492:. When it locates the fallen prey, it checks for signs of life by prodding with its snout, flicking its tongue, and using its sense of smell. Once the prey has become incapacitated, the rattlesnake locates its head by odors emitted from the mouth. The prey is then ingested head first, which allows wings and limbs to fold at the joints in a manner that minimizes the girth of the meal. The gastric fluids of rattlesnakes are extremely powerful, allowing for the digestion of flesh and bone. Optimal digestion occurs when the snake maintains a body temperature between 80 and 85 °F (25 and 29 °C). If the prey is small, the rattlesnake often continues hunting. If the meal was adequate, the snake finds a warm, safe location in which to coil up and rest until the prey is digested. Feeding habits play an important ecological role by limiting the size of rodent populations, which prevents crop damage and stabilizes ecosystems.
1563:
1635:
is common in such cases her labour was tedious and the pain violent; Mr. Jessome informed me that he had freequently administered a small portion of the rattle of the rattle-snake, which he assured me had never failed to produce the desired effect, that of hastening the birth of the child; having the rattle of a snake by me I gave it to him and he administered two rings of it to the woman broken in small pieces with the fingers and added to a small quantity of water. Whether this medicine was truly the cause or not I shall not undertake to determine, but I was informed that she had not taken it more than ten minutes before she brought forth perhaps this remedy may be worthy of future experiments, but I must confess that I want faith as to it's efficacy.
649:, and rattlesnakes form part of its natural diet. Rattlesnakes sense kingsnakes' presence by their odor. When they realize a kingsnake is nearby, they begin enacting a set of defensive postures known as "body bridging". Unlike its normal erect and coiled defensive-striking posture, the rattlesnake keeps its head low to the ground in an attempt to prevent the kingsnake from gaining a hold on it (the head being the first part of the rattlesnake to be ingested). The rattlesnake jerks its body about, while bridging its back upwards, forming an elevated coil that faces the kingsnake. The elevated coil is used to strike the attacker, and is also used to
53:
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1330:
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682:
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1051:. Their results demonstrated that the more closely related a species was to rattlesnakes, the more similar that species was to rattlesnakes in both duration and rate of tail vibration. These results strongly support the hypothesis that tail vibration preceded the rattling system as a behavior and allowed for the rattle to be selected for once developed. Even a small, underdeveloped rattle early in the evolution of the rattling system could have been advantageous if tail vibration was an ancestral behavior.
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697:
75:
373:
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with these thermal images from the pit organs to more accurately visualize their surroundings in low levels of light. Research conducted recently on the molecular mechanism of this ability suggests the temperature sensitivity of these pit organs is closely linked to the activity of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, a temperature-sensitive ion channel saturated in the pit membrane.
1015:
1013:
1010:
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1176:, which leave a trail the males follow using their tongues and Jacobson's organs as guides. Once a receptive female has been located, the male often spends several days following her around (a behavior not common outside of the mating season), frequently touching and rubbing her in an attempt to stimulate her.
1153:
1012:
1183:), fight each other during the mating season, in competition over females. These fights, known as "combat dances", consist of the two males intertwining the anterior portion of their bodies, often with their heads and necks held vertically. The larger males usually end up driving the smaller males away.
1127:
Creases in the epidermal tissue connect the scales of rattlesnakes. When ingesting large prey, these creases can unfold, allowing the skin to expand to envelop a much greater volume. The skin appears to tightly stretch to accommodate the meal, but in reality, the skin is simply smoothing out from its
1054:
At birth, a "prebutton" is present at the tip of the snake's tail; it is replaced by the "button" several days later when the first skin is shed. However, no sound can be made by the rattle until a second segment is added when the skin is shed again. A new rattle segment is added each time the snake
1634:
The party that were ordered last evening set out early this morning. the weather was fair and could wind N. W. about five o'clock this evening one of the wives of
Charbono was delivered of a fine boy. It is worthy of remark that this was the first child which this woman had boarn and as
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When a bite occurs, the amount of venom injected is under voluntary control by the snake. The amount released depends on a variety of factors, including the condition of the snake (e.g., having long, healthy fangs and a full venom sack) and its temperament (an angry, hungry snake that has just been
1369:
An estimated 7,000 to 8,000 people are bitten by venomous snakes in the United States each year, with about five deaths. The most important factor in survival following a severe envenomation is the time elapsed between the bite and treatment. Most deaths occur between 6 and 48 hours after the bite.
1345:
Rattlesnakes tend to avoid wide-open spaces where they cannot hide from predators, and generally avoid humans if they are aware of their approach. Rattlesnakes rarely bite unless they feel threatened or provoked. A majority of victims (about 72%) are males. Around half of bites occur in cases where
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Rattlesnake fangs are connected by venom ducts to large venom glands near the outer edge of the upper jaw, towards the rear of the head. When the rattlesnake bites, muscles on the sides of the venom glands contract to squeeze the venom through the ducts and into the fangs. When the fangs are not in
718:
by the trigeminal nerve, where they are used to create thermal maps of the snake's surroundings. Due to the small sizes of the pit openings, typically these thermal images are low in resolution and contrast. Nevertheless, rattlesnakes superimpose visual images created from information from the eyes
412:
occur or within a narrow range of elevations. Most species live near open, rocky areas. Rocks offer them cover from predators, plentiful prey (e.g. rodents, lizards, insects, etc. that live amidst the rocks), and open basking areas. However, rattlesnakes can also be found in a wide variety of other
1058:
Rattlesnakes travel with their rattles held up to protect them from damage, but in spite of this precaution, their day-to-day activities in the wild still cause them to regularly break off end segments. Because of this, the number of rattles on its tail is not related to the age of a rattlesnake.
1112:
An important function of the skin is the sensation of changes in air temperature, which can guide the snakes towards warm basking/shelter locations. All snakes are ectotherms. To maintain a stable body temperature, they exchange heat with their external environments. Snakes often move into open,
713:
in their environment. Functioning optically like a pinhole camera eye, thermal radiation in the form of infrared light passes through the opening of the pit and strikes the pit membrane located in the back wall, warming this part of the organ. Due to the high density of heat-sensitive receptors
429:. Rattlesnakes prefer a temperature range between 80 and 90 °F (26 and 32 °C), but can survive temperatures below freezing, recovering from brief exposure to temperatures as low as 4 °F (â16 °C), and surviving for several days in temperatures as low as 37 °F (3 °C).
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by humans, who often kill the snakes when they are discovered. However, snake experts have dismissed this theory, stating that snakes simply do not rattle as often as laymen expect them to, and that snakes that live near populated areas simply get used to people passing by, only rattling when a
2819:
Rao, Wei-qiao; Kalogeropoulos, Konstantinos; Allentoft, Morten E; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Zhao, Wei-ning; Workman, Christopher T; Knudsen, Cecilie; Jiménez-Mena, Belén; Seneci, Lorenzo; Mousavi-Derazmahalleh, Mahsa; Jenkins, Timothy P; Rivera-de-Torre, Esperanza; Liu, Si-qi; Laustsen, Andreas H
1027:, which are created by modifying the scales that cover the tip of the tail. The contraction of special "shaker" muscles in the tail causes these segments to vibrate against one another, thus making the rattling noise (which is amplified because the segments are hollow) in a behavior known as
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animal is bitten, the hair around the bite should be removed so the wound can be clearly seen. The crotaline Fab antivenom has been shown to be effective in the treatment of canine rattlesnake bites. Symptoms include swelling, slight bleeding, sensitivity, shaking, and anxiety.
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Rattlesnakes often return to the same den, year after year, sometimes traveling several miles to get there. How the rattlesnakes find their way back to the dens each year is unknown, but may involve a combination of pheromone trails and visual cues (e.g.,
1416:, or antivenin, is commonly used to treat the effects of local and systemic pit viper envenomations. The first step in the production of crotaline antivenom is collecting ("milking") the venom of a live rattlesnakeâusually from the western diamondback (
1038:
as the mechanism by which the rattling system evolved in rattlesnakes. In the case of rattlesnakes, Allf et al. proposed that tail vibration in response to predator threat could be the precursor for the rattling system in rattlesnakes, an example of
2936:
Schield, Drew R.; Perry, Blair W.; Adams, Richard H.; Holding, Matthew L.; Nikolakis, Zachary L.; Gopalan, Siddharth S.; Smith, Cara F.; Parker, Joshua M.; Meik, Jesse M.; DeGiorgio, Michael; Mackessy, Stephen P.; Castoe, Todd A. (2022-07-18).
512:, etc.), they submerge their heads and ingest water by opening and closing their jaws, which sucks in water. If drinking dew or small puddles, they sip the liquid either by capillary action or by flattening and flooding their lower jaws.
1109:, has the top of its head covered with small scales, except, with a few species, a few crowded plates directly over the snout. The skin of snakes is highly sensitive to contact, tension, and pressure; they are capable of feeling pain.
739:, making vision of sharply defined images impossible. Instead, they mostly rely on the perception of movement. Rattlesnake eyes are capable of horizontal rotation, but they do not appear to move their eyeballs to follow moving objects.
905:(PLA2s), snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), and snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs). It contains components meant to immobilize and disable the prey, as well as digestive enzymes, which break down tissue to prepare for later
803:
Rattlesnakes are born with fully functioning fangs and venom, and are capable of killing prey at birth. Adult rattlesnakes shed their fangs every 6â10 weeks. At least three pairs of replacement fangs lie behind the functional pair.
1222:), has been observed to exhibit complex social behavior reminiscent of that in mammals. Females often remain with their young in nests for several weeks, and mothers have been observed co-operatively parenting their broods.
923:
to create the novel toxin genes, while gene loss influenced speciation and helped lead to such a wide variety of âchemical cocktailsâ in rattlesnake venoms. The prevailing theory for the driving force of this evolution is
1011:
1349:
Harassing or attacking a rattlesnake, illegal in some jurisdictions, puts one at much higher risk of a bite. Rattlesnakes seek to avoid humans and other predators or large herbivores that themselves pose lethal danger.
480:. The rattlesnake's defence and hunting mechanisms are bound to its physiology and its environment. More importantly environmental temperature can influence the ability of ectotherms. The prey is killed quickly with a
928:, where efficacy on prey is selected for. Diversity in prey leads to less specificity in toxins, while highly specialized toxins are more likely to develop when there are few key prey species. However, recently,
2011:
Whitefold, 2020 The rattlesnakes movement is bound to its physical makeup and the environment. Environmental temperature can influence the ability of ectotherms to capture prey and/or defend themselves against
1405:. Local pain following envenomation is often intense, increasing with the ensuing edema. Children generally experience more severe symptoms because they receive a larger amount of venom per unit of body mass.
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Species with long periods of brumation tend to have much lower reproductive rates than those with shorter brumation periods or those that do not brumate at all. Female timber rattlesnakes in high peaks in the
2357:
Gracheva, Elena O.; Ingolia, Nicolas T.; Kelly, Yvonne M.; Cordero-Morales, Julio F.; Hollopeter, Gunter; Chesler, Alexander T.; Sanchez, Elda E.; Perez, John C.; Weissman, Johnathan S. (April 15, 2010).
1105:
Rattlesnake skin has a set of overlapping scales that cover the entire body, providing protection from a variety of threats, including dehydration and physical trauma. The typical rattlesnake, genus
1241:. They often gather together for brumation in large numbers (sometimes over 1,000 snakes), huddling together inside underground "rattlesnake dens" or hibernacula. They regularly share their winter
1124:
them from their predators. Rattlesnakes do not generally have bright or showy colors (reds, yellows, blues, etc.), instead relying on subtle earth tones that resemble the surrounding environment.
985:
4452:
To the goggling unbeliever Texans sayâas people always say about their mangier dishesâ'but it's just like chicken, only tenderer.' Rattlesnake is, in fact, just like chicken, only tougher.
714:
innervating this membrane, the rattlesnake can detect temperature changes of 0.003 °C or less in its immediate surroundings. Infrared cues from these receptors are transmitted to the
1354:, often much more aggressive than humans, are much more likely to experience a snakebite, and are more likely to die of a rattlesnake bite although they can be vaccinated against them.
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neonates. The small proportion (often as few as 20%) of rattlesnakes that make it to their second year are heavily preyed upon by a variety of larger predators, including coyotes,
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678:
signature. These pits have a relatively short effective range of about 1 ft, but give the rattlesnake a distinct advantage in hunting for warm-blooded creatures at night.
731:, are well adapted to nocturnal use. Rattlesnakes, though, are not exclusively nocturnal, and their vision is more acute during daylight conditions. Rattlesnakes also possess
932:
has been indicated to better explain the maintenance of adaptive genetic diversity in venom-related genes, potentially allowing for the rattlesnakes to better keep up in the
1652:. Others have compared the flavor to a wide range of other meats, including veal, frog, tortoise, quail, fish, rabbit, and even canned tuna. Methods of preparation include
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are not as highly specialized as those of other vertebrates, such as mammals. Thus, their sense of hearing is not very effective, but they are capable of sensing
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3449:
Jensen, Bjarke; Abe, Augusto S.; Andrade, Denis V.; Nyengaard, Jens R.; Wang, Tobias (2010). "The heart of the South
American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus".
1476:
In the United States, more than 15,000 domesticated animals are bitten by snakes each year. Rattlesnake envenomations account for 80% of the deadly incidents.
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stepped on vs. a satiated snake that was merely surprised by walking near it). About 20% of bites result in no envenomation at all. A lack of burning pain and
1302:
Rattlesnakes tend to avoid developed areas, preferring undisturbed, natural habitats. Rapid habitat destruction by humans, mass killings during events such as
3140:
Allf, Bradley C.; Durst, Paul A. P.; Pfennig, David W. (2016). "Behavioral
Plasticity and the Origins of Novelty: The Evolution of the Rattlesnake Rattle".
1316:
In more heavily populated and trafficked areas, reports have been increasing of rattlesnakes that do not rattle. This phenomenon is falsely attributed to
1031:. The muscles which cause rattling are some of the fastest known, firing 50 times per second on average, sustainable for a duration of up to three hours.
1430:
1599:" rituals. Snake handling is when people hold venomous snakes, unprotected, as part of a religious service inspired by a literal interpretation of the
890:
1306:, and deliberate extermination campaigns all pose threats to rattlesnake populations in many areas. Several species, such as the timber rattlesnake,
1206:. The ova are arranged in a continuous chain in a coiled section of the oviduct, known as the "tuba". Male rattlesnakes have sexual organs known as
2198:, p. 59 â Knowledge that rattlesnakes are so afraid of kingsnakes' odor led to the development of effective synthetic rattlesnake repellents.
915:, in general, has a complex and ongoing evolutionary process, and rattlesnake venom is no different. The primary mechanisms of evolution are both
1562:
303:, while they are still weak and immature. Large numbers of rattlesnakes are killed by humans. Rattlesnake populations in many areas are severely
1210:, located in the base of the tail. The hemipenis is retracted inside of the body when mating is not occurring. The hemipenis is similar to the
1023:
The rattle serves as a warning for predators of the rattlesnake. The rattle is composed of a series of hollow, interlocked segments made of
1378:
1 cm (0.39 in) away from the fang marks after one hour suggests either no or minimal envenomation occurred. A lack of edema or
1169:
Most rattlesnake species mate during the summer or fall, while some species mate only in the spring, or during both the spring and fall.
4744:
848:
is considered to be among the highest of all rattlesnake venoms, and among the highest of all snakes in the
Western Hemisphere based on
1357:
Caution is advised even when snakes are believed to be dead; rattlesnake heads can sense, flick the tongue, and inflict venomous bites
1043:. To investigate this hypothesis, the researchers analyzed tail vibration and relatedness to rattlesnakes among snakes in the families
844:. However, most North American rattlesnakes are not neurotoxic. Although it has a comparatively low venom yield, the venom toxicity of
273:
674:; their eyes and a set of heat-sensing "pits" on their faces that enable them to locate prey and move towards it, based on the prey's
2695:
Dowell, Noah L.; Giorgianni, Matt W.; Kassner, Victoria A.; Selegue, Jane E.; Sanchez, Elda E.; Carroll, Sean B. (September 2016).
1701:
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and rattlesnake. The
Ancient Maya considered the rattlesnake to be a "vision serpent" that acted as a conduit to the "otherworld".
1218:, which permits them to mate during the fall, but not fertilize the ova until the following spring. The Arizona black rattlesnake (
4516:
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Rattlesnakes are the leading cause of snakebite injuries in North
America and a significant cause in Central and South America.
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Dalstrom, Harl A. "'Snake
Hunting Has Been Shamefully Neglected': A. M. Jackly and Rattlesnake Abatement in South Dakota,"
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are frequently adorned with depictions of rattlesnakes, often within the symbols and emblems of the most powerful deities.
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that is powered by a three-chambered heart composed of two atria and one ventricle. The right atrium receives deoxygenated
386:
Rattlesnakes are native to the
Americas from southern Canada to central Argentina, with the majority of species inhabiting
269:
injuries in North
America, but rarely bite unless provoked or threatened; if treated promptly, the bites are seldom fatal.
3398:
Jensen, Bjarke; Moorman, Antoon F. M.; Wang, Tobias (2014). "Structure and function of the hearts of lizards and snakes".
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that protect from the toxic effects of the venom. These antibodies accumulate in the blood, which is then extracted and
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1. Trigeminal nerve extending into the heat-sensing pit 2. Trigeminal nerve originating in the brain 3. Heat-sensing pit
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2462:
1692:. It continues to be used as a symbol by the United States military, and political movements within the United States.
4490:
3952:
2760:
Weinstein, Scott A.; Smith, Leonard (1990). "Preliminary fractionation of tiger rattlesnake (Crotalus tigris) venom".
382:), responsible for the majority of venomous snakebites in North America, coiled in defensive posture with rattle erect
4646:
4620:
2879:"Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts"
1066:). Also, the tails of males taper gradually from the body, whereas the tails of females narrow abruptly at the vent.
398:, and two in South America. In the United States, the state with the most types of rattlesnakes is Arizona, with 13.
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3767:
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3375:
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2550:
2065:
1989:
1973:
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Glenn, J. L.; R. C. Straight. 1982. "The rattlesnakes and their venom yield and lethal toxicity". In: Tu, A. (ed)
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during very hot or dry periods, which is why they are rarely seen during the hottest and driest months of summer.
939:
Older snakes possess more potent venom, and larger snakes are frequently capable of storing larger volumes of it.
1768:
281:
180:
1225:
Rattlesnakes generally take several years to mature, and females usually reproduce only once every three years.
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sheds its skin, and the snake may shed its skin several times a year, depending on food supply and growth rate.
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region in Mexico. The most probable vegetation or habitat of the ancestral area appears to be pine-oak forests.
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1945:
Place, Arron J.; Abramson, Charles I. (2004). "A Quantitative
Analysis of the Ancestral Area of Rattlesnakes".
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1582:
1566:
1441:). The extracted venom is then diluted and injected into horses, goats, or sheep, whose immune systems produce
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If antivenom treatment is given within two hours of the bite, the probability of recovery is greater than 99%.
991:
The characteristic sound of a rattlesnake â the rattle shaking, as a result of extremely rapid tail movement
1141:
1094:
from the lungs in the pulmonary circuit and pumps it to the ventricle and through the systemic circuit via
568:. Young of the smaller crotaline species are frequently killed and eaten by small predatory birds, such as
31:
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1843:
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Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America
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in the area of the bite after eight hours indicates a lack of envenomation for most rattlesnake bites.
685:
391:
74:
2023:
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Medical toxicology of natural substances: foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals
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and were widely represented in Aztec art, including sculptures, jewelry, and architectural elements.
1510:
4570:
Timber rattlesnakes in Vermont and New York: biology, history, and the fate of an endangered species
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Moon, Brad R. (2001). "Muscle Physiology and the Evolution of the Rattling System in Rattlesnakes".
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912:
35:
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Schaeffer, Romane; Pascolutti, Victoria J.; Jackson, Timothy N. W.; Arbuckle, Kevin (2023-03-29).
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Lynn, W. Gardner (September 1931). "The Structure and Function of the Facial Pits of Pit Vipers".
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is also widely regarded as producing one of the most toxic snake venoms in the Americas, based on
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17:
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Dogs are most commonly bitten on the front legs and head. Horses generally receive bites on the
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Rattlesnakes are believed to require at least their own body weight in water annually to remain
408:, but individual species may have extremely specific habitat requirements, living where certain
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Compared to females, males have thicker and longer tails (because they contain the inverted
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2939:"The roles of balancing selection and recombination in the evolution of rattlesnake venom"
735:, which means they are capable of some form of color vision. The rattlesnake eye lacks a
52:
8:
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1685:
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1310:, and canebrake rattlesnake, are listed as threatened or endangered in many U.S. states.
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located in blue circle on a rattlesnake specimen: Location of the pit is the same in all
637:
504:. The method by which they drink depends on the water source. In larger bodies of water (
308:
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that live in a wide array of habitats, hunting small animals such as birds and rodents.
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2822:"The rise of genomics in snake venom research: recent advances and future perspectives"
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sunny areas to absorb heat from the sun and warmed earth, a behavior known as basking.
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Like all snakes, rattlesnakes lack external ear openings, and the structures of their
401:
Rattlesnakes are found in almost every habitat type capable of supporting terrestrial
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Critical care toxicology: diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient
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Newman, Eric A.; Hartline, Peter H. (March 1982). "The Infrared "Vision" of Snakes".
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1664:, described the taste, "at least when breaded and fried, like a sinewy, half-starved
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verses Mark 16:17â18, which reads, "In my name ... They shall take up serpents ...."
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Aside from their eyes, rattlesnakes are able to detect thermal radiation emitted by
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488:. If the bitten prey moves away before dying, the rattlesnake can follow it by its
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280:, ranging from central Argentina to southern Canada. The largest rattlesnake, the
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Because antivenom is derived from animal antibodies, people generally display an
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867:
736:
681:
3368:
955:
909:. The venom is very stable, and retains its toxicity for many years in storage.
840:
neurotoxic venom component known as Mojave type A toxin, which can cause severe
520:
Newborn rattlesnakes are heavily preyed upon by a variety of species, including
3929:
3912:
2962:
2248:
Campbell, Angela L.; Naik, Rajesh R.; Sowards, Laura; Stone, Morley O. (2002).
1653:
1645:
1465:
1437:
1418:
1402:
1329:
1194:(give birth to live young after carrying eggs inside). The female produces the
1028:
901:. More specifically, there are three main families of toxins in rattlesnakes:
780:
696:
378:
344:
340:
328:
262:
224:
3913:"Snakebite injuries treated in United States emergency departments, 2001â2004"
2720:
4756:
3717:
3704:
3470:
3419:
3337:
3257:
3216:
3161:
2970:
2904:
2845:
2728:
1488:
1234:
1191:
1173:
192:
176:
4664:
A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States
1457:
powder, which is packaged for distribution and later use by human patients.
1385:
Common symptoms include swelling, severe pain, tingling, weakness, anxiety,
4447:
3938:
3705:"Family values: Maternal care in rattlesnakes is more than mere attendance"
3478:
3427:
3234:
3208:
3169:
2988:
2922:
2895:
2863:
2746:
2401:
2338:
2273:
2210:, p. 59 â This behavior is believed to be unique to crotaline species.
2050:
1757:
1689:
1618:
described in 1805 how a hired interpreter, who lived for 15 years with the
1588:
1398:
1394:
1250:
1215:
898:
817:
625:
485:
2789:
299:, and a variety of other species. Rattlesnakes are heavily preyed upon as
261:
located at the end of their tails, which makes a loud rattling noise when
4512:
3197:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
1661:
1657:
1514:
1454:
1446:
1278:
1238:
1211:
1121:
1095:
837:
405:
402:
4721:
4706:"Climate Changes Faster Than Species Can Adapt, Rattlesnake Study Finds"
4220:
Handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons, Volume 236
2818:
2383:
1528:
paintings, Central American temples, and the great burial mounds in the
1233:
In the colder winter months, some rattlesnake species enter a period of
1202:, after which they pass through her body cavity and into one of her two
1117:
in the skin regulate the flow of blood into the veins near the surface.
3462:
3345:
2090:"Rattlesnakes can use airborne cues during post-strike prey relocation"
2042:
1442:
1307:
1258:
1152:
1136:
1048:
1000:
878:
776:
772:
732:
596:(fire ants) likely do, as well. On occasion, hungry adult rattlesnakes
573:
533:
243:
3411:
2697:"The Deep Origin and Recent Loss of Venom Toxin Genes in Rattlesnakes"
2087:
1684:
The rattlesnake became a symbolic animal for the Colonials during the
1281:
reproduce every three years on average; the lance-headed rattlesnake (
1090:
coming from the systemic circuit. The left atrium receives oxygenated
3735:
Connecticut wildlife: biodiversity, natural history, and conservation
2024:"The effects of temperature on the defensive strikes of rattlesnakes"
1623:
1413:
1291:
1207:
1187:
1157:
1063:
1044:
906:
841:
748:
728:
689:
671:
646:
617:
561:
557:
457:
372:
296:
266:
238:
210:
187:
156:
86:
4591:
Rattlesnakes: their habits, life histories, and influence on mankind
3840:"Are rattlesnakes evolving to rattle less, or losing their rattles?"
3329:
2454:
Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind
2249:
1958:
3191:
Price, Trevor D.; Qvarnström, Anna; Irwin, Darren E. (2003-07-22).
3153:
2356:
1944:
1461:
1390:
1379:
1214:. Females can store semen for months in internal recesses known as
1203:
1120:
The skin of rattlesnakes is intricately patterned in a manner that
1099:
1075:
919:
and gene loss events. The duplication events provided material for
894:
813:
752:
501:
414:
332:
312:
277:
265:
that deters predators. Rattlesnakes are the leading contributor to
251:
232:
171:
126:
106:
4737:
4715:
4282:
2876:
4091:(6th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1548.
2457:. Vol. 1. University of California Press. pp. 384â389.
1665:
1544:
1199:
1024:
874:
791:
670:
Like all pit vipers, rattlesnakes have two organs that can sense
586:
565:
541:
537:
505:
465:
453:
426:
422:
418:
356:
300:
116:
4084:
3193:"The role of phenotypic plasticity in driving genetic evolution"
3992:
Texas snakes: identification, distribution, and natural history
3988:
1676:
1619:
1484:
1386:
1246:
1242:
1114:
886:
756:
650:
642:
621:
613:
577:
553:
549:
473:
292:
96:
4405:
Original journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804â1806
4309:
4189:
3910:
3542:
2694:
1287:), native to the warm climate of Mexico, reproduces annually.
4344:
4034:"For Goodness Snakes! Treating and Preventing Venomous Bites"
3043:
1600:
1525:
1375:
1091:
1087:
1083:
715:
601:
545:
525:
509:
489:
481:
477:
461:
352:
247:
228:
146:
136:
27:
Group of venomous snakes of the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus
2430:
2428:
1839:
The Bruce beckons: the story of Lake Huron's great peninsula
1622:, used the rattlesnakeâs rattle to speed up the delivery of
1351:
1346:
the victim saw the snake, yet made no effort to move away.
1195:
812:
Rattlesnake venom is hemotoxic, destroying tissue, causing
654:
605:
529:
469:
449:
445:
387:
288:
4402:
Lewis, Meriwether; Clark, William; Floyd, Charles (1904),
4286:
New perspectives on the origins of Americanist archaeology
2166:"Can Cats Kill Snakes? (And Keep Them Away?) â AnimalFate"
3448:
3400:
Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
2134:
1266:
609:
581:
569:
521:
4216:
4153:(8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1657.
4110:
4108:
3819:
3079:
Wildlife of Virginia and Maryland and Washington, Part 3
2935:
2587:
2585:
2247:
1179:
The males of some species, such as timber rattlesnakes (
432:
The most probable ancestral area of rattlesnakes is the
284:, can measure up to 2.4 m (7.9 ft) in length.
4373:
For a more detailed study of snake handling sects, see
3703:
Amerello, Melissa; Smith, Jeffrey; Slone, John (2011).
3621:
3619:
3617:
3604:
3602:
2179:
2177:
2175:
1870:
Venomous Animals and Their Venoms: Venomous Vertebrates
30:
This article is about the reptile. For other uses, see
4681:
Landscape with Reptile: Rattlesnakes in an Urban World
4378:
Taking up serpents: snake handlers of eastern Kentucky
3783:
3757:
3755:
3731:
3523:
3521:
3248:
Levis, Nicholas A.; Pfennig, David W. (2021-05-31). .
2415:
2413:
2411:
2088:
Parker, M. Rockwell & Kardong, Kenneth V. (2005).
751:. They can sense olfactory stimuli both through their
4237:
3959:. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. June 15, 2020.
3004:
1867:
BĂŒcherl, Wolfgang; Buckley, Eleanor E. (2013-09-17).
1835:
1513:
on display at the National Museum of Anthropology in
1361:
for up to an hour after being severed from the body.
1186:
Although many kinds of snakes and other reptiles are
276:
have between 65 and 70 subspecies, all native to the
4588:
Klauber, Laurence M. & Greene, Harry W. (1997).
4061:
3972:"7 Rattlesnake Tips that could Save Your Dog's Life"
3911:
O'Neil ME, Mack KA, Gilchrist J, Wozniak EJ (2007).
3856:
3807:
3795:
3659:
3647:
3614:
3599:
3190:
3008:
Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles
2610:
2172:
1543:
was depicted as having the combined features of the
4374:
4255:
4146:
3883:
3752:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3518:
3493:
3025:
2637:
2471:
2408:
2229:
2146:
2122:
2110:
1926:
1808:
1313:Many rattlesnakes die from being run over by cars.
390:regions. The large majority of species live in the
4421:
4283:Browman, David L. & Williams, Stephen (2002).
3702:
2498:
1914:
1128:creased state and is not under very high tension.
873:Rattlesnake venom is a mixture of five to fifteen
394:and Mexico. Four species may be found east of the
4641:. Palm Springs, California: Nature Trails Press.
4085:Fleisher, Gary R.; Ludwig, Stephen, eds. (2010).
3397:
3050:The international wildlife encyclopedia, Volume 1
2606:
2604:
2360:"Molecular Basis of Infrared Detection by Snakes"
1557:
1034:In 2016, Allf et al. published a paper proposing
747:Rattlesnakes have an exceptionally keen sense of
4754:
4424:The Americans: fifty talks on our life and times
4080:
4078:
4076:
3989:Werler, John E.; Dixon, James Ray, eds. (2000).
3515:. The MacMillan Company, New York, 1936, p. 255.
3139:
3105:
3000:
2998:
2671:Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology
2527:
1724:
1019:Video of a timber rattlesnake shaking its rattle
4401:
4310:Read, Kay A.; GonzĂĄlez, Jason J., eds. (2002).
3890:. University of California Press. p. 577.
3884:Phillips, Steven J.; et al., eds. (2009).
3679:"Wildlife Guide â National Wildlife Federation"
3075:
2804:Rattlesnake Venoms, Their Actions and Treatment
2617:. University of California Press. p. 510.
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
1809:Kini, R. Manjunatha; et al., eds. (2011).
4677:
4345:Foster, Lynn V.; Mathews, Peter, eds. (2005).
4196:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 23.
4190:Adams, Clark E. & Thomas, John K. (2008).
3543:Adams, Clark E. & Thomas, John K. (2008).
3044:Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert, eds. (1970).
2759:
2601:
2289:
1866:
1245:with a wide variety of other species (such as
4587:
4463:
4130:
4073:
3773:
3637:
3549:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 2.
3381:
2995:
2667:
2572:
2556:
2536:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 468.
2434:
2219:
2071:
1995:
1979:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1595:are regularly bitten while participating in "
820:(disrupted blood clotting). In the U.S., the
779:in the ground, passed by the skeleton to the
759:, which carry scent-bearing particles to the
4662:Hubbs, Brian & Brendan O'Connor (2012).
3837:
3247:
2532:. In Mares, Michael A.; et al. (eds.).
2483:
1364:
800:use, they remain folded against the palate.
4639:Rattlesnakes: Answers to Frequent Questions
4289:. University of Alabama Press. p. 99.
4043:. USDA / emergency response. Archived from
3252:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 211â240.
3101:
3099:
2663:
2661:
2092:. In Mason, Robert T.; et al. (eds.).
1755:
1688:period, and is depicted prominently on the
1321:person lingers too long or gets too close.
209:The subfamily also includes many genera of
4351:Handbook to life in the ancient Maya world
3538:
3536:
3112:Encyclopedia of the world's zoos, Volume 3
2507:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1075.
1713:
1606:
51:
4545:
4262:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 267.
4217:Meier, JĂŒrg; White, Julian, eds. (1995).
4173:
4114:
4015:
3928:
3860:Handbook of venoms and toxins of reptiles
3716:
3367:. Albuquerque, New Mexico. Archived from
3365:American International Rattlesnake Museum
3224:
2978:
2912:
2894:
2853:
2736:
2591:
2391:
2250:"Biological Infrared Imaging and Sensing"
1774:
1453:. The resulting serum is purified into a
257:Rattlesnakes receive their name from the
4088:Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine
4031:
3995:. University of Texas Press. p. 3.
3969:
3096:
2658:
2641:Agricultural medicine: a practical guide
2450:
2021:
1702:List of crotaline species and subspecies
1675:
1650:tastes "just like chicken, only tougher"
1561:
1504:
1333:A rattlesnake warning sign in California
1328:
1151:
1135:
1074:Rattlesnakes, like other members of the
1007:
954:
946:
790:
695:
680:
371:
4636:
4353:. Oxford University Press. p. 91.
3953:"Tips to stay safe around rattlesnakes"
3887:A natural history of the Sonoran Desert
3533:
1728:Venomous Snakes of Texas: A Field Guide
1520:
1324:
1069:
645:to the venom of rattlesnakes and other
351:) and shares its root with the ancient
246:(the pit vipers). All rattlesnakes are
14:
4755:
4566:
4511:
3801:
3653:
3114:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1040.
3071:
3069:
2796:
2674:. Vol. 2. Springer. p. 267.
2477:
2235:
1893:
1860:
1297:
855:studies conducted on laboratory mice.
590:are known to prey upon neonates, and
347:word for "tail rattler" (ΣΔίÏÏÏÎżÏ
ÏÎżÏ,
4608:
4419:
4243:
4067:
3825:
3813:
3789:
3761:
3665:
3625:
3608:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3527:
3499:
3358:
3250:Phenotypic Plasticity & Evolution
3135:
3133:
3131:
3031:
2814:
2812:
2419:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2285:
2283:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
1938:
1932:
1920:
1290:Like most other snakes, rattlesnakes
727:Rattlesnake eyes, which contain many
4489:. November 30, 2004 . Archived from
3315:
3052:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 2119.
3011:. Academic Press. pp. 800â801.
2324:
704:
367:
4612:Rattlesnake: Portrait of a Predator
4320:. Oxford University Press. p.
4150:Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies
3066:
3005:Gupta, Ramesh Chandra, ed. (2007).
1495:
1487:on their tongues and muzzles. If a
1464:response during infusion, known as
24:
4666:. Tricolor Books. Tempe, Arizona.
4630:
4594:. University of California Press.
4546:Barceloux, Donald G., ed. (2008).
3857:Mackessy, Stephen P., ed. (2009).
3241:
3184:
3128:
2809:
2501:"Rattlesnakes and Other Crotalids"
2345:
2312:10.1038/scientificamerican0382-116
2280:
2094:Chemical signals in vertebrates 10
1550:Rattlesnakes are a key element in
1471:
965:
766:
25:
4789:
4699:
4147:Goldfrank, Lewis R., ed. (2006).
2638:Lessenger, James E., ed. (2006).
1340:
1172:Females secrete small amounts of
665:
376:Western diamondback rattlesnake (
4505:
4473:
4413:
4395:
4367:
4338:
4303:
4276:
4259:Textbook of small animal surgery
4249:
4210:
3082:. Stackpole Books. p. 460.
1573:of God in the town of Lejunior,
999:Problems playing this file? See
981:
287:Rattlesnakes are preyed upon by
73:
4481:"Recipe: Barbecued rattlesnake"
4183:
4140:
4025:
3982:
3963:
3945:
3904:
3877:
3850:
3831:
3732:Hammerson, Geoffrey A. (2004).
3725:
3696:
3671:
3505:
3442:
3391:
3352:
3309:
3110:. In Bell, Catharine E. (ed.).
3037:
2929:
2870:
2806:. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
2753:
2688:
2631:
2614:A Natural History of California
2521:
2444:
2318:
2241:
2201:
2189:
2158:
2081:
2031:Journal of Experimental Biology
2015:
2005:
1897:Arizona: The Grand Canyon State
1500:
1428:), South American rattlesnake (
1237:, which is dormancy similar to
1131:
444:Rattlesnakes typically consume
315:, and extermination campaigns.
4729:New International Encyclopedia
4347:"Maya Geography and Mythology"
3838:Bryan Hughes (March 2, 2019).
2943:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2451:Flaubert, Laurence M. (1997).
1887:
1836:Fox, William Sherwood (1988).
1829:
1802:
1784:
1764:– via www.whmentors.org.
1749:
1583:Snake handling in Christianity
1558:Christian snake-handling sects
1253:, and other types of snakes).
13:
1:
4517:"How Does Rattlesnake Taste?"
2611:Schoenherr, Allan A. (1995).
2266:10.1016/S0968-4328(01)00010-5
1894:Craats, Rennay (2016-08-01).
1815:. Springer 2011. p. 99.
1707:
1190:(lay eggs), rattlesnakes are
1142:northern Pacific rattlesnakes
763:in the roof of their mouths.
468:. They lie in wait for their
4375:Kimbrough, David L. (2002).
4256:Slatter, Douglas H. (2002).
2782:10.1016/0041-0101(90)90158-4
1671:
1408:
1228:
1148:) engage in a "combat dance"
828:) and some varieties of the
515:
495:
318:
32:Rattlesnake (disambiguation)
7:
4381:. Mercer University Press.
2838:10.1093/gigascience/giac024
2668:Luch, Andreas, ed. (2010).
2644:. BirkhÀuser. p. 447.
2503:. In Brent, Jeffrey (ed.).
2499:Cetaruk, Edward W. (2005).
2327:American Journal of Anatomy
1844:University of Toronto Press
1695:
258:
213:that are not rattlesnakes.
10:
4794:
4637:Cornett, James W. (1998).
4539:
4408:, vol. 1, p. 257
4223:. CRC Press. p. 639.
4193:Texas Rattlesnake Roundups
3930:10.1580/06-WEME-OR-080R1.1
3863:. CRC Press. p. 476.
3546:Texas Rattlesnake Roundups
2963:10.1038/s41559-022-01829-5
2022:Whitford, Malachi (2020).
1639:
1616:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1580:
660:
362:
29:
4716:Justin's Rattlesnake Bite
4552:. John Wiley & Sons.
4464:Klauber & Greene 1997
4131:Klauber & Greene 1997
3774:Klauber & Greene 1997
3638:Klauber & Greene 1997
3382:Klauber & Greene 1997
3106:Graham, Karen S. (2001).
2721:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.038
2573:Klauber & Greene 1997
2557:Klauber & Greene 1997
2528:Vitts, Laurie J. (1999).
2435:Klauber & Greene 1997
2220:Klauber & Greene 1997
2096:. Springer. p. 397.
2072:Klauber & Greene 1997
1996:Klauber & Greene 1997
1980:Klauber & Greene 1997
1733:University of Texas Press
1725:Price, Andrew H. (2009).
1648:claimed that rattlesnake
1628:Jean Baptiste Charbonneau
1365:Effect of bites on humans
942:
207:
202:
167:
162:
70:Scientific classification
68:
59:
50:
45:
4659:43 (Fall 2013), 177â217.
4420:Cooke, Alistair (1980).
3970:Jennifer (May 5, 2011).
3718:10.1038/npre.2011.6671.1
3258:10.1201/9780429343001-12
3076:Fergus, Charles (2003).
1660:, following a recipe by
1422:), eastern diamondback (
807:
786:
742:
36:Rattler (disambiguation)
4768:Snakes of North America
4745:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4678:Palmer, Thomas (2004).
3142:The American Naturalist
2534:Encyclopedia of deserts
1607:In traditional medicine
1575:Harlan County, Kentucky
722:
439:
434:Sierra Madre Occidental
355:musical instrument the
274:species of rattlesnakes
4748:(11th ed.). 1911.
3917:Wilderness Environ Med
3318:Journal of Herpetology
3209:10.1098/rspb.2003.2372
2896:10.3390/toxins15040251
2339:10.1002/aja.1000490105
1947:Journal of Herpetology
1681:
1637:
1593:Southern United States
1578:
1530:Southern United States
1517:
1334:
1166:
1149:
1020:
970:
960:
952:
934:evolutionary arms race
796:
755:and by flicking their
711:warm-blooded organisms
701:
693:
383:
4615:. Smithsonian Books.
4609:Rubio, Manny (1998).
3844:Rattlesnake Solutions
3738:. UPNE. p. 328.
3513:Reptiles of the World
3451:Journal of Morphology
1812:Toxins and Hemostasis
1679:
1632:
1581:Further information:
1565:
1541:Mesoamerican religion
1508:
1332:
1304:rattlesnake round-ups
1275:Appalachian Mountains
1155:
1139:
1041:behavioral plasticity
1036:behavioral plasticity
1018:
969:
959:Drawing of the rattle
958:
950:
926:directional selection
794:
699:
684:
641:), a constrictor, is
375:
4657:South Dakota History
4567:Furman, Jon (2007).
4312:"Feathered Serpents"
3511:Ditmars, Raymond L.
2143:, pp. 161, 163.
1900:. Weigl Publishers.
1762:TrailBlazer Magazine
1756:Willis Lamm (1994).
1577:, September 15, 1946
1521:Indigenous Americans
1509:Stone sculptures of
1435:), or fer-de-lance (
1325:Safety and first aid
1263:celestial navigation
1220:C. oreganus cerberus
1146:C. oreganus oreganus
1070:Skin and circulation
921:neofunctionalization
657:from the kingsnake.
413:habitats, including
359:, a type of rattle.
327:is derived from the
323:The scientific name
4739:"Rattlesnake"
4723:"Rattlesnake"
3828:, pp. 200â203.
3359:Myers, Bob (1991).
3203:(1523): 1433â1440.
2955:2022NatEE...6.1367S
2774:1990Txcn...28.1447W
2713:2016CBio...26.2434D
2384:10.1038/nature08943
2376:2010Natur.464.1006G
2370:(7291): 1006â1011.
2304:1982SciAm.246c.116N
2292:Scientific American
1656:and frying; author
1425:Crotalus adamanteus
1298:Conservation status
930:balancing selection
638:Lampropeltis getula
484:bite as opposed to
331:ÎșÏÏÏÎ±Î»ÎżÎœ, meaning "
309:habitat destruction
282:eastern diamondback
250:. Rattlesnakes are
4763:Snake common names
4522:The New York Times
3463:10.1002/jmor.10854
3299:|chapter-url=
2043:10.1242/jeb.223859
1735:. pp. 38â39.
1682:
1579:
1571:Pentecostal Church
1518:
1511:feathered serpents
1335:
1318:selective pressure
1167:
1150:
1080:circulatory system
1021:
971:
961:
953:
951:Rattlesnake rattle
830:Mojave rattlesnake
797:
702:
694:
628:, and kingsnakes.
593:Solenopsis invicta
580:. Some species of
464:, and other small
410:plant associations
392:American Southwest
384:
4778:Reptiles of Sindh
4691:978-1-59228-000-1
4672:978-0-9754641-3-7
4601:978-0-520-21056-1
4580:978-1-58465-656-2
4559:978-0-471-72761-3
4486:The Seattle Times
4439:978-0-394-50364-6
4428:. Knopf. p.
4388:978-0-86554-798-8
4360:978-0-19-518363-4
4331:978-0-19-514909-8
4296:978-0-8173-1128-5
4269:978-0-7216-8607-3
4230:978-0-8493-4489-3
4203:978-1-60344-035-6
4160:978-0-07-147914-1
4098:978-1-60547-159-4
4002:978-0-292-79130-5
3897:978-0-520-21980-9
3870:978-0-8493-9165-1
3792:, pp. 96â97.
3745:978-1-58465-369-1
3709:Nature Precedings
3556:978-1-60344-035-6
3412:10.1111/brv.12056
3267:978-0-429-34300-1
3121:978-1-57958-174-9
3089:978-0-8117-2821-8
3059:978-0-7614-7266-7
3018:978-0-12-370467-2
2768:(12): 1447â1455.
2707:(18): 2434â2445.
2681:978-3-7643-8337-4
2651:978-0-387-25425-8
2624:978-0-520-06922-0
2543:978-0-8061-3146-7
2514:978-0-8151-4387-1
2103:978-0-387-25159-2
1907:978-1-4896-4823-5
1880:978-1-4832-6288-8
1853:978-0-8020-6007-5
1822:978-90-481-9294-6
1742:978-0-292-71967-5
1686:Revolutionary War
1537:Feathered Serpent
1431:Crotalus durissis
1249:, small mammals,
1016:
986:
936:with their prey.
903:phospholipases A2
822:tiger rattlesnake
795:Rattlesnake skull
761:Jacobson's organs
705:Heat-sensing pits
686:Heat-sensing pits
676:thermal radiation
396:Mississippi River
368:Range and habitat
242:of the subfamily
218:
217:
196:
183:
62:Crotalus cerastes
16:(Redirected from
4785:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4695:
4684:. Globe Pequot.
4652:
4626:
4605:
4584:
4563:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4477:
4471:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4427:
4417:
4411:
4409:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4187:
4181:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4144:
4138:
4128:
4122:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4082:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4038:
4029:
4023:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3976:Adopt a Pet ,com
3967:
3961:
3960:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3612:
3606:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3540:
3531:
3525:
3516:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3457:(9): 1066â1077.
3446:
3440:
3439:
3395:
3389:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3137:
3126:
3125:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2982:
2949:(9): 1367â1380.
2933:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2898:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2816:
2807:
2800:
2794:
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2750:
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2692:
2686:
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2599:
2589:
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2564:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2496:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2448:
2442:
2432:
2423:
2417:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2354:
2343:
2342:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2168:. 16 March 2021.
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2085:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2028:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1993:
1987:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1782:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1722:
1612:Meriwether Lewis
1587:Members of some
1496:In human culture
1449:to separate the
1198:("eggs") in her
1017:
988:
987:
968:
917:gene duplication
891:free amino acids
633:common kingsnake
203:Excluded genera
191:
175:
163:Included genera
78:
77:
55:
43:
42:
21:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4773:Venomous snakes
4753:
4752:
4736:
4720:
4712:, Dec. 05, 2011
4702:
4692:
4649:
4633:
4631:Further reading
4623:
4602:
4581:
4560:
4542:
4537:
4527:
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4506:
4496:
4494:
4479:
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3808:
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3557:
3541:
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3526:
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3510:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3447:
3443:
3396:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3357:
3353:
3330:10.2307/1565969
3314:
3310:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3268:
3246:
3242:
3189:
3185:
3138:
3129:
3122:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3003:
2996:
2934:
2930:
2875:
2871:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2797:
2758:
2754:
2701:Current Biology
2693:
2689:
2682:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2609:
2602:
2590:
2583:
2571:
2567:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2497:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2465:
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2445:
2433:
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2418:
2409:
2355:
2346:
2323:
2319:
2288:
2281:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2086:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
1994:
1990:
1978:
1974:
1959:10.1670/103-03N
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1846:. p. 122.
1834:
1830:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1773:
1769:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1698:
1674:
1642:
1609:
1585:
1560:
1552:Aztec mythology
1523:
1503:
1498:
1474:
1472:Veterinary care
1451:red blood cells
1411:
1401:, and (rarely)
1367:
1343:
1327:
1300:
1231:
1134:
1072:
1008:
1006:
1005:
997:
995:
994:
993:
992:
989:
982:
979:
972:
966:
945:
883:biogenic amines
868:laboratory mice
864:
853:
810:
789:
769:
767:Auditory system
745:
725:
707:
668:
663:
518:
498:
442:
370:
365:
321:
225:venomous snakes
72:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4791:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4751:
4750:
4734:
4718:
4713:
4701:
4700:External links
4698:
4697:
4696:
4690:
4675:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4621:
4606:
4600:
4585:
4579:
4564:
4558:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4504:
4472:
4456:
4438:
4412:
4394:
4387:
4366:
4359:
4337:
4330:
4302:
4295:
4275:
4268:
4248:
4246:, p. 145.
4236:
4229:
4209:
4202:
4182:
4174:Barceloux 2008
4166:
4159:
4139:
4123:
4115:Barceloux 2008
4104:
4097:
4072:
4070:, p. 143.
4060:
4032:Henkel, John.
4024:
4016:Barceloux 2008
4008:
4001:
3981:
3962:
3944:
3903:
3896:
3876:
3869:
3849:
3830:
3818:
3816:, p. 100.
3806:
3794:
3782:
3766:
3751:
3744:
3724:
3695:
3670:
3668:, p. 109.
3658:
3646:
3630:
3628:, p. 110.
3613:
3611:, p. 106.
3598:
3586:
3574:
3562:
3555:
3532:
3517:
3504:
3492:
3441:
3406:(2): 302â336.
3390:
3374:
3371:on 2022-06-30.
3351:
3324:(3): 497â500.
3308:
3266:
3240:
3183:
3154:10.1086/688017
3148:(4): 475â483.
3127:
3120:
3095:
3088:
3065:
3058:
3036:
3024:
3017:
2994:
2928:
2869:
2808:
2795:
2752:
2687:
2680:
2657:
2650:
2630:
2623:
2600:
2592:Barceloux 2008
2581:
2565:
2549:
2542:
2520:
2513:
2482:
2470:
2464:978-0520210561
2463:
2443:
2424:
2407:
2344:
2317:
2298:(3): 116â127.
2279:
2260:(2): 211â225.
2240:
2228:
2212:
2200:
2188:
2186:, p. 120.
2171:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2102:
2080:
2064:
2014:
2004:
1988:
1972:
1953:(1): 151â156.
1937:
1925:
1913:
1906:
1886:
1879:
1859:
1852:
1828:
1821:
1801:
1792:"Rattlesnakes"
1783:
1775:Barceloux 2008
1767:
1758:"Rattlesnake!"
1748:
1741:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1673:
1670:
1646:Alistair Cooke
1641:
1638:
1608:
1605:
1597:snake handling
1567:Snake handling
1559:
1556:
1522:
1519:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1473:
1470:
1466:serum sickness
1438:Bothrops atrox
1419:Crotalus atrox
1410:
1407:
1366:
1363:
1342:
1341:Avoiding bites
1339:
1326:
1323:
1299:
1296:
1284:C. polystictus
1269:orientation).
1230:
1227:
1174:sex pheromones
1133:
1130:
1078:order, have a
1071:
1068:
1029:tail vibration
996:
990:
980:
975:
974:
973:
964:
963:
962:
944:
941:
862:
851:
836:) also have a
809:
806:
788:
785:
781:auditory nerve
768:
765:
744:
741:
724:
721:
706:
703:
667:
666:Sensory organs
664:
662:
659:
517:
514:
497:
494:
441:
438:
379:Crotalus atrox
369:
366:
364:
361:
320:
317:
227:that form the
216:
215:
205:
204:
200:
199:
198:
197:
184:
165:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
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109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4790:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4747:
4746:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4710:Science Daily
4707:
4704:
4703:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4648:0-937794-23-6
4644:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4624:
4622:1-56098-808-8
4618:
4614:
4613:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4493:on 2014-12-18
4492:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4476:
4469:
4465:
4460:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4306:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4252:
4245:
4240:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4143:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4109:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4069:
4064:
4050:on 2009-01-10
4046:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4004:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3804:, p. 33.
3803:
3798:
3791:
3786:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3764:, p. 96.
3763:
3758:
3756:
3747:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3728:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3667:
3662:
3656:, p. 32.
3655:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3596:, p. 50.
3595:
3590:
3584:, p. 39.
3583:
3578:
3572:, p. 38.
3571:
3566:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3539:
3537:
3530:, p. 69.
3529:
3524:
3522:
3514:
3508:
3502:, p. 48.
3501:
3496:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3291:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:"Rattlesnake"
3102:
3100:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:"Rattlesnake"
3040:
3034:, p. 56.
3033:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
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2948:
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2910:
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2897:
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2873:
2865:
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2823:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2607:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:"Rattlesnake"
2524:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2422:, p. 67.
2421:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
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2340:
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2305:
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2297:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2155:, p. 87.
2154:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2131:, p. 83.
2130:
2125:
2119:, p. 81.
2118:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2008:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1935:, p. 71.
1934:
1929:
1923:, p. 24.
1922:
1917:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1796:Animal Corner
1793:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:sects in the
1590:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1406:
1404:
1403:heart failure
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1252:
1251:invertebrates
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:ovoviviparous
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:C. adamanteus
1159:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1004:
1002:
978:
957:
949:
940:
937:
935:
931:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
858:
857:C. scutulatus
854:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:C. scutulatus
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
805:
801:
793:
784:
782:
778:
774:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
740:
738:
734:
730:
720:
717:
712:
698:
691:
687:
683:
679:
677:
673:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
629:
627:
626:indigo snakes
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
588:
584:in the genus
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
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503:
493:
491:
487:
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479:
475:
471:
467:
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334:
330:
326:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
272:The 36 known
270:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:
235:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
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206:
201:
194:
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185:
182:
178:
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158:
155:
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151:
148:
145:
142:
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138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
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118:
115:
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111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
64:
63:
58:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4743:
4727:
4709:
4680:
4663:
4656:
4638:
4611:
4590:
4569:
4548:
4528:November 21,
4526:. Retrieved
4520:
4513:Newton, Maud
4507:
4497:November 21,
4495:. Retrieved
4491:the original
4484:
4475:
4459:
4451:
4423:
4415:
4404:
4397:
4377:
4369:
4350:
4340:
4316:
4305:
4285:
4278:
4258:
4251:
4239:
4219:
4212:
4192:
4185:
4169:
4149:
4142:
4126:
4087:
4063:
4052:. Retrieved
4045:the original
4040:
4027:
4011:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3965:
3956:
3947:
3923:(4): 281â7.
3920:
3916:
3906:
3886:
3879:
3859:
3852:
3843:
3833:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3785:
3769:
3734:
3727:
3708:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3682:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3633:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3545:
3512:
3507:
3495:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3377:
3369:the original
3364:
3354:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3279:. Retrieved
3249:
3243:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3145:
3141:
3111:
3078:
3049:
3039:
3027:
3007:
2946:
2942:
2931:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2829:
2825:
2803:
2798:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2670:
2640:
2633:
2613:
2568:
2552:
2533:
2523:
2504:
2480:, p. 9.
2473:
2453:
2446:
2367:
2363:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2295:
2291:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2238:, p. 8.
2231:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2093:
2083:
2067:
2034:
2030:
2017:
2007:
1991:
1975:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1896:
1889:
1873:. Elsevier.
1869:
1862:
1838:
1831:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1770:
1761:
1751:
1727:
1690:Gadsden Flag
1683:
1680:Gadsden Flag
1643:
1633:
1610:
1586:
1549:
1534:
1524:
1501:Spirituality
1489:domesticated
1478:
1475:
1459:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1399:perspiration
1395:hemorrhaging
1384:
1372:
1368:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1315:
1312:
1301:
1289:
1282:
1271:
1255:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1216:spermathecae
1185:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1161:
1145:
1132:Reproduction
1126:
1119:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1073:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1033:
1022:
998:
938:
911:
899:polypeptides
872:
856:
845:
833:
825:
818:coagulopathy
811:
802:
798:
770:
746:
726:
708:
669:
636:
630:
591:
585:
519:
499:
486:constriction
443:
431:
400:
385:
377:
348:
343:form of the
336:
335:". The name
324:
322:
286:
271:
256:
237:
231:
221:Rattlesnakes
220:
219:
208:
186:
170:
60:
46:Rattlesnake
40:
3802:Furman 2007
3683:www.nwf.org
3654:Furman 2007
2826:GigaScience
2478:Furman 2007
2437:, pp.
2236:Furman 2007
2222:, pp.
1662:Harry Crews
1658:Maud Newton
1654:barbecueing
1644:Journalist
1515:Mexico City
1455:lyophilized
1447:centrifuged
1359:reflexively
1279:New England
1239:hibernation
1212:human penis
1181:C. horridus
1122:camouflages
1096:capillaries
977:Rattlesnake
913:Snake venom
866:studies in
838:presynaptic
598:cannibalize
574:kingfishers
534:roadrunners
406:vertebrates
403:ectothermic
349:seistrouros
153:Subfamily:
4757:Categories
4466:, p.
4244:Rubio 1998
4176:, p.
4133:, p.
4117:, p.
4068:Rubio 1998
4054:2009-06-15
4018:, p.
3826:Rubio 1998
3814:Rubio 1998
3790:Rubio 1998
3776:, p.
3762:Rubio 1998
3666:Rubio 1998
3640:, p.
3626:Rubio 1998
3609:Rubio 1998
3594:Rubio 1998
3582:Rubio 1998
3570:Rubio 1998
3528:Rubio 1998
3500:Rubio 1998
3384:, p.
3281:2022-11-12
3032:Rubio 1998
2889:(4): 251.
2594:, p.
2575:, p.
2559:, p.
2420:Rubio 1998
2333:: 97â139.
2208:Rubio 1998
2196:Rubio 1998
2184:Rubio 1998
2153:Rubio 1998
2141:Rubio 1998
2129:Rubio 1998
2117:Rubio 1998
2074:, p.
1998:, p.
1982:, p.
1933:Rubio 1998
1921:Rubio 1998
1777:, p.
1708:References
1443:antibodies
1433:terrificus
1308:massasauga
1259:topography
1160:of a male
1049:Colubridae
1001:media help
879:metal ions
877:, various
777:vibrations
773:middle ear
733:cone cells
618:feral pigs
562:kingsnakes
558:whipsnakes
476:for it in
305:threatened
297:kingsnakes
244:Crotalinae
211:pit vipers
157:Crotalinae
133:Suborder:
3487:206091017
3471:1097-4687
3420:1469-185X
3361:"Rattles"
3338:0022-1511
3290:cite book
3276:233563740
3217:0962-8452
3162:0003-0147
2971:2397-334X
2905:2072-6651
2846:2047-217X
2729:0960-9822
2059:219951376
2037:(Pt 14).
2012:predators
1672:Symbolism
1624:Sacagewea
1589:Christian
1414:Antivenom
1409:Antivenom
1292:aestivate
1235:brumation
1229:Brumation
1208:hemipenes
1188:oviparous
1158:hemipenis
1140:Two male
1064:hemipenes
1045:Viperidae
907:ingestion
846:C. tigris
842:paralysis
826:C. tigris
729:rod cells
690:Viperidae
672:radiation
516:Predators
496:Hydration
458:squirrels
341:Latinized
337:Sistrurus
319:Etymology
267:snakebite
252:predators
239:Sistrurus
188:Sistrurus
147:Viperidae
137:Serpentes
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
4573:. UPNE.
4515:(2011).
4041:Reptiles
3939:18076294
3688:15 April
3479:20730920
3436:20035062
3428:23998743
3235:12965006
3170:27622880
2989:35851850
2923:37104189
2914:10142186
2864:35365832
2820:(2022).
2747:27641771
2402:20228791
2274:11567889
2051:32561628
1967:86252575
1696:See also
1462:allergic
1391:vomiting
1380:erythema
1204:oviducts
1156:Everted
1107:Crotalus
1100:arteries
1076:Squamata
895:proteins
814:necrosis
753:nostrils
542:opossums
538:raccoons
502:hydrated
482:venomous
460:, small
415:prairies
353:Egyptian
333:castanet
325:Crotalus
313:poaching
301:neonates
278:Americas
263:vibrated
233:Crotalus
177:Linnaeus
172:Crotalus
143:Family:
127:Squamata
117:Reptilia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
4732:. 1905.
4540:Sources
4448:5311048
3346:1565969
3301:value (
3226:1691402
3178:3906174
2980:9888523
2951:Bibcode
2855:8975721
2790:2128566
2770:Bibcode
2762:Toxicon
2738:5207034
2709:Bibcode
2439:384â389
2393:2855400
2372:Bibcode
2300:Bibcode
2224:401-402
1666:tilapia
1640:As food
1626:âs son
1614:of the
1569:at the
1545:quetzal
1247:turtles
1243:burrows
1200:ovaries
1025:keratin
875:enzymes
757:tongues
661:Anatomy
622:badgers
614:falcons
587:Formica
578:shrikes
554:weasels
550:coyotes
506:streams
466:animals
454:rabbits
427:forests
423:deserts
419:marshes
363:Ecology
357:sistrum
339:is the
293:weasels
123:Order:
113:Class:
18:Rattler
4688:
4670:
4645:
4619:
4598:
4577:
4556:
4446:
4436:
4385:
4357:
4328:
4293:
4266:
4227:
4200:
4157:
4095:
3999:
3937:
3894:
3867:
3742:
3553:
3485:
3477:
3469:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3344:
3336:
3297:Check
3274:
3264:
3233:
3223:
3215:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3118:
3086:
3056:
3015:
2987:
2977:
2969:
2921:
2911:
2903:
2883:Toxins
2862:
2852:
2844:
2788:
2745:
2735:
2727:
2678:
2648:
2621:
2540:
2511:
2461:
2400:
2390:
2364:Nature
2272:
2254:Micron
2100:
2057:
2049:
1965:
1904:
1877:
1850:
1819:
1739:
1620:Mandan
1485:cattle
1483:, and
1481:muzzle
1387:nausea
1265:, and
1115:Nerves
943:Rattle
897:, and
887:lipids
651:shield
647:vipers
643:immune
602:eagles
576:, and
566:racers
564:, and
546:skunks
526:ravens
425:, and
259:rattle
248:vipers
229:genera
195:, 1883
193:Garman
4048:(PDF)
4037:(PDF)
3483:S2CID
3432:S2CID
3342:JSTOR
3272:S2CID
3174:S2CID
2055:S2CID
2027:(PDF)
1963:S2CID
1601:Bible
1526:Aztec
1376:edema
1267:solar
1092:blood
1088:veins
1086:from
1084:blood
808:Venom
787:Fangs
749:smell
743:Smell
737:fovea
716:brain
606:hawks
530:crows
510:ponds
490:scent
478:holes
472:, or
462:birds
345:Greek
329:Greek
289:hawks
4686:ISBN
4668:ISBN
4643:ISBN
4617:ISBN
4596:ISBN
4575:ISBN
4554:ISBN
4530:2014
4499:2014
4468:1055
4444:OCLC
4434:ISBN
4383:ISBN
4355:ISBN
4326:ISBN
4291:ISBN
4264:ISBN
4225:ISBN
4198:ISBN
4178:1036
4155:ISBN
4119:1030
4093:ISBN
4020:1027
3997:ISBN
3957:News
3935:PMID
3892:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3740:ISBN
3690:2018
3551:ISBN
3475:PMID
3467:ISSN
3424:PMID
3416:ISSN
3334:ISSN
3303:help
3262:ISBN
3231:PMID
3213:ISSN
3166:PMID
3158:ISSN
3116:ISBN
3084:ISBN
3054:ISBN
3013:ISBN
2985:PMID
2967:ISSN
2919:PMID
2901:ISSN
2860:PMID
2842:ISSN
2786:PMID
2743:PMID
2725:ISSN
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