1139:
acceptability, so as to avoid the ambiguity that can arise from the use of more culturally neutral translations – though the opposite preference has prevailed in the past. One must also consider how the element of realia relates to the source culture in terms of importance and familiarity. If, for instance, it is rather common in the source culture, then providing an adequate translation creates an exotic note that was not there in the first place (though this can be justified by the fact that, after all, one is not dealing with an original, but a translation). If, on the contrary, the source culture perceives the element of realia as unusual, unless the translator renders such an element more culturally neutral, readers of the translation will most likely also perceive it as unusual. Another thing to keep in mind when establishing a translation strategy is that not all languages are equally open to "foreignisms", and how familiar speakers of that language may be with the realia one introduces. Some languages, such as
1143:, welcome such words and frequently integrate them into their vocabulary. Other languages, on the contrary, have the opposite tendency: they are wary of foreign words and are very impermeable to them. French is a good example of such protectionism. Lastly, the expected readership (which may or may not be similar to that of the original) influences the choice of a suitable translation strategy. For example, the name of a chemical compound will be translated differently depending on whether one expects the text to be read by chemists or schoolchildren.
47:
479:
primarily used in the scientific literature to designate things that pertain to the scientific sphere, and usually only appears in other kinds of texts to serve a very specific stylistic purpose. Realia, on the other hand, are born in popular culture, and are increasingly found in very diverse kinds of texts.
1138:
How suitable each of these solutions is depends on various factors. One of them is the type of text that is being translated. Adequate translations (in Toury's sense) of realia add some exoticism, a quality that is often desirable in fiction. For non-fiction, nowadays adequacy is usually preferred to
478:
translators Vlahov and Florin, who were the first to carry out an in-depth study of realia, coined the modern sense of the word. They indicate that since realia carry a very local overtone, they often pose a challenge for translation. Realia must not be confused with terminology: the latter is
397:
71:
992:
To translate realia, various strategies exist : they range from phonetic transcription to translation of the overall meaning. Israeli scholar
407:
310:
1031:
419:
445:
1004:(making the word entirely consistent with the target culture). Here are the various possibilities at hand for translating realia:
1074:
Using a different but related word from the source language, passing it off as the original word. For instance, the
Italian word
392:
996:
offers one way of defining such solutions. According to his characterization, each of these can be placed between two extremes:
1167:
279:
254:
806:
761:
305:
387:
295:
1232:
1211:
1199:
438:
361:
167:
208:
193:
1251:
818:
1008:
914:
474:, in which it originally meant "the real things", i.e. material things, as opposed to abstract ones. The
331:
300:
126:
269:
431:
976:
382:
1059:
Creating a new word, analogous to the original one, but which has a more local ring to it, e.g.
264:
172:
111:
86:
20:
1256:
960:
669:
347:
233:
131:
101:
66:
402:
259:
162:
106:
91:
1261:
1121:
Adding an adjective to help the reader identify the origin of the element of realia, as in
781:
777:
556:
414:
274:
116:
30:
8:
466:(plural noun) are words and expressions for culture-specific material elements. The word
341:
198:
157:
147:
121:
96:
1018:
Transcribing according to the target language's pronunciation rules. For instance, the
203:
81:
76:
1162:
964:
326:
177:
61:
1140:
352:
1152:
1064:
1037:
1012:
810:
357:
336:
834:
773:
508:
1245:
1223:
Osimo, Bruno. "Manuale del
Traduttore, Seconda Edizione". Hoepli, 2004, p. 64
852:
689:
249:
152:
1111:
Replacing the word with one that is more generic or international, such as
993:
950:
910:
822:
46:
1187:
1157:
697:
631:
548:
459:
228:
223:
38:
980:
946:
934:
918:
868:
830:
657:
377:
1093:
930:
906:
902:
888:
725:
673:
635:
581:
218:
483:, in particular, is fond of realia for the exotic touch they bring.
1127:
Translating the overall meaning. For example, the
English sentence
968:
922:
802:
701:
653:
621:
609:
585:
475:
1190:. "Manuale del Traduttore, Seconda Edizione". Hoepli, 2004, p. 63
1186:
Vlahov, S. and Florin, S. "Neperovodimoe v perevode. Realii", in
1099:
Replacing the word with a similar, local one, such as the French
942:
880:
856:
753:
735:
717:
705:
685:
639:
593:
577:
520:
516:
480:
213:
1011:(i.e. copying) the word, character by character. This is called
1044:
892:
884:
864:
826:
814:
798:
757:
743:
739:
721:
713:
709:
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681:
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372:
367:
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504:
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16:
Words and expressions for culture-specific material elements
972:
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860:
838:
769:
677:
665:
605:
560:
1015:
when the original word is written in a different alphabet.
491:
Vlahov and Florin classify them into various categories:
1129:Does the National Health Service cover this drug?
1243:
486:
1075:
439:
1100:
1067:
1052:
1029:
1023:
446:
432:
527:geographic objects tied to man's activity
788:
1244:
1168:Culturally Authentic Pictorial Lexicon
1131:could become, in an American context,
398:Bhagavad-gita translations by language
1087:Making the meaning explicit, such as
987:
255:Internationalization and localization
1200:"Geographic and Ethnographic Realia"
1080:is often translated into English as
13:
1235:"Logos", accessed on May 26, 2011.
388:Books and magazines on translation
14:
1273:
1084:, which in Italian means "milk".
1000:(closeness to the original) and
45:
1214:"Logos", accessed May 26, 2011.
1202:"Logos", accessed May 26, 2011.
1233:"How Realia Can Be Translated"
1226:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1180:
567:
420:Kural translations by language
393:Bible translations by language
168:Dynamic and formal equivalence
1:
1212:"Political and Social Realia"
1173:
408:List of most translated works
209:Translation management system
494:
487:Types and examples of realia
7:
1146:
1068:
1024:
10:
1278:
1105:(literally "new art") for
18:
1043:Creating a new word or a
899:political and social life
795:administrative divisions
732:ethnic characterizations
383:Journalistic translation
1133:Is this drug expensive?
1051:inspired by the French
265:Video game localization
173:Contrastive linguistics
21:Realia (disambiguation)
1101:
1076:
1053:
1047:, such as the English
1030:
348:Telephone interpreting
234:Multimedia translation
280:Software localization
260:Language localization
163:Translation criticism
92:Linguistic validation
845:organs and functions
789:Politics and society
470:comes from medieval
275:Website localization
19:For other uses, see
1252:Applied linguistics
1123:the Argentine pampa
752:: mile, kilometer,
342:Video relay service
199:Machine translation
158:Translation project
148:Translation studies
988:Translating realia
750:measures and money
670:commedia dell’arte
501:physical geography
204:Mobile translation
1163:Untranslatability
456:
455:
327:Untranslatability
178:Polysystem theory
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1224:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
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1191:
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1054:marché aux puces
1035:
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403:Translated books
353:Language barrier
270:Dub localization
49:
26:
25:
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1013:transliteration
990:
957:military realia
791:
650:art and culture
570:
545:endemic species
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489:
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358:Fan translation
337:Transliteration
127:Sense-for-sense
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1085:
1072:
1057:
1041:
1016:
989:
986:
985:
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954:
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842:
841:, promenade...
835:arrondissement
790:
787:
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785:
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729:
647:
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390:
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365:
362:of video games
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319:Related topics
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112:Interpretation
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50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
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3:
2:
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1257:Communication
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1213:
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1153:Anton PopoviÄŤ
1151:
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1134:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
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1103:
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1089:jewish temple
1086:
1083:
1078:
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1070:
1066:
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1058:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:acceptability
999:
995:
982:
978:
974:
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966:
962:
958:
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952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
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928:
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904:
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897:
894:
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836:
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828:
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783:
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771:
767:
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748:
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741:
737:
733:
730:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:cinco de mayo
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
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651:
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645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
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587:
583:
579:
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574:everyday life
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571:
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335:
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332:Transcription
330:
328:
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324:
323:
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318:
317:
312:
309:
307:
306:Organizations
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
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288:Institutional
287:
286:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
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250:Glocalization
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185:
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179:
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174:
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153:Skopos theory
151:
149:
146:
145:
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143:
139:
138:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
122:Word-for-word
120:
118:
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110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
72:Bhagavad-gita
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
1228:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1182:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1060:
1048:
1009:Transcribing
1001:
997:
994:Gideon Toury
991:
956:
951:fleur-de-lis
939:untouchables
911:Ku Klux Klan
898:
844:
823:principality
794:
749:
731:
649:
627:
573:
544:
526:
500:
490:
467:
463:
457:
296:Associations
242:Localization
186:Technologies
1262:Translation
1188:Bruno Osimo
1158:Translation
1102:art nouveau
1049:flea market
698:Santa Claus
632:carabinieri
568:Ethnography
460:translation
415:Translators
229:Postediting
224:Pre-editing
39:Translation
1246:Categories
1174:References
1117:Beaujolais
1107:Jugendstil
1077:cappuccino
1069:mu'adhdhin
981:cuirassier
947:union jack
919:slavophile
915:partigiani
869:chancellor
831:bidonville
807:department
658:tarantella
378:Scanlation
219:Subtitling
132:Homophonic
102:Regulatory
1094:synagogue
1063:from the
1032:cachemire
931:bolshevik
907:tupamaros
889:ayatollah
782:greenback
738:, Fritz,
726:synagogue
674:harlequin
636:concierge
582:spaghetti
495:Geography
476:Bulgarian
107:Technical
1147:See also
1113:red wine
1028:becomes
998:adequacy
977:katyusha
969:arquebus
923:lobbying
903:peronist
803:province
702:werewolf
654:kozachok
622:bungalow
610:sombrero
586:empanada
117:Cultural
67:Literary
31:a series
29:Part of
1141:Italian
1061:muezzin
965:phalanx
943:samurai
881:pharaoh
857:knesset
754:hectare
736:cockney
718:dervish
706:vampire
686:ramadan
640:machete
594:bistrot
578:paprika
557:sequoia
521:tsunami
517:tornado
509:mistral
481:Fiction
464:Realia
311:Schools
214:Dubbing
97:Medical
1065:Arabic
1045:calque
1038:French
1025:Kašmir
961:cohort
935:agrégé
893:satrap
885:vizier
865:senate
827:favela
819:canton
815:county
799:region
778:talent
774:peseta
758:gallon
744:yankee
740:gringo
722:pagoda
714:quaker
710:mormon
694:easter
682:geisha
602:kimono
539:bazaar
535:piazza
531:polder
513:steppe
468:realia
373:Fandub
368:Fansub
301:Awards
140:Theory
1082:latte
1022:word
1020:Hindi
973:AK-47
853:forum
849:agora
811:state
766:ruble
762:perch
662:banjo
644:bolas
618:igloo
614:jeans
598:sauna
590:cider
553:koala
505:fjord
472:Latin
344:(VRS)
87:Kural
82:Quran
77:Bible
62:Legal
54:Types
1115:for
1091:for
927:lord
877:shah
873:tzar
861:duma
839:souk
770:lira
678:bard
666:gong
628:work
606:sari
561:yeti
549:kiwi
1036:in
983:...
953:...
895:...
784:...
746:...
728:...
646:...
624:...
563:...
541:...
523:...
458:In
194:CAT
1248::
979:,
975:,
971:,
967:,
963:,
959::
949:,
945:,
941:,
937:,
933:,
929:,
925:,
921:,
917:,
913:,
909:,
905:,
901::
891:,
887:,
883:,
879:,
875:,
871:,
867:,
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855:,
851:,
847::
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829:,
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821:,
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805:,
801:,
797::
780:,
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772:,
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734::
724:,
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440:t
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360:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
