Reality television

1223: 3005:), the action takes place in an enclosed television studio over a short period of time; however, they have higher production values, more dramatic background music, and higher stakes than traditional shows (done either through putting contestants into physical danger or offering large cash prizes). In addition, there is more interaction between contestants and hosts, and in some cases, they feature reality-style contestant competition or elimination as well. These factors, as well as these shows' rise in global popularity at the same time as the arrival of the reality craze, have led to such shows often being grouped under both the reality television and game show umbrellas. 2334:), but usually there is a new target for improvement in each episode. Despite differences in the content, the format is usually the same: first the show introduces the subjects in their current, less-than-ideal environment. Then the subjects meet with a group of experts, who give the subjects instructions on how to improve things; they offer aid and encouragement along the way. Finally, the subjects are placed back in their environment and they, along with their friends and family and the experts, appraise the changes that have occurred. Other self-improvement or makeover shows include 2675:, features contestants divided into two factions—the "traitors" and the "faithful"—and competing in challenges to build a cash jackpot awarded in the finale; three contestants secretly designated as "traitors" (which are known to the viewers) have the ability to secretly eliminate ("murder") other contestants each night, while the remaining contestants try to figure out the identities of the traitors so they can attempt to "banish" them in elimination votes. The jackpot is split among the faithful if they eliminate all of the traitors, but is split among the traitors if they fail. 4329: 3532:. They can also pass on their immunity to someone else and in the latter case, they can keep their immunity secret from other players. On most shows, immunity is quite a bit simpler: it is usually achieved by winning a task, often a relatively minor task during the first half of the episode; the announcement of immunity is made publicly and immunity is usually non-transferable. At some point in the season, immunity ceases to be available, and all contestants are susceptible to elimination. Competition shows that have featured immunity include the 4829:"Survivor" (1965), a science fiction novelette by Walter F. Moudy, depicted the 2050 "Olympic War Games" between Russia and the United States. The games are fought to show the world the futility of war and thus deter further conflict. Each side has one hundred soldiers who fight in a large natural arena. The goal is for one side to wipe out the other; the few who survive the battle become heroes. The games are televised, complete with color commentary discussing tactics, soldiers' personal backgrounds, and slow-motion replays of their deaths. 2956:. Although the shows involve a traditional talent search, the shows follow the reality-competition conventions of removing one or more contestants in every episode, allowing the public to vote on who is removed, and interspersing performances with video clips showing the contestants' "back stories", their thoughts about the competition, their rehearsals and unguarded behind-the-scenes moments. Additionally, there is a good deal of unscripted interaction shown between contestants and judges. The American 630:, during which live network television followed suspect Simpson for 90 minutes being chased by police, has been described as a seminal moment in reality television. Networks interrupted their regular television programming for months for coverage of the trial and related events. Because of Simpson's status as a top athlete and celebrity, the brutal nature of the murders, and issues of race and class in Los Angeles celebrity culture, the sensational case dominated ratings and the public conversation. 9729: 5573: 338: 9721: 2862: 1680: 3161:

in which the prize for the winner includes a contract to perform that kind of work and an undisclosed salary, although the award can simply be a sum of money and ancillary prizes, like a cover article in a magazine. The show also features judges who act as counselors, mediators and sometimes mentors to help contestants develop their skills further or perhaps decide their future position in the competition.

9889: 830: 1467:), until such time that production could recommence with appropriate health and safety protocols approved by local authorities. Due to their quicker turnaround times, the U.S. networks used reality series and other unscripted content (including those delayed from their summer lineups) to fill gaps in their schedules while the production of scripted programming resumed. 4369:, which have spawned music stars in many of the countries in which they have aired. Many other shows, however, have made at least temporary celebrities out of their participants; some participants have then been able to parlay this fame into media and merchandising careers. Participants of non-talent-search programs who have had subsequent acting careers include 122:

scenes being staged). Some shows have been accused of rigging the favorite or underdog to win. Other criticisms of reality television shows include that they are intended to humiliate or exploit participants; that they make stars out of untalented people unworthy of fame, infamous figures, or both; and that they glamorize vulgarity.

4228:("If I Were"), follows young, middle-class people as they are temporarily placed into lower-class life, where they learn to appreciate their circumstances back home by experiencing daily life for the less fortunate. Critics have claimed that this and similar programs in Indonesia reinforce traditionally Western ideals of 4901:(1976) includes a subplot in which network executives negotiate with an urban terrorist group for the production of a weekly series, each episode of which was to feature an act of terrorism. The climax of the film has the terrorist group being turned against the network's own unstable star, news commentator Howard Beale. 1330:, in 2013 became the most popular reality series in U.S. cable television history. Its fourth-season premiere was viewed by nearly 12 million viewers in the United States, most of which were in rural markets. Its rural audience share ranked in the 30s, an extremely high number for any series, broadcast or cable. 254:, episodes included "7 Plus Seven", "21 Up", etc.; it is still ongoing. The program was structured as a series of interviews with no element of the plot. By virtue of the attention paid to the participants, it effectively turned ordinary people into a type of celebrity, especially after they became adults. 83:

Reality television shows tend to be interspersed with "confessionals", short interview segments in which cast members reflect on or provide context for the events being depicted on-screen; this is most commonly seen in American reality television. Competition-based reality shows typically feature the

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about a television show in which contestants (including a B-list actress who is hoping to revitalize her career) attempt to make their way to a checkpoint after being dropped off in the Alaskan wilderness, while being filmed and broadcast around the clock through an entire weekend. The story focuses

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In 2006, four of the ten most popular programs among viewers under 17 were reality shows. Studies have shown that young people emulate the behavior displayed on these programs, gathering much of their knowledge of the social world, particularly about consumer practices, from television. Some critics

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In this category, the competition revolves around a skill that contestants were pre-screened for. Competitors perform a variety of tasks based on that skill, are judged, and are then kept or removed by a single expert or a panel of experts. The show is usually presented as a job search of some kind,

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contests. Typically, participants are filmed competing to win a prize, often while living together in a confined environment. In many cases, participants are removed until only one person or team remains, who is then declared the winner. Usually this is done by eliminating participants one at a time

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Dating-based competition shows follow a contestant choosing one out of a group of suitors. Over the course of either a single episode or an entire season, suitors are eliminated until only the contestant and the final suitor remains. In the early 2000s, this type of reality show dominated the other

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Although the term "docusoap" has been used for many documentary-style reality television shows, there have been shows that have deliberately tried to mimic the appearance and structure of soap operas. Such shows often focus on a close-knit group of people and their shifting friendships and romantic

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again noted a stagnation in reality television programs' ratings in the U.S., which they attributed to "The diminishing returns of cable TV's sea of reality sameness". They noted that a number of networks that featured reality programming, including Bravo and E!, were launching their first scripted

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also pioneered many of the stylistic conventions that have since become standard in reality television shows, including extensive use of soundtrack music and the interspersing of events on screen with after-the-fact "confessionals" recorded by cast members, which serve as narration. One year later,

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A number of studies have tried to pinpoint the appeal of reality television. Factors that have been cited in its appeal include personal identification with the onscreen participants; pure entertainment; diversion from scripted TV; vicarious participation; a feeling of self-importance compared to

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partners, although the authenticity of the show has been questioned, and even refuted by some who have been featured on the series. Once the evidence has been gathered, the accuser confronts the cheating partner with the assistance of the host. In many special-living documentary programs, hidden

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In many cases, the entire premise of the show is contrived, based around a competition or another unusual situation. Some shows have been accused of using fakery in order to create more compelling television, such as having premeditated storylines and in some cases feeding participants lines of

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since its rise in popularity. Critics argue that reality television shows do not accurately reflect reality, in ways both implicit (participants being placed in artificial situations), and deceptive (misleading editing, participants being coached on behavior, storylines generated ahead of time,

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set most of its sketches as excerpts from various fictional reality television shows, which one critic wrote "aren't far off from the lineups at E!, Bravo, and VH1", and parodied those shows' participants' "lack of self-awareness". The show also satirized the often incestuous nature of reality

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ran the front-page headline: "Is Super Girl a Force for Democracy?" The Chinese government criticized the show, citing both its democratic nature and its excessive vulgarity, or "worldliness", and in 2006 banned it outright. It was later reintroduced in 2009, before being banned again in 2011.

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newspaper, February 8, 1975, Charleston, South Carolina. Quote: "Peter Benchley's journey to the world of the White Shark is an evocative portrait of one of nature's extraordinary phenomena, the shark, and of one man's revealing transition from the world of fantasy to the world of underwater

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employs unusual and outlandish strategies to help struggling businesses. Although aware they are on a reality program, the employees of the businesses featured were unaware of the show's comedic nature, and reacted genuinely to Fielder's antics. On multiple occasions, the show received media

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Another categorization divides reality television into two types: shows that purport to document real life, and shows that place participants in new circumstances. In a 2003 paper, theorists Elisabeth Klaus and Stephanie Lücke referred to the former category as "docusoaps", which consist of

4163:. The show became popular in Arab countries, with around 18 million viewers, partly because it was able to combine the excitement of reality television with a traditional, culturally relevant topic. In April 2010, however, the show also became a subject of political controversy, when 2739:

subjects a contestant to various staged situations over a month-long period, designed to analyze their personality and how they respond. After the contestant is taken to a studio and let off the hook, they then answer observation questions related to the events for a chance to win prizes.

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countries, reality-television voting has provided the first opportunity for many citizens to vote in any free and fair wide-scale "elections". In addition, the frankness of the settings on some reality shows presents situations that are often taboo in certain conservative cultures, like

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franchises. In the United States, reality television programs suffered a temporary decline in viewership in 2001, leading some entertainment industry columnists to speculate that the genre was a temporary fad that had run its course. Reality shows that suffered from low ratings included

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executive producer John Levenstein said in an interview that reality TV "has so many tools for telling stories in terms of text and flashbacks and ways to show things to the audience that it's incredibly convenient for comedy and storytelling if you use the full reality show toolkit."

4021:, and are monitored during the filming by the legal staff and standards and practice staff of the parent network. These shows cannot be manipulated in any way that affects the outcome of the game. However, misleading editing does not fall into altering the fairness of the competition. 249:

broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary 7-year-olds from a broad cross-section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, the filmmaker created a new film documenting the lives of the same individuals during the intervening period. Titled the

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in 2012, author Mark Andrejevic characterised the role of reality television in a post-9/11 society as the normalisation of surveillance in participatory monitoring, the "logic of the emerging surveillance economy", and in the promise of a societal self-image that is contrived. An

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was a more traditional singing competition show, but with the wrinkle that the contestants were celebrities who remained masked until they were removed from the show, adding an element of guesswork to the competition. The two shows both spawned successful international franchises,

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The authenticity of reality television is often called into question by its detractors. The genre's title of "reality" is often criticized as being inaccurate because of claims that the genre frequently includes elements such as premeditated scripting (including a practice called

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Some job-related competition shows have a different set of contestants competing on every episode, and thus more closely resemble game shows, although the "confessional" commentary provided by contestants gives them a reality TV aspect. The 1993-1999 Japanese cooking competition

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One notable subset of shows about professional activities is those in which the professionals haggle and engage in financial transactions, often over unique or rare items whose value must first be appraised. Two such shows, both of which have led to multiple spinoff shows, are

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showcase working-class people of the kind that "used to be routine" on scripted network television, but that became a rarity in the 2000s: "The better to woo upscale viewers, TV has evicted its mechanics and dockworkers to collect higher rents from yuppies in coffeehouses."

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in 2012 and was run in marathon format, but attracted low viewership and had very poor ratings). Another option is to create documentaries around series, including extended interviews with the participants and outtakes not seen in the original airings; the syndicated series

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Ho, H. (June 16, 2006). Parasocial identification, reality television, and viewer self-worth. Paper presented at the 56th annual meeting of the international Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany. Retrieved March 14, 2011, from

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accurately conveyed how, in real life, "so much of self is situational", so that, as circumstances change, "the oppressed becomes the oppressor, the bully becomes the bullied." In contrast, he felt that in scripted drama "there's a lot of religiosity around humanity."

2938:, in which cast members live together in the same house, with participants removed at regular intervals by either the viewing audience or, in the American version, by the participants themselves. There remains disagreement over whether talent-search shows such as the 2145:

Originally, court shows were all dramatized and staged programs, with actors playing the litigants, witnesses and lawyers. The cases were either reenactments of real-life cases or cases that were fictionalized altogether. Among examples of staged courtroom dramas are

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In many reality television programs, camera shooting and footage editing give the viewer the impression that they are passive observers following people going about their daily personal and professional activities; this style of filming is sometimes referred to as

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Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & Rosengren, K. E. (1985). Uses and gratifications research: The past ten years. in K. E. Rosengren, L. A. Wenner & P. Palmgreen (eds.), Media gratifications research: Current perspectives (pp. 11–37). Beverly Hills, CA:

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in which the population of a planet watches live television broadcasts of the torture and executions of those who oppose the government. The planet's political system is based on the leaders themselves facing disintegration if the population votes 'no' to their

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One concept pioneered by, and unique to, reality competition shows is the idea of immunity, in which a contestant can win the right to be exempt the next time contestants are eliminated from the show. Possibly the first instance of immunity in reality TV was on

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and deconstruct the conventions and cliches of the genre for comedic effect; in such cases, a fictitious premise is usually presented to one or more of the participants, with the rest of the cast consisting of actors and other figures that are in on the joke.

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Internationally, a number of shows created in the late 1990s and 2000s have had massive global success. Reality-television franchises created during that time that have had more than 30 international adaptations each include the singing competition franchises

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VH1 executive vice president Michael Hirschorn wrote in 2007 that the plots and subject matters on reality television are more authentic and more engaging than in scripted dramas, writing that scripted network television "remains dominated by variants on the

2613:, which began in 2003, and has had many spinoffs in the UK and other countries, is a notable example. In the show, people with different values agree to live by each other's social rules for a brief period of time. Other shows in this category include 611:) in 1989. These systems made it easy to quickly edit hours of video footage into a usable form, something that had been very difficult to do before (film, which was easy to edit, was too expensive to use in shooting enough hours on a regular basis). 1257:, premiered; it added to the singing competition template the twist that judges could not see contestants during the initial audition round, and could judge them only by their voice. The show was an instant success, and spawned an entire franchise, 4799:"The Prize of Peril" (1958), another Robert Sheckley story, is about a television show in which a contestant volunteers to be hunted for a week by trained killers, with a large cash prize if he survives. It was adapted in 1970 as the TV movie 4171:

competitor, read out a poem criticizing her country's Muslim clerics. Both critics and the public reacted favorably to Hilal's poetry; she received the highest scores from the judges throughout the competition and came in third place overall.

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has contestants living together in an overseas residence, and has been around for over 30 seasons. The format of each season changes, however the main premise of the series involves a daily challenge, nomination process and elimination round.

3528:) premiered in 2000. On that show, there are complex rules around immunity: a player can achieve it by winning challenges (either as a team in the tribal phase or individually in the merged phase), or, in more recent seasons, through finding 3449:

could be considered an early example, although it does not include commentary by the participants, only by announcers and judges. Cooking competition shows with different contestants per episode that are considered reality shows include the

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film genre, which began in the mid-2000s, and uses video cameras and relies heavily on improvisation and non-professional actors, has been described as influenced in part by what one critic called "the spring-break psychodrama of MTV's

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was the third highest-rated series overall of both the 2018–19 and 2019–20 television seasons. The success of the two franchises has led to other globally-syndicated franchises of reality competitions based around guesswork, such as

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Nabi, R. L.; Stitt, C. R.; Halford, J.; Finnerty, K. L. (2006). "Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective".

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depicting a game show in which a contestant flees around the world from "hunters" trying to chase him down and kill him; it has been speculated that the book was inspired by "The Prize of Peril". The book was loosely adapted as a

140:, in which unsuspecting people were confronted with funny, unusual situations and filmed with hidden cameras, first aired in 1948. In the 21st century, the series is often considered a prototype of reality television programming. 10810:

Zillmann, D. (1988). Mood management: Using entertainment to full advantage. in L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher, & T. E. Higgins (eds.), Communication, social cognition and affect (pp. 147–171). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum

1372:, which premiered in 2015, showed guest judges attempting to guess which of a group of contestants could sing, and which could not, without hearing them sing. The show was successful, and spawned several imitators, most notably 668:

template the idea of competition and elimination. Cast members or contestants battled against each other and were removed from the show until only one winner remained (these shows are now sometimes called elimination shows).

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Some documentary-style shows portray professionals either going about day-to-day business or performing an entire project over the course of a series. One early example (and the longest running reality show of any genre) is

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Nabi, R.; Stitt, C.; Halford, J.; Finnerty, K. (2006). "Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective".

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Grimm, J. (2010). From reality TV to coaching TV: Elements of theory and empirical findings towards understanding the genre. In A. Hetsroni (ed.), Reality TV: Merging the global and the local (pp. 211–258). New York:

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Cooper-Chen, A. (2005). A world of "millionaires": Global, local and "glocal" TV game shows. In A. Cooper-Chen (ed.), Global entertainment media. Content, audiences, issues (pp. 237–251). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum

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Another trend was to combine reality TV with a social history angle usually by having contestants taken back to various time periods primarily to see how millennials would cope without modern technology. Examples included

2824:, surveillance, and hand held camera footage; odd angles; subtitles establishing place and time; desaturated imagery; and non-melodic soundtracks. Noting the trend in reality shows that take the paranormal at face value, 2661:

pods with limited sleep, food and information while competing in elimination challenges ended by a quit button, causing winners to go on for much longer than needed as a blind gamble to not be the first person to quit.

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featured a different amateur in some field (cooking, comedy, football, etc.) trying to succeed professionally in that field, with help from notable experts. The 15-episode series is credited with starting the career of

4236:. However, Eko Nugroho, reality-show producer and president of Dreamlight World Media, insists that these reality shows are not promoting American lifestyles but rather reaching people through their universal desires. 3405:

Some shows use the same format with celebrities: in this case, there is no expectation that the winner will continue this line of work, and prize winnings often go to charity. The most popular such shows have been the

6184: 6425: 7550: 4918:. The movie removed most of the reality-TV element of the book: its competition now took place entirely within a large television studio, and more closely resembled an athletic competition (though a deadly one). 54:

that documents purportedly unscripted real-life situations, often starring unfamiliar people rather than professional actors. Reality television emerged as a distinct genre in the early 1990s with shows such as

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Grindstaff, L. (2011). Just be yourself—only more so: ordinary celebrity. in M. M. Kraidy & K. Sender (eds.), The politics of reality television: Global perspectives (pp. 44–58). London and New York:

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that depicted a futuristic game in which one player gets to hunt down another player and kill him. The first player who can score ten kills wins the grand prize. This story was the basis for the Italian film

1363:, were abandoning plans to launch further reality programs; though they clarified that the genre as a whole "isn't going anywhere." Ratings and profits from reality TV continued to decline in the late 2010s. 10187:

Hetsroni, A., & Tukachinsky, R. H. (2003). "Who wants to be a millionaire" in America, Russia, and Saudi Arabia: A celebration of differences or a unified global culture? The Communication Review, 6(2),

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has the main character, a fictional European monarch portrayed by Chaplin, secretly filmed while talking to people at a New York cocktail party. The footage is later turned into a television show within the

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Klaus, E., & Lucke, S. (2003). Reality TV: Definition und Merkmale einer erfolgreichen Genrefamilie am Beispiel von Reality Soap und Docu Soap. Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft, 51 (2), 195–212.

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Livio, o. (2010). Performing the nation: A cross-cultural comparison of idol shows in four countries. in A. Hetsroni (ed.), Reality TV: Merging the global and the local (pp. 165–188). New York: Nova.

7029: 6716: 4276:... in which a stock group of characters (ethnically, sexually, and generationally diverse) grapples with endless versions of the same dilemma. The episodes have all the ritual predictability of Japanese 1574:

had a more cinematic feel than any previous reality television show, through the use of higher-quality lighting and cameras, voice-over narration instead of on-screen "confessionals", and slower pacing.

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are generally not classified as reality television. Some genres of television programming that predate the reality television boom have been retroactively classified as reality television, including

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West, E. (2010). Reality nations: An international comparison of the historical reality genre. in A. Hetsroni (ed.), Reality TV: Merging the global and the local (pp. 259-277). New York: Nova.

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A reality TV personality may also use the genre as a platform to preach or minister as Mark Anthony DiBello has done with almost 40 different appearances on a variety of reality and game shows.

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Some series may follow non-sportspeople (usually celebrities, or in some cases athletes known for their participation in a different sport) training and participating in a sporting event, such as

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from 2004 to 2015 has been credited by some commentators as a factor in his political success, since it greatly increased his fame, and showcased him as a tough and experienced authority figure.

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Cohen, J.; Weimann, G. (2008). "Who's afraid of reality shows? Exploring the effects of perceived influence of reality shows and the concern over their social effects on willingness to censor".

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Prigge, Matt (January 3, 2007). "Jackass Number Two... the year's best, most twisted cross-over documentary—and don't forget it is, in every definition of the word, a documentary". Repertory.

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theater," while reality television is "the liveliest genre on the set right now. It has engaged hot-button cultural issues – class, sex, race – that respectable television... rarely touches."

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A 2009 study proposed eight subgenres: "gamedocs", dating programs, makeover programs, docusoaps, talent contests, court programs, reality sitcoms, and celebrity variations of other programs.

9643: 9223: 8120: 5035:(2002) is a horror slasher film that takes place in a wired house full of surveillance cameras. Each "contestant" is recorded as they attempt to survive and solve the mystery of the murders. 1025:, changed their programming to feature mostly reality television series. In addition, three cable channels were started around that time that were devoted exclusively to reality television: 6374: 3139: 7581: 2040:, which began airing in 1979 and has since spawned numerous international versions, although that show includes only appraisals and does not include bargaining or other dramatic elements. 9236:

Such women are symbolic of both the triumph and failure of consumerism and popular culture, where Playboy models and reality TV stars are revered by a younger, impressionable generation.

8147: 4401:; though Barrett and Trimbur were already aspiring actresses when they appeared on reality television. Reality TV participants who have become television hosts and personalities include 2262:

offers a twist in which artworks' artistic value, rather than their financial value, is appraised by a panel of judges, who determine whether each one will be featured at an exhibition.

3998:"), acting, urgings from behind-the-scenes crew to create specified situations of adversity and drama, and misleading editing. It has often been described as "scripting without paper". 5857: 5561:

has said, "As annoying as reality TV is, it's been really good for filmmakers because it got mainstream audiences used to watching shaky camerawork and different kinds of situations."

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in the mid-2000s had an entire block of such shows, known as "Celebreality". Shows such as these are often created with the idea of promoting a celebrity product or upcoming project.

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series has been the longest-running and, for most of its run, the most popular such franchise. The first job-search show which showed dramatic, unscripted situations may have been

283:, rock climbing, wildlife photography, horseback riding, race car driving, and the like, with most of the resulting action and dialogue being unscripted, except for the narration. 7486: 4202:) has similarly been cited for its political and cultural impact. After the finale of the show's 2005 season drew an audience of around 400 million people, and eight million 1503: 1192: 8060: 7456: 3899:

attempting to find the worst singer. The judges criticized good singers and eliminated them, but bad singers were praised and allowed to progress further through the competition.

8811: 1499: 8630: 8902: 5195:" is set in a space station, Satellite Five, where residents of Earth are randomly abducted and forced to participate in lethal incarnations of game and reality shows, such as 6654: 6176: 10491:

Patino, A.; Kaltcheva, V. D.; Smith, M. F. (2011). "The appeal of reality television for teen and pre-teen audiences: The power of "connectedness" and psycho demographics".

7127: 492:, a fantasies-fulfilled reality show, originally ran from 1982 to 1988. It was revived from 2001 to 2003. In 1985, underwater cinematographer Al Giddings teamed with former 7899: 7387: 6746: 6540: 8936: 7150: 6422: 7540: 6474: 10577:

Riley, S. G. (2010). Temporary celebrity. in S. G. Riley (ed.), Star struck: An encyclopedia of celebrity culture (pp. 294–299). Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press.

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Ebersole, S. & Woods, R.(2007). Motivations for Viewing Reality Television: A Uses and Gratifications Analysis. Southwestern Mass Communication Journal, 23(1, 23-42)

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Crockett, Richard; Pruzinsky, Thomas; Persin, John (2007). "The Influence of Plastic Surgery "Reality TV" on Cosmetic Surgery Patient Expectations and Decision Making".

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in 2006 and has since spawned nearly twenty other series, in the U.S. and internationally. The franchise has an older cast and different personal dynamics than that of

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that date to the 1960s had similar premises (though each episode was self-contained, and not the serial format of more modern shows). One of the more recent hits was

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television in 1991, originated the concept of putting strangers together in a limited environment for an extended period of time and recording the drama that ensued.

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Onishi, Norimitsu (May 25, 2009). "Indonesia goes wild for American-style reality TV in a nation where income varies widely, shows offer a look at how others live".

8175: 5076:(2005) satirizes the indignity of reality television by presenting itself as "raw footage" of a new reality show documenting the attempted comeback of has-been star 213:

was a crime and police show that aired from June 1958 to January 1959, with interviewer Jack Wyatt questioning criminals from assorted backgrounds. The radio series

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stated that reality television is "a firm and embedded part of television's vocabulary, used in every genre from game-shows and drama to news and current affairs."

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or by voting for the most popular to win. Voting is done by the viewing audience, the show's own participants, a panel of judges, or some combination of the three.

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In one study, participants who admitted to watching more reality television were more likely to proceed with a desired plastic surgery than those who watched less.

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The viewers are seeing the PRODUCED side of her show and not so much the genuine stuff, and she looks silly because of it... A LOT TAKES PLACE IN THE EDITING ROOM!

4524:, or children of famous parents, who were somewhat well known before they appeared on reality television shows have become much more famous as a result, including 2322:

Some reality television shows cover a person or group of people improving their lives. Sometimes the same group of people are covered over an entire season (as in

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There are also fly-on-the-wall-style shows directly involving celebrities. Often these show a celebrity going about their everyday life: notable examples include

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Hellmueller, L. C., & Aeschbacher, N. (2010). Media and celebrity: Production and consumption of "wellKnownness." Communication Research Trends, 29(4), 3-35.

8720: 8462: 8369: 8281: 7950: 7033: 6708: 6507: 6135: 2022:. Other shows, while based around such financial transactions, also show elements of its main cast members' personal and professional lives; these shows include 1288:, had begun to see declining ratings. However, reality television as a whole remained durable in the U.S., with hundreds of shows across many channels. In 2012, 8660: 2072:

is probably the best-known program of this type in the world, with around 50 international versions having been produced. Other shows in this category, such as

1614:

have admitted to coaching cast members on what to say in order to draw more emotion from each scene, although they insist that the underlying stories are real.

373:(filmed in 1971) going through a divorce; unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style. In 1974 a counterpart program, 7517: 7264: 2559:

In some shows, one or more experts try to improve a failing small business over the course of each episode. Examples that cover many types of business include

723:

became more popular. Many of these featured the same types of unusual or dysfunctional guests who would later become popular as cast members of reality shows.

9398:

Baruh, L (2009). "Publicized intimacies on reality television: An analysis of voyeuristic content and its contribution to the appeal of reality programming".

9363:

Baruh, L (2009). "Publicized intimacies on reality television: An analysis of voyeuristic content and its contribution to the appeal of reality programming".

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from a terminally-ill woman—was, by contrast, not intended for comedic effect, and was a hoax directed at viewers to help raise awareness for kidney donation.

1606:

Due to their dramatized feel, many of these shows have been accused of being pre-scripted, more so than other reality television shows have. The producers of

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television play in which a dissident in a dictatorship is forced onto a secluded island and taped for a reality show in order to keep the masses entertained.

4449:; some of them have had acting careers as well. Reality TV participants who have become television personalities as well as successful entrepreneurs include 7294: 6952: 5777:

and his TV show, 'The American Sportsman.' Gowdy had a distinct, soft-spoken demeanor and the destinations of his hunts were in various parts of the world."

5699:

McCarthy, A. (2009). "Stanley Milgram, Allen Funt and me: Postwar Social Science and the First Wave of Reality TV". In Ouellette, L., and Murray, S. (eds).

9512: 6777: 6594: 5757: 4582:, are notable for having some of the business people who appeared there as judges and investors go on to win political office. The prime example is former 3348:

One notable subset, popular from approximately 2005 to 2012, consisted of shows in which the winner gets a specific part in a known film, television show,

2443: 1188: 1044:

During the early part of the 2000s, network executives expressed concern that reality-television programming was limited in its appeal for DVD reissue and

10156:

Hall, A (2009). "Perceptions of the authenticity of reality programs and their relationships to audience Involvement, enjoyment, and perceived learning".

8531: 6555: 3583:-related reality shows can fall within the aforementioned sub-genres, either using it as the basis of competition, or by following sport as a profession: 8558: 7417: 6228: 6001: 4833: 5824: 3689:(before it was reformatted as a traditional wrestling show with developmental talent), a contract with the respective organization was the grand prize. 2054:

was the originator of this format. In almost every other such type of programming, cast members are given specific challenges or obstacles to overcome.

6616: 6065: 5170:, set in a dystopian future in which appearing on reality television is the only way in which people can escape their miserable, jail-like conditions. 7849: 7670: 4878:), is about a woman dying of cancer whose last days are recorded without her knowledge for a television show. It was later adapted as the 1980 movie 1633:

and its imitators, as well as lower production values, but similarly is meant to resemble scripted soap operas – in this case, the television series

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achieved some notoriety by placing several couples on an island surrounded by single people in order to test the couples' commitment to each other.

267:

in the United States, would typically feature one or more celebrities, and sometimes their family members, being accompanied by a camera crew on an

9654: 8439: 8107: 4744:

found that Americans who watch reality television regularly are more extroverted, more neurotic, and have lower self-esteem than those who do not.

3054:, devoted the first part of the season to selecting a winner, and the second part to showing that person or group of people working on a project. 2256:

similarly involves investors, but involves more of a game show element in which restaurant owners compete to prove their worth. The British series

796:, dominating over all other primetime programs and other television series in the overall viewership tallies for eight consecutive years, from the 9215: 2733:

are hidden-camera programs in which the goal is to frighten contestants rather than just befuddle or amuse them. The Belgian hidden camera series

7238: 6371: 6349: 5270:, occasionally makes mentions of the protagonist and his friend entertaining themselves by watching reality television shows of live executions, 2217:

Though the litigants are legitimate, the "judges" in such shows are actually arbitrators, as these pseudo-judges are not actually presiding in a

10281:

Kilborn, R. M. (2003). Staging the real. Factual TV programming in the age of Big Brother. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.

9798:

Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

8690: 7771: 6709:"'American Idol, 'Ninja Warrior', 'SYTYCD' & 'MasterChef' Among Unscripted Series In Limbo As Networks Deal With Reality Of COVID-19 Crisis" 3587:

Competition-based programs, featuring groups of athletes competing against each other in challenges and events within a specific sport, such as

9482: 8138:"Kim Kardashian, Kris Humphries divorce case heats up: Court documents show marriage scenes were 'scripted, reshot or edited' for reality show" 8137: 8599: 4140:, noting both of these issues, wrote that "the best hope of little Americas developing in the Middle East could be Arab-produced reality TV". 2927:(or sometimes two at a time, as an episodic twist due to the number of contestants involved and the length of a given season), through either 820:. In addition to those was a series consisting of archeologists and historians running a farm though various historical periods, most notably 10605:

Shattuc, J. (2001). Confessional talk shows. In G. Creeber (ed.), The television genre book (pp. 84–87). London: British Film institute.

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newspaper, Syracuse, New York, December 21, 2012, by Tom Adessa. "As a teenager, I always looked forward to Sunday afternoons when I'd watch

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primarily on the show's effect on a couple whose domestic tensions and eventual reconciliation parallel the dangers faced by the contestants.

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combined the "special living environment" format with the "professional activity" format noted earlier; in addition to living together in a

8836: 7177: 5686:

Clissold, B.(2004). "Candid Camera and the origins of reality TV: contextualizing a historical precedent". In Holmes, and Jermyn, D. (eds)

1455:, which forced many reality competition series to suspend production (and in some cases curtail a competition already in progress, such as 10436: 6677: 4752:

A number of fictional works since the 1940s have contained elements similar to elements of reality television. They tended to be set in a

3883:). The final decision on eliminations in each episode was always given to Todd's "real boss"—revealed in the series finale to have been a 9297:

Lundy, L. Ruth, A. & Park, T.(2008). Simply Irresistible: Reality TV Consumption Patterns, Communication Quarterly, 56(2), p.208-225.

9258: 7008: 2048:

Some documentary-style programs place cast members, who in most cases previously did not know each other, in staged living environments;

1144: 10349:

Nabi, R. L.; Biely, E. N.; Morgan, S. J.; Stitt, C. R. (2003). "Reality-based television programming and the psychology of its appeal".

10192:

Hill, A.; Weibull, L.; Nilsson, A. (2007). "Public and popular: British and Swedish audience trends in factual and reality television".

7874: 7478: 6835:

Hill, A.; Weibull, L.; Nilsson, A. (2007). "Public and popular: British and Swedish audience trends in factual and reality television".

130:

Television formats portraying ordinary people in unscripted situations are almost as old as the television medium itself. Producer-host

8803: 7440: 5787: 4783:, is about a man who discovers that he is an actor in a "livie", a live-action show that is viewed by billions of people in the future. 4217:

has also been criticized by non-government commentators for creating seemingly impossible ideals that may be harmful to Chinese youth.

1924: 10758: 9452: 8396:

Li Cui; Francis L. F. Lee (2010). "Becoming Extra-Ordinary: Negotiation of Media Power in the Case of "Super Girls' Voice" in China".

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Some feature films have been produced that use some of the conventions of reality television; such films are sometimes referred to as

2752:

cameras are set up all over the residence in order to capture moments missed by the regular camera crew, or intimate bedroom footage.

2425:, in which people who had become hoarders, even living in squalor, were given professional assistance. The American television series 633:

Many reality television stars of the 2000s and 2010s have direct or indirect connections to people involved in the case, most notably

8750: 8622: 6556:"The State Of Non-Scripted TV: Networks & Streamers Optimistic In 2021 As They Seek Post-Pandemic Stability & Noisy New Hits" 5307:

A number of scripted television comedy and satire shows have adopted the format of the documentary-type reality television show, in "

4559:

is one such group of reality television personalities who were subject to this criticism in the 2010s, Kim Kardashian in particular.

10094:(2004). From Tit-Bits to Big Brother: A century of audience participation in the media. Media, Culture & Society, 26(4), 533–548 8899: 1041:(formerly known as Reality TV and then Zone Reality) in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, which has run from 1999 to the present. 10821: 9897: 7327: 6646: 4850:

games, with the announcer urging viewers at home to vote for their favorites, stating, "This is your program. You pick the winner."

1110:, in which each episode is self-contained, can be rerun fairly easily, but usually only on cable television or during the daytime ( 84:

gradual elimination of participants, either by a panel of judges, by the viewership of the show, or by the contestants themselves.

10462:

Papacharissi, Z.; Mendelson, A. L. (2007). "An exploratory study of reality appeal: Uses and gratifications of reality TV shows".

9100: 7911: 7123: 10278:

Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Uses and gratifications research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509–523.

10008:

Biltereyst, D (2004). "Media audiences and the game of controversy: on Reality TV, moral panic and controversial media stories".

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focused on the breaking down of cultural and socioeconomic barriers as the public rallied around the show's top two contestants.

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to draw the necessary viewers to make it worthwhile. (Even in these cases, it is not always successful: the first ten seasons of

675:, a program that began in the UK in 1996, showed couples redecorating each other's houses, and was the first reality show with a 10668:

Thornborrow, J.; Morris, D. (2004). ""Gossip as strategy: The management of talk about others on reality TV show "Big Brother".

9592:

Sharon Rose Wilson, "Myths and fairy tales in contemporary women's fiction: from Atwood to Morrison", Palgrave Macmillan, 2008,

8933: 8258: 7648: 7203: 6106: 9328:

Papacharissi, Z.; Mendelson, A. (2007). "An exploratory study of reality appeal: Uses and Gratifications of reality TV shows".

6466: 3183: 1482:

A 2007 study proposed five subgenres: infotainment, docusoap, lifestyle, reality game shows, and lifestyle experiment programs.

1412: 1400: 405:, all of which featured participants who were eager to sacrifice some of their privacy and dignity in a televised competition. 10036:

Boddy, W. (2001). Quiz shows. In G. Creeber (ed.), The television genre book (pp. 79–81). London: British Film institute.

7835: 10082: 8913: 8094: 6927: 6678:"Non-Scripted Producers Plot "Corona-Proof" Programming & Uplifting Formats To Launch During & After COVID-19 Crisis" 6034: 5671: 4074: 3074: 2705: 1122: 750: 5718: 5101:'s newfound fame, convinces Sean to tape a reality show based on their careers as plastic surgeons, with disastrous results. 1648:

A notable subset of such series focus on a group of women who are romantically connected to male celebrities; these include

8859: 8484: 5015: 4985: 2985: 1625: 1559: 1050: 952: 518: 110:

shows, talent-search shows, documentary series about ordinary people, high-concept game shows, home improvement shows, and

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franchise offers a window into the lives of social-striving urban and suburban housewives. Many shows focus on wealth and

1490:"narrative reality", and the latter category as "reality soaps", which consist of "performative reality". Since 2014, the 10582: 9438: 5620: 5353: 4591: 4504: 4136:

was cancelled in 2004 after less than two weeks on the air after a public outcry and street protests. In 2004 journalist

4121:

Reality television's global success has become, in the view of some analysts, an important political phenomenon. In some

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where the winning contestant usually has influence over deciding who faces an elimination vote later in the week. In one

3223: 2879: 2851: 17: 8885: 7714: 3927:, a hoax dating competition where single women were manipulated into believing they were competing for the affection of 10615: 10073:

Godard, Ellis (2003). "Reel Life: The Social Geometry of Reality Shows". In Matthew J. Smith and Andrew F. Wood (ed.).

9858: 6250: 5943: 5896: 5625: 4937:, "Academy", the character Blank Reg fights for his life on a courtroom game show, with the audience deciding his fate. 4492: 4014: 3773: 3751: 3301: 1993: 8712: 8470: 8366: 8291: 7057: 6497: 6131: 4657:

investors who have gone on to hold political office after appearing on their country's version of the program include

4002:

dialogue, focusing only on participants' most outlandish behavior, and altering events through editing and re-shoots.

10417: 9925: 9842: 9828: 9810: 9704: 9597: 9580: 9559: 8652: 7987: 7509: 7260: 6985: 5531: 5464: 5377: 4826:"It Could Be You" (1964), a short story by Australian Frank Roberts, features a day-in-day-out televised blood sport. 4068: 3764: 3068: 2901: 2330: 2174:

format in 1981, later adopted by the vast majority of court shows. The genre experienced a lull in programming after

1116: 191: 5154:(2008) is a British television show about two judges on a televised singing contest whose marriage is falling apart. 3855:

to series as part of a larger slare of male-targeted reality shows, without immediately revealing it was actually a

2691:, which first aired on television in 1948, pioneered the format. Modern variants of this type of production include 2466:, which debuted in 1979, features the start-to-finish renovation of different houses through a season; media critic 8315: 7795:"Just how real are reality TV shows? - Shows may exist in a middle ground – not fully scripted nor completely true" 7794: 6308: 5335: 5141: 4345: 4224:, reality television shows have surpassed soap operas as the most-watched broadcast programs. One popular program, 4050: 3731: 1479:

A 2006 study proposed six subgenres: romance, crime, informational, reality-drama, competition or game, and talent.

488: 227:(1950–1959) incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers. 8228: 9752: 7286: 6944: 5324: 5111: 5057: 4340: 4132:, which began airing in 2003, and which shows male and female contestants living together. A Pan-Arab version of 4096: 3983: 3625: 3529: 3412: 2376: 2364: 1716: 946: 503:, which chronicled Weatherly's adventures scuba diving in various exotic locales. Weatherly was nominated for an 209: 118: 9504: 6769: 5753: 1179:, which has been running since 2000 in the U.S. and is syndicated in over 100 countries worldwide. In 2001, the 4838: 4583: 4062: 3354: 2995: 2883: 2573: 2527: 2497: 2306: 1762: 1460: 1106: 428: 423:, who was selected to appear in the episode showing an aspiring pop singer trying to enter the music business. 375: 9816:

McGee, M. (2005). Self-help Inc.: Makeover culture in American life. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.

8554: 7942: 7409: 6770:"ABC Dates 'The Bachelorette' As Part Of Unscripted Fall Schedule, Eyes October Return For Scripted Originals" 6220: 5993: 2064:, created a show structure where the cast would travel to various countries performing challenges for prizes. 1191:. In 2003, to better differentiate between competition and informational reality programs, a second category, 10689:

Tincknell, E.; Raghuram, P. (2002). "Big Brother: Reconfiguring the "active" audience of cultural studies?".

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house. Part of the film was shot during an actual eviction with host Davina McCall making a cameo appearance.

4490:, various reality TV personalities have later served as radio hosts, including Fitzy and Rachel Corbett from 4260:, condemning the ritualised enactment and consumption of what must be legitimised for the society it serves. 4032: 3694: 3524: 3307: 3080: 2923: 2503: 2090: 1979:

Shows that portray a set of people in the same line of work, occasionally competing with each other, include

1302:

showing popular themes across American reality shows then running, including shows set in the U.S. states of

1230: 1204: 1175: 1128: 1014: 766: 264: 35: 6057: 5535:

incorporated reality TV-style confessionals in which the two main characters talked directly to the camera.

5120:

Britain's Got the Pop Factor... and Possibly a New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice

5005:) who discovers that his entire life is being staged and filmed for a 24-hour-a-day reality television show. 3973:

in which one member of the jury is not aware that the entire trial and its events are planned and acted out.

3036:

format for products instead of people. Some reality shows that aired mostly during the early 2000s, such as

2171: 1222: 701:

and became a cult hit. The production team from the original series later created the popular reality shows

8170: 5389: 4905: 4854: 3923: 3118:, contestants were chosen by viewer voting. This is one of the older variants of the format; shows such as 2794: 2711: 2561: 1738:

Some documentary-style shows shed light on rarely seen cultures and lifestyles. One example is shows about

1433: 1240: 709: 2221:. Typically, however, they are retired judges or at least individuals who have had some legal experience. 10840: 8772: 8166:"Kim Kardashian Faked Kris Humphries Scenes: Show Producer Reveals Star Wanted To Make Humpries Look Bad" 6158: 4915: 4741: 4717: 4498: 3970: 3871:

in which the contestants were given challenges with inane objectives by businessman Mr. N. Paul Todd (an

3741: 3171: 1710: 1456: 1284: 1134: 1068: 998: 801: 615: 10625: 10454:

Ouellette, L., & Hay, J. (2008). Better living through reality TV. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

10320:

Nabi, R. L. (2007). "Determining dimensions of reality: A concept mapping of the reality TV landscape".

9195:

Paron, Katina (2008). "It's About Audience: How Adult Audiences Can Benefit Youth Media Organizations".

8431: 731:

Reality television became globally popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s, with the successes of the

10845: 10291:

Lundy, L. K.; Ruth, A. M.; Park, T. D. (2008). "Simply irresistible: Reality TV consumption patterns".

7230: 6339: 5383: 4923: 4866: 4648: 4572: 4253: 3965: 3491: 3271: 3199: 3177: 2639: 2509: 2462:

Some shows makeover part or all of a person's living space, workspace, or vehicle. The American series

2358: 2050: 1704: 1421: 1210: 918: 156: 57: 7825: 7763: 2111:, each member of the show's cast was hired to host a television program for a Canadian cable channel. 10228:

Holmes, S (2004). "But this time you choose!" Approaching the "interactive" audience in reality TV".

9954: 9907: 8682: 8352: 7764:"Reality Is Only An Illusion, Writers Say - Hollywood Scribes Want a Cut Of Not-So-Unscripted Series" 5496: 5319: 4680:

In a rare case of a previously unknown reality television alumnus succeeding in the political arena,

4604: 4091: 3863: 3685: 3641: 3418: 3247: 2812: 2637:

was a series where people had to learn a new skill and pass themselves off as experts in that skill.

2284: 2270:

Another subgenre places people in wild and challenging natural settings. This includes such shows as

2121: 2096: 1774: 1527:. Story "plots" are often constructed via editing or planned situations, with the results resembling 1520: 627: 604: 10732: 9474: 5178:(2015) is an American television show that depicts the behind-the-scenes drama on a show similar to 2482:) was the first such renovation show that added a game show feel with different weekly contestants. 1781:

Another example is shows that portray the lives of ethnic or religious minorities. Examples include

9554:

Coral Ann Howells, "The Cambridge companion to Margaret Atwood", Cambridge University Press, 2006,

8944: 8607: 8378: 8327: 7999: 7065: 5605: 5597: 5592: 5516: 5098: 5072: 5023: 4990: 4929: 4471: 4113:

as having "brought old-school documentary sobriety to a genre more often known for shamelessness."

3907:, a series in which a group of contestants were set up on the purported reality competition series 3903: 3736: 3619: 2800: 2633: 2609: 2491: 2472: 2406: 2154: 1869: 1750: 1739: 1641: 1274:

By 2012, many of the long-running reality television show franchises in the United States, such as

698: 671: 552: 514: 414: 182: 180:) broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. In 1948, talent search shows, such as 30:"Reality TV" and "Reality Show" redirect here. For the channel formerly known as "Reality TV", see 9122:

Patino, Anthony (March 2011). "The Appeal of Reality Television for Teen and Pre-Teen Audiences".

7151:"Eerste 'slachtoffer' Sorry voor Alles: opeens sta je in een tv-studio na megacomplot in je leven" 4636: 148:

Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s.

6396: 6087: 5948: 5522: 5413: 5129: 5031: 4128: 3497: 3229: 2872: 2085: 2068: 1848: 1419:

Specialist skill-based TV competitions became popular during this decade with such programs like

845: 839: 733: 218: 75: 8833: 7181: 6249:

Star Academy reality show comes to town. (February 21, 2014). Retrieved November 30, 2014, from

3560:

franchises. Immunity may come with additional power as well, such as in the American version of

3388:). The most extreme prize for such a show may have been for one of the first such shows, 2005's 2743:

Not all hidden camera shows use strictly staged situations. For example, the syndicated program

1475:

There have been various attempts to classify reality television shows into different subgenres:

10727: 10446: 9949: 6535: 5888: 5852: 5317:, which premiered in 1997. Arguably the best-known and most influential such show is the BBC's 5158: 4933:, revolved around television mainly based on live, often candid, broadcasts. In one episode of 4682: 4304: 4244: 4194: 4026: 3958: 3705: 3668: 3593: 3482: 3102: 2993:, which were popular in the 2000s, also lie in a gray area: like traditional game shows (e.g., 2835: 2579: 2567: 2433: 1880: 1832: 1542: 1030: 924: 579: 530: 259: 9874:

Shoemaker, P. J., & Vos, T. P. (2009). Gatekeeping theory. New York / Abingdon: Routledge.

6917: 6423:

AMC Scraps Second Season of 'Game of Arms,' Other Shows as Cabler Reconsiders Unscripted Genre

6340:"Have a PlayStation? You can watch 'The Tester'; Reality series is available only on consoles" 4887:"Ladies and Gentlemen, This Is Your Crisis" (1976) is a short story by science fiction author 1165:

has had huge success in syndication, direct response sales, and DVD. A Fox staple since 1989,

10091: 9694: 9157:

Wallis, Cara (2011). "New Media Practices in China: Youth Patterns, Processes and Politics".

8142: 7979: 7884: 4971: 4616: 4044: 3756: 3700: 3259: 2957: 2817: 2761: 2166: 1906: 1587: 1581: 1491: 1259: 1139: 1045: 851: 761: 756: 703: 330: 321: 203: 185: 176: 4632: 2643:

was a controversial 2004 UK series in which contestants competed for how long they could go

2242:

shows a group of wealthy investors choosing whether or not to invest in a series of pitched

984:, most of its adaptations are based on the British version.) In India, the competition show 526: 154:(1945–1964) was an early example of reality-based television. The 1946 television game show 10797: 10520:

Price, E (2010). "Reinforcing the myth: Constructing Australian identity in 'reality TV'".

9940:

Andrejevic, M (2008). "Watching television without pity: The productivity of online fans".

9460: 9176:

Guo, Ke; Ying Wu (2009). "Media Consumption and Global Visions Among Urban Chinese Youth".

8201: 7830: 7737: 5539: 5420:

Not all reality-television-style mockumentary series are comedic: the 2013 American series

5365: 4475:

have had lucrative endorsement deals, and in some cases their own product lines. Wrestlers

4422: 4013:

that offer a monetary prize are regulated in the United States by federal "game show" law,

3820: 3760: 3647: 3512: 3430: 3265: 2839: 2717: 2658: 2649: 2427: 2412: 2324: 1898:, which debuted in 1989. Other such shows specifically relating to law enforcement include 1692: 1635: 1385: 1348: 1339: 1249: 1235: 1155: 1090: 739: 656: 544: 535: 460: 63: 8742: 6587:"'Big Brother Canada' Donates Season 8 Prize Money To Charities Responding To Coronavirus" 5848:"The Beatles: Get Back – An Exclusive Deep Dive Into Peter Jackson's Revelatory New Movie" 5027:(2001) is a film about a reality show in which contestants have to kill each other to win. 4350: 4328: 1173:), outlasted all competing scripted police shows. Another series that had wide success is 780:

continued to thrive: both topped the U.S. season-average television ratings in the 2000s.

8: 9678: 9536: 8925: 8286: 7709: 7317: 5474: 5422: 5359: 5313: 5244: 5051: 4897: 4709: 4691: 4406: 3568:

episode, a participant chose to waive his earned immunity and was immediately "fired" by

3518: 3452: 3277: 3241: 3126: 2654: 2438: 2437:

follow similar premises, presenting interventions in the lives of people who suffer from

2340: 2296: 1966: 1783: 1619: 1374: 1290: 1002: 743: 646: 10718:

Waisbord, S (2004). "Mc TV: Understanding the global popularity of television formats".

10610: 10106:

Hall, A (2003). "Reading realism: Audiences' evaluation of the reality of media texts".

9092: 9031:"Poll: Trump Surges Past Hillary, Biden, Sanders, and Gore -- Here Are Some Reasons Why" 4239:

Reality television has also received criticism in Britain and the United States for its

1585:. It also inspired various other series, including the highly successful British series 10789: 10759:"Jade and the journalists: Media coverage of a young British celebrity dying of cancer" 10745: 10706: 10656: 10566: 10537: 10508: 10479: 10396: 10366: 10337: 10308: 10263: 10245: 10209: 10173: 10144: 10057: 10025: 9996: 9967: 9415: 9380: 9345: 9139: 8413: 7541:"Ipswich, we have a problem: Space Cadets, the reality show that never left the ground" 7322: 7104: 7092: 6852: 6817: 6502: 6289: 5881: 5661: 5480: 5174: 4977: 4941: 4787: 4552: 3953: 3912: 3815: 3656: 3588: 3384: 3295: 3114: 3086: 3050: 3008:

here have been various hybrid reality-competition shows, like the worldwide-syndicated

2928: 2826: 2533: 2382: 2252: 2225: 2148: 1957: 1524: 1354: 1170: 797: 785: 380: 365: 347: 240: 51: 9257:. London: Media@ LSE, London School of Economics and Political Science. Archived from 7638: 6024: 4517:

Some reality-television alumni have parlayed their fame into paid public appearances.

4361:, at least for a short period. This is most notable in talent-search programs such as 4024:

Reality television shows that have been accused of, or admitted to, deception include

3729:

Documentary-style series following specific competitions, teams, or athletes, such as

2088:, with cast members living and working as people of a specific time and place. 2001's 10793: 10781: 10749: 10710: 10681: 10483: 10423: 10413: 10341: 10312: 10249: 10213: 10148: 10078: 10029: 10000: 9979:

Aslama, M (2009). "Playing house: Participants' experiences Of Big Brother Finland".

9971: 9854: 9838: 9824: 9806: 9700: 9593: 9576: 9555: 9419: 9384: 9349: 9318:

Reiss, S. & Wiltz, J. (2004). Why People Watch Reality TV, Media Psychology 6(4).

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Work in the 21st Century: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology

7261:"Why Do Reality Contest Shows Eliminate People? Your Pressing TV Questions, Answered" 7207: 7096: 6981: 6923: 6856: 5980: 5892: 5667: 5578: 5395: 5341: 5277: 5230: 5084: 4805: 4775: 4756:

future, with subjects being recorded against their will and often involved violence.

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have decried the positive representation of sexually objectified women in shows like

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were filmed for a month during the recording sessions which would become their album

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http://vietnamnews.vn/life-style/251419/star-academy-reality-show-comes-to-town.html

5754:"Syracuse.com - Guest column: These new reality hunting TV shows are out of control" 1557:

relationships. One highly influential such series was the American 2004–2006 series

10773: 10737: 10698: 10677: 10648: 10640: 10594: 10570: 10558: 10529: 10500: 10471: 10388: 10358: 10329: 10300: 10237: 10201: 10165: 10136: 10115: 10049: 10017: 9988: 9959: 9757: 9407: 9372: 9337: 9131: 8405: 7088: 6896: 6844: 6809: 6281: 5819: 5635: 5201: 5162: 5109:(2008) is a British television program featuring a zombie apocalypse affecting the 4812: 4720:, one in seven UK teenagers hoped to gain fame by appearing on reality television. 4466: 4462: 4402: 4382: 4286: 4056: 3792: 3673: 3372: 3366: 3108: 2806: 2735: 2699: 2627: 2515: 2394: 2352: 2290: 2247: 2204: 2127: 2018: 1939: 1894: 1722: 1672: 1650: 1548:

Within documentary-style reality television are several subcategories or variants:

1360: 1271:(2010–2012) was the first reality television show aired over a video game console. 1056: 1010: 994: 676: 509: 445: 223: 87: 69: 8979: 8713:"Sea FM serves up a fresh new breakfast show on the Gold Coast | radioinfo.com.au" 10644: 8940: 8920: 8906: 8892: 8866: 8840: 8562: 8538: 8409: 8373: 8347: 8322: 8151: 8124: 8006: 7860: 7608:"In "The Movement," Nathan Fielder continues his journey down the left-hand path" 7061: 6901: 6884: 6429: 6378: 6285: 6257: 6029: 5714: 5510: 5428: 5266: 5077: 5039: 4997: 4993:

film about a man who signs up to star in a 24-hour-a-day reality television show.

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House renovation shows are a mainstay on the American and Canadian cable channel

2370: 2243: 2238: 2192: 2115: 1981: 1930: 1796: 1768: 1599: 1593: 1516: 1406: 1254: 1226: 1078: 940: 930: 834: 793: 608: 600: 496: 389: 150: 91: 10702: 10362: 8488: 8341:

Move over American Idol: Hissa Hilal in finals of Arab reality TV poetry contest

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series are truly reality television or just newer incarnations of shows such as

2922:", or so-called "reality game shows", which follow the format of non-tournament 956:, with over 50 international adaptions each. (All but four of these franchises, 10562: 10392: 8871: 7574:"I Wanna Marry Harry makes women compete for 'Prince Harry's' hand in marriage" 6813: 5640: 5401: 5260: 5094: 4961:

Some scripted and written works have used reality television as a plot device:

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that produces drama, conflict, and sometimes transformation. British TV series

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The concept of self-improvement was taken to its extreme with the British show

2210: 2074: 2030: 1816: 1742:

or people who have unusual physical circumstances, such as the American series

1684: 1662: 1439: 1327: 1062: 822: 810: 650:, created by television producer Charlie Parsons, which first aired in 1997 in 634: 469: 465: 383:. Other forerunners of modern reality television were the 1970s productions of 370: 236: 197: 10533: 10475: 10427: 10333: 10304: 10205: 10169: 10140: 9411: 9376: 9341: 6848: 6272:

Punathambekar, Aswin (2010). "Reality TV and Participatory Culture in India".

6091: 4846:, but with 20th-century technology. The planet's "Empire TV" features regular 2934:

A well-known example of a reality-competition show is the globally syndicated

1318:, and shows, usually competition-based, whose title includes the word "Wars". 1263:, which has been highly successful, with almost 50 international adaptations. 603:, this type of reality television was enabled by the advent of computer-based 268: 10834: 10741: 10624:

Thompson, A.; Stringfellow, L.; Maclean, M. MacLaren; O'Gorman, K.D. (2015).

10504: 10241: 10053: 9992: 9963: 9722:"Has reality television had its day, or are audiences still attracted to it?" 9616: 9541: 9135: 8653:"The Big Brother contestant and the Radio Nerd make peace | radioinfo.com.au" 7643: 7611: 7452: 6262: 5436: 5371: 5287: 5236: 5206: 4670: 4640: 4608: 4529: 4454: 4450: 4426: 4390: 4336: 4257: 4208: 4160: 4122: 3891: 3636: 3609: 3522:, before gaining international prominence after the American edition (titled 2831: 2789: 2772: 2767: 2723: 2684: 2160: 2080: 2024: 1864: 1837: 1698: 1391: 776: 697:, it was a flop in the United States. But the show was revamped in the UK by 540: 493: 420: 401: 325: 292: 287: 195:, featured amateur competitors and audience voting. In the 1950s, game shows 170: 165: 136: 107: 61:, then achieved prominence in the early 2000s with the success of the series 9505:"Organ Grinder: Peter Kay's Britain's Got the Pop Factor was a pure delight" 8027:"Jesse Csincsak Talks About Ashley Hebert And Last Night's The Bachelorette" 7030:"Rachel Antony appointed Greenstone TV CEO as Richard Driver moves to chair" 4620: 4357:

Reality television has the potential to turn its participants into national

2804:

challenge participants to survive the investigation; whereas others such as

619:(1992) was an Australian show that depicted a family, similar in concept to 10785: 10441: 10119: 10021: 7853:'Real World: Chicago' cast admits their September 11 reactions were staged" 7639:"Get Ready for the Weirdest—and Most Personal—Season of Nathan For You Yet" 7545: 7479:"You're hired: how The Apprentice led to President Trump | Stuart Heritage" 7100: 7054: 5615: 5587: 5558: 5486: 5455: 5308: 5166: 4910: 4888: 4871: 4843: 4780: 4658: 4586: 4525: 4480: 4446: 4438: 4203: 4168: 4144: 4086: 3940: 3928: 3880: 3787: 3569: 3470: 3399: 3329: 3205: 3147: 2821: 2667: 2541: 2470:

has speculated that it is "the original reality TV show." The British show

2421: 2400: 2278: 2218: 2186: 1972: 1918: 1912: 1900: 1875: 1806: 1427: 1322: 1299: 972:, were created by either British producers or the Dutch production company 874: 868: 521:, showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals. It introduced the 384: 280: 2776:, place participants into frightening situations which ostensibly involve 2131:

are all shows in which celebrities are put into an unnatural environment.

1867:

celebrations thrown by wealthy parents. Conversely, the highly successful

9534:

Scott, Cavan (July 25, 2013). "The Way Back Part One: Bring Me to Life".

9062:"A Rich 'Apprentice' Host in Politics? But This Mayor Says He's No Trump" 8914:"Jonah Hill Talks 'The Sitter,' Weight Loss And Disgust With Kardashians" 7802: 5630: 5610: 5407: 5272: 5220: 5150: 4880: 4733:, especially given "scenes which take place in private settings, contain 4666: 4434: 4394: 4378: 4268:

Reality television generally costs less to produce than scripted series.

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had concealed the third season by announcing in 2012 that it had ordered

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Docusoaps following the lives of sportspeople or their families, such as

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Shows that show people working in the same non-business location include

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involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes.

80: 31: 10626:"Puppets of Necessity? Celebritisation in Structured Reality Television" 10583:"Paradox and the consumption of authenticity through reality television" 7055:

Lawrence, Christopher. "Las Vegas pawnshop center of new reality series"

6372:

Reality Ratings Slip: Aging Bachelors, Idols and Dancers Lose Their Bite

5974: 3057:

Popular variants of the competition-based format include the following:

10652: 10623: 8224: 7971: 5774: 5572: 5546: 5459: 5441: 5252:

novel, also by Ben Elton, in which a contestant is murdered while on a

5187: 5002: 4947: 4760:"The Seventh Victim" (1953) is a short story by science fiction author 4687: 4662: 4541: 4458: 4080: 3884: 3768: 3464: 3341: 3317: 3253: 3217: 2886: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2777: 2591: 2585: 2388: 2198: 2180: 2140: 2056: 2008: 1744: 1528: 1315: 1267: 1200: 1073: 912: 900: 715: 690: 685: 548: 504: 479: 454:, a surprise hit for NBC, and it ran from 1979 to 1984. The success of 352: 337: 161: 131: 111: 8487:(Press release). University of Cambridge. July 5, 2007. Archived from 3165:, which debuted in 1999, may have been the first such show, while the 3138: 1676:(2015). Most of these shows have had spin-offs in multiple locations. 9762: 9169: 9004: 8844: 8115: 8087:

License to Pawn: Deals, Steals, and My Life at the Gold & Silver

7671:"Dumb Starbucks: Comedy Central star Nathan Fielder behind faux cafe" 7380:"Another Pittsburgher, another 'Joe Schmo' - Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" 7290: 6344: 6177:"14 reality stars who exist today because of the O. J. Simpson trial" 5347: 5225: 4847: 4730: 4695: 4551:

celebrities". Some have been lampooned for exploiting an undeserved "

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franchises. Other examples of celebrity competition programs include

3289: 3143: 3001: 2693: 2346: 2013: 1945: 1537: 1451:

Television development across all genres was impacted in 2020 by the

1307: 906: 560: 522: 251: 245: 103: 99: 9713: 8980:"I Used to Be Homeless—And Here's What Everyone Gets Wrong About It" 8485:"Footage from banned Chinese "Pop Idol" receives Cambridge premiere" 5788:"'The American Sportsman' Penetrates the Awesome World of the Shark" 2861: 754:(although the show has since recovered and is in its 32nd edition), 379:, was made in the UK, following the working-class Wilkins family of 160:

sometimes featured contestants performing stunts. Debuting in 1948,

10598: 8773:"2DayFM to start 2017 with a new breakfast team | radioinfo.com.au" 7879: 6531:"2018–19 TV Season: Live-Plus-7 Ratings for Every Broadcast Series" 5249: 5192: 5135: 5105: 5089: 4753: 4333: 4155: 3335: 3323: 3235: 3193: 3038: 3026:, which combines competition with the self-improvement format, and 2748: 2729: 1679: 1566: 1084: 990:

was the most popular television program for its first six seasons.

680: 433: 5323:(2001), which spawned numerous international remakes, including a 4729:

onscreen participants; enjoyment of competition; and an appeal to

4159:-style voting and elimination, but for the writing and oration of 2184:

in 1996. This led to a slew of other reality court shows, such as

5994:"With writers on strike, expect more repeats and dose of reality" 5161:" (2011) is an episode in the first season of British television 4975:(1979) is a comedic film about the creation of a show similar to 4476: 3872: 3599: 3402:, who won the show, went on to be INXS's lead singer until 2011. 2919: 1617:

Another highly successful group of soap-opera-style shows is the

1579:

led to several spinoff series, most notably the 2006–2010 series

1399:

has been especially popular, with over 50 local adaptations; its

1343:

in which a family would experience tea time for various decades.

973: 829: 517:

and was developed due to the need for new programming during the

276: 272: 9835:

Blurred Boundaries: Questions of Meaning in Contemporary Culture

7350:

Survivor Lessons: Essays on Communication and Reality Television

6205:

Sigesmund, B. J. (October 11, 2001). "Will Reality TV Survive?"

5446:

television, in which some series lead to a cascade of spinoffs.

5055:(2008) is a film in which a contestant on the Indian version of 4836:" (1968) is an episode of the science fiction television series 3827:

of reality television contestants. The first season portrayed a

2310:

combine outdoor survival with a competition format, although in

1326:(2012–2017), which focused on the Robertson family that founded 938:" from the same period have had even greater success, including 770:(which was successful in other countries). But stronghold shows 654:(and was later produced in a large number of other countries as 328:

created an eight-hour, three-episode television series entitled

7009:"FMPD: TV show 'COPS' to start filming in Fort Myers next week" 5426:

has a science fiction-horror bent, while the 2014 Dutch series

4734: 4548: 3806: 1811: 1791: 1564:

which attempted to specifically mimic the primetime soap opera

1303: 1034: 651: 483: 7738:"Charming Comedy Jury Duty Makes Case for a Different Verdict" 6739:"The pandemic wiped out the fall TV schedule. Does it matter?" 6647:"'Bigg Boss' Malayalam to go off air soon over COVID-19 fears" 3823:, with the remaining "contestants" representing stereotypical 3819:, a series in which a civilian is set up as a contestant on a 2451:, is similar, but it also redesigns the participants' houses. 1494:

have used a similar classification, with separate awards for "

9571:

John Moss, Tobi Kozakewich, "Margaret Atwood: The Open Eye",

9150: 9115: 7907: 7798: 6394: 6132:"The Chase, or: Where Were You When Reality TV Was Invented?" 4189: 4176: 3580: 2781: 2687:

rolling when random passers-by encounter a staged situation.

2178:

was canceled in 1993, but then soared after the emergence of

1827: 1311: 1214:, and was billed as the world's first Internet reality show. 1197:

Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program

981: 47: 10549:

Reiss, S.; Wiltz, J. (2004). "Why people watch reality TV".

10127:

Hall, A (2006). "Viewers' perceptions of reality programs".

9612:"Kroll Show skewers reality TV, but in a friendlier fashion" 6617:"Coronavirus: Bigg Boss Malayalam season 2 to be called off" 3489:

Non-cooking competition shows with a similar format include

2820:. In general, the shows follow similar stylized patterns of 1545:

give viewers a private look into the lives of the subjects.

1094:. Syndication, however, has been problematic; shows such as 10825: 9644:"Sketch Anatomy: John Levenstein Goes Behind the Scenes of 5205:(hosted by a robot modeled after the real show's then-host 5009: 4547:

Reality television personalities are sometimes derided as "

3604: 3395: 3394:, where the winner became the lead singer of the rock band 2489:, whose renovation shows include the successful franchises 2486: 2108: 1138:

generally perform more poorly and usually must be rerun in

432:

had amateurs participating in a re-enactment of life in an

8391: 8389: 8387: 8225:"'Reality is Not Enough': The Politics of Arab Reality TV" 3839:, which featured both a man and woman as the targets) and 3651:) for example. In the case of combat sports examples, the 3156:

in 2006, and by 2010 had become "the face of the network".

719:, among others. The 1980s and 1990s were also a time when 507:

for Outstanding Achievement in informational programming.

307:

said that the film was "to blame for reality television".

300:

filmed various acquaintances with no direction given. The

9435:"Reality Check for reality TV fans: You're more neurotic" 8683:"MKR's Mick makes breakfast in Hobart | radioinfo.com.au" 7928: 7204:"Mike Hale, Editor, The New York Times Knowledge Network" 4859: 4277: 4256:

paper by Nick Couldry associates reality television with

4179:, in the summer of 2007, coverage of the third season of 3664: 3652: 1727: 1022: 1018: 574: 409: 360: 351:. During filming, the parents decided to divorce and son 342: 10377: 9188: 8463:"TV talent contest 'too democratic' for China's censors" 6798: 2798:, the stated aim is investigation, and some series like 2034:. Such shows have some antecedent in the British series 2000: 1029:

in the United States, which operated from 2005 to 2010;

591:

was directly inspired by his show. But the producers of

8886:"Elton John Trashes Kim Kardashian, Reality Television" 8395: 8384: 8194:""Deadliest Catch": Reality TV's first on-screen death" 7078: 3100:

that led directly and indirectly to over 10 spinoffs),

2571:. Shows geared for a specific type of business include 1006: 8900:"Kardashian Family: The Backlash of Being Overexposed" 8834:"Rick Harrison of 'Pawn Stars' spills success secrets" 5302: 3175:, which premiered in May 2003. Other examples include 10461: 9327: 8311: 8309: 6107:"How the O. J. Simpson Case Explains Reality in 2016" 4623:, who hosted seasons 7-8 of the Brazilian version of 4263: 1208:

appeared; it was a competition show based in part on

1120:

being exceptions). Season-long competitions, such as

10490: 10348: 9803:

Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television

8555:"Reality TV, Or The Secret Theatre of Neoliberalism" 5663:

Reality TV: Audiences and Popular Factual Television

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genres on the major U.S. networks. Examples include

2845: 8567:

Review of education, pedagogy, and cultural studies

7373: 7371: 6498:"'King of Mask Singer' leads Sunday for first time" 6088:"Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe - Reality TV Editing" 5944:"Where are they now? Scottish singer Sheena Easton" 4747: 3948:

attention related to its stunts prior to broadcast.

2747:purports to use hidden cameras to record suspected 689:premiered in the UK in 1998. Originally created by 529:feel of much of later reality television. The 1991 10522:Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 10191: 9819:Murray, Susan, and Laurie Ouellette, eds. (2004). 9795:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 9314: 9312: 8860:"Kim Kardashian Is Fighting Back Against Backlash" 8306: 6834: 6395:Margaret Lyons and Jen Cotton (January 31, 2012). 5880: 3988: 3931:, but in reality "Harry" was actually a lookalike. 3835:, with subsequent seasons parodying dating shows ( 2834:shows as "pure theater" and compared the genre to 1937:Shows set at a specific place of business include 217:(1951–1955) tape-recorded the daily activities of 10688: 10667: 10223:http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p93143_index.html 9251:Bunny Talk: Teenagers Discuss The Girls Next Door 8855: 8853: 8316:Winner's tribe put the millions in Million's Poet 7663: 6467:"This may be the end of reality TV as we know it" 5399:(2021). The genre has even encompassed cartoons ( 5061:is interrogated because he knows all the answers. 4842:in which the crew visits a planet resembling the 3957:—where a group of patients competed to receive a 2551:show vehicles being rebuilt in a customized way. 2476:, beginning in 1996 (later remade in the U.S. as 448:capitalized on the advent of videotape to create 10832: 10410:Cue the Sun! The Invention of Reality Television 9696:Heritage Film: Nation, Genre, and Representation 7368: 6397:"See a Venn Diagram Connecting Reality-TV Shows" 6023:van den Boogaard, Raymond (September 28, 1996). 6022: 5311:" style. The first such show was the BBC series 4819:(1960) is about a hidden-camera show similar to 4206:votes, the state-run English-language newspaper 4116: 3915:in Russia and compete to become Britain's first 1169:has, as of 2013 (when it moved to cable channel 1037:, which lasted two years from 2010 to 2012; and 837:, who created the reality television franchises 9309: 7441:"Fox Will Follow Red Sox Surge With Reality TV" 7124:"Tag the greatest – but not obvious – TV shows" 6915: 4643:, who hosted the short-lived French version of 4483:got their start on non-athletic reality shows. 3969:, a mockumentary series portraying a fictional 2317: 2314:the competition also involves social dynamics. 641:, and several of her relatives and associates. 10464:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 10322:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 10158:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 9400:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 9365:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 9330:Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 9005:"The Official Website of Mark Anthony DiBello" 8960:"Ronda Rousey wants to beat up Kim Kardashian" 8850: 8367:"Million's Poet finalist defies death threats" 7755: 7605: 7510:"Can't sing or dance? Give 'Superstar' a shot" 2755: 2657:series that isolated contestants for weeks in 792:has the longest hold on the No. 1 rank in the 10824:, Mark Greif's assessment of Reality TV from 10290: 9216:"Cindy Hinant's Make-Up, Glamour and TV Show" 8801: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 7998:Christensen, Kim; James, Meg (May 13, 2007). 7900:"At last! The secrets of 'Survivor' revealed" 7410:"'Obnoxious Boss' is mean, funny --and smart" 6271: 6080: 6025:"Zeven werklozen samen op zoek naar een baan" 2683:Another type of reality programming features 2060:, which first aired in 1995 as a spin-off of 2043: 513:, which first aired in the spring of 1989 on 10451:Paul Watson's UK & Australian docusoaps. 10039: 8978:Andersen, Charlotte Hilton (June 24, 2019). 8525: 6495: 5914:"Bachelor No. 1 And the Birth Of Reality TV" 4615:from 2009 to 2013, has been a member of the 3704:(where celebrities are tasked to become the 2170:revolutionized the genre by introducing the 1416:(which began in the United States in 2020). 595:have said that their direct inspiration was 341:The Loud family, subjects of the pioneering 10259:"Bachelor No.1 and the birth of reality TV" 9475:"Peter Kay returns with reality show spoof" 8934:"Jon Hamm Defends Kim Kardashian Criticism" 8620: 6300: 5087:episode "Damien Sands" of American TV show 4927:(1985), and the spin-off television series 4315:) said that reality competition shows like 3382:(the lead role in a revival of the musical 3060: 2914:Another subgenre of reality television is " 1247:In 2010 the Dutch singing competition show 1048:. But DVDs for reality shows sold briskly; 10548: 10007: 9939: 9573:Re-appraisals, Canadian writers, volume 30 9175: 8597: 8503: 7891: 7169: 6882: 6058:"MTV's 'Real World' launched a revolution" 5478:spawned five feature films, starting with 4945:(1985) is a serial of the television show 2525:. Non-HGTV shows in this category include 1886: 1502:" programs, as well as a third award for " 587:creator Erik Latour has long claimed that 10731: 10230:International Journal of Cultural Studies 9981:International Journal of Cultural Studies 9953: 9926:Learn how and when to remove this message 9851:Cue the Sun!: The Invention of Reality TV 8898:Vanderberg, Madison (December 23, 2011). 8826: 8578: 8548: 8460: 7636: 7601: 7599: 7507: 6900: 6221:"Who would win a World Idol competition?" 6016: 5468:was based on his reality-television show 5458:, and sometimes simply as documentaries. 4956: 3977: 2902:Learn how and when to remove this message 1337:format, the BBC produced a series called 1239:in 2014, with the trophy for winning the 10717: 10611:"Reality TV: the Big Brother phenomenon" 10580: 10407: 9867:S. Holmes & D. Jermyn (eds.), 2004. 9848: 9213: 8977: 8795: 8621:VanArendonk, Kathryn (August 15, 2021). 8200:. Salon Media Group, Inc. Archived from 8111:'Storage Wars' star says show is rigged" 7866: 7532: 6916:Bindig, Lori; Bergstrom, Andrea (2013). 6331: 6090:. YouTube. February 2007. Archived from 5991: 5815:"Warhol 'reality' film named in top 100" 5812: 5286:(2009) is a young adult novel series by 4327: 3720:competition series with similarities to 3137: 1678: 1221: 1195:, was added. In 2008, a third category, 828: 543:attending Glenbard West High School, in 336: 174:(based on his previous 1947 radio show, 34:. For other uses of "Reality Show", see 9821:Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture 9432: 8804:"Reality Stars Keep on Going and Going" 8079: 8058: 7953:from the original on September 21, 2013 7940: 7897: 7872: 7838:from the original on December 22, 2008. 7774:from the original on September 20, 2005 7571: 7318:"Guy Fieri, Chef-Dude, Is in the House" 7297:from the original on September 20, 2020 7287:"How can I audition for reality shows?" 6942: 6889:Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft 6871:Reality TV: Remaking Television Culture 6869:Murray, S. & Ouellette, L. (2009). 6578: 6445: 6055: 5878: 5872: 5743:(New York: Penguin Books, 1996), p. 178 5290:, which is based on her experiences on 5276:, frog squashing, graphic surgery, and 5264:(2003), a speculative fiction novel by 3516:, which premiered in 1997 in Sweden as 2970:Outstanding Reality-Competition Program 2830:culture editor Mike Hale characterized 2603:Another type of reality program is the 2554: 1193:Outstanding Reality-Competition Program 1181:Academy of Television Arts and Sciences 14: 10833: 10756: 10608: 10227: 10072: 9978: 9750: 9675: 9609: 9433:Hazlett, Courtney (November 9, 2012). 9247: 9159:International Journal of Communication 9156: 9121: 9103:from the original on December 23, 2012 9072:from the original on February 11, 2017 9059: 9028: 8723:from the original on November 22, 2016 8663:from the original on November 16, 2018 8516: 8442:from the original on February 24, 2007 8279: 7823: 7792: 7681:from the original on February 11, 2014 7596: 7538: 7438: 7390:from the original on December 14, 2012 7330:from the original on November 24, 2012 7315: 7175: 7130:from the original on November 23, 2006 7121: 6955:from the original on February 14, 2017 6873:. New York: New York University Press. 6584: 6528: 6421:Littleton, Cynthia (October 9, 2014). 6403:from the original on December 11, 2019 6337: 6209:. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis database. 6159:"It All Began with O. J.: The Diagram" 6156: 6104: 4791:, a 1957 film written and directed by 4289:wrote in 2008 that reality shows like 3800: 3379:How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria? 3352:or performing group. Examples include 599:. According to television commentator 533:on "typical American high schoolers", 324:the following year. In 2021, director 114:featuring real-life cases and issues. 10519: 10256: 9793:Reality TV: The work of being watched 9732:from the original on November 7, 2013 9692: 9533: 9397: 9362: 9226:from the original on October 23, 2020 9194: 8753:from the original on October 18, 2017 8693:from the original on October 18, 2017 8633:from the original on December 6, 2022 8222: 8188: 8024: 7943:"As 'Shot' misses, Tequila aims anew" 7786: 7761: 7735: 7651:from the original on October 17, 2015 7196: 6767: 6706: 6675: 6566:from the original on November 2, 2022 6553: 6309:"'Simple economics': More reality TV" 6306: 6004:from the original on November 6, 2007 5911: 5887:. London: Wallflower Press. pp. 5845: 5760:from the original on October 22, 2013 5712: 5653: 5043:(2006) is a film set partially on an 4599:, who hosted the Georgian version of 4349:in 2010, and later became one of the 3911:, where they would allegedly receive 2842:for its formulaic, teasing approach. 2001:Financial transactions and appraisals 1879:are set in poorer rural areas of the 10691:European Journal of Cultural Studies 10319: 10155: 10126: 10105: 9882: 9719: 9610:Nowalk, Brandon (January 14, 2014). 9575:, University of Ottawa Press, 2006, 9540:(463). Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent: 9459:. arthurwendover.com. Archived from 9090: 8783:from the original on January 7, 2017 8163: 8106:Oldenburg, Ann (December 11, 2012). 8059:Carbone, Steve (February 26, 2009). 7630: 7618:from the original on August 19, 2017 7377: 7228: 6973: 6780:from the original on August 22, 2022 6749:from the original on August 22, 2022 6688:from the original on August 22, 2022 6657:from the original on August 22, 2022 6627:from the original on August 22, 2022 6319:from the original on August 14, 2009 6138:from the original on August 13, 2017 6068:from the original on August 26, 2012 5992:Peterson, Karla (November 6, 2007). 5860:from the original on October 3, 2022 5659: 5292:Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County 5016:Louis the 19th, King of the Airwaves 4986:Louis the 19th, King of the Airwaves 4611:, who hosted the Finnish version of 4589:: his stint as host of the original 4323: 3796:(wives and girlfriends of athletes). 2884:adding citations to reliable sources 2855: 2598: 1626:The Real Housewives of Orange County 1560:Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County 1509: 1051:Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County 519:1988 Writers Guild of America strike 9093:"Sean Duffy's 'Real World' reprise" 9060:Romero, Simon (February 10, 2017). 9029:French, David (September 7, 2015). 8958:Mitchell, Houston (July 14, 2012). 8912:Gostin, Nicki (December 12, 2011). 8814:from the original on April 16, 2009 8743:"Instant Access | radioinfo.com.au" 8600:"Reality TV's Working Class Heroes" 8461:Macartney, Jane (August 29, 2005). 7873:Roberts, Michael (March 14, 1996). 7606:Alston, Joshua (October 30, 2015). 7553:from the original on March 17, 2021 7222: 6761: 6731: 6510:from the original on August 2, 2017 6464: 6446:Hibberd, James (October 31, 2014). 6352:from the original on March 15, 2010 6037:from the original on April 17, 2009 5924:from the original on August 9, 2009 5813:Baracaia, Alexa (October 4, 2006). 5621:List of reality television programs 5303:Other influences on popular culture 4343:of the British singing competition 3572:for giving up this powerful asset. 3370:(for a role on the television show 3358:(where the prize was a role in the 3224:The Great Interior Design Challenge 2852:List of reality television programs 2265: 1551: 1410:(which began in Spain in 2019) and 1072:all ranked in the top DVDs sold on 24: 9780: 9753:"Reality Never Looked So ... Real" 9515:from the original on June 15, 2022 9485:from the original on June 15, 2022 9041:from the original on March 6, 2016 8932:Marikar, Sheila (March 19, 2012). 8895:. The Improper. February 4, 2011. 8802:Aurthur, Kate (October 10, 2004). 8623:"Mike White Accepts the Criticism" 8598:Poniewozik, James (May 22, 2008). 8532:"Reality TV is About Surveillance" 8261:from the original on July 28, 2011 8231:from the original on July 16, 2011 8136:Maresca, Rachel (March 13, 2013). 8025:McDow, Christine (June 28, 2011). 7817: 7793:Ventre, Michael (April 15, 2009). 7762:Booth, William (August 10, 2004). 7520:from the original on March 4, 2016 7489:from the original on June 15, 2022 7361:Frank J. Landy, Jeffrey M. Conte, 7348:Matthew J. Smith, Andrew F. Wood, 7316:Moskin, Julia (August 10, 2010) . 7267:from the original on July 27, 2018 7176:Nowell, Scott (October 17, 2002). 7093:10.1097/01.prs.0000264339.67451.71 7081:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 6919:The O.C.: A Critical Understanding 6543:from the original on May 27, 2020. 6477:from the original on June 22, 2019 6465:Ang, Katerina (February 4, 2017). 6399:. New York Magazine Vulture blog. 6231:from the original on March 8, 2020 6218: 6187:from the original on April 2, 2016 5883:Reality TV: Realism and Revelation 5626:List of television show franchises 5514:in 2003. The Chinese reality show 5411:(2007)) and a show about puppets ( 4876:The Continuous Katherine Mortenhoe 4647:in 2015, was a member of France's 4607:from 2007, and served until 2008. 4264:As a substitute for scripted drama 3765:the school's men's basketball team 1994:Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles 1570:, which had begun airing in 2003. 1366:The South Korean competition show 1314:, shows about cakes, weddings and 25: 10857: 10822:The Reality of Reality Television 10815: 10581:Rose, R. L.; Wood, S. L. (2005). 9871:. London and New York: Routledge. 9751:Dollar, Steve (August 17, 2007). 9624:from the original on July 1, 2017 8365:Hassan, Hassan (March 19, 2010). 8280:Labash, Matt (October 18, 2004). 8251:"Arab Big Brother show suspended" 8164:Tate, Amethyst (March 14, 2013). 7898:Dehnart, Andy (October 7, 2008). 7459:from the original on June 7, 2022 7439:Carter, Bill (November 1, 2004). 7420:from the original on June 7, 2022 7241:from the original on July 1, 2017 6977:Disability and Discourse Analysis 6719:from the original on May 28, 2022 6105:Anolik, Lila (February 2, 2016). 6056:Keveney, Bill (October 9, 2007). 5956:from the original on May 17, 2018 5912:James, Caryn (January 26, 2003). 5504:, both in 2006. The producers of 5484:in 2002. A similar Finnish show, 4803:, and again in 1983 as the movie 4701: 4566:Springboard for political success 3438:Different contestants per episode 2846:Reality competition or game shows 2678: 2224:Courtroom programs are typically 1082:outranked scripted shows such as 472:; CBS's entry into the genre was 263:, which ran from 1965 to 1986 on 10682:10.1111/j.1467-9841.2004.00260.x 10434: 9887: 9869:Understanding reality television 9744: 9720:Jury, Louise (January 4, 2007). 9686: 9669: 9636: 9603: 9586: 9565: 9548: 9527: 9497: 9467: 9445: 9426: 9391: 9356: 9321: 9300: 9291: 9276: 9241: 9207: 9091:Hunt, Kasie (October 20, 2010). 9084: 9053: 9022: 8997: 8971: 8952: 8878: 8832:Childers, Linda (July 7, 2011). 8765: 8735: 8705: 8675: 8645: 8614: 8591: 8572: 8477: 8454: 8424: 8282:"When a Kiss Is Not Just a Kiss" 8061:"My Interview with Megan Parris" 7941:Johnson, K C (January 3, 2008). 7572:Vincent, Alice (April 1, 2014). 7539:Martin, Laura (March 17, 2021). 7229:Hale, Mike (December 10, 2009). 6945:"A different kind of reality TV" 6768:White, Peter (August 27, 2020). 5721:from the original on May 1, 2007 5688:Understanding Reality Television 5571: 5465:What Do You Say to a Naked Lady? 4748:Similar works in popular culture 4469:. Several cast members of MTV's 4307:(who had previously competed on 4051:A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila 3181:(which judges business skills); 3096:(a dating show featuring rapper 2860: 2416:(self-improvement and manners). 2377:Trinny & Susannah Undress... 1159:is an example of this strategy. 310:In 1969, the British rock group 10778:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.003 10633:Journal of Marketing Management 10609:Sparks, Colin (April 9, 2007). 10493:Journal of Advertising Research 9287:. January 27, 2007. p. 57. 9124:Journal of Advertising Research 8579:Hirschorn, Michael (May 2007). 8359: 8334: 8273: 8243: 8216: 8182: 8157: 8130: 8100: 8052: 8018: 7992: 7965: 7934: 7918: 7842: 7824:Fretts, Bruce (July 21, 1995). 7729: 7693: 7565: 7508:Oldenburg, Ann (May 16, 2004). 7501: 7471: 7432: 7402: 7378:Owen, Rob (December 10, 2012). 7355: 7342: 7309: 7279: 7253: 7148: 7142: 7122:Jarvis, Jeff (August 6, 2005). 7115: 7072: 7048: 7032:. March 2, 2017. Archived from 7022: 7001: 6967: 6943:Raeside, Julia (May 31, 2011). 6936: 6909: 6876: 6863: 6828: 6792: 6707:White, Peter (March 26, 2020). 6700: 6676:White, Peter (March 26, 2020). 6669: 6639: 6609: 6585:Furdyk, Brent (April 1, 2020). 6547: 6522: 6489: 6458: 6439: 6415: 6388: 6364: 6243: 6212: 6199: 6169: 6150: 6124: 6098: 6049: 5985: 5968: 5936: 5905: 4631:, from 2010 to 2011, served as 4303:In a 2021 interview, filmmaker 4097:Keeping Up with the Kardashians 3984:Criticism of reality television 2871:needs additional citations for 2236:The globally syndicated format 1717:Keeping Up with the Kardashians 1183:added the reality genre to the 928:, and the investment franchise 878:, other competition franchises 760:(unrelated to the better-known 683:theme. The dating reality show 637:, daughter of defense attorney 607:for video (such as produced by 458:was quickly copied by ABC with 27:Genre of television programming 10437:"Lord of the Fly-on-the-walls" 10257:James, C. (January 26, 2003). 9653:. May 27, 2014. Archived from 7736:Jones, Rendy (April 6, 2023). 7637:Alex Wong (October 14, 2015). 7231:"Consigning Reality to Ghosts" 7180:. HoustonPress. Archived from 6554:White, Peter (April 5, 2021). 6529:Porter, Rick (June 10, 2019). 6496:Park So-jung (July 20, 2015). 6370:Molloy, Tim (March 13, 2012). 6338:Snider, Mike (March 5, 2010). 6157:Anolik, Lila (February 2016). 6134:. Decider. February 10, 2016. 5839: 5806: 5780: 5746: 5733: 5706: 5693: 5680: 5520:was adapted for the 2015 film 5494:, and a similar British show, 5058:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? 5001:(1998) is a film about a man ( 4570:Two international franchises, 4540:, and many of the rest of the 4063:Extreme Makeover: Home Edition 3821:fictitious reality competition 2981:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? 2653:was a controversial 2006-2010 2528:Extreme Makeover: Home Edition 2356:(entire physical appearance), 2307:Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls 2231: 2134: 1733: 1117:America's Funniest Home Videos 947:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? 439: 230: 192:Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts 143: 13: 1: 10766:Social Science & Medicine 10077:. McFarland. pp. 73–96. 9910:and help improve the section. 9823:. New York University Press. 7263:. Vulture. October 28, 2015. 6883:Klaus, E.; Lucke, S. (2003). 6448:"Are we tired of reality TV?" 6436:. Retrieved October 10, 2014. 5713:Rowan, Beth (July 21, 2000). 5647: 5213: 5065: 4117:Political and cultural impact 3269:(for fashion photographers), 3133: 2706:Primetime: What Would You Do? 2671:, adapted internationally as 2457: 1754:, and the British programmes 1359:shows, and others, including 1205:The Next Internet Millionaire 762:serial drama of the same name 573:the same concept was used by 79:, all of which became global 36:Reality Show (disambiguation) 10645:10.1080/0267257X.2014.988282 10587:Journal of Consumer Research 9837:. Indiana University Press. 8519:International Herald Tribune 8410:10.1080/15405702.2010.512829 8171:International Business Times 8089:. Hyperion. 2011. New York. 8000:"And then the roof caved in" 6902:10.5771/1615-634x-2003-2-195 6286:10.1080/15405702.2010.514177 5846:Hagan, Joe (June 17, 2021). 5462:'s 1970 hidden camera movie 5240:, among other reality shows. 5125:Britain's Got the Pop Factor 4855:The Year of the Sex Olympics 4247:and consumerism. Writing in 3755:(which followed students at 3299:(for aspiring politicians), 2795:Celebrity Paranormal Project 2712:The Jamie Kennedy Experiment 2404:(relationship building) and 2318:Self-improvement or makeover 2228:shows that air on weekdays. 2158:, and the first two eras of 1623:franchise, which began with 1597:, and the Australian series 1470: 1434:The Great British Sewing Bee 1241:Eurovision Song Contest 2019 1233:of singing competition show 1076:. In the mid-2000s, DVDs of 880:Survivor/Expedition Robinson 710:Location, Location, Location 355:(top right) came out as gay. 221:police officers. The series 7: 10703:10.1177/1364942002005002159 10670:Journal of Sociolinguistics 10363:10.1207/s1532785xmep0504_01 9878: 9437:. Today.com. Archived from 8005:September 21, 2013, at the 7925:Reality TV Secrets Revealed 6593:. ET Canada. Archived from 6385:. Retrieved March 14, 2012. 6307:Levin, Gary (May 8, 2007). 5690:. London: Routledge, 33-53. 5564: 5490:, was adapted for the film 5325:successful American version 5224:(2006) is a comic novel by 4916:1987 movie of the same name 4718:Learning and Skills Council 4673:of the Czech Republic, and 3504: 2756:Supernatural and paranormal 2574:Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares 2507:, as well as shows such as 2350:(which cover weight loss), 2172:arbitration-based "reality" 1763:Britain's Missing Top Model 1711:Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica 1189:Outstanding Reality Program 794:American television ratings 464:, a stunt show produced by 119:faced significant criticism 10: 10862: 10720:Television & New Media 10563:10.1207/s1532785xmep0604_3 10412:. New York: Random House. 10393:10.1207/s1532785xmep0804_5 9942:Television & New Media 9699:. Wallflower. p. 33. 9037:. National Review Online. 9009:www.markanthonydibello.com 8891:February 12, 2012, at the 8839:November 12, 2020, at the 8561:November 11, 2016, at the 8537:February 15, 2017, at the 8123:September 1, 2017, at the 6974:Grue, Jan (May 23, 2016). 6814:10.1207/s1532785xmep0804_5 6377:December 11, 2019, at the 5701:Reality Television Culture 5384:Real Husbands of Hollywood 4924:20 Minutes into the Future 4716:In 2007, according to the 4635:from 2017 to 2018, and as 4030:, the American version of 3981: 3805:Some reality shows aim to 3272:So You Think You Can Dance 3200:The Great British Bake Off 2849: 2759: 2138: 2044:Special living environment 1705:Gene Simmons Family Jewels 1543:Documentary-style programs 1422:The Great British Bake-Off 1298:blog published a humorous 1199:, was added. In 2007, the 993:During the 2000s, several 605:non-linear editing systems 125: 29: 10534:10.1080/10304311003703157 10476:10.1080/08838150701307152 10334:10.1080/08838150701307111 10305:10.1080/01463370802026828 10206:10.1080/09548960601106920 10170:10.1080/08838150903310468 10141:10.1080/01463370600650902 10010:Journal of Media Practice 9412:10.1080/08838150902907678 9377:10.1080/08838150902907678 9342:10.1080/08838150701307152 9248:Barton, Jennifer (2010). 8939:January 11, 2020, at the 8865:January 15, 2012, at the 8581:"The Case for Reality TV" 8353:Christian Science Monitor 6997:– via Google Books. 6849:10.1080/09548960601106920 6256:December 5, 2014, at the 5327:. Other examples include 4723: 4605:Prime Minister of Georgia 4092:Squid Game: The Challenge 3864:My Big Fat Obnoxious Boss 3575: 3146:won the second season of 2285:Marooned with Ed Stafford 2122:Tommy Lee Goes to College 1521:observational documentary 628:O. J. Simpson murder case 10742:10.1177/1527476404268922 10505:10.2501/jar-51-1-288-297 10445:. London. Archived from 10408:Nussbaum, Emily (2024). 10242:10.1177/1367877904043238 10108:Journal of Communication 10054:10.1177/0093650208315964 9993:10.1177/1367877908098852 9964:10.1177/1527476407307241 9849:Nussbaum, Emily (2024). 9785: 9214:Battista, Kathy (2012). 9136:10.2501/jar-51-1-288-297 8919:October 1, 2018, at the 8469:. London. Archived from 7976:My Life Outside the Ring 7859:January 1, 2012, at the 7066:Las Vegas Review-Journal 7060:October 7, 2012, at the 6885:"Reality TV: Definition" 5606:Great Reality TV Swindle 5593:Bunim/Murray Productions 5502:Dirty Sanchez: The Movie 5024:Series 7: The Contenders 4964: 4779:, a 1955 short story by 3287:(for television hosts), 3251:(for child performers), 3172:America's Next Top Model 3061:Dating-based competition 2816:use a recurring crew of 2801:Scariest Places on Earth 2248:entrepreneurial ventures 1870:Here Comes Honey Boo Boo 1863:, which documented huge 1751:Little People, Big World 1740:people with disabilities 1446: 1217: 1135:America's Next Top Model 1069:America's Next Top Model 726: 699:Tiger Aspect Productions 10616:International Socialism 10293:Communication Quarterly 10129:Communication Quarterly 9791:Andrejevic, M. (2004). 8321:April 23, 2010, at the 8150:March 16, 2013, at the 8085:Harrison, Rick (2011). 7384:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 6428:August 7, 2020, at the 6033:(in Dutch). Amsterdam. 5998:San Diego Union-Tribune 5879:Biressi, Anita (2005). 5715:"Reality TV Takes Hold" 5435:The 2013–2015 American 5354:The Naked Brothers Band 5339:(ABC Australia, 1999), 5032:Halloween: Resurrection 5013:(1999) was a remake of 4603:in 2005, was appointed 4502:, Heather Maltman from 4167:, a 43-year-old female 4129:Star Academy Arab World 3951:The Dutch reality show 3468:franchises, along with 3239:(for fashion editors), 3230:American Dream Builders 3227:(for interior design), 3215:(for clothing design), 2510:Debbie Travis' Facelift 2398:(life transformation), 2086:historical re-enactment 1887:Professional activities 1849:conspicuous consumption 1683:Reality TV personality 235:First broadcast in the 219:Culver City, California 117:Reality television has 10042:Communication Research 9833:Nichols, Bill (1994). 9801:Hill, Annette (2005). 8659:. September 29, 2009. 8372:June 29, 2017, at the 8178:on September 21, 2013. 7826:"The British Invasion" 6536:The Hollywood Reporter 5703:. New York: NYU Press. 5660:Hill, Annette (2005). 5557:. Mumblecore director 5159:Fifteen Million Merits 4957:Pop culture references 4737:, or include gossip". 4683:The Real World: Boston 4477:Mike "The Miz" Mizanin 4354: 4351:best-selling boy bands 4245:surveillance societies 4198:(a local imitation of 3978:Criticism and analysis 3722:Dancing with the Stars 3669:professional wrestling 3594:American Ninja Warrior 3408:Dancing with the Stars 3327:(for tattoo artists), 3248:I Know My Kid's a Star 3157: 3142:Chef and restaurateur 2966:Dancing with the Stars 2948:Dancing with the Stars 2836:professional wrestling 2818:paranormal researchers 2770:reality shows such as 2580:Restaurant: Impossible 2434:Hoarding: Buried Alive 2386:(style and grooming), 1881:Southern United States 1833:Big Fat Gypsy Weddings 1687: 1378:several months later. 1280:Dancing with the Stars 1244: 1229:, who competed on the 1145:Dancing with the Stars 1031:Global Reality Channel 925:Dancing with the Stars 856: 531:television documentary 356: 260:The American Sportsman 52:television programming 10803:on December 10, 2015. 10449:on December 27, 2002. 9693:Vidal, Belén (2012). 9463:on December 24, 2005. 8905:May 11, 2013, at the 8749:. November 23, 2015. 8719:. November 20, 2016. 8438:. September 8, 2005. 8398:Popular Communication 8346:May 15, 2010, at the 7677:. February 10, 2014. 7485:. November 10, 2016. 7416:. November 19, 2004. 6745:. September 4, 2020. 6274:Popular Communication 5756:. December 21, 2012. 5538:In 2007, broadcaster 5532:The Other Boleyn Girl 4637:Governor of São Paulo 4617:Parliament of Finland 4508:, and Sam Frost from 4331: 3989:"Reality" as misnomer 3982:Further information: 3924:I Wanna Marry "Harry" 3757:Texas Tech University 3701:Celebrity Bainisteoir 3293:(for sportscasters), 3233:(for home builders), 3141: 3012:, which combines the 2958:Primetime Emmy Awards 2850:Further information: 2762:paranormal television 2760:Further information: 2441:. The British series 1907:Dog the Bounty Hunter 1682: 1608:The Only Way Is Essex 1588:The Only Way Is Essex 1492:Primetime Emmy Awards 1225: 832: 704:Strictly Come Dancing 478:, a series hosted by 340: 331:The Beatles: Get Back 204:Truth or Consequences 186:Original Amateur Hour 177:The Candid Microphone 10120:10.1093/joc/53.4.624 10022:10.1386/jmpr.5.1.7/0 9511:. October 13, 2008. 9453:"The Prize of Peril" 9197:Youth Media Reporter 9178:China Media Research 8777:www.radioinfo.com.au 8747:www.radioinfo.com.au 8717:www.radioinfo.com.au 8687:www.radioinfo.com.au 8657:www.radioinfo.com.au 8585:The Atlantic Monthly 8473:on February 8, 2007. 8325:, James Calderwood, 8223:Lynch, Marc (2006). 7887:on January 28, 2015. 7831:Entertainment Weekly 6452:Entertainment Weekly 6094:on October 28, 2021. 5920:. Television/Radio. 5800:The News and Courier 5540:Krishnan Guru-Murthy 5366:Parks and Recreation 5248:(2001) is a comedic 5130:Britain's Got Talent 5127:(an amalgamation of 4981:gone horribly wrong. 4909:(1982) is a book by 4423:Elisabeth Hasselbeck 4192:singing competition 4103:In contrast, critic 3837:Last Chance for Love 3831:-like show entitled 3661:The Ultimate Fighter 3648:The Ultimate Fighter 3431:Celebrity Apprentice 3345:(for game testers). 3209:(for hair styling), 2960:have nominated both 2880:improve this article 2840:softcore pornography 2792:. In series such as 2718:Just for Laughs Gags 2659:solitary confinement 2555:Business improvement 1810:(polygamists from a 1693:The Anna Nicole Show 1636:Desperate Housewives 1496:unstructured reality 1386:I Can See Your Voice 1369:I Can See Your Voice 1349:Entertainment Weekly 1340:Back in Time for Tea 1250:The Voice of Holland 1236:The Voice of Holland 1156:American Idol Rewind 1091:Desperate Housewives 997:networks, including 804:television seasons. 549:broadcast prime-time 489:Thrill of a Lifetime 9679:Philadelphia Weekly 9657:on January 18, 2018 9537:Doctor Who Magazine 9481:. August 22, 2008. 8926:The Huffington Post 8875:. December 21, 2011 8779:. January 5, 2017. 8565:; Nick Couldry, in 8287:The Weekly Standard 8031:Reality TV Magazine 7855:. August 19, 2002. 7768:The Washington Post 7717:on November 2, 2012 7710:The Washington Post 7578:The Daily Telegraph 7210:on December 2, 2009 7178:"Your Cheatin' Art" 7155:Gazet van Antwerpen 7126:. BuzzMachine.com. 6922:. Lexington Books. 6181:The Washington Post 5827:on December 4, 2008 5360:Summer Heights High 5314:Operation Good Guys 5052:Slumdog Millionaire 4874:(also published as 4870:(1973), a novel by 4710:The Girls Next Door 4698:from 2010 to 2019. 4692:U.S. Representative 4651:from 2017 to 2022. 4639:from 2018 to 2022. 4496:, Mick Newell from 4407:Rachel Campos-Duffy 4153:, a show featuring 3801:Parodies and hoaxes 3763:roster position on 3659:competition series 3519:Expedition Robinson 3483:Guy's Grocery Games 3339:(for marksmen) and 3333:(for songwriters), 3278:MuchMusic VJ Search 3263:(for drag queens), 3242:Last Comic Standing 3127:Farmer Wants a Wife 2986:American Gladiators 2916:reality competition 2583:(for restaurants), 2439:compulsive hoarding 2341:Extreme Weight Loss 2297:Alaskan Bush People 1784:All-American Muslim 1504:reality-competition 1401:American adaptation 1380:King of Mask Singer 1375:King of Mask Singer 1333:Following from the 1187:in the category of 833:Dutch media tycoon 784:led the ratings in 744:Expedition Robinson 713:, and the revamped 647:Expedition Robinson 44:Reality television 18:Reality competition 10841:Reality television 10757:Walter, T (2010). 10264:The New York Times 9441:on August 7, 2015. 9066:The New York Times 8808:The New York Times 8689:. April 10, 2013. 8545:, October 21, 2012 8543:The New York Times 8541:; Mark Adrejevic, 8190:Seitz, Matt Zoller 7980:St. Martin's Press 7875:"The Unreal World" 7848:Reality TV World. 7445:The New York Times 7323:The New York Times 7235:The New York Times 7184:on August 14, 2009 6653:. March 18, 2020. 6623:. March 18, 2020. 6503:Yonhap News Agency 6225:The World from PRX 5918:The New York Times 5717:. Infoplease.com. 5529:The 2003 BBC film 5500:, was adapted for 5492:The Dudesons Movie 5481:Jackass: The Movie 4978:An American Family 4942:Vengeance on Varos 4867:The Unsleeping Eye 4834:Bread and Circuses 4801:Das Millionenspiel 4788:A King in New York 4633:Mayor of São Paulo 4553:15 minutes of fame 4355: 4339:formed during the 4332:The English-Irish 4249:The New York Times 4243:relationship with 3954:De Grote Donorshow 3913:astronaut training 3847:; its broadcaster 3816:The Joe Schmo Show 3657:mixed martial arts 3385:The Sound of Music 3296:American Candidate 3260:RuPaul's Drag Race 3257:(for filmmakers), 3158: 3115:Married by America 3051:Project Greenlight 2996:The Price Is Right 2929:disapproval voting 2780:phenomena such as 2534:While You Were Out 2498:Love It or List It 2444:Sort Your Life Out 2331:Celebrity Fit Club 2253:Restaurant Startup 2226:daytime television 2176:The People's Court 2167:The People's Court 2149:Famous Jury Trials 1997:and its spinoffs. 1958:Lizard Lick Towing 1949:and its spinoffs, 1836:and its spinoffs ( 1688: 1657:Love & Hip Hop 1531:– hence the terms 1525:factual television 1500:structured reality 1245: 1148:were picked up by 936:reality game shows 857: 721:tabloid talk shows 621:An American Family 597:An American Family 577:in its new series 499:on the NBC series 429:Living in the Past 366:An American Family 357: 348:An American Family 305:Guide to Film 2007 241:Granada Television 102:, and traditional 10846:Television genres 10092:Griffen-Foley, B. 10084:978-0-7864-1668-4 9936: 9935: 9928: 8965:Los Angeles Times 8350:, Kristen Chick, 8294:on March 11, 2007 8257:. March 1, 2004. 8204:on August 5, 2012 8192:(July 13, 2010). 8095:978-1-4013-2430-8 8037:on April 22, 2012 8012:Los Angeles Times 7982:. pp. 175 - 178, 7931:documentary, 2004 7805:on April 10, 2009 7675:Los Angeles Times 7584:on April 22, 2014 6929:978-0-7391-3317-0 6743:Los Angeles Times 6651:thenewsminute.com 6183:. June 12, 2016. 6064:. Washington DC. 5952:. July 22, 2016. 5771:The Post-Standard 5673:978-0-415-26152-4 5579:Television portal 5396:Abbott Elementary 5390:Trial & Error 5342:Trailer Park Boys 5278:child pornography 4806:Le Prix du Danger 4740:A 2012 survey by 4675:Lencke Wischhusen 4649:National Assembly 4557:Kardashian family 4411:Kristin Cavallari 4324:Instant celebrity 4296:Ice Road Truckers 4284:Television critic 4274:police procedural 4105:Matt Zoller Seitz 3887:spinning a wheel. 3477:Cutthroat Kitchen 3459:Come Dine with Me 3313:prosthetic makeup 3284:Food Network Star 3245:(for comedians), 3153:Food Network Star 3081:Temptation Island 3032:, which uses the 3029:American Inventor 3023:The Biggest Loser 2912: 2911: 2904: 2766:Supernatural and 2665:The Dutch series 2605:social experiment 2599:Social experiment 2504:Property Brothers 2413:From G's to Gents 2392:(child-rearing), 2383:Snog Marry Avoid? 2336:The Biggest Loser 2259:Show Me the Monet 2244:startup companies 2104:U8TV: The Lofters 2091:Temptation Island 2037:Antiques Roadshow 1988:Ice Road Truckers 1952:Bikini Barbershop 1860:My Super Sweet 16 1854:Platinum Weddings 1814:splinter group), 1802:Persian-Americans 1789:Lebanese-American 1757:Beyond Boundaries 1510:Documentary-style 1453:COVID-19 pandemic 1413:The Masked Dancer 966:The Biggest Loser 895:Come Dine with Me 889:The Biggest Loser 639:Robert Kardashian 564:, which aired on 468:and co-hosted by 461:That's Incredible 436:English village. 396:The Newlywed Game 359:The 12-part 1973 320:and released the 269:outdoor adventure 96:sports television 16:(Redirected from 10853: 10804: 10802: 10796:. 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Stern 4511:The Bachelorette 4499:My Kitchen Rules 4467:Spencer Matthews 4463:Bethenny Frankel 4403:Nabilla Benattia 4383:Stephen Colletti 4309:The Amazing Race 4287:James Poniewozik 4226:Jika Aku Menjadi 4075:The Bachelorette 4057:Hogan Knows Best 3742:Drive to Survive 3671:talent searches 3367:The Glee Project 3109:Love in the Wild 3075:The Bachelorette 2975:Game shows like 2907: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2864: 2856: 2807:Paranormal State 2736:Sorry voor alles 2700:Trigger Happy TV 2628:Holiday Showdown 2562:We Mean Business 2516:Designed to Sell 2365:What Not to Wear 2353:Extreme Makeover 2291:Naked and Afraid 2266:Outdoor survival 2205:Judge Mills Lane 2128:The Surreal Life 2019:American Pickers 1940:American Chopper 1723:Hogan Knows Best 1668:Ex-Wives of Rock 1651:Basketball Wives 1552:Soap-opera style 1395:, respectively. 1123:The Amazing Race 1057:The Amazing Race 751:The Amazing Race 677:self-improvement 660:), added to the 446:George Schlatter 224:You Asked for It 21: 10861: 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5567: 5554: 5511:The Real Cancun 5429:The First Years 5305: 5267:Margaret Atwood 5216: 5097:, jealous over 5078:Valerie Cherish 5068: 5040:American Dreamz 4998:The Truman Show 4967: 4959: 4906:The Running Man 4793:Charlie Chaplin 4768:The 10th Victim 4762:Robert Sheckley 4750: 4726: 4704: 4597:Lado Gurgenidze 4568: 4443:Tiffany Pollard 4415:Colby Donaldson 4375:Jacinda Barrett 4326: 4291:Deadliest Catch 4266: 4119: 4110:Deadliest Catch 4039:Joe Millionaire 3991: 3986: 3980: 3959:kidney donation 3803: 3710:Gaelic football 3698:, Irish series 3578: 3507: 3440: 3391:Rock Star: INXS 3305:(for artists), 3275:(for dancers), 3136: 3121:The Dating Game 3072:, its spin-off 3063: 3045:Making the Band 2991:Deal or No Deal 2946:series and the 2908: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2877: 2865: 2854: 2848: 2764: 2758: 2681: 2616:Trading Spouses 2601: 2589:(for bars) and 2557: 2522:Holmes on Homes 2460: 2447:, presented by 2320: 2268: 2234: 2193:Judge Joe Brown 2143: 2137: 2116:The Simple Life 2046: 2003: 1982:Deadliest Catch 1931:Motorway Patrol 1925:Border Security 1889: 1845:Real Housewives 1797:Shahs of Sunset 1769:The Undateables 1736: 1620:Real Housewives 1612:Made in Chelsea 1600:Freshwater Blue 1594:Made in Chelsea 1554: 1517:fly on the wall 1512: 1473: 1449: 1407:Game of Talents 1255:John de Mol Jr. 1227:Duncan Laurence 1220: 1079:The Simple Life 941:Deal or No Deal 835:John de Mol Jr. 729: 616:Sylvania Waters 609:Avid Technology 601:Charlie Brooker 547:, Illinois and 497:Shawn Weatherly 442: 390:The Dating Game 322:homonymous film 233: 151:Queen for a Day 146: 128: 92:television news 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10859: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10829: 10828: 10817: 10816:External links 10814: 10813: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10772:(5): 853–860. 10754: 10726:(4): 359–383. 10715: 10697:(2): 199–215. 10686: 10676:(2): 246–271. 10665: 10621: 10606: 10603: 10599:10.1086/432238 10593:(2): 284–296. 10578: 10575: 10557:(4): 363–378. 10546: 10528:(3): 451–459. 10517: 10499:(1): 288–297. 10488: 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D1. 7308: 7278: 7252: 7221: 7195: 7168: 7141: 7114: 7071: 7047: 7021: 7000: 6986: 6966: 6935: 6928: 6908: 6895:(2): 195–212. 6875: 6862: 6827: 6808:(4): 421–447. 6791: 6760: 6730: 6699: 6668: 6638: 6608: 6577: 6546: 6521: 6488: 6457: 6438: 6414: 6387: 6363: 6330: 6299: 6280:(4): 241–255. 6261: 6242: 6211: 6198: 6168: 6149: 6123: 6097: 6079: 6048: 6015: 5984: 5967: 5935: 5904: 5898:978-1904764045 5897: 5871: 5838: 5805: 5779: 5745: 5732: 5705: 5692: 5679: 5672: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5641:TV consumption 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5601:(2023 TV show) 5595: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5566: 5563: 5552:The Real World 5506:The Real World 5402:Drawn Together 5330:People Like Us 5304: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5281: 5261:Oryx and Crake 5257: 5241: 5228:that parodies 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5183: 5171: 5155: 5147: 5116: 5102: 5095:Christian Troy 5081: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5062: 5048: 5036: 5028: 5020: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4966: 4963: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4938: 4919: 4902: 4893: 4885: 4863: 4851: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4810: 4797: 4784: 4776:You're Another 4772: 4749: 4746: 4725: 4722: 4703: 4702:Youth audience 4700: 4645:The Apprentice 4625:The Apprentice 4613:The Apprentice 4601:The Apprentice 4592:The Apprentice 4584:U.S. President 4573:The Apprentice 4567: 4564: 4538:Kim Kardashian 4534:Kelly Osbourne 4431:Rebecca Jarvis 4419:Raffaella Fico 4399:Angela Trimbur 4387:David Giuntoli 4371:Lilian Afegbai 4341:seventh series 4325: 4322: 4265: 4262: 4150:Million's Poet 4118: 4115: 4027:The Real World 4015:47 U.S.C. 4005:Shows such as 3996:soft-scripting 3990: 3987: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3962: 3949: 3945:Nathan Fielder 3936:Nathan for You 3932: 3920: 3917:space tourists 3909:Thrill Seekers 3900: 3895:, a parody of 3888: 3869:The Apprentice 3867:, a parody of 3860: 3857:Joe Schmo Show 3841:bounty hunting 3802: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3778: 3774:All or Nothing 3727: 3726: 3725: 3718:figure skating 3714:Dancing on Ice 3577: 3574: 3550:Project Runway 3530:a hidden totem 3506: 3503: 3492:Forged in Fire 3439: 3436: 3425:Celebracadabra 3413:Dancing on Ice 3364:film series), 3212:Project Runway 3203:(for bakers), 3184:Hell's Kitchen 3178:The Apprentice 3135: 3132: 3093:Flavor of Love 3062: 3059: 2910: 2909: 2868: 2866: 2859: 2847: 2844: 2827:New York Times 2790:haunted houses 2757: 2754: 2685:hidden cameras 2680: 2679:Hidden cameras 2677: 2622:Bad Girls Club 2600: 2597: 2595:(for hotels). 2556: 2553: 2479:Trading Spaces 2473:Changing Rooms 2464:This Old House 2459: 2456: 2449:Stacey Solomon 2371:How Do I Look? 2319: 2316: 2267: 2264: 2233: 2230: 2211:Judge Hatchett 2139:Main article: 2136: 2133: 2075:The 1900 House 2062:The Real World 2051:The Real World 2045: 2042: 2031:Comic Book Men 2002: 1999: 1888: 1885: 1817:Breaking Amish 1735: 1732: 1685:Kim Kardashian 1663:Hollywood Exes 1553: 1550: 1511: 1508: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1472: 1469: 1448: 1445: 1440:Forged in Fire 1328:Duck Commander 1219: 1216: 1211:The Apprentice 1063:Project Runway 980:originated in 962:Project Runway 919:Project Runway 855:, among others 823:Victorian Farm 817:Bad Lad's Army 811:The 1900 House 728: 725: 672:Changing Rooms 635:Kim Kardashian 593:The Real World 589:The Real World 580:The Real World 475:That's My Line 470:Fran Tarkenton 466:Alan Landsburg 441: 438: 408:The 1976–1980 371:nuclear family 237:United Kingdom 232: 229: 198:Beat the Clock 157:Cash and Carry 145: 142: 127: 124: 58:The Real World 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10858: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10836: 10827: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10809: 10806: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10760: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10627: 10622: 10618: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10604: 10600: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10460: 10456: 10453: 10448: 10444: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10419:9780525508991 10415: 10411: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10280: 10277: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10226: 10224: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10190: 10186: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10080: 10076: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9947: 9943: 9938: 9937: 9930: 9927: 9919: 9909: 9908:editing guide 9903: 9899: 9894: 9885: 9884: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9852: 9847: 9844: 9843:0-253-34064-0 9840: 9836: 9832: 9830: 9829:0-8147-5688-3 9826: 9822: 9818: 9815: 9812: 9811:0-415-26152-X 9808: 9805:. Routledge. 9804: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9789: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9706:9780231850049 9702: 9698: 9697: 9689: 9681: 9680: 9672: 9656: 9652: 9647: 9639: 9623: 9619: 9618: 9617:The A.V. Club 9613: 9606: 9599: 9598:0-230-60554-0 9595: 9589: 9582: 9581:0-7766-0613-1 9578: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9560:0-521-83966-1 9557: 9551: 9543: 9542:Panini Comics 9539: 9538: 9530: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9500: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9470: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9440: 9436: 9429: 9421: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9324: 9315: 9313: 9303: 9294: 9286: 9285:The Economist 9279: 9260: 9253: 9252: 9244: 9237: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9210: 9203:(1–6): 87–91. 9202: 9198: 9191: 9183: 9179: 9172: 9164: 9160: 9153: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9118: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9087: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9025: 9014:September 13, 9010: 9006: 9000: 8989:September 13, 8985: 8981: 8974: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8955: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8922: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8909:. Hollyscoop. 8908: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8881: 8874: 8873: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8856: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8835: 8829: 8813: 8810:. p. 2. 8809: 8805: 8798: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8738: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8708: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8648: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8617: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8594: 8586: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8528: 8520: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8441: 8437: 8436:The Economist 8433: 8427: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8362: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8337: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8312: 8310: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8276: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8230: 8226: 8219: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8133: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8117: 8112: 8103: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8048: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8004: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7988:0-312-58889-5 7985: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7930: 7926: 7921: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7894: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7845: 7837: 7834:. p. 3. 7833: 7832: 7827: 7820: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7743: 7739: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7706: 7704: 7696: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7633: 7617: 7613: 7612:The A.V. Club 7609: 7602: 7600: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7535: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7474: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7372: 7364: 7358: 7351: 7345: 7329: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7312: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7282: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7225: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7145: 7129: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7068: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7051: 7035: 7031: 7025: 7010: 7004: 6989: 6987:9781317150428 6983: 6980:. Routledge. 6979: 6978: 6970: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6939: 6931: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6912: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6866: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6764: 6753:September 22, 6748: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6525: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6418: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6367: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6323:September 10, 6318: 6314: 6310: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6259: 6255: 6252: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6202: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6137: 6133: 6127: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6072:September 10, 6067: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5971: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5884: 5875: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5842: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5789: 5783: 5776: 5772: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5739:Alex McNeil, 5736: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5696: 5689: 5683: 5675: 5669: 5666:. Routledge. 5665: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5560: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5518: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5497:Dirty Sanchez 5493: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5472:. The series 5471: 5470:Candid Camera 5467: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5456:reality films 5452: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5437:sketch comedy 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5373: 5372:Modern Family 5368: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5288:Lauren Conrad 5285: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5237:The Osbournes 5233: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5208: 5207:Anne Robinson 5204: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5099:Sean McNamara 5096: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5045:American Idol 5042: 5041: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4962: 4952:propositions. 4950: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4917: 4912: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4821:Candid Camera 4818: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671:Tomio Okamura 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4641:Bruno Bonnell 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4609:Harry Harkimo 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4530:Nicole Richie 4527: 4523: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4455:Lauren Conrad 4452: 4451:Gemma Collins 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4427:Katie Hopkins 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4391:Vishal Karwal 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4337:One Direction 4335: 4330: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4269: 4261: 4259: 4258:neoliberalism 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4210: 4209:Beijing Today 4205: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161:Arabic poetry 4158: 4157: 4152: 4151: 4147:began airing 4146: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4124: 4123:authoritarian 4114: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3997: 3985: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3897:American Idol 3894: 3893: 3892:Superstar USA 3889: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3833:Lap of Luxury 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3752:Knight School 3748: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3708:of mid-level 3707: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3643: 3642:The Contender 3638: 3637:combat sports 3634: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3610:The Big Break 3606: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3542:Biggest Loser 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3355:Scream Queens 3351: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3201: 3197:(for chefs), 3196: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3131: 3129: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3071: 3070: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3003: 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The series 2720: 2719: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2689:Candid Camera 2686: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2646: 2645:without sleep 2642: 2641: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2274: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2254: 2250:. The series 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2161:Divorce Court 2157: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2097:The Challenge 2093: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2025:Hardcore Pawn 2021: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2010: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1865:coming of age 1862: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1838:Romani people 1835: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1775:Seven Dwarves 1771: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1746: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1699:The Osbournes 1695: 1694: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1444: 1442: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1398: 1397:Masked Singer 1394: 1393: 1392:Masked Singer 1388: 1387: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1276:American Idol 1272: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1253:, created by 1252: 1251: 1242: 1238: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 991: 989: 988: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 954: 949: 948: 943: 942: 937: 933: 932: 927: 926: 921: 920: 915: 914: 909: 908: 903: 902: 897: 896: 891: 890: 885: 881: 877: 876: 871: 870: 865: 864: 854: 853: 848: 847: 842: 841: 836: 831: 827: 825: 824: 819: 818: 813: 812: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 778: 777:American Idol 773: 769: 768: 763: 759: 758: 753: 752: 746: 745: 741: 736: 735: 724: 722: 718: 717: 712: 711: 706: 705: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687: 682: 678: 674: 673: 667: 663: 659: 658: 653: 649: 648: 642: 640: 636: 631: 629: 624: 622: 618: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 581: 576: 571: 567: 563: 562: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 539:, focused on 538: 537: 532: 528: 527:cinéma vérité 524: 520: 516: 512: 511: 506: 502: 498: 495: 494:Miss Universe 491: 490: 485: 481: 477: 476: 471: 467: 463: 462: 457: 453: 452: 447: 437: 435: 431: 430: 424: 422: 421:Sheena Easton 417: 416: 411: 406: 404: 403: 402:The Gong Show 398: 397: 392: 391: 386: 382: 378: 377: 372: 368: 367: 362: 354: 350: 349: 344: 339: 335: 333: 332: 327: 326:Peter Jackson 323: 319: 318: 313: 308: 306: 304: 299: 295: 294: 293:Chelsea Girls 289: 288:Direct Cinema 284: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 261: 255: 253: 248: 247: 242: 239:in 1964, the 238: 228: 226: 225: 220: 216: 212: 211: 206: 205: 200: 199: 194: 193: 188: 187: 184: 179: 178: 173: 172: 171:Candid Camera 167: 166:hidden camera 163: 159: 158: 153: 152: 141: 139: 138: 137:Candid Camera 133: 123: 120: 115: 113: 109: 108:hidden camera 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 88:Documentaries 85: 82: 78: 77: 72: 71: 66: 65: 60: 59: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 10798:the original 10769: 10765: 10723: 10719: 10694: 10690: 10673: 10669: 10636: 10632: 10614: 10590: 10586: 10554: 10550: 10525: 10521: 10496: 10492: 10467: 10463: 10447:the original 10442:The Observer 10440: 10435:Ogle, Tina. 10409: 10384: 10380: 10354: 10350: 10325: 10321: 10296: 10292: 10268:. 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Retrieved 5708: 5700: 5695: 5687: 5682: 5662: 5655: 5616:John Langley 5598: 5588:Broadcasting 5559:Joe Swanberg 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5528: 5521: 5517:Keep Running 5515: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5487:The Dudesons 5485: 5479: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5453: 5447: 5440: 5434: 5432:is a drama. 5427: 5421: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5318: 5312: 5309:mockumentary 5306: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5253: 5243: 5235: 5231:The X Factor 5229: 5219: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5180:The Bachelor 5179: 5173: 5167:Black Mirror 5165: 5149: 5142:The X Factor 5140: 5134: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5110: 5104: 5088: 5073:The Comeback 5071: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5030: 5022: 5014: 5008: 4996: 4989:(1994) is a 4984: 4976: 4970: 4960: 4946: 4940: 4935:Max Headroom 4934: 4930:Max Headroom 4928: 4922: 4911:Stephen King 4904: 4896: 4889:Kate Wilhelm 4879: 4875: 4872:D.G. Compton 4865: 4858:(1968) is a 4853: 4848:gladiatorial 4844:Roman Empire 4837: 4820: 4816: 4804: 4800: 4786: 4781:Damon Knight 4774: 4766: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4715: 4708: 4705: 4686:cast member 4681: 4679: 4677:of Germany. 4669:of Finland, 4661:of Denmark, 4659:Tommy Ahlers 4655:Dragons' Den 4654: 4653: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4619:since 2015. 4612: 4600: 4590: 4587:Donald Trump 4579:Dragons' Den 4577: 4571: 4569: 4561: 4546: 4526:Paris Hilton 4519: 4516: 4509: 4505:The Bachelor 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4481:David Otunga 4472:Jersey Shore 4470: 4447:Whitney Port 4439:Heidi Montag 4367:The X Factor 4366: 4362: 4356: 4353:of all time. 4346:The X Factor 4344: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4270: 4267: 4248: 4238: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4207: 4204:text-message 4199: 4193: 4187: 4180: 4174: 4154: 4148: 4145:Abu Dhabi TV 4142: 4133: 4127: 4120: 4108: 4102: 4095: 4087:Storage Wars 4085: 4079: 4073: 4069:The Bachelor 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4023: 4011:Amazing Race 4010: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3964: 3952: 3941:mockumentary 3939:, a reality 3934: 3929:Prince Harry 3922: 3908: 3904:Space Cadets 3902: 3896: 3890: 3881:Donald Trump 3876: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3814: 3804: 3791: 3788:women in WWE 3781: 3772: 3767:under coach 3759:vying for a 3750: 3740: 3730: 3721: 3713: 3712:teams), and 3699: 3693: 3684: 3678: 3674:Tough Enough 3672: 3660: 3646: 3640: 3630: 3624: 3620:Crash Course 3618: 3608: 3598: 3592: 3579: 3570:Donald Trump 3565: 3561: 3557: 3554:Lego Masters 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3481: 3475: 3471:Cupcake Wars 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3444: 3441: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3400:J.D. Fortune 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3330:Platinum Hit 3328: 3322: 3316: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3206:Shear Genius 3204: 3198: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3151: 3148:Food Network 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3069:The Bachelor 3067: 3064: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3010:Star Academy 3009: 3007: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2977:Weakest Link 2976: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942:series, the 2939: 2935: 2933: 2918:", "reality 2915: 2913: 2898: 2889: 2878:Please help 2873:verification 2870: 2825: 2822:night vision 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2771: 2765: 2744: 2742: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2673:The Traitors 2672: 2668:De Verraders 2666: 2664: 2648: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2546: 2542:Pimp My Ride 2540: 2539: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2492:Flip or Flop 2490: 2484: 2477: 2471: 2463: 2461: 2453: 2442: 2432: 2426: 2422:Life Laundry 2420: 2418: 2411: 2407:Charm School 2405: 2401:Tool Academy 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2321: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2300:. The shows 2295: 2289: 2283: 2279:Man vs. Wild 2277: 2271: 2269: 2257: 2251: 2239:Dragons' Den 2237: 2235: 2223: 2219:court of law 2216: 2209: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2187:Judge Mathis 2185: 2179: 2175: 2165: 2159: 2155:Your Witness 2153: 2147: 2144: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2102: 2095: 2089: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2007: 2004: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1978: 1973:Bondi Rescue 1971: 1965: 1963: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1919:Traffic Cops 1917: 1913:Police Stop! 1911: 1905: 1901:The First 48 1899: 1893: 1890: 1876:Duck Dynasty 1874: 1868: 1858: 1852: 1851:, including 1844: 1842: 1831: 1821: 1815: 1807:Sister Wives 1805: 1795: 1782: 1780: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1642:Peyton Place 1640: 1634: 1631:Laguna Beach 1630: 1624: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1577:Laguna Beach 1576: 1572:Laguna Beach 1571: 1565: 1558: 1555: 1547: 1536: 1532: 1513: 1506:" programs. 1488: 1474: 1464: 1463:versions of 1450: 1438: 1432: 1428:Lego Masters 1426: 1420: 1418: 1411: 1405: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1323:Duck Dynasty 1321: 1320: 1300:Venn diagram 1295: 1289: 1285:The Bachelor 1283: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1266: 1265: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1234: 1231:fifth season 1209: 1203: 1174: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1154: 1143: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 992: 985: 978:Dragons' Den 977: 970:Dragons' Den 969: 965: 961: 957: 953:Weakest Link 951: 945: 939: 931:Dragons' Den 929: 923: 917: 911: 905: 899: 893: 887: 883: 879: 875:The X Factor 873: 869:Star Academy 867: 861: 858: 850: 844: 838: 821: 815: 809: 806: 789: 781: 775: 771: 765: 755: 749: 738: 732: 730: 714: 708: 702: 695:Street Match 694: 684: 670: 665: 661: 655: 645: 643: 632: 626:The 1994–95 625: 620: 614: 613: 596: 592: 588: 584: 578: 569: 559: 557: 534: 508: 500: 487: 473: 459: 455: 449: 443: 427: 425: 415:The Big Time 413: 407: 400: 394: 388: 385:Chuck Barris 374: 364: 358: 346: 329: 315: 309: 301: 291: 286:In the 1966 285: 281:scuba diving 258: 256: 244: 243:documentary 234: 222: 214: 208: 202: 196: 190: 181: 175: 169: 155: 149: 147: 135: 129: 116: 86: 74: 68: 62: 56: 43: 42: 40: 10811:Associates. 10653:10871/16559 10069:Associates. 10016:(1): 7–24. 9184:(4): 80–94. 9107:December 6, 7972:Hogan, Hulk 7655:October 29, 6471:MarketWatch 6356:October 10, 6163:Vanity Fair 6111:Vanity Fair 6041:October 31, 6008:November 6, 5853:Vanity Fair 5793:October 17, 5764:October 17, 5631:Low culture 5611:Matt Kunitz 5523:Running Man 5414:The Muppets 5408:Total Drama 5405:(2004) and 5393:(2017) and 5273:Noodie News 5256:-like show. 5254:Big Brother 5245:Dead Famous 5221:Chart Throb 5197:Big Brother 5151:Rock Rivals 5112:Big Brother 5047:-like show. 4881:Death Watch 4667:Anne Berner 4665:of Israel, 4493:Big Brother 4435:Jodie Marsh 4395:NeNe Leakes 4379:Jamie Chung 4359:celebrities 4241:ideological 4234:consumerism 4230:materialism 4182:Indian Idol 4165:Hissa Hilal 4138:Matt Labash 4134:Big Brother 3853:Full Bounty 3845:Full Bounty 3829:Big Brother 3783:Total Divas 3747:Formula One 3732:Hard Knocks 3680:Diva Search 3615:auto racing 3562:Big Brother 3538:Big Brother 3498:The Butcher 3302:Work of Art 3098:Flavor Flav 3087:Average Joe 3014:Big Brother 2953:Star Search 2936:Big Brother 2924:elimination 2786:telekinesis 2655:Fox Reality 2548:Overhaulin' 2468:Jeff Jarvis 2273:Survivorman 2232:Investments 2135:Court shows 2069:Big Brother 1823:Amish Mafia 1734:Subcultures 1670:(2012) and 1529:soap operas 1465:Big Brother 1316:pawnbrokers 1294:Magazine's 1185:Emmy Awards 1097:Fear Factor 1046:syndication 1039:CBS Reality 1027:Fox Reality 987:Indian Idol 976:. Although 934:. Several " 884:Big Brother 846:Fear Factor 840:Big Brother 734:Big Brother 644:The series 558:The series 456:Real People 451:Real People 440:1980s–1990s 312:the Beatles 303:Radio Times 298:Andy Warhol 257:The series 231:1960s–1970s 144:1940s–1950s 112:court shows 81:franchises. 76:Big Brother 32:CBS Reality 10835:Categories 10428:1412177613 10102:Routledge. 9900:" section 9646:Kroll Show 9600:, pp.43,49 9406:(2): 190. 9371:(2): 207. 9165:: 406–436. 9035:The Corner 8143:Daily News 8097:pp. 70, 89 7747:August 31, 7721:August 26, 7245:January 7, 7214:October 4, 6784:August 27, 6723:August 22, 6692:August 22, 6661:August 22, 6631:August 22, 6621:theweek.in 6570:August 22, 5976:Oceanquest 5775:Curt Gowdy 5648:References 5547:mumblecore 5460:Allen Funt 5448:Kroll Show 5442:Kroll Show 5320:The Office 5284:L.A. 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