Rapier (missile) - Knowledge

1008: 380: 1584: 1715: 1450: 1301: 1387: 1179: 773: 1545: 747: 1693: 1231: 959:(previously Matra BAe Dynamics). Emerging as "Rapier 2000", or "Field Standard C" (FSC) in British service, the system reached its ultimate form. Development of the FSC system began in 1983 and the systems first entered service in 1996. By this time the Cold War was over and British air defence capabilities were significantly reduced, with fewer and smaller batteries, albeit every fire unit with Blindfire. There is also an export version of this version, known as 33: 677:

The simple computer in the base then calculates the control inputs needed to bring the missile into the line of sight and sends them to the missile via the transmitter on the launcher platform, to the small receiver antennas on the rear of the mid-body fins. The operator simply keeps the telescope's crosshairs on the target using the joystick, and the missile automatically flies into the line of sight. The basic concept is similar to that used by most

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Regiment the UK's first effective fully air portable low-level SAM system and valuable experience in operating systems of this type. In 1972 a trials unit known as the Rapier Pilot Battery was formed jointly by No 63 Squadron RAF Regiment and 9 (Plassey) Light Air Defence Battery Royal Artillery. Comprehensive trials ended in 1973 and the first Rapier unit in British service, No. 63 Squadron, deployed to its operational station in Germany in mid-1974.

1657: 1513: 718: 1481: 1336: 1416: 629: 1790: 1625: 1607: 1213: 1266: 1035:. A number of years after the Shah was deposed in 1978, during informal contact with senior members of the Iranian army they indicated to a UK support organisation that they had continued to operate the initial batch of 30 launchers that had been delivered prior to the Shah's removal and that they had intercepted and destroyed a number of invading aircraft, significantly more than were engaged in the Falkland activities. 1195: 948: 669:

the target is found, the operator switches to "track" and uses a joystick to keep the target centred in the telescope. Once a steady track is established, the missile is fired. The TV camera on the tracker is tuned to track four flares on the missile's tail. Like the operator's telescope, the TV system has two views: about 11 degrees wide for the initial "capture", and 0.55 degrees for mid-course tracking.

879:. Due to its very high frequency of operation and ability to transform its beamshape from narrow azimuth and high elevation to wide azimuth and narrow elevation, Laserfire was able to detect helicopters hovering or travelling at low altitude and in areas of high clutter by detecting the movement of the helicopter's rotor blades. 792:

From moving to firing took only 30 seconds, a tremendous improvement over Towed Rapier, which required at least 15 minutes to unlimber, cable-up and align. A further difference between Towed and Tracked Rapier was that the Tracked Rapier launcher had eight (protected) missile rails compared with four

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Although accurate and simple to use, the original Rapier system clearly suffered from a lack of all-weather capability. To address this need, BAC started work on a separate radar guidance unit, primarily to improve foreign sales. This led to the introduction of the Marconi DN 181 "Blindfire" radar in

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In 1992 the Army signed a contract to upgrade all Rapier systems to an enhanced version. A Mark 2 missile variant commenced development in 1986 culminating in a complete re-design which entered service in the mid-1990s. Along with a further upgrade of the proximity fuze, the new missile incorporated

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to improve its abilities, especially at night. This version was known as "Rapier Darkfire" for this reason. Trials of the new system started in 1987, and were deployed operationally in 1990 as "Field Standard B2" (FSB2), the earlier upgrades retroactively becoming FSB1. This system was also known as

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missiles. The chopper is inside the launcher, rather than on the missile, and feeds an image from the tracking camera which passes through the light from the flares. The chopper generates signals that encode the angle of the missile relative to "up" and the angle out from the centre, or "error off".

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The next year, Mauler was downgraded on its way to being cancelled, leaving both the US and British Army with no modern short-range anti-aircraft systems. The General Staff and Air Staff responded by issuing the combined GASR.3132 requirement for a clear-weather daytime SAM for both the Army and the

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The system had not yet been fully developed when the Iranian Shah fell from power in 1978. The vehicles were later purchased by the British Army as part of a Fixed-price Develop and Supply contract. The first production Tracked Rapier was accepted on time and to cost at Wellington Barracks in early

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The initial proposal for the system was to simply mount the towed launcher, including its petrol generator set but minus its running gear, on the flatbed of the M548 carrier. When this was shown to Mr. G.R. Jefferson, the GW Managing Director, he was not very impressed. Aware of the amount of money

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Upon detection of a target, the optical tracking system is slewed to target the azimuth supplied by the SEZ; the operator then searches for the target in elevation. The operator's field of view is selected based on the target's range: "wide" at about 20 degrees or "track" at about 4.8 degrees. When

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In 1965, some Australian staff at Woomera began to develop a simulator system understand and tune the manual guidance system. This consisted of a joystick from the Rapier optical tracker which caused the projected image of the missile to move about. Models of the missile and various target aircraft

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used against longer-range and higher-altitude targets. As the expected air threat moved from medium-altitude strategic missions to low-altitude strikes, the fast reaction time and high manoeuvrability of the Rapier made it more effective than either of these weapons, replacing most of them by 1977.

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Von Karman supersonic aerodynamic profile; composite propellant, with a two-stage shaped burn and laminated body solid rocket motor; ceramic substrate surface mount PCBs; completely new electronic systems and software; both analogue and digital proprietary ASICs; highly ECM resistant front end and

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Initial engagement is similar to the original Rapier, but the target was illuminated and automatically tracked by a high power YAG:Nd laser. After the missile was launched the laser alternately illuminated the target and missile to determine their locations, and guidance was sent to the missile as

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simulated the Rapier's tracking flare. A complete Rapier targeting unit was placed in the center of the dome, and its guidance signals were captured and sent to the simulator to update the position of the missile. The projected laser imagery was bright enough that it could be tracked by IR imagers

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naval surface-to-air missile system. Tigercat was similar to Rapier in basic concept, but based on older technologies and thus somewhat larger and heavier while offering less range and much slower speeds. Tigercat was introduced into service with No 48 Squadron RAF Regiment in 1968, giving the RAF

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In 2006 a Ministry of Defence study in Ground Based Air Defence recommended further reductions, based on a reduced air threat and the improved air defence capabilities afforded by the Typhoon fighter. These included removing the role from the RAF Regiment as a measure to preserve Royal Artillery

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After initially entering service at Towed FSB1 standard, with planar array radar and the 'Pointing Stick', the Tracked Rapiers were upgraded, with the latest version included a thermal-imaging enhanced tracker which enabled single vehicle 24-hour operation without the need for the Blindfire unit.

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significantly from the towed version. However, a completely redesigned armoured launcher with the capability of loading eight missiles was produced, mounted via anti-vibration mounts to the flatbed of the vehicle. The armoured cab was provided with pan-climatic heating/cooling and NBC protection.

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towing the Rapier Launcher and carrying four missiles on board, a 2.8 m (109 in), 3/4 ton, 24 V FFR (Fitted For Radio) Land Rover towing a 1-ton Missile Supply Trailer (MST) containing up to 10 further missiles. Blindfire radar (see below) was only provided for a third of fire

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techniques to make a selection of films of various target attack sequences across the Woomera sky. The system was completed in 1968. In initial testing, tracking was seen to be a serious problem, and the British Army was concerned the system would be beyond the capabilities of the average gunner.

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of FAA Grupo 6, can be confirmed as a Rapier kill, when Lt Bernhardt's aircraft was destroyed on 29 May 1982. The pilot was killed. The other three, an A-4B Skyhawk of FAA Grupo 5 on 23 May and two A-4C Skyhawk of FAA Grupo 4 on 24 May and 25 May 1982, were subjected to the full force of the San

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In 1963, Defoe was made official, given the development target ET.316. BAC management initially gave it the name "Mongoose", but during a board meeting the issue arose that no one knew what more than one mongoose was called; mongooses? mongeese? The name "Rapier" was suggested and made official.

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In operation, the Rapier 2000 is similar to earlier Blindfire-equipped systems. Targets are acquired visually or through the Dagger radar, and then the Blindfire and optical tracker are slewed onto the target. The optical system can be used solely to track the missile, or it can be used for all

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FSB2 also introduced a number of improvements that greatly improved Rapier capabilities. First and foremost was the Tactical Control Console that allowed four Rapier launchers to be controlled from a central location. The launchers themselves were upgraded to carry six missiles instead of four,

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The optical tracker was placed inside the armoured cab of the vehicle, elevating through the roof for operation. The tracker was operated from the right side of the crew cabin, while on the left were the driver and tactical controller who also had a helmet-mounted sight, allowing him to lay the

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To ensure accuracy, Blindfire uses a very narrow "pencil" beam and tracks both the target and missile. To allow the operator to monitor the Blindfire system when it tracks the target, the existing optical tracker follows the Blindfire radar, although it is possible for the optical tracker to be

653:. Upon detecting a target, a lamp lights up on the Selector Engagement Zone (SEZ) — a box containing 32 orange lamps arranged in a circle about the size of an automobile steering wheel. The radar operator can use switches to blank out returns from other directions, providing jamming resistance. 434:

arrangement for high rates of fire. In spite of some progress, in 1959, the General Staff concluded that guns were no longer useful against modern aircraft. For their immediate needs they purchased the new Bofors 40/L70, and for the longer term began a new missile development for a short-range,

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The official history of the war states "Within the total, only five Argentine aircraft might have been shot down by Rapier, and, as originally noted by Ethell and Price, only one of these was certain, with two probables and two possibles. Similar discrepancies arose over other weapons systems,

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With the range of upgrades and new components, the original low-cost Rapier system was gone. In order to address international market requirements for a lower-cost system, BAC started development of the "Rapier Laserfire" in 1982. Laserfire replaced the original optical tracker unit with a new

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The British Army did not purchase the Blindfire system until 1979, entering service with Rapier "Field Standard A" (FSA). The RAF Regiment had 27 Squadron operational with Blindfire at RAF Leuchars by 1979, and was in the process of bringing all the RAF Regiment GBAD (Ground Based Air Defence)

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On the downside, Laserfire no longer has the optical system of the original, which served an important second duty by allowing the aircraft to be visually identified at long range. Additionally, while the Laserfire tracking system was capable of being operated at night, target acquisition was

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and a single-stage solid-rocket motor that accelerates the missile to about 650 metres per second (2,100 ft/s), about Mach 2. Engagement time to the maximum effective range is about 13 seconds. Response time from initial target detection to missile launch is about six seconds, repeatedly

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This included significant changes to armour the M548 vehicle, now designated RCM 748, and to incorporate the diesel-powered Coventry Climax H 30 engine to run the new generator set, and also as the auxiliary power unit. The majority of the electronic equipment in the launcher was not changed

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had exaggerated, however unwittingly, the capabilities of Rapier was deemed to be political, as it was observed that if this assessment became widely known it 'could have serious adverse effects on sales' prospects for Rapier, which was a staple revenue-earner for BAe's Dynamic Group."

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The original Rapier took the form of a two-wheeled launcher carrying four missiles, an optical tracker unit, a generator, and a trailer of reserve missiles. The launcher consists of a vertical cylindrical unit carrying two missiles on each side, the surveillance radar dish and

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As development continued, it became increasingly clear that the Rapier was far more a formidable weapon than initially expected. The optical tracking system was so accurate that the missile almost always hit the target aircraft, so despite its small warhead and lack of a

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There were many sighting problems which prevented Rapier from operating efficiently, which led to it not being particularly effective in terms of number of 'kills'; but its presence acted as a deterrent, especially after the deployment of Blindfire systems around

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There was no room for Blindfire on a single RCM748 vehicle, so this was instead towed or was to be carried on a separate modified M548/RCM748. Feeding data to the control system in the firing unit again required setup time to connect the two pieces of equipment.

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Some problems were solved by adjusting the joystick's mechanical feedback to more closely match the missile's difficulty responding to various inputs. Many of the remaining issues were subsequently solved via a massive simulation run and data processing using an

542:. Whether GASR.3132 was designed for Sightline, or Sightline for GASR.3132, is not clear in existing references. The new concept was given the name "Defoe". An even smaller and cheaper system lacking an early warning radar was also considered under GASR.3134. 966:

FSC was effectively a new system, although Blindfire was little changed and it could fire both Mk 1 and Mk 2 missiles. The Surveillance radar was removed from the launcher and became a separate element and each launcher now carried eight missiles.

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truck. The firing unit was a single piece that would normally be placed on the ground during operation, but could be fired from the truck in an emergency. The system was deliberately designed to fit, when taken apart, as a single load in the

1062:, was not deployed on the islands until after the conflict had ended.) 63 Squadron RAF Regiment, coincidentally the first unit to have been equipped with Rapier, was deployed at San Carlos bay on 1 June, later deploying around Stanley. 987:

guidance, like the original Rapier. In either case the engagement is entirely automatic, with no operator guidance needed. The optical system can also be used as a search system, seeking out IR sources, allowing radar-quiet operation.

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With the missiles increasingly relying on radar guidance since the introduction of Blindfire, it made sense to upgrade the original search radar to something much more modern. This was supplied by the Alenia Marconi "Dagger", a 3D

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A modified M548 Missile Resupply Vehicle carried replacement missiles, a relief crew, and additional field kits, rations and water. A further M548 was configured as a REME Forward Area Support team with test facilities and spares.

1031:, but it was stationed inside Iraq to protect the Kurdish military headquarters. It was fired by a British crew, which seems to have been under contract to either the Iranian government or possibly the missile's manufacturer, 348:. The system is unusual as it uses a manual optical guidance system, sending guidance commands to the missile in flight over a radio link. This results in a high level of accuracy, therefore a large warhead is not required. 734:

manually "laid on" a second target whilst the Blindfire engages the first. The Blindfire trailer carries its own generator unit, and is towed by a third Land Rover (a 12 V winch-equipped 101 FC) with the designation

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The optical tracker unit comprises a stationary lower section housing the operator controls and a rotating upper section containing the tracking optics. The operator's optical system is a modified telescope containing a

665:, the operator does not have to move to track the target. The upper section also contains a separate missile tracking system that follows the operator's optics, based on a television camera optimized for the IR band. 648:

The search radar, of the pulsed Doppler type, has a range of about 15 kilometres (9 mi). The aerial, located at the top of the launcher, rotates about once a second, looking for moving targets through their

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it almost guaranteed a kill. BAC joked that the system was a "hit-ile", as opposed to a "miss-ile". It also became clear that the warning radar system would be invaluable in the field, and GASR.3134 was dropped.

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cooler instead of compressed gas bottles. The use of much smaller electronics greatly reduced stack height of the whole launcher, allowing an additional two missiles to be added, for a total of eight.

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system. Dagger is mounted on its own trailer, so the radome on top of the launcher unit was no longer needed. In its place, a much more modern optical tracking system was added. The new tracker used a

1862: 704:(DSV). Royal Artillery batteries comprised three troops each of four fire units, while RAF Regiment squadrons had eight fire units. By 1980, each Royal Artillery fire unit consisted of a 24-volt, 761:

came the additional requirement for a fully-mobile version of Rapier to protect the Chieftain tanks being supplied on a UK MOD contract. BAC responded by adapting the Rapier system to fit on the

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During the development of PT.428, BAC had also considered a lightweight version of the system which mounted six of the PT.428 missiles on a trailer that could be towed by a pickup version of the

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Early post-war reports were favourable, indicating 14 kills and 6 probables. Later analysis was less rosy, indicating as few as four enemy aircraft were downed. Only one Argentine aircraft, a

1135:, an attribute which required the operator to strike the target aircraft directly with the missile. Rapier also suffered from problems with the IFF system and suffered from interference with 645:" (IFF) system under a radome on top, the guidance computer and radar electronics at the bottom, and a prominent parabolic antenna for sending guidance commands to the missiles on the front. 932:

command link with redundant encoding; fully Digital Autopilot incorporating Kalman state filtering; inertial navigation comprising ring-laser roll and rate gyroscope; Kapton ribbon cabling.

872:(laser radar) illuminating system that is considerably smaller, allowing the entire system to be mounted on a single pallet that could itself be mounted on a truck or other flatbed vehicle. 392:

The introduction of medium-range surface-to-air missiles, or surface-to-air guided weapons (SAGW) as they are known in the UK, had made flying at medium or high altitudes anywhere near the

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In 1988 tests started on an improved warhead using a proximity fuze, in order to give Rapier capability against smaller targets that would be difficult to hit directly, notably high-speed

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available, he required a much more extensive change. Greville Beale and Adrian Pollicutt led the development of a significantly different arrangement which was produced in a short period.

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with almost all of the missiles spares. The intermittent unserviceability of fire unit 32 alpha at Fitzroy was one of many factors that contributed to the success of the bombing of the

887:). Laserfire thus represented a fairly major upgrade to the original optical system, allowing semi-automatic engagements, and greatly reducing operator skill and training requirements. 511:

mounted on a gimbal system in the truck bed. A small antenna on the launcher trailer would communicate with the missile to bring it into alignment with the binoculars and then follow

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attack. FSB included lessons from the Falklands campaign, notable the 'pointing stick' that enabled the detachment commander of a fire unit to point the aiming unit at a target.

836:, 12 and 16 Regiment Royal Artillery tracked batteries, quickly fitted with sat-nav for desert use, combined to provide Tracked Rapier support to deployed armoured regiments. 2298: 855:

Shortly after introducing FSA, "Field Standard B" (FSB) added a number of basic upgrades. Additionally, the search radar was upgraded to be easily shut down in case of an

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on 21 May. Their task was to provide air defence cover for a Harrier landing and re-fuelling pad built on the outskirts of Port San Carlos. (T Battery's sister battery,

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Entering service in 1971, it eventually replaced all other anti-aircraft weapons in British Army service; both the Bofors guns used against low-altitude targets and the

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https://s.yimg.com/fz/api/res/1.2/22U82vbTA6KARt9zRChxzw--/YXBwaWQ9c3JjaGRkO2g9NjIwO3E9OTU7dz05MDA-/http://muckleburgh.co.uk/collection-images/rapier-mk1-missile.JPG

2236: 1910: 3021: 534:(SACLOS) system. Using this with the PT.428 missile produced the Sightline concept, which would be much less expensive than the original radar-guided version. 2641: 3031: 1927: 1043: 1007: 587:

On a parallel track, the RAF Regiment had been looking for a short-range weapon for airfield defense. Eventually, this led to the development of the

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Tracked Rapier was retired in the early 1990s, due to manning limitations when the Towed FSC version entered service. It has since been replaced by

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and seekers, allowing it to be used with the updated Darkfire versions of the Rapier with their IR cameras, or other IR seeking missiles like the

2646: 1942: 765:, a cargo-carrier version of the ubiquitous M113. Development started in 1974 as "Tracked Rapier", with the first public showing at the 1977 2411: 1073:

From an engineering perspective, the fragile nature of the launchers was well known before the conflict, exacerbated by the sinking of the

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A Rapier missile speeds towards its target during a live firing exercise by 20 Commando Battery Royal Artillery at Benbecula in Scotland.

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in the towed system, enhancing firepower and reducing re-supply requirements. It was also air-portable, ready to deploy on landing, in

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The location of the missile relative to the line of sight is measured using a system identical to the "chopper" system used in early

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Jernas launcher unit. The optical tracker is on top, there is an integrated generator, and the overall height is greatly reduced.

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The missile warhead is available in two versions, the Mk. 2A for the normal anti-aircraft role, and the Mk. 2B, which includes a

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missiles. It also saw international sales. In October 2021, it was replaced as one of the UK's primary air-defence weapons by

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When PT.428 ended in 1961, BAC began considering less-expensive options based on the same general concept. During this time,

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units in the face of significant cuts to the Army. Nevertheless, the Royal Artillery units were placed under command of the

2473: 2305: 1124: 1494:– Rapier systems FSB1 ordered in 1979, latterly operated by No. 233 Squadron (formerly 33 Squadron) at Penanjong Garrison 1059: 681:, except that those normally use small wires — rather than a radio link — to send guidance information to the missile. 447:(BAC) in 1960, and given the development name PT.428. This called for a system that could be carried on a single 4-ton 2620: 2601: 396:

near suicidal. In response, air forces began introducing aircraft and weapons meant to be used at low altitudes, in

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of the Royal Artillery. It was planned to deploy the system in the Falkland Islands in "late summer/early autumn".

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set sited approximately 20 metres from the launcher. Fuel is being supplied to the generator from one of the three

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would be mounted on a framework above the roof of the truck, and initial tracking would be manual using a pair of

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As budget pressures escalated in the early 1960s, the Army was given the choice of picking either PT.428 or their

2636: 1808: 1667: 633: 620:. This system was sold separately for use with other missile systems under the name British Aerospace Microdome. 420: 419:

were suitable, as they could be quickly swung and fired in seconds. However, the relatively short range of their

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An FSB standard Launcher, Tracker and S.E.Z. is on display in the Aerospace Bristol museum at Filton Bristol.

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found rather questionable. The Army officially replaced PT.428 with the similar but slightly less advanced

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projected images of targets and the missiles in-flight on top of the background imagery, while a smaller

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to prevent the image 'toppling' as the optics rotate in azimuth. Using this system means that, unlike a

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guns meant they had only a very short period of time in which the aircraft was close enough to fire on.

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became common and higher performance designs were in the pipeline. Against low-flying aircraft, only

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In 1985 development started on a new tracker that replaced the original optical system with a new

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The first test firings of the missile took place in 1966. The system was extensively tested at

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video of Tracked Rapier, showing the Darkfire optical tracker and helmet mounted cueing system

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12 launchers ordered in 1981, systems modernised from 1998 to 1999 to the standard Rapier-2000

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In 1992, shortly after the introduction of Rapier 90, another major upgrade series started at

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to investigate a replacement for Rapier which was scheduled to leave service about 2020. The

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To improve this, the Army began the development of a massively improved weapon known as "

2676: 2142: 2067:"Guided Weapons: Australian development of mathematical models and computer simulations" 2896: 2855: 2716: 2662: 1635: 1594: 1167: 1051: 909: 840: 751: 608: 584:. Complete systems were tested in 1968, with a subsequent production contract in 1969. 383:

A Rapier FSC Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) system at Blackheath, London on 2 May 2012

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250 Rapiers-1 missiles ordered in 1981, modernised to standard Rapier-2 in 1998-99

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conference in September 2007 it was announced the UK MoD was funding a study by

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vehicle. The concept was similar to PT.428, but larger and with fewer missiles.

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improving battery capacity. Finally, the search radar was updated to use a new

904:"Rapier 90". Cooling for the imager was provided by bottles of compressed gas. 884: 766: 730:

Squadrons into line. By 1997 more than 350 Blindfire radars had been produced.

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3,000 m (9,800 ft) (Mk1 missile), 5,000 m (16,000 ft) (Mk2)

2665: 2651: 1943:"Japan Wants Missile Defenses to Protect the 2020 Olympics (From North Korea)" 1846: 1123:(zero to one against eight claimed and two probables). This confirmation that 912:, although its capabilities remained generally the same as the earlier model. 3015: 1824: 1720: 1163: 1039: 936: 876: 844: 650: 476: 472: 431: 102: 2817: 2527:"Fact Sheet: Surface-to-Air PYthon-5 and DERby-Air Defence System (SPYDER)" 1703: 709:

units in British Army service, but for all fire units in the RAF Regiment.

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The first known use of a Rapier in combat was in December 1974 during the

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warhead and dual fuzes, and which is useful against light armour as well.

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for target identification, and eighteen missiles in two nine-round boxes.

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rapid-reaction weapon, known as the Light Anti-Aircraft (LAA) system.

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flying that used landforms to block the view of the aircraft from the

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missile in service with the RAF. In July 2021 it was reported that

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The main problems were a lack of range, and the decision to omit a

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1970, the first examples being sold to the Iranian Army in 1973.

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The missile contains a 1.4-kilogram (3.1 lb) warhead with a

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In the 1980s, a new training simulator system was constructed in

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820 Rapiers-1 missiles (300 in 1984, 400 in 1985, 120 in 1986)

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considered this threat considerable as new aircraft like the

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Battle Atlas of the Falklands War 1982 by Land, Sea and Air

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In April 1982, the original Rapier was deployed during the

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British Secret Projects: Hypersonics, Ramjets and Missiles

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Rapier/Jernas missile information on MBDA company website

430:". This used a large 42 mm (1.7 in) round in a 1349:– 86 launchers, modernized in Turkey. To be replaced by 1922: 1920: 2143:

Armedforces.co.uk Blindfire Radar Introduction Details

1670:– Rapier systems entered service in 1981, replaced by 2299:"Board of Inquiry into the Loss of AAC Gazelle XX377" 1182:

Swiss troops erect the Rapier missile system in 1986.

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Blast fragmentation explosive close proximity warhead

2596:(5th ed.). Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division. 2290: 2153: 1917: 1905: 1903: 1800:

An example is on display under cover in a hangar in

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had started acceptance trials and training with the

963:. Malaysia is the first export customer for Jernas. 2436: 692:The whole system and its crew are delivered by two 467:nuclear missile. They chose the latter, a decision 2412:"Die Schweiz verschrottet funktionierende Raketen" 1867: 443:The initial design contest for the LAA was won by 49:grouped adjacent to it (one in use and two spare). 2592:Cullen, Tony; Foss, Christopher F., eds. (1992). 2154:C O'Halloran, James; Foss, Christopher F (2002). 1900: 1858: 1856: 1854: 3013: 2642:archived version of BAe website on Rapier/Jernas 2637:Rapier/Jernas missile information on BAe website 1054:as part of the Falklands Task Force, landing at 2653:MBDA promotional video of Rapier/Jernas missile 2335:"London 2012: Olympic missiles sites confirmed" 2099:. Hearst Magazines. September 1988. p. 16. 1374:72 rebuilt to standard Rapier-2000 in 1997-2002 2285:The Official History of the Falklands Campaign 1897:, English Electric Thunderbird Project Details 1851: 172:≈25,000 missiles, 600 launchers and 350 radars 3022:Surface-to-air missiles of the United Kingdom 2692: 2610: 2203: 2201: 2053: 2009: 1973: 1150:. Rapier systems were placed at four sites: ( 924:. Serial production of Mk. 1E began in 1989. 282:Mach 3 (3,700 km/h; 2,300 mph) 928:(then) state-of-art technologies including: 607:onto which terrain images were projected. A 2296: 997:Joint Ground Based Air Defence Headquarters 3032:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s 2699: 2685: 2591: 2513: 2198: 2130: 1095:Carlos Air Defences, with claims going to 41:Rapier SAM installation with the detached 2507: 2430: 2287:(Abingdon, 2005). Volume II, page 732-735 2124: 1728:– Rapier systems entered service in 1983 1638:– Rapier systems entered service in 1983 1562:– Rapier systems entered service in 1972 1279:– Rapier systems entered service in 1976 2553:"Missiles and Fire Support at DSEi 2007" 2361:"JERNAS / Rapier FSC Air Defence System" 2022: 2020: 2018: 1875:"JERNAS / Rapier FSC Air Defence System" 1788: 1769:(CAMM), would share components with the 1177: 1006: 946: 771: 745: 716: 627: 483:and nine missiles using either radar or 378: 143:British Aircraft Corporation (1963–1977) 2207: 1571:1250 Rapiers-1 missiles ordered in 1970 712: 532:semi-automatic command to line of sight 295:Semi-automatic command to line of sight 264:400–8,200 m (1,300–26,900 ft) 3014: 2474:"Sejarah Satuan | Dohar Sista Arhanud" 2409: 1746:600 Rapiers-1 missiles ordered in 1985 1737:650 Rapiers-1 missiles ordered in 1981 1647:250 Rapiers-1 missiles ordered in 1981 1574:950 Rapiers-1 missiles ordered in 1973 1526:– Rapier systems ordered in 1984-1986 571:, an early user of the Rapier system. 2680: 2611:Gibson, Chris; Buttler, Tony (2007). 2594:Jane's Land-Based Air Defence 1992–93 2446:The Rhodesian War: A Military History 2257: 2015: 1823:An example of a Rapier system at the 1807:Another example is on display at the 1468:570 Rapier-1 missiles ordered in 1975 1377:840 Rapier-2 missiles ordered in 1999 1371:750 Rapier-1 missiles ordered in 1985 1362:750 Rapier-1 missiles ordered in 1983 1285:600 Rapier-1 missiles ordered in 1974 1244:– ordered 3 batteries in April 2002 591:system in 1967, an adaptation of the 1940: 1186: 2210:Watching Men Burn: A Soldiers Story 2069:. 23 September 2012. Archived from 1817:A Rapier 2000 is on display at the 1740:11 Blindfire radars ordered in 1985 1731:32 Blindfire radars ordered in 1981 1441: 1365:12 Blindfire radars ordered in 1985 1356:12 Blindfire radars ordered in 1983 1288:12 Blindfire radars ordered in 1980 1162:, Shooter's Hill; and Barn Hill in 915: 891:optical, like the original Rapier. 13: 2466: 2260:"Part 54. Argentine Aircraft Lost" 1985: 1941:Peck, Michael (15 November 2019). 1677:6 Blindfire radars ordered in 1981 1641:6 Blindfire radars ordered in 1981 1148:air-defence security for the games 575:were constructed and filmed using 387: 14: 3043: 2630: 1988:"The Red Queen and the Vigilante" 1706:– 124 launchers, operated by the 1429:– Rapier systems ordered in 1971 1400:– Rapier systems ordered in 1974 1002: 741: 363:to replace their Bofors guns and 359:Rapier was later selected by the 237:Proximity triggered chemical fuze 1713: 1691: 1655: 1623: 1605: 1597:– captured from Iran during the 1582: 1543: 1511: 1479: 1448: 1414: 1385: 1334: 1299: 1264: 1229: 1211: 1193: 995:(within HQ Air Command) and the 567:, considerably supported by the 31: 2585: 2578:https://www.heughbattery.co.uk/ 2571: 2545: 2533:. MINDEF Singapore. 4 July 2018 2519: 2496: 2410:Humbel, Georg (11 March 2023). 2403: 2378: 2353: 2327: 2277: 2251: 2225: 2172: 2147: 2136: 2103: 2085: 2059: 2031:Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems 1809:City of Norwich Aviation Museum 1767:Common Anti-Air Modular Missile 1668:Republic of Singapore Air Force 807:11 (Sphinx) Air Defence Battery 805:1981, and entered service with 634:Republic of Singapore Air Force 180:Mk1 ("Hittile"), Mk2B (Missile) 1979: 1934: 1881: 1840: 1752: 1465:20 SAM systems ordered in 1975 1027:. The missile belonged to the 942: 809:, of 22 Air Defence Regiment, 789:tracker onto a visual target. 166: 91: 1: 2503:Al-Taji Army Scrapeyard- Iraq 2258:Smith, Gordon (31 May 2013), 2156:Jane's Land-Based Air Defence 2120:. 29 August 1987. p. 27. 1847:Rapier – British Army Website 1829: 1206:Islamic Republic of Iran Army 1142:Rapiers were used during the 1048:12th Regiment Royal Artillery 875:Laserfire used a millimetric 3027:British Aircraft Corporation 1834: 1743:14 launchers ordered in 1985 1734:32 launchers ordered in 1981 1644:12 launchers ordered in 1981 1568:36 launchers ordered in 1974 1565:45 launchers ordered in 1970 1529:21 launchers ordered in 1984 1368:36 launchers ordered in 1985 1359:36 launchers ordered in 1983 1282:28 launchers ordered in 1974 1173: 862: 643:Identification Friend or Foe 623: 528:Royal Aircraft Establishment 494: 445:British Aircraft Corporation 126:British Aircraft Corporation 7: 2308:. p. 4. Archived from 1819:National Army Museum London 1532:9 launchers ordered in 1986 894: 530:were developing an optical 479:. Mauler combined a search 201:2.235 m (88.0 in) 10: 3048: 1784: 1674:missile system from 2011. 1556:Imperial Iranian Air Force 975:with an integrated Cossor 776:Tracked Rapier (rear view) 769:as a static display unit. 702:Detachment Support Vehicle 689:confirmed in live firing. 374: 217:0.138 m (5.4 in) 209:0.133 m (5.2 in) 2996: 2963: 2925: 2863:(Sea Ceptor, Land Ceptor) 2841: 2773: 2715: 2093:"Laser Missile Simulator" 2054:Gibson & Buttler 2007 2010:Gibson & Buttler 2007 1974:Gibson & Buttler 2007 1398:United Arab Emirates Army 1156:William Girling Reservoir 922:remotely piloted vehicles 843:launchers mounted on the 706:101 FC 1 tonne Land Rover 545: 438: 404:systems on the missiles. 314: 300: 286: 276: 268: 256: 246: 241: 229: 221: 213: 205: 197: 189: 184: 176: 165: 157: 139: 131: 121: 116: 98: 85: 77: 72: 65:Place of origin 64: 54: 30: 23: 2283:Freedman, Sir Lawrence, 1893:5 September 2008 at the 1111:, as well as T Battery. 1017:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 901:IR thermal imager system 515:(SARH) from that point. 513:semi-active radar homing 2111:"Rapier dome developed" 1928:"7th Air Defence Group" 1601:, phased out after 2003 1326:2,000 Rapier-2 missiles 1323:1,200 Rapier-1 missiles 1277:Royal Air Force of Oman 407:By the late 1950s, the 341:to replace their towed 193:45 kg (99 lb) 3002: Anglo-Australian 2514:Cullen & Foss 1992 2208:McNally, Tony (2007), 2131:Cullen & Foss 1992 1797: 1492:Royal Brunei Air Force 1183: 1012: 952: 857:anti-radiation missile 850: 777: 754: 736:Tracking Radar Tractor 722: 637: 384: 335:surface-to-air missile 309:flight control surface 59:Surface-to-air missile 18:Surface-to-air missile 2710:of the United Kingdom 2478:DoharSistaArhanud.com 1947:The National Interest 1792: 1779:7th Air Defence Group 1560:Imperial Iranian Army 1503:250 Rapier-1 missiles 1435:250 Rapier-1 missiles 1406:250 Rapier-1 missiles 1291:800 Rapier-2 missiles 1256:150 Rapier-2 missiles 1181: 1019:when it shot down an 1010: 950: 775: 749: 720: 631: 487:guidance on a single 382: 2118:Flight International 2027:"Rapier 2000/Jernas" 1393:United Arab Emirates 1314:– ordered in 1980 1170:at two other sites. 1144:2012 Summer Olympics 721:Blindfire radar unit 713:Blindfire radar, FSA 2559:on 5 September 2008 2484:on 7 September 2021 2450:Pen and Sword Books 2390:armstrade.sipri.org 2315:on 25 November 2008 2306:Ministry of Defence 2266:, Naval-history.net 1888:36regimentra.org.uk 1793:Rapier launcher in 1317:60 Blindfire radars 1168:Starstreak missiles 1060:9 (Plassey) Battery 973:pulse doppler radar 505:early warning radar 353:Thunderbird missile 3000: 2998: Anglo-French 2927:Surface-to-surface 2438:Moorcraft, Paul L. 2033:, 15 February 2008 1798: 1636:Qatar Armed Forces 1595:Iraqi Armed Forces 1497:4 radars Blindfire 1184: 1052:3 Commando Brigade 1013: 953: 910:planar array radar 841:Starstreak missile 778: 755: 752:RAF Museum Cosford 750:Tracked Rapier at 723: 679:anti-tank missiles 638: 609:copper vapor laser 417:anti-aircraft guns 385: 346:anti-aircraft guns 337:developed for the 323:vehicle or trailer 117:Production history 3007: 3006: 2459:978-1-84415-694-8 2442:McLaughlin, Peter 2386:"Trade Registers" 2297:Navy Command HQ. 2239:on 9 October 2007 2219:978-0-9552854-5-5 2180:""Dagger/Rapier"" 2097:Popular Mechanics 1994:on 7 August 2008. 1986:Gibson, William. 1913:. 4 October 2020. 1427:Zambian Air Force 1347:Turkish Air Force 1187:Current operators 1152:Blackheath Common 1077:Atlantic Conveyor 1023:belonging to the 636:Rapier SAM system 613:helium-neon laser 458:television camera 328: 327: 251:solid-fuel rocket 3039: 3001: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2678: 2677: 2668: 2654: 2626: 2607: 2580: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2555:. Archived from 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2480:. Archived from 2470: 2464: 2463: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2314: 2303: 2294: 2288: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2235:. Archived from 2229: 2223: 2222: 2212:, Monday Books, 2205: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2182:. Archived from 2176: 2170: 2169: 2151: 2145: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2034: 2024: 2013: 2007: 1996: 1995: 1990:. Archived from 1983: 1977: 1971: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1907: 1898: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1871: 1865: 1860: 1849: 1844: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1629: 1627: 1626: 1618:Libyan Air Force 1611: 1609: 1608: 1588: 1586: 1585: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1442:Former operators 1420: 1418: 1417: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1340: 1338: 1337: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1224:Kenyan Air Force 1217: 1215: 1214: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1021:Ilyushin Il-76MD 916:Missile upgrades 398:nap-of-the-earth 279: 168: 35: 26: 21: 20: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2959: 2921: 2837: 2769: 2711: 2708:Guided missiles 2705: 2666: 2652: 2633: 2623: 2604: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2572: 2562: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2444:(April 2008) . 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2408: 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897: 865: 853: 815:Napier Barracks 811:Royal Artillery 744: 715: 698:Fire Unit Truck 696:designated the 674:infrared homing 626: 569:Australian Army 548: 497: 469:Solly Zuckerman 454:Fairey Rotodyne 441: 390: 388:Earlier systems 377: 319: 317: 305: 303: 291: 289: 261: 259: 242: 234: 232: 149: 144: 109: 105: 78:In service 73:Service history 50: 39:Swiss Air Force 24: 19: 12: 11: 5: 3045: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3005: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2843:Surface-to-air 2839: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2775:Air-to-surface 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2719: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2689: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2660: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2631:External links 2629: 2628: 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1242:Malaysian Army 1239: 1226: 1221: 1208: 1203: 1188: 1185: 1175: 1172: 1133:proximity fuze 1004: 1003:Combat history 1001: 993:HQ 1 Group RAF 981:Stirling-cycle 944: 941: 917: 914: 896: 893: 885:laser guidance 864: 861: 852: 849: 767:Paris Air Show 757:With sales to 743: 742:Tracked Rapier 740: 714: 711: 700:(FUT) and the 625: 622: 557:proximity fuze 547: 544: 496: 493: 440: 437: 389: 386: 376: 373: 326: 325: 320: 315: 312: 311: 306: 301: 298: 297: 292: 287: 284: 283: 280: 278:Maximum speed 274: 273: 270: 269:Flight ceiling 266: 265: 262: 257: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243: 239: 238: 235: 230: 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 191: 187: 186: 185:Specifications 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 170: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 114: 113: 100: 96: 95: 87: 83: 82: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 68:United Kingdom 66: 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 36: 28: 27: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3044: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3010: 2995: 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2479: 2475: 2469: 2461: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2366: 2362: 2356: 2341:. 3 July 2012 2340: 2336: 2330: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2293: 2286: 2280: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2204: 2202: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2167: 2161: 2157: 2150: 2144: 2139: 2133:, p. 266 2132: 2127: 2119: 2112: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2073:on 7 May 2016 2072: 2068: 2062: 2056:, p. 70. 2055: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2012:, p. 69. 2011: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1976:, p. 68. 1975: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1884: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1827: 1826: 1825:Heugh Battery 1821: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1796: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1721:United States 1711: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675: 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