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method because it provides control for all attributes of the members of the samplesâin contrast to matching on only one or more variablesâand provides the mathematical basis for estimating the likelihood of group equivalence for characteristics one is interested in, both for pretreatment checks on equivalence and the evaluation of post treatment results using inferential statistics. More advanced statistical modeling can be used to adapt the inference to the sampling method.
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statistically that they did not come from the same population, even though, procedurally, they were assigned from the same total group. For example, using random assignment may create an assignment to groups that has 20 blue-eyed people and 5 brown-eyed people in one group. This is a rare event under random assignment, but it could happen, and when it does it might add some doubt to the causal agent in the experimental hypothesis.
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Imagine an experiment in which the participants are not randomly assigned; perhaps the first 10 people to arrive are assigned to the
Experimental group, and the last 10 people to arrive are assigned to the Control group. At the end of the experiment, the experimenter finds differences between the
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Random sampling is a related, but distinct, process. Random sampling is recruiting participants in a way that they represent a larger population. Because most basic statistical tests require the hypothesis of an independent randomly sampled population, random assignment is the desired assignment
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Imagine the experimenter instead uses a coin flip to randomly assign participants. If the coin lands heads-up, the participant is assigned to the
Experimental group. If the coin lands tails-up, the participant is assigned to the Control group. At the end of the experiment, the experimenter finds
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that they are equal to the same population mean (i.e., population mean of differences = 0), given the probability distribution, the null hypothesis will sometimes be "rejected," that is, deemed not plausible. That is, the groups will be sufficiently different on the variable tested to conclude
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differences between the
Experimental group and the Control group. Because each participant had an equal chance of being placed in any group, it is unlikely the differences could be attributable to some other preexisting attribute of the participant, e.g. those who arrived on time versus late.
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Experimental group and the
Control group, and claims these differences are a result of the experimental procedure. However, they also may be due to some other preexisting attribute of the participants, e.g. people who arrive early versus people who arrive late.
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Random assignment does not guarantee that the groups are matched or equivalent. The groups may still differ on some preexisting attribute due to chance. The use of random assignment cannot eliminate this possibility, but it greatly reduces it.
277:. This ensures that each participant or subject has an equal chance of being placed in any group. Random assignment of participants helps to ensure that any differences between and within the groups are not
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at the outset of the experiment. Thus, any differences between groups recorded at the end of the experiment can be more confidently attributed to the experimental procedures or treatment.
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to evaluate their ability to discriminate weights. Peirce's experiment inspired other researchers in psychology and education, which developed a research tradition of
351:. Studies done with pseudo- or quasirandomization are usually given nearly the same weight as those with true randomization but are viewed with a bit more caution.
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747:(eds.), "On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments: Essay on principles (Section 9)",
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1072:"Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design"
686:"Deception, Efficiency, and Random Groups: Psychology and the Gradual Origination of the Random Group Design"
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it may be discovered that they differ, even though they were assigned from the same group. If a test of
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1041:(November 1992). "A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research".
646:(November 1992). "A Historical View of Statistical Concepts in Psychology and Educational Research".
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To express this same idea statistically - If a randomly assigned group is compared to the
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Process involving chance used in research for allocating experimental subjects to groups
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Design and
Analysis of Experiments, Volume I: Introduction to Experimental Design
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991:(September 1988). "Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design".
603:(September 1988). "Telepathy: Origins of Randomization in Experimental Design".
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551:"Social Research Methods - Knowledge Base - Random Selection & Assignment"
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advocated randomization in survey sampling (1934) and in experiments (1923).
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is applied to randomly assigned groups to test the difference between sample
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because they help ensure that the results are not spurious or deceptive via
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793:. Lecture Notes in Statistics. Vol. 150. New York: Springer-Verlag.
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Randomization was emphasized in the theory of statistical inference of
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in laboratories and specialized textbooks in the eighteen-hundreds.
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Mathematically, there are distinctions between randomization,
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335:. How much these differences matter in experiments (such as
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504:. Witte, John S. (11 ed.). Hoboken, NJ. p. 5.
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Design and
Analysis of Experiments, Volume 2: Advanced
755:(4) (Translated from (1923) Polish ed.): 465â472,
422:" (1883). Peirce applied randomization in the Peirce-
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Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
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http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Peirce/small-diffs.htm
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Charles S. Peirce randomly assigned volunteers to a
1121:"What statistical testing is, and what it is not,"
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1037:
782:
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781:CaliĆski, Tadeusz & Kageyama, Sanpei (2000).
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785:Block designs: A Randomization approach, Volume
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2602:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS)
816:. Vol. I and II (Second ed.). Wiley.
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873:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
836:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
261:to different groups in an experiment (e.g.,
1125:, 1993, vol 61, pp. 293â316 by Shaver.
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974:Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
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580:Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
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53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
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263:a treatment group versus a control group
73:This article includes a list of general
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269:, such as by a chance procedure (e.g.,
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3128:KaplanâMeier estimator (product limit)
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1137:Random assignment tool - Experimental
1135:Experimental Random Assignment Tool:
945:Illustrations of the Logic of Science
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416:Illustrations of the Logic of Science
3438:
3138:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model
1118:by Gleitman, Fridlund, and Reisberg.
674:
493:
491:
489:
487:
150:adding citations to reliable sources
121:
59:
18:
3839:Generalized randomized block design
3450:
2733:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova)
1585:
970:"On Small Differences in Sensation"
576:"On Small Differences in Sensation"
498:Witte, Robert S. (5 January 2017).
367:
13:
2828:CochranâMantelâHaenszel statistics
1454:Pearson product-moment correlation
814:Design and Analysis of Experiments
396:
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3972:
3890:Sequential probability ratio test
1129:
1123:Journal of Experimental Education
484:
426:experiment on weight perception.
34:This article has multiple issues.
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3815:Polynomial and rational modeling
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3425:
3412:
3411:
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126:
64:
23:
3087:Least-squares spectral analysis
451:advocated randomization in his
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
3582:Replication versus subsampling
2068:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance
1171:
955:A Theory of Probable Inference
473:Asymptotic theory (statistics)
420:A Theory of Probable Inference
333:pseudorandom number generators
308:, especially ones that can be
1:
3381:Geographic information system
2597:Simultaneous equations models
1070:Trudy Dehue (December 1997).
1043:American Journal of Education
684:Trudy Dehue (December 1997).
648:American Journal of Education
478:
355:Benefits of random assignment
3809:Response surface methodology
3717:Analysis of variance (Anova)
2564:Coefficient of determination
2175:Uniformly most powerful test
302:randomized controlled trials
7:
3879:Randomized controlled trial
3133:Proportional hazards models
3077:Spectral density estimation
3059:Vector autoregression (VAR)
2493:Maximum posterior estimator
1725:Randomized controlled trial
466:
10:
3977:
2893:Multivariate distributions
1313:Average absolute deviation
853:(Second ed.). Wiley.
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1632:Sample size determination
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894:(First ed.). Wiley.
741:Dabrowska, Dorota M.
3865:Repeated measures design
3577:Restricted randomization
3376:Environmental statistics
2898:Elliptical distributions
2691:Generalized linear model
2620:Simple linear regression
2390:HodgesâLehmann estimator
1847:Probability distribution
1756:Stochastic approximation
1318:Coefficient of variation
435:repeated-measures design
382:statistical significance
329:random number generators
253:technique for assigning
3036:Cross-correlation (XCF)
2644:Non-standard predictors
2078:LehmannâScheffĂ© theorem
1751:Adaptive clinical trial
292:are key aspects of the
275:random number generator
94:more precise citations.
3920:Mathematics portal
3682:Ordinary least squares
3432:Mathematics portal
3253:Engineering statistics
3161:NelsonâAalen estimator
2738:Analysis of covariance
2625:Ordinary least squares
2549:Pearson product-moment
1953:Statistical functional
1864:Empirical distribution
1697:Controlled experiments
1426:Frequency distribution
1204:Descriptive statistics
962:Charles Sanders Peirce
882:Hinkelmann, Klaus and
845:Hinkelmann, Klaus and
808:Hinkelmann, Klaus and
745:Speed, Terence P.
568:Charles Sanders Peirce
439:randomized experiments
3956:Design of experiments
3517:Scientific experiment
3499:Design of experiments
3348:Population statistics
3290:System identification
3024:Autocorrelation (ACF)
2952:Exponential smoothing
2866:Discriminant analysis
2861:Canonical correlation
2725:Partition of variance
2587:Regression validation
2431:(JonckheereâTerpstra)
2330:Likelihood-ratio test
2019:Frequentist inference
1931:Locationâscale family
1852:Sampling distribution
1817:Statistical inference
1784:Cross-sectional study
1771:Observational studies
1730:Randomized experiment
1559:Stem-and-leaf display
1361:Central limit theorem
762:10.1214/ss/1177012031
327:, as well as between
294:design of experiments
3791:Fractional factorial
3271:Probabilistic design
2856:Principal components
2699:Exponential families
2651:Nonlinear regression
2630:General linear model
2592:Mixed effects models
2582:Errors and residuals
2559:Confounding variable
2461:Bayesian probability
2439:Van der Waerden test
2429:Ordered alternative
2194:Multiple comparisons
2073:RaoâBlackwellization
2036:Estimating equations
1992:Statistical distance
1710:Factorial experiment
1243:Arithmetic-Geometric
347:rigor, which affect
146:improve this article
3925:Statistical outline
3885:Sequential analysis
3850:Graeco-Latin square
3759:Multiple comparison
3706:Hierarchical model:
3343:Official statistics
3266:Methods engineering
2947:Seasonal adjustment
2715:Poisson regressions
2635:Bayesian regression
2574:Regression analysis
2554:Partial correlation
2526:Regression analysis
2125:Prediction interval
2120:Likelihood interval
2110:Confidence interval
2102:Interval estimation
2063:Unbiased estimators
1881:Model specification
1761:Up-and-down designs
1449:Partial correlation
1405:Index of dispersion
1323:Interquartile range
892:Experimental Design
749:Statistical Science
457:experimental design
418:" (1877â1878) and "
321:pseudorandomization
284:Random assignment,
161:"Random assignment"
3930:Statistical topics
3522:Statistical design
3363:Spatial statistics
3243:Medical statistics
3143:First hitting time
3097:Whittle likelihood
2748:Degrees of freedom
2743:Multivariate ANOVA
2676:Heteroscedasticity
2488:Bayesian estimator
2453:Bayesian inference
2302:KolmogorovâSmirnov
2187:Randomization test
2157:Testing hypotheses
2130:Tolerance interval
2041:Maximum likelihood
1936:Exponential family
1869:Density estimation
1829:Statistical theory
1789:Natural experiment
1735:Scientific control
1652:Survey methodology
1338:Standard deviation
1039:Stephen M. Stigler
644:Stephen M. Stigler
325:quasirandomization
314:placebo-controlled
255:human participants
3938:
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3825:Central composite
3723:Cochran's theorem
3677:Linear regression
3654:Nuisance variable
3567:Random assignment
3544:Experimental unit
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3338:National accounts
3308:Actuarial science
3300:Social statistics
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3120:Survival function
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2967:Granger causality
2808:Contingency table
2783:Survival analysis
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2612:Linear regression
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2478:Credible interval
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2046:Method of moments
1915:Parametric family
1876:Statistical model
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1720:Random assignment
1642:Statistical power
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1421:Contingency table
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1390:
1258:Generalized/power
951:Charles S. Peirce
941:Charles S. Peirce
917:External link in
901:978-0-471-55177-5
884:Kempthorne, Oscar
860:978-0-471-72756-9
847:Kempthorne, Oscar
823:978-0-470-38551-7
810:Kempthorne, Oscar
511:978-1-119-25451-5
412:Charles S. Peirce
339:) is a matter of
306:clinical research
243:Random assignment
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3082:Fourier analysis
3069:Frequency domain
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2962:Structural break
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2871:Cluster analysis
2818:Log-linear model
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2681:Homoscedasticity
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2340:Cross validation
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2307:AndersonâDarling
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2212:Likelihood-ratio
2204:Parametric tests
2182:Permutation test
2165:1- & 2-tails
2056:Minimum distance
2028:Point estimation
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1975:Optimal decision
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1794:Quasi-experiment
1744:Adaptive designs
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449:Ronald A. Fisher
368:Potential issues
349:evidence grading
247:random placement
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
195:
154:
130:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
90:this article by
81:inline citations
68:
67:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3912:
3894:
3871:Crossover study
3862:
3860:Latin hypercube
3796:PlackettâBurman
3775:
3772:
3771:
3763:
3666:
3658:
3599:
3591:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3466:
3461:
3424:
3395:
3357:
3294:
3280:quality control
3247:
3229:Clinical trials
3206:
3181:
3165:
3153:Hazard function
3147:
3101:
3063:
3047:
3010:
3006:BreuschâGodfrey
2994:
2971:
2911:
2886:Factor analysis
2832:
2813:Graphical model
2785:
2752:
2719:
2705:
2685:
2639:
2606:
2568:
2531:
2530:
2499:
2443:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2398:
2383:
2362:Rank statistics
2356:
2335:Model selection
2323:
2281:Goodness of fit
2275:
2252:
2226:
2198:
2151:
2096:
2085:Median unbiased
2013:
1924:
1857:Order statistic
1819:
1798:
1765:
1739:
1691:
1646:
1589:
1587:Data collection
1568:
1480:
1435:
1409:
1387:
1347:
1299:
1216:Continuous data
1206:
1193:
1175:
1170:
1132:
1074:
929:
919:
918:
916:
907:
906:
902:
866:
865:
861:
829:
828:
824:
801:
777:
734:
730:
688:
682:
675:
641:
634:
598:
591:
565:
558:
549:
548:
541:
525:
524:
512:
496:
485:
481:
469:
408:
399:
397:Random sampling
390:null hypothesis
370:
357:
337:clinical trials
271:flipping a coin
259:animal subjects
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
155:
153:
143:
131:
116:
105:
99:
96:
86:Please help to
85:
69:
65:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3974:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3780:
3778:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3737:
3725:
3720:
3712:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3604:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3557:Optimal design
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3421:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3226:
3224:Bioinformatics
3220:
3218:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3029:partial (PACF)
3020:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2976:Specific tests
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2876:Classification
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2823:McNemar's test
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2787:
2786:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Semiparametric
2658:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2402:
2399:(MannâWhitney)
2394:
2393:
2392:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2324:(ShapiroâWilk)
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2256:
2244:
2238:
2236:Specific tests
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2032:
2030:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1687:Standard error
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:Optimal design
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1414:Summary tables
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:Contraharmonic
1245:
1240:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:External links
1128:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1093:10.1086/383850
1087:(4): 653â673.
1067:
1055:10.1086/444032
1035:
1007:10.1086/354775
1001:(3): 427â451.
985:
966:Joseph Jastrow
958:
948:
938:
937:
936:
900:
879:
859:
822:
805:
799:
776:
775:
728:
707:10.1086/383850
701:(4): 653â673.
673:
660:10.1086/444032
632:
619:10.1086/354775
613:(3): 427â451.
589:
572:Joseph Jastrow
556:
539:
510:
482:
480:
477:
476:
475:
468:
465:
407:
404:
398:
395:
369:
366:
356:
353:
310:double-blinded
300:. This is why
238:
237:
220:
219:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3973:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Compare means
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:Random effect
3692:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:Orthogonality
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Randomization
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3458:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Geostatistics
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3353:Psychometrics
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3216:Biostatistics
3213:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3178:
3177:Log-rank test
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3048:(BoxâJenkins)
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:DurbinâWatson
2999:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:DickeyâFuller
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:Cointegration
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:Decomposition
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Cohen's kappa
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Nonparametric
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2405:Nonparametric
2403:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2375:Sample median
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
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2118:
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2111:
2108:
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2099:
2093:
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2079:
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2069:
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2057:
2054:
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2049:
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2037:
2034:
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2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
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1990:
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1985:
1981:
1980:loss function
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1682:Questionnaire
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1510:
1509:Control chart
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1500:
1497:
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1477:
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990:
986:
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949:
947:" (1877â1878)
946:
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800:0-387-98578-6
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737:Neyman, Jerzy
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304:are vital in
303:
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267:randomization
264:
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194:
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184:
180:
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173:
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166:
163: â
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
93:
89:
83:
82:
76:
71:
62:
61:
56:
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47:
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41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3877:
3863:
3845:Latin square
3831:
3807:
3783:
3744:
3740:
3733:multivariate
3732:
3728:
3715:
3693:
3641:
3609:
3566:
3555:
3454:
3442:
3423:
3416:
3328:Econometrics
3278: /
3261:Chemometrics
3238:Epidemiology
3231: /
3204:Applications
3046:ARIMA model
2993:Q-statistic
2942:Stationarity
2838:Multivariate
2781: /
2777: /
2775:Multivariate
2773: /
2713: /
2709: /
2483:Bayes factor
2382:Signed rank
2294:
2268:
2260:
2248:
1943:Completeness
1779:Cohort study
1719:
1677:Opinion poll
1612:Missing data
1599:Study design
1554:Scatter plot
1476:Scatter plot
1469:Spearman's Ï
1431:Grouped data
1122:
1115:
1084:
1078:
1049:(1): 60â70.
1046:
1042:
998:
992:
989:Hacking, Ian
977:
973:
920:|title=
887:
850:
813:
786:
784:
752:
748:
731:
698:
692:
654:(1): 60â70.
651:
647:
610:
604:
583:
579:
500:
445:Jerzy Neyman
443:
428:
409:
400:
388:against the
375:
371:
362:
358:
341:trial design
318:
283:
251:experimental
246:
242:
241:
226:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
78:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3961:Experiments
3820:BoxâBehnken
3701:Mixed model
3632:Confounding
3627:Interaction
3617:Effect size
3587:Sample size
3456:WikiProject
3371:Cartography
3333:Jurimetrics
3285:Reliability
3016:Time domain
2995:(LjungâBox)
2917:Time-series
2795:Categorical
2779:Time-series
2771:Categorical
2706:(Bernoulli)
2541:Correlation
2521:Correlation
2317:JarqueâBera
2289:Chi-squared
2051:M-estimator
2004:Asymptotics
1948:Sufficiency
1715:Interaction
1627:Replication
1607:Effect size
1564:Violin plot
1544:Radar chart
1524:Forest plot
1514:Correlogram
1464:Kendall's Ï
601:Ian Hacking
345:statistical
298:confounding
290:controlling
92:introducing
3945:Categories
3776:randomized
3774:Completely
3745:covariance
3507:Scientific
3323:Demography
3041:ARMA model
2846:Regression
2423:(Friedman)
2384:(Wilcoxon)
2322:Normality
2312:Lilliefors
2259:Student's
2135:Resampling
2009:Robustness
1997:divergence
1987:Efficiency
1925:(monotone)
1920:Likelihood
1837:Population
1670:Stratified
1622:Population
1441:Dependence
1397:Count data
1328:Percentile
1305:Dispersion
1238:Arithmetic
1173:Statistics
890:Assignment
789:: Analysis
501:Statistics
479:References
279:systematic
172:newspapers
75:references
39:improve it
3785:Factorial
3669:inference
3649:Covariate
3611:Treatment
3597:Treatment
2704:Logistic
2471:posterior
2397:Rank sum
2145:Jackknife
2140:Bootstrap
1958:Bootstrap
1893:Parameter
1842:Statistic
1637:Statistic
1549:Run chart
1534:Pie chart
1529:Histogram
1519:Fan chart
1494:Bar chart
1376:L-moments
1263:Geometric
1063:143685203
910:cite book
869:cite book
832:cite book
739:(1990) ,
668:143685203
528:cite book
520:956984834
45:talk page
3908:Category
3903:Glossary
3709:Bayesian
3687:Bayesian
3643:Blocking
3622:Contrast
3602:blocking
3562:Bayesian
3549:Blinding
3539:validity
3536:external
3532:Internal
3418:Category
3111:Survival
2988:Johansen
2711:Binomial
2666:Isotonic
2253:(normal)
1898:location
1705:Blocking
1660:Sampling
1539:QâQ plot
1504:Box plot
1486:Graphics
1381:Skewness
1371:Kurtosis
1343:Variance
1273:Heronian
1268:Harmonic
1109:23526321
1031:52201011
980:: 73â83.
968:(1885).
957:" (1883)
886:(2005).
849:(2008).
812:(2008).
723:23526321
627:52201011
586:: 73â83.
574:(1885).
467:See also
286:blinding
265:) using
202:May 2016
100:May 2016
3801:Taguchi
3769:Designs
3527:Control
3444:Commons
3391:Kriging
3276:Process
3233:studies
3092:Wavelet
2925:General
2092:Plug-in
1886:L space
1665:Cluster
1366:Moments
1184:Outline
1101:9519574
1023:1013489
771:1092986
715:9519574
431:blinded
424:Jastrow
406:History
273:) or a
186:scholar
88:improve
3841:(GRBD)
3741:Ancova
3729:Manova
3664:Models
3509:method
3313:Census
2903:Normal
2851:Manova
2671:Robust
2421:2-way
2413:1-way
2251:-test
1922:
1499:Biplot
1290:Median
1283:Lehmer
1225:Center
1107:
1099:
1061:
1029:
1021:
1015:234674
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323:, and
288:, and
249:is an
188:
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159:
77:, but
3833:Block
2937:Trend
2466:prior
2408:anova
2297:-test
2271:-test
2263:-test
2170:Power
2115:Pivot
1908:shape
1903:scale
1353:Shape
1333:Range
1278:Heinz
1253:Cubic
1189:Index
1105:S2CID
1075:(PDF)
1059:S2CID
1027:S2CID
1011:JSTOR
719:S2CID
689:(PDF)
664:S2CID
623:S2CID
386:means
193:JSTOR
179:books
3667:and
3600:and
3534:and
3170:Test
2370:Sign
2222:Wald
1295:Mode
1233:Mean
1097:PMID
1080:Isis
994:Isis
964:and
932:link
925:help
896:ISBN
875:link
855:ISBN
838:link
818:ISBN
795:ISBN
711:PMID
694:Isis
606:Isis
570:and
534:link
516:OCLC
506:ISBN
461:1935
453:book
414:in "
378:mean
343:and
331:and
312:and
165:news
2350:BIC
2345:AIC
1089:doi
1051:doi
1047:101
1003:doi
953:, "
943:, "
757:doi
703:doi
656:doi
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455:on
257:or
245:or
148:by
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