844:
a=range:npt=0-7.741000 a=length:npt=7.741000 a=rtpmap:96 MP4V-ES/5544 a=mimetype:string;"video/MP4V-ES" a=AvgBitRate:integer;304018 a=StreamName:string;"hinted video track" m=audio 0 RTP/AVP 97 a=control:streamid=1 a=range:npt=0-7.712000 a=length:npt=7.712000 a=rtpmap:97 mpeg4-generic/32000/2 a=mimetype:string;"audio/mpeg4-generic" a=AvgBitRate:integer;65790 a=StreamName:string;"hinted audio track"
1003:
if RTSP is carried over TCP. Stream data such as RTP packets is encapsulated by an ASCII dollar sign (24 hexadecimal), followed by a one-byte channel identifier, followed by the length of the encapsulated binary data as a binary, two-byte integer in network byte order. The stream data follows immediately afterwards, without a CRLF, but including the upper-layer protocol headers. Each $ block contains exactly one upper-layer protocol data unit, e.g., one RTP packet.
47:
1008:
RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 4 Session: 12345678 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 4 Session: 12345678 Date: 05 Jun 1997 18:59:15 GMT RTP-Info: url=rtsp://example.com/media.mp4;seq=232433;rtptime=972948234 S->C: $ \000{2 byte length}{"length" bytes data, w/RTP header} S->C: $ \000{2 byte length}{"length" bytes data, w/RTP header} S->C: $ \001{2 byte length}{"length" bytes RTCP packet}
839:(SDP) format. Among other things, the presentation description lists the media streams controlled with the aggregate URL. In the typical case, there is one media stream each for audio and video streams. The media stream URLs are either obtained directly from the SDP control fields or they are obtained by appending the SDP control field to the aggregate URL.
964:
S->C: GET_PARAMETER rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 9 Content-Type: text/parameters
Session: 12345678 Content-Length: 15 packets_received jitter C->S: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 9 Content-Length: 46 Content-Type: text/parameters
929:
C->S: ANNOUNCE rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 7 Date: 23 Jan 1997 15:35:06 GMT Session: 12345678 Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 332 v=0 o=mhandley 2890844526 2890845468 IN IP4 126.16.64.4 s=SDP Seminar i=A Seminar on
867:
C->S: SETUP rtsp://example.com/media.mp4/streamid=0 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 3 Transport: RTP/AVP;unicast;client_port=8000-8001 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 3 Transport: RTP/AVP;unicast;client_port=8000-8001;server_port=9000-9001;ssrc=1234ABCD Session: 12345678 C->S: SETUP
1002:
Certain firewall designs and other circumstances may force a server to interleave RTSP methods and stream data. This interleaving should generally be avoided unless necessary since it complicates client and server operation and imposes additional overhead. Interleaved binary data SHOULD only be used
1007:
C->S: SETUP rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 3 Transport: RTP/AVP/TCP;interleaved=0-1 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 3 Date: 05 Jun 1997 18:57:18 GMT Transport: RTP/AVP/TCP;interleaved=0-1 Session: 12345678 C->S: PLAY rtsp://example.com/media.mp4
877:
A PLAY request will cause one or all media streams to be played. Play requests can be stacked by sending multiple PLAY requests. The URL may be the aggregate URL (to play all media streams), or a single media stream URL (to play only that stream). A range can be specified. If no range is specified,
1044:
RTSPS - all data is encrypted (the RTSP commands, the media RTP data and the RTCP control messages) and uses a firewall-friendly single TCP socket. However, interleaving data and TLS stream encryption will add a small amount of latency to the video and audio. Also multicasting is not possible with
988:
A REDIRECT request informs the client that it must connect to another server location. It contains the mandatory header
Location, which indicates that the client should issue requests for that URL. It may contain the parameter Range, which indicates when the redirection takes effect. If the client
923:
When sent from client to server, ANNOUNCE posts the description of a presentation or media object identified by the request URL to a server. When sent from server to client, ANNOUNCE updates the session description in real time. If a new media stream is added to a presentation (e.g., during a live
906:
This method initiates recording a range of media data according to the presentation description. The timestamp reflects the start and end time(UTC). If no time range is given, use the start or end time provided in the presentation description. If the session has already started, commence recording
868:
rtsp://example.com/media.mp4/streamid=1 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 3 Transport: RTP/AVP;unicast;client_port=8002-8003 Session: 12345678 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 3 Transport: RTP/AVP;unicast;client_port=8002-8003;server_port=9002-9003;ssrc=1234ABCD Session: 12345678
789:, RTSP has a state; an identifier is used when needed to track concurrent sessions. Like HTTP, RTSP uses TCP to maintain an end-to-end connection and, while most RTSP control messages are sent by the client to the server, some commands travel in the other direction (i.e. from server to client).
892:
A PAUSE request temporarily halts one or all media streams, so it can later be resumed with a PLAY request. The request contains an aggregate or media stream URL. A range parameter on a PAUSE request specifies when to pause. When the range parameter is omitted, the pause occurs immediately and
907:
immediately. The server decides whether to store the recorded data under the request URI or another URI. If the server does not use the request URI, the response should be 201 and contain an entity which describes the states of the request and refers to the new resource, and a
Location header.
978:
C->S: SET_PARAMETER rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 10 Content-length: 20 Content-type: text/parameters barparam: barstuff S->C: RTSP/1.0 451 Invalid
Parameter CSeq: 10 Content-length: 10 Content-type: text/parameters barparam
843:
C->S: DESCRIBE rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 2 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 2 Content-Base: rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 460 m=video 0 RTP/AVP 96 a=control:streamid=0
882:
C->S: PLAY rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 4 Range: npt=5-20 Session: 12345678 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 4 Session: 12345678 RTP-Info: url=rtsp://example.com/media.mp4/streamid=0;seq=9810092;rtptime=3450012
959:
The GET_PARAMETER request retrieves the value of a parameter of a presentation or stream specified in the URI. The content of the reply and response is left to the implementation. GET_PARAMETER with no entity body may be used to test client or server liveness
853:
A SETUP request specifies how a single media stream must be transported. This must be done before a PLAY request is sent. The request contains the media stream URL and a transport specifier. This specifier typically includes a local port for receiving
862:
data (meta information). The server reply usually confirms the chosen parameters, and fills in the missing parts, such as the server's chosen ports. Each media stream must be configured using SETUP before an aggregate play request may be
821:
C->S: OPTIONS rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 1 Require: implicit-play Proxy-Require: gzipped-messages S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 1 Public: DESCRIBE, SETUP, TEARDOWN, PLAY, PAUSE
379:
RTSP 2.0 published as RFC 7826 in 2016 as a replacement of RTSP 1.0. RTSP 2.0 is based on RTSP 1.0 but is not backwards compatible other than in the basic version negotiation mechanism, and remains a
Proposed
936:(Mark Handley) c=IN IP4 224.2.17.12/127 t=2873397496 2873404696 a=recvonly m=audio 3456 RTP/AVP 0 m=video 2232 RTP/AVP 31 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 7
1016:
RTSPS encrypts the RTSP control messages, the RTP media data and the RTCP control messages in a single network connection. IANA have reserved the rtsps:// URL prefix and Port 322 for RTSPS.
1052:- only encrypts the RTP media RTP packets which avoids the need for interleaving as UDP packets can be used. It also allows bandwidth-efficient multicast transmission of the RTP packets.
989:
wants to continue to send or receive media for this URI, the client MUST issue a TEARDOWN request for the current session and a SETUP for the new session at the designated host.
369:
submitted "RTSP՚" ("RTSP prime") in
December 1996. The two drafts were merged for standardization by the Multiparty Multimedia Session Control Working Group (MMUSIC WG) of the
2101:
1926:
1789:
1747:
911:
C->S: RECORD rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 6 Session: 12345678 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 6 Session: 12345678
897:
C->S: PAUSE rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 5 Session: 12345678 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 5 Session: 12345678
1020:
RTSPS uses the RFC 2326 method of placing
Embedded (Interleaved) RTP/RTCP video/audio/media data inside the RTSP command socket and using an encrypted
993:
S->C: REDIRECT rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 11 Location: rtsp://bigserver.com:8001 Range: clock=19960213T143205Z-
924:
presentation), the whole presentation description should be sent again, rather than just the additional components, so that components can be deleted.
733:
1740:
1604:, Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol. 40, pp. 161–168,
64:
1706:
1566:
493:
111:
17:
313:. The protocol is used for establishing and controlling media sessions between endpoints. Clients of media servers issue commands such as
2068:
1893:
1771:
1191:
83:
1733:
950:
C->S: TEARDOWN rtsp://example.com/media.mp4 RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 8 Session: 12345678 S->C: RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 8
878:
the stream is played from the beginning and plays to the end, or, if the stream is paused, it is resumed at the point it was paused.
90:
1934:
946:
A TEARDOWN request is used to terminate the session. It stops all media streams and frees all session-related data on the server.
765:(RTCP) for media stream delivery. However, some vendors implement proprietary transport protocols. The RTSP server software from
1532:
Schulzrinne, Henning; Rao, Anup; Lanphier, Rob; Westerlund, Magnus; Stiemerling, Martin (December 2016). Stiemerling, M (ed.).
97:
2225:
1617:
1398:
835:(rtsp://...), and the type of reply data that can be handled. This reply includes the presentation description, typically in
726:
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1567:
https://www.iana.org/assignments/service-names-port-numbers/service-names-port-numbers.xhtml?search=rtsp
2140:
1195:
1150:
974:
This method requests to set the value of a parameter for a presentation or stream specified by the URI.
223:
284:
2188:
2130:
2029:
1600:
Santos, Hugo; Cruz, Rui Santos; Nunes, Mário
Serafim (2010), "Rate Adaptation Techniques for WebTV",
1220:
2198:
2163:
2091:
2076:
1872:
1722:", Walks a developer through the implementation of a standards-compliant RtspClient and RtspServer.
1021:
832:
538:
478:
1693:
1147:: Formerly called PacketVideo Streaming Server, this is Alcatel-Lucent's streaming server product.
1710:
1075:
705:
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403:
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57:
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1097:
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1363:
1104:
commercial streaming server for RTSP, RTMP, iOS, Silverlight and HTTP streaming media clients
700:
473:
2153:
2125:
2044:
1971:
1330:
1284:
1138:
757:
The transmission of streaming data itself is not a task of RTSP. Most RTSP servers use the
483:
358:
242:
2010:
1834:
1447:
785:, RTSP defines control sequences useful in controlling multimedia playback. While HTTP is
8:
1958:
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366:
362:
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185:
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2024:
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690:
418:
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325:, to facilitate real-time control of the media streaming from the server to a client (
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1115:
786:
247:
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1134:
1128:
1087:
1027:
As of September 2024, RTSPS has been implemented by Axis and Bosch CCTV Cameras,
559:
330:
326:
307:
303:
255:
251:
2271:
1901:
1166:
609:
2260:
2009:
1632:
1373:
299:
796:, like the OPTIONS request, are also available. The default transport layer
1533:
1131:
supports RTSP pull and announce input with TCP interleaved playback output.
1101:
1091:
793:
766:
528:
342:
280:
177:
1061:
RTSP using RTP and RTCP allows for the implementation of rate adaptation.
2109:
1715:, A standard solution to help RTSP work through firewalls and web proxies
1588:
1153:: Apple's closed-source streaming server that ships with Mac OS X Server.
1078:: Open-sourced version of QuickTime Streaming Server maintained by Apple.
797:
2183:
2178:
1991:
1340:
1305:
1212:
676:
310:
287:
1094:' streaming server. Comes in both open-source and proprietary flavors.
306:. RTSP is used in entertainment and communications systems to control
1999:
1669:
1546:
1493:"Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) (draft-ietf-mmusic-rtsp-08.txt)"
1465:"Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) (draft-ietf-mmusic-rtsp-01.txt)"
1300:
1256:
1224:
1081:
1032:
817:
An OPTIONS request returns the request types the server will accept.
210:
46:
1983:
1867:
1657:
1261:
1156:
1144:
373:(IETF) and further drafts were published by the working group. The
354:
346:
181:
2081:
1976:
1779:
1390:
Handbook of Emerging Communications Technologies: The Next Decade
1315:
1289:
1278:
1266:
1208:
1183:
1119:
1107:
1531:
1215:
front end in June 2007 which serves video through this protocol.
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1807:
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1203:
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533:
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2019:
1966:
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server and client libraries used in well-known clients like
1114:
server and client libraries used in well-known clients like
2148:
2086:
1911:
1906:
1822:
1817:
1802:
1361:
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1245:
1141:
low-latency streaming server that supports RTSP push input.
859:
782:
762:
628:
623:
593:
543:
463:
428:
353:. The first draft was submitted to IETF in October 1996 by
1633:"YouTube Mobile A Bust! (Getting 3GP/RTSP to work on WM5)"
1038:
808:, the latter being rarely used for the control requests.
792:
Presented here are the basic RTSP requests. Some typical
448:
1672:. The FFmpeg project. September 11, 2012. Section 20.19
1448:
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~hgs/papers/Schu9612_RTSP.ps
1697:
1694:"Real Time Streaming Protocol Information and Updates"
1487:
1459:
1165:: Microsoft streaming server previously included with
1755:
996:
1227:, support RTSP streaming too, especially those with
1125:
Motion: A free CCTV software application for Linux.
769:, for example, also used RealNetworks' proprietary
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
932:http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/M.Handley/sdp.03.ps
2258:
1159:: Open source media player and streaming server.
1599:
1578:https://www.ipcamlive.com/secure-rtsp-streaming
1248:(beginning with version 7.20.0—9 February 2010)
1702:, a central information repository about RTSP.
1178:: Multi-format streaming server for RTSP/RTP,
1741:
727:
1720:Managed Media Aggregation using Rtsp and Rtp
1362:InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. (2 March 1998).
1024:(TLS) connection between client and server.
1386:
377:for RTSP was published as RFC 2326 in 1998.
1748:
1734:
1534:"Real-Time Streaming Protocol Version 2.0"
1368:. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. p. 18.
965:packets_received: 10 jitter: 0.3838
734:
720:
1545:
1491:; Rao, Anup; Lanphier, Rob (1998-01-15).
1463:; Rao, Anup; Lanphier, Rob (1997-02-24).
930:the session description protocol u=
919:The ANNOUNCE method serves two purposes:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1413:
1380:
1355:
858:data (audio or video), and another for
14:
2259:
1707:"Tunnelling RTSP and RTP through HTTP"
1039:Comparison of secure RTSP alternatives
776:
2226:Comparison of audio network protocols
1729:
1416:"Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)"
831:A DESCRIBE request includes an RTSP
1514:
1512:
69:adding citations to reliable sources
40:
1520:Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)
24:
1064:
1056:
997:Embedded (Interleaved) Binary Data
329:) or from a client to the server (
25:
2283:
1756:Digital audio and video protocols
1686:
1509:
1223:/ Security cameras, often called
968:
953:
45:
1662:
1651:
1625:
1593:
1582:
1571:
371:Internet Engineering Task Force
56:needs additional citations for
1560:
1525:
1481:
1453:
1432:
1407:
1345:Motion (surveillance software)
781:While similar in some ways to
80:"Real-Time Streaming Protocol"
13:
1:
1349:
1169:that uses RTSP modified with
1084:based RTSP Server and client.
1610:10.1007/978-3-642-12630-7_19
1267:LIVE555 liveMedia / openRTSP
1108:LIVE555 liveMedia / openRTSP
837:Session Description Protocol
759:Real-time Transport Protocol
753:Real-time Transport Protocol
265:Real-Time Streaming Protocol
144:Real Time Streaming Protocol
36:Real-Time Messaging Protocol
32:Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
18:Real Time Streaming Protocol
7:
2267:Application layer protocols
982:
940:
914:
825:
290:transport streams (such as
197:; 26 years ago
10:
2288:
1414:Rao, Anup; Lanphier, Rob.
1151:QuickTime Streaming Server
811:
763:Real-time Control Protocol
761:(RTP) in conjunction with
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29:
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2100:
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2008:
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1393:. CRC Press. p. 42.
1234:
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27:Computer network protocol
1171:Windows Media extensions
1022:Transport Layer Security
1011:
886:
847:
30:Not to be confused with
1076:Darwin Streaming Server
871:
388:Internet protocol suite
1670:"FFmpeg Documentation"
1192:HTTP Dynamic Streaming
1176:Wowza Streaming Engine
1163:Windows Media Services
1098:Helix Universal Server
746:
341:RTSP was developed by
150:Communication protocol
1489:Schulzrinne, Henning
1461:Schulzrinne, Henning
1387:Rafael Osso (1999).
1331:Windows Media Player
1285:Media Player Classic
359:Progressive Networks
65:improve this article
1444:Columbia University
1440:Henning Schulzrinne
1188:HTTP Live Streaming
777:Protocol directives
771:Real Data Transport
367:Columbia University
363:Henning Schulzrinne
351:Columbia University
186:Columbia University
145:
1853:Open Sound Control
1602:User Centric Media
1231:profiles G, S, T.
304:transport protocol
302:) over a suitable
168:Internet streaming
143:
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1881:
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1619:978-3-642-12629-1
1400:978-1-4200-4962-6
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395:Application layer
375:Proposed Standard
292:interactive media
273:application-level
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16:(Redirected from
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1709:. Archived from
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1696:. Archived from
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1547:10.17487/RFC7826
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1497:Ietf Datatracker
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1469:Ietf Datatracker
1457:
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1420:Ietf Datatracker
1411:
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1404:
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1321:VLC media player
1196:Smooth Streaming
1088:Helix DNA Server
937:
800:is 554 for both
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1450:) December 1996
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1135:OvenMediaEngine
1129:Nimble Streamer
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1065:Implementations
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1057:Rate adaptation
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331:voice recording
327:video on demand
308:streaming media
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1713:on 2013-05-01.
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1700:on 2007-03-06.
1688:
1687:External links
1685:
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1658:cURL — Changes
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1269:: Open source
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1110:: Open source
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82: –
81:
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76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1812:
1711:the original
1698:the original
1674:. Retrieved
1664:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1639:. 2007-06-23
1636:
1627:
1601:
1595:
1584:
1573:
1562:
1551:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1522:, IETF, 1998
1519:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
1483:
1472:. Retrieved
1468:
1455:
1434:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1409:
1389:
1382:
1364:
1357:
1218:
1102:RealNetworks
1092:RealNetworks
1060:
1026:
1019:
1015:
918:
791:
780:
767:RealNetworks
756:
706:
666:
599:
549:
343:RealNetworks
340:
322:
318:
314:
281:multiplexing
268:
264:
262:
192:Introduction
178:RealNetworks
174:Developer(s)
156:Abbreviation
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
2110:DisplayPort
2049:WheatNet-IP
1297:via Freebox
1139:open source
798:port number
285:packetizing
2261:Categories
2184:SMPTE 2110
2179:SMPTE 2022
1992:EtherSound
1942:(SuperMAC)
1886:Audio only
1676:2012-09-11
1637:Chris Duke
1553:2021-02-23
1518:RFC 2326,
1502:2021-02-23
1474:2021-02-23
1425:2021-02-23
1350:References
1341:ZoneMinder
1306:RealPlayer
1225:IP cameras
1213:mobile web
1048:RTSP with
677:Link layer
288:multimedia
91:newspapers
2000:SoundGrid
1945:AudioRail
1813:Obsolete:
1374:0199-6649
1365:InfoWorld
1301:QuickTime
1257:GStreamer
1200:MPEG-DASH
1082:GStreamer
1033:GStreamer
960:("ping").
787:stateless
380:Standard.
211:OSI layer
2235:See also
2119:Ethernet
2035:Livewire
1984:CobraNet
1959:Ethernet
1868:RTP-MIDI
1589:MediaMTX
1262:JetAudio
1157:VideoLAN
1145:pvServer
983:REDIRECT
941:TEARDOWN
915:ANNOUNCE
826:DESCRIBE
355:Netscape
347:Netscape
277:protocol
275:network
271:) is an
182:Netscape
2082:HDBaseT
2045:Ravenna
2030:NetJack
1780:HDBaseT
1763:Control
1316:Spotify
1290:MPlayer
1279:mplayer
1209:YouTube
1184:MPEG-TS
1120:mplayer
812:OPTIONS
773:(RDT).
707:more...
691:Tunnels
667:more...
600:more...
550:more...
539:TLS/SSL
494:ONC/RPC
431: (
337:History
311:servers
234:554/UDP
231:554/TCP
224:Port(s)
202:1998-04
200: (
164:Purpose
105:scholar
2069:Direct
1988:dSNAKE
1917:S/PDIF
1894:Direct
1873:DetNet
1843:Modbus
1808:Modbus
1772:Direct
1643:29 May
1616:
1397:
1372:
1326:Winamp
1295:MythTV
1252:FFmpeg
1235:Client
1204:WebRTC
1070:Server
1045:RTSPS.
1029:FFmpeg
901:RECORD
534:Telnet
433:HTTP/3
319:record
250:
243:RFC(s)
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
2272:Video
2242:AES47
2212:Other
2174:HBRMT
2061:Video
2040:Q-LAN
2025:Dante
2020:AES67
1977:Milan
1967:AES51
1949:MaGIC
1940:AES50
1935:A-Net
1858:AES70
1848:ONVIF
1311:Skype
1241:Astra
1229:ONVIF
1219:Many
1012:RTSPS
887:PAUSE
863:sent.
848:SETUP
661:IPsec
439:HTTPS
365:from
323:pause
300:audio
296:video
112:JSTOR
98:books
2194:RTMP
2149:IPTV
2087:HDMI
1996:REAC
1912:MADI
1907:AES3
1863:RTSP
1823:ZIPI
1818:mLAN
1803:MIDI
1645:2021
1614:ISBN
1395:ISBN
1370:ISSN
1336:xine
1277:and
1246:cURL
1221:CCTV
1180:RTMP
1118:and
1050:SRTP
872:PLAY
860:RTCP
804:and
783:HTTP
656:IGMP
636:ICMP
594:QUIC
589:RSVP
584:SCTP
579:DCCP
544:XMPP
524:SNMP
519:SMTP
504:RTSP
479:OSPF
469:NNTP
464:MQTT
459:MGCP
454:LDAP
444:IMAP
429:HTTP
409:DHCP
357:and
349:and
321:and
315:play
298:and
283:and
269:RTSP
263:The
256:7826
252:2326
159:RTSP
84:news
2199:NDI
2189:SRT
2169:RTP
2164:NDI
2159:MTS
2154:MMT
2131:TSN
2126:AVB
2102:Bus
2092:SDI
2077:DVI
1972:AVB
1927:Bus
1798:CEC
1790:Bus
1606:doi
1542:doi
1275:VLC
1271:C++
1202:),
1137:an
1116:VLC
1112:C++
856:RTP
833:URL
806:UDP
802:TCP
747:RTP
701:MAC
696:PPP
686:ARP
651:ECN
646:NDP
574:UDP
569:TCP
529:SSH
514:SIP
509:RIP
499:RTP
489:PTP
484:POP
474:NTP
449:IRC
424:FTP
419:DNS
404:BGP
333:).
248:RFC
218:(7)
67:by
34:or
2263::
2141:IP
2011:IP
1835:IP
1635:.
1612:,
1540:.
1536:.
1511:^
1495:.
1467:.
1442:,
1418:.
1198:,
1194:,
1190:,
1182:,
1100::
1090::
1031:,
640:v6
629:v6
624:v4
619:IP
413:v6
345:,
317:,
294:,
254:,
184:,
180:,
1749:e
1742:t
1735:v
1718:"
1679:.
1647:.
1608::
1556:.
1544::
1505:.
1477:.
1446:(
1428:.
1403:.
1376:.
1281:.
1122:.
735:e
728:t
721:v
642:)
638:(
435:)
415:)
411:(
267:(
204:)
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
