
3608:
3598:
3592:
3579:
3570:Donald Trump
3565:
3561:
3557:
3554:Lego Masters
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3481:
3475:
3471:Cupcake Wars
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3400:J.D. Fortune
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3340:
3334:
3330:Platinum Hit
3328:
3322:
3316:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3206:Shear Genius
3204:
3198:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3151:
3148:Food Network
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3069:The Bachelor
3067:
3064:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:Star Academy
3009:
3007:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2977:Weakest Link
2976:
2974:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:series, the
2939:
2935:
2933:
2918:", "reality
2915:
2913:
2898:
2889:
2878:Please help
2873:verification
2870:
2825:
2822:night vision
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2771:
2765:
2744:
2742:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2673:The Traitors
2672:
2668:De Verraders
2666:
2664:
2648:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2546:
2542:Pimp My Ride
2540:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2492:Flip or Flop
2490:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2442:
2432:
2426:
2422:Life Laundry
2420:
2418:
2411:
2407:Charm School
2405:
2401:Tool Academy
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2300:. The shows
2295:
2289:
2283:
2279:Man vs. Wild
2277:
2271:
2269:
2257:
2251:
2239:Dragons' Den
2237:
2235:
2223:
2219:court of law
2216:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2187:Judge Mathis
2185:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2159:
2155:Your Witness
2153:
2147:
2144:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2007:
2004:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1973:Bondi Rescue
1971:
1965:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1919:Traffic Cops
1917:
1913:Police Stop!
1911:
1905:
1901:The First 48
1899:
1893:
1890:
1876:Duck Dynasty
1874:
1868:
1858:
1852:
1851:, including
1844:
1842:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1807:Sister Wives
1805:
1795:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1642:Peyton Place
1640:
1634:
1631:Laguna Beach
1630:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1577:Laguna Beach
1576:
1572:Laguna Beach
1571:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1547:
1536:
1532:
1513:
1506:" programs.
1488:
1474:
1464:
1463:versions of
1450:
1438:
1432:
1428:Lego Masters
1426:
1420:
1418:
1411:
1405:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1323:Duck Dynasty
1321:
1320:
1300:Venn diagram
1295:
1289:
1285:The Bachelor
1283:
1279:
1275:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1234:
1231:fifth season
1209:
1203:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1143:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
992:
985:
978:Dragons' Den
977:
970:Dragons' Den
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:Weakest Link
951:
945:
939:
931:Dragons' Den
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
883:
879:
875:The X Factor
873:
869:Star Academy
867:
861:
858:
850:
844:
838:
821:
815:
809:
806:
789:
781:
775:
771:
765:
755:
749:
738:
732:
730:
714:
708:
702:
695:Street Match
694:
684:
670:
665:
661:
655:
645:
643:
632:
626:The 1994–95
625:
620:
614:
613:
596:
592:
588:
584:
578:
569:
559:
557:
534:
508:
500:
487:
473:
459:
455:
449:
443:
427:
425:
415:The Big Time
413:
407:
400:
394:
388:
385:Chuck Barris
374:
364:
358:
346:
329:
315:
309:
301:
291:
286:In the 1966
285:
281:scuba diving
258:
256:
244:
243:documentary
234:
222:
214:
208:
202:
196:
190:
181:
175:
169:
155:
149:
147:
135:
129:
116:
86:
74:
68:
62:
56:
43:
42:
40:
10811:Associates.
10653:10871/16559
10069:Associates.
10016:(1): 7–24.
9184:(4): 80–94.
9107:December 6,
7972:Hogan, Hulk
7655:October 29,
6471:MarketWatch
6356:October 10,
6163:Vanity Fair
6111:Vanity Fair
6041:October 31,
6008:November 6,
5853:Vanity Fair
5793:October 17,
5764:October 17,
5631:Low culture
5611:Matt Kunitz
5523:Running Man
5414:The Muppets
5408:Total Drama
5405:(2004) and
5393:(2017) and
5273:Noodie News
5256:-like show.
5254:Big Brother
5245:Dead Famous
5221:Chart Throb
5197:Big Brother
5151:Rock Rivals
5112:Big Brother
5047:-like show.
4881:Death Watch
4667:Anne Berner
4665:of Israel,
4493:Big Brother
4435:Jodie Marsh
4395:NeNe Leakes
4379:Jamie Chung
4359:celebrities
4241:ideological
4234:consumerism
4230:materialism
4182:Indian Idol
4165:Hissa Hilal
4138:Matt Labash
4134:Big Brother
3853:Full Bounty
3845:Full Bounty
3829:Big Brother
3783:Total Divas
3747:Formula One
3732:Hard Knocks
3680:Diva Search
3615:auto racing
3562:Big Brother
3538:Big Brother
3498:The Butcher
3302:Work of Art
3098:Flavor Flav
3087:Average Joe
3014:Big Brother
2953:Star Search
2936:Big Brother
2924:elimination
2786:telekinesis
2655:Fox Reality
2548:Overhaulin'
2468:Jeff Jarvis
2273:Survivorman
2232:Investments
2135:Court shows
2069:Big Brother
1823:Amish Mafia
1734:Subcultures
1670:(2012) and
1529:soap operas
1465:Big Brother
1316:pawnbrokers
1294:Magazine's
1185:Emmy Awards
1097:Fear Factor
1046:syndication
1039:CBS Reality
1027:Fox Reality
987:Indian Idol
976:. Although
934:. Several "
884:Big Brother
846:Fear Factor
840:Big Brother
734:Big Brother
644:The series
558:The series
456:Real People
451:Real People
440:1980s–1990s
312:the Beatles
303:Radio Times
298:Andy Warhol
257:The series
231:1960s–1970s
144:1940s–1950s
112:court shows
81:franchises.
76:Big Brother
32:CBS Reality
10835:Categories
10428:1412177613
10102:Routledge.
9900:" section
9646:Kroll Show
9600:, pp.43,49
9406:(2): 190.
9371:(2): 207.
9165:: 406–436.
9035:The Corner
8143:Daily News
8097:pp. 70, 89
7747:August 31,
7721:August 26,
7245:January 7,
7214:October 4,
6784:August 27,
6723:August 22,
6692:August 22,
6661:August 22,
6631:August 22,
6621:theweek.in
6570:August 22,
5976:Oceanquest
5775:Curt Gowdy
5648:References
5547:mumblecore
5460:Allen Funt
5448:Kroll Show
5442:Kroll Show
5320:The Office
5284:L.A. Candy
5214:Literature
5188:Doctor Who
5066:Television
5003:Jim Carrey
4948:Doctor Who
4688:Sean Duffy
4663:Nir Barkat
4629:O Aprendiz
4621:João Doria
4542:Kardashian
4522:socialites
4459:Jade Goody
4305:Mike White
4215:Super Girl
4195:Super Girl
4081:Pawn Stars
4019:§ 509
3971:jury trial
3885:chimpanzee
3877:Apprentice
3825:archetypes
3769:Bob Knight
3663:, and the
3655:-produced
3626:Hyperdrive
3566:Apprentice
3534:Apprentice
3465:Nailed It!
3342:The Tester
3318:Ink Master
3315:artists),
3254:On the Lot
3218:Top Design
3189:MasterChef
3134:Job search
3103:The Cougar
2944:Got Talent
2778:paranormal
2773:MTV's Fear
2768:paranormal
2592:Hotel Hell
2586:Bar Rescue
2568:The Profit
2458:Renovation
2389:Supernanny
2199:Judge Alex
2181:Judge Judy
2141:Court show
2084:, involve
2081:Lads' Army
2057:Road Rules
2014:pawn shops
2009:Pawn Stars
1800:(affluent
1745:Push Girls
1335:1900 House
1268:The Tester
1201:web series
1074:Amazon.com
913:MasterChef
901:Got Talent
716:MasterChef
691:Gabe Sachs
686:Streetmate
666:Real World
545:Glen Ellyn
505:Emmy Award
501:Oceanquest
480:Bob Barker
376:The Family
279:, hiking,
271:, such as
215:Nightwatch
210:Confession
183:Ted Mack's
162:Allen Funt
132:Allen Funt
104:game shows
100:talk shows
10794:205208602
10750:220732538
10728:CiteSeerX
10711:145465401
10484:145099520
10342:143923847
10313:144776709
10250:145409122
10214:144728312
10149:144715771
10030:147854866
10001:145416654
9972:144976107
9950:CiteSeerX
9916:July 2024
9420:143928405
9385:143928405
9350:145099520
9283:"Jaded".
8845:CNN Money
8467:The Times
8418:144259958
8265:April 27,
8235:March 11,
8198:Salon.com
8116:USA Today
7809:March 13,
7778:April 26,
7557:March 17,
7514:USA Today
7453:0362-4331
7291:Today.com
7188:April 29,
7161:August 6,
6857:144728312
6514:March 28,
6345:USA Today
6313:USA Today
6062:USA Today
5928:March 18,
5864:March 12,
5803:reality."
5599:The Climb
5417:, 2015).
5348:Reno 911!
5336:The Games
5296:The Hills
5226:Ben Elton
5191:episode "
4991:Québécois
4972:Real Life
4921:The film
4895:The film
4839:Star Trek
4815:'s novel
4754:dystopian
4742:Today.com
4731:voyeurism
4696:Wisconsin
4488:Australia
4222:Indonesia
4143:In 2007,
4045:The Hills
3966:Jury Duty
3943:in which
3859:revival).
3695:The Games
3589:athletics
3546:Top Model
3446:Iron Chef
3290:Dream Job
3144:Guy Fieri
3020:formats,
3002:Jeopardy!
2640:Shattered
2634:Faking It
2610:Wife Swap
2359:Queer Eye
2347:Fat March
1946:Miami Ink
1582:The Hills
1538:docudrama
1471:Subgenres
1461:Malayalam
1346:In 2014,
1308:Louisiana
1260:The Voice
1140:marathons
1107:Wife Swap
958:Top Model
907:Top Model
852:The Voice
802:2010–2011
798:2003–2004
662:Nummer 28
585:Nummer 28
570:Nummer 28
561:Nummer 28
525:look and
523:camcorder
444:Producer
426:In 1978,
369:showed a
317:Let It Be
252:Up Series
246:Seven Up!
10786:20619523
10661:56206894
10542:29233794
10513:36976247
10401:40707438
10371:17614731
10188:165–178.
10178:11086920
10062:13250076
9879:Articles
9730:Archived
9622:Archived
9519:June 15,
9513:Archived
9489:June 15,
9483:Archived
9224:Archived
9144:36976247
9101:Archived
9097:POLITICO
9070:Archived
9045:March 2,
9039:Archived
8945:ABC News
8937:Archived
8917:Archived
8903:Archived
8889:Archived
8863:Archived
8837:Archived
8812:Archived
8781:Archived
8751:Archived
8721:Archived
8691:Archived
8661:Archived
8631:Archived
8627:New York
8559:Archived
8535:Archived
8495:July 29,
8446:July 11,
8440:Archived
8370:Archived
8344:Archived
8319:Archived
8298:July 11,
8259:Archived
8255:BBC News
8229:Archived
8148:Archived
8121:Archived
8071:July 16,
8041:July 10,
8003:Archived
7951:Archived
7857:Archived
7836:Archived
7772:Archived
7679:Archived
7649:Archived
7616:Archived
7551:Archived
7524:June 29,
7518:Archived
7493:June 15,
7487:Archived
7457:Archived
7418:Archived
7388:Archived
7328:Archived
7295:Archived
7271:July 26,
7265:Archived
7239:Archived
7128:Archived
7109:29590891
7101:17572581
7058:Archived
7040:March 6,
6953:Archived
6822:40707438
6778:Archived
6774:Deadline
6747:Archived
6717:Archived
6713:Deadline
6686:Archived
6682:Deadline
6655:Archived
6625:Archived
6601:April 2,
6564:Archived
6560:Deadline
6541:Archived
6508:Archived
6481:June 22,
6475:Archived
6426:Archived
6401:Archived
6383:The Wrap
6375:Archived
6350:Archived
6317:Archived
6294:43072267
6254:Archived
6229:Archived
6207:Newsweek
6191:July 17,
6185:Archived
6142:July 17,
6136:Archived
6116:July 17,
6066:Archived
6035:Archived
6002:Archived
5954:Archived
5922:Archived
5858:Archived
5758:Archived
5719:Archived
5565:See also
5508:created
5387:(2013),
5381:(2010),
5375:(2009),
5369:(2009),
5363:(2007),
5357:(2006),
5351:(2003),
5345:(2001),
5250:whodunit
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