46:
357:
books written by Jewish authors, and excluded Jews from public offices, education, most professions and marriage with
Italians. Additional laws stripped Jews of their assets, restricted travel, and finally, provided for their confinement in internal exile. The deportation of Jews in Italy began on September 8, 1943, after German troops seized control of Northern and Central Italy freed Benito Mussolini from prison and installed him as the head of the puppet state of the Italian Social Republic.
292:, commander of the SS and the Gestapo in Rome, announced to the Jewish community in the city that unless they handed over 50 kilograms (110 lb) of gold, 200 Jewish family heads would be deported. The community delivered this sum on the deadline of midday, 28 September, with the assistance of the non-Jewish citizens of Rome. This left the Jewish community with the impression that the Germans were only after loot, especially the priceless treasures of the
53:
31:
372:
The
Italian police in Rome, unlike in many other parts of German-occupied Italy, did not participate in the arrests of Jews, and the general public objected and resisted such arrests. For these reasons, a sizeable proportion of the Jews in Rome avoided arrest and survived the Holocaust, often hiding
360:
During the German occupation, the Jews of Rome continued to live in hiding, under constant threat of arrest and deportation, until the liberation of the city by the Allies on 4 June 1944. In total, a quarter of the Jewish population of Rome—over 2,000 people—was deported, of which only 102 survived
356:
At the time of the raid, The
Italian racial laws (Italian: Leggi Razziali), were already promulgated by the Council of Ministers in Fascist Italy as from 1938 in order to enforce racial discrimination and segregation in the Kingdom of Italy. It restricted the civil rights of Italian Jews, banned
376:
Of the main perpetrators, Theodor
Dannecker committed suicide following his capture in December 1945. Herbert Kappler was sentenced by a military court in 1948 to life imprisonment for his role in the Ardeatine massacre, escaped prison in 1977, and died less than a year later.
406:
wrote that "A strong and unequivocal protest from the
Pontiff might well have deterred the German occupiers, unsure of the reactions, and prevented the deportations of the Jews they could lay their hands upon. The Germans were expecting such a protest. It never came."
306:
On the morning of 16 October 1943, 365 German security and police forces (the
Italian police were considered too unreliable) sealed off the Ghetto, which held a large part of the Jewish community at the time, turning it into a virtual prison.
384:, "the question of the pope's silence has become the focus of intense historical debate and analysis" because the deportations occurred "under his very windows". The term "under his very windows" was used as the title of a
597:
415:
A number of stone plaques have been unveiled in the Roman Ghetto and at
Tiburtina railway station to commemorate the arrest and deportation of the Jews of Rome in October 1943.
268:
324:
In the raid, 1,259 people were detained, comprising 363 men, 689 women, and 207 children. Afterwards, non-Jewish prisoners were released while 1,023 Jews were taken to the
172:
took place on 16 October 1943. A total of 1,259 people, mainly members of the Jewish community—numbering 363 men, 689 women, and 207 children—were detained by the
380:
Pope Pius XII's role in the events has been the subject of considerable controversy, due to the proximity of the
Vatican and the Roman Ghetto. According to
1309:
93:
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828:
248:
were in Rome, one-fifth of all Jews in Italy. Many of those had moved south after the Allied landing, hoping to find safety from Nazi persecution.
1273:
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231:
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605:
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in order to suggest that the Roman Jews be interned in
Italian camps rather than deported, but Ribbentrop never dared to act against the
452:
1145:
902:
321:, the genocide of the Jews, in Italy, had ordered the Ghetto to be cleared. Some Jews in the Ghetto managed to escape over rooftops.
267:. Stahel decided against ordering deportation without official authority from the German foreign ministry. Germany's Consul-General
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on the 14th of July, 1555. By the time of the raid, it was almost 400 years old and consisted of four cramped blocks around the
45:
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263:, rector of the German church in Rome. This condemnation, however, never materialised, which has led to considerable
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773:
John T. Pawlikowski. "The Papacy of Pius XII: The Known and the
Unknown". In Rittner and Roth, 2002, p. 77.
576:
432:
345:
177:
86:
516:
948:
836:. In association with United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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281:(SD), from which Stahel received his orders. The role of the German ambassador to the Vatican,
272:
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396:, the German ambassador to the Vatican, who reported to Berlin that the
361:
the Holocaust. Additionally, another 75 Roman Jews were murdered in the
176:. Of these detainees, 1,023 were identified as Jews and deported to the
1060:
979:
601:
333:
1030:
573:"The Italian Holocaust: The Story of an Assimilated Jewish Community"
834:
Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
635:
173:
392:. The phrase is based on an actual quotation from the report of
180:. Of these deportees, only fifteen men and one woman survived.
402:
had taken place "under the Pope's windows". British historian
219:
336:. Two days later, at least 1,035 prisoners were loaded onto
75:
30:
869:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press.
867:
Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy
365:, when 335 civilians were executed as a reprisal for a
570:
453:"Italy's first Holocaust museum to be built in Rome"
521:
The Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team
285:, in these events remains a matter of controversy.
1291:
660:"A Wall of Indifference: Italy's Shoah Memorial"
52:
373:in the Vatican or other Catholic institutions.
251:The German military commander of Rome, General
1274:Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto
1211:Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea
657:
232:Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto
198:was established as a result of the papal bull
896:
625:
623:
566:
564:
429:, a 1961 Italian film based on related events
146:Arrest for deportation to extermination camps
829:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
271:went so far as to write to Foreign Minister
721:
631:"1943: The Nazis Deport the Jews From Rome"
541:
539:
537:
1310:Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany
910:
903:
889:
854:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
620:
561:
317:in Italy and tasked with implementing the
852:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War
699:
511:
509:
507:
478:
476:
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1320:Holocaust massacres and pogroms in Italy
822:
709:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
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549:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
534:
259:, of which he had been warned by Bishop
1247:My Italian Secret: The Forgotten Heroes
782:
686:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1292:
517:"The destruction of the Jews of Italy"
504:
482:
471:
1119:Biblioteca della ComunitĂ Israelitica
884:
651:
295:Biblioteca della ComunitĂ Israelitica
154:1,007 murdered in extermination camps
598:"Jews of Rome Deported to Auschwitz"
749:
162:German security forces & police
13:
311:, recently appointed chief of the
14:
1346:
240:occupied Rome two days after the
707:"Dannecker, Theodor (1913–1945)"
410:
136:Italian Jews and Jewish refugees
51:
44:
29:
1279:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
816:
776:
767:
758:
658:Bridget Kevane (29 June 2011).
218:, Palazzo Cenci, and the river
60:Raid on the Roman Ghetto (Rome)
674:
662:. The Jewish Daily Forward.com
571:Peter Egill Brownfeld (2003).
485:"Echoes from the Roman Ghetto"
483:Laskin, David (12 July 2013).
445:
1:
438:
367:bombing attack on SS soldiers
1264:History of the Jews in Italy
577:American Council for Judaism
433:History of the Jews in Italy
351:
178:Auschwitz concentration camp
7:
1325:Jewish Roman (city) history
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244:on 8 September 1943, 8,000
10:
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269:Eitel Friedrich Möllhausen
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865:Sánchez, José M. (2002).
794:. Penguin Books. p.
790:Hitler: 1936–1945 Nemesis
183:
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132:
124:
85:
67:
40:
35:Commemoration of the raid
28:
23:
1330:Nazi-Jewish negotiations
1269:Axis war crimes in Italy
850:Phayer, Michael (2008).
216:Fontana delle Tartarughe
170:raid on the Roman Ghetto
24:Raid on the Roman Ghetto
1136:Italian Social Republic
301:
1315:The Holocaust in Italy
1225:Publications and films
1195:RSI Police Order No. 5
937:Massacres and roundups
912:The Holocaust in Italy
729:"Herbert Kappler Dies"
388:by American historian
273:Joachim von Ribbentrop
16:Event in the Holocaust
1216:Memoriale della Shoah
970:Leonardo de Benedetti
963:Victims and survivors
824:Megargee, Geoffrey P.
764:Sánchez, 2002, p. 26.
210:, wedged between the
109:41.89250°N 12.47861°E
1305:1943 crimes in Italy
1300:Rome in World War II
1095:Risiera di San Sabba
755:Phayer, 2008, p. 70.
394:Ernst von Weizsäcker
348:. Only 16 survived.
283:Ernst von Weizsäcker
212:Theatre of Marcellus
1335:October 1943 events
1190:Manifesto of Verona
1185:Italian Racial Laws
1011:Friedrich BoĂźhammer
608:on 2 September 2020
386:book on the subject
298:community library.
105: /
1240:The Periodic Table
1085:Borgo San Dalmazzo
1004:Major perpetrators
737:. 10 February 1978
734:The New York Times
490:The New York Times
459:. 22 February 2011
457:The Jerusalem Post
363:Ardeatine massacre
200:Cum nimis absurdum
114:41.89250; 12.47861
1287:
1286:
1178:Anti-Semitic laws
1046:Martin Sandberger
1021:Theodor Dannecker
860:978-0-253-34930-9
843:978-0-253-02373-5
832:. Vol. III:
805:978-0-14-192581-3
639:. 18 October 2012
342:Tiburtina station
326:Collegio militare
309:Theodor Dannecker
288:On 26 September,
278:Sicherheitsdienst
242:Italian surrender
208:Portico d’Ottavia
166:
165:
1342:
1257:Related articles
1233:If This Is a Man
1169:Giorgio Perlasca
1146:Adriatic Littora
1141:Alpine Foothills
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390:Susan Zuccotti
382:Michael Phayer
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319:Final Solution
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196:Ghetto of Rome
188:Main article:
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875:0-8132-1081-X
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784:Kershaw, Ian
778:
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739:. Retrieved
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713:19 September
711:. Retrieved
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689:. Retrieved
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664:. Retrieved
653:
641:. Retrieved
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610:. Retrieved
606:the original
592:
580:. Retrieved
553:30 September
551:. Retrieved
547:"Ghetto Rom"
526:30 September
524:. Retrieved
520:
496:30 September
494:. Retrieved
488:
461:. Retrieved
456:
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426:Gold of Rome
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314:Judenreferat
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246:Italian Jews
238:Nazi Germany
235:
204:Pope Paul IV
202:, issued by
193:
190:Roman Ghetto
169:
167:
159:Perpetrators
72:Roman Ghetto
18:
1100:San Vittore
1073:and prisons
404:Ian Kershaw
265:controversy
261:Alois Hudal
142:Attack type
112: /
87:Coordinates
1294:Categories
1061:Karl Wolff
1056:Karl Titho
980:Primo Levi
612:12 October
602:Yad Vashem
463:6 February
439:References
334:Trastevere
230:See also:
100:12°28′43″E
97:41°53′33″N
1031:Karl Hass
954:Ardeatine
741:3 October
691:3 October
666:3 October
643:3 October
582:3 October
352:Aftermath
346:Auschwitz
1156:Rescuers
786:(2001).
419:See also
68:Location
1110:Looting
1090:Fossoli
1080:Bolzano
923:Part of
636:Haaretz
328:in the
226:Prelude
174:Gestapo
873:
858:
840:
802:
682:"Rome"
399:razzia
214:, the
184:Ghetto
151:Deaths
133:Target
1071:Camps
236:When
220:Tiber
80:Italy
1129:Area
871:ISBN
856:ISBN
838:ISBN
800:ISBN
743:2018
715:2018
693:2018
668:2018
645:2018
614:2018
584:2018
555:2018
528:2018
498:2018
465:2015
302:Raid
194:The
168:The
125:Date
76:Rome
796:876
340:at
332:in
1296::
798:.
731:.
684:.
633:.
622:^
600:.
575:.
563:^
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