Auto racing - Knowledge

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to consider in racing: brake pedal displacement, brake pedal force, and vehicle deceleration. Various combinations of these variables work together to determine the stiffness, sensitivity, and pedal force of the brakes. When using the brakes effectively, the driver must go through a buildup phase and end with a modulating phase. These phases include attaining maximum deceleration and modulating the brake pressure. Brake performance is measured in bite and consistency. Bite happens when the driver first applies the brakes and they have not warmed up to the correct temperature to operate efficiently. Consistency is measured in how consistent the friction is during the entire time of braking. These two measurements determine the wear of the brakes.

524: 200: 799: 2218:. During repeated physiological (and psychological) evaluations of professional racing drivers, the two characteristics that stand out are racers' near-obsessive need to control their surroundings (the psychological aspect), and an unusual ability to process fast-moving information (physiological). In this, researchers have noted a strong correlation between racers' psychological profiles and those of fighter pilots. In tests comparing racers to members of the general public, the greater the complexity of the information processing matrix, the greater the speed gap between racers and the public. 235: 1174: 910: 219: 1957: 573: 68: 506: 1397: 1943: 1155: 1971: 5779: 6159: 892: 1385: 1985: 543: 1888: 1912: 2029: 1140: 1927: 1873: 604:. In Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as 'Formula', with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the 'Formula' terminology is not followed (with the exception of F1). The sport is usually arranged to follow an international format (such as F1), a regional format (such as the Formula 3 Euro Series), and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format (such as the German Formula 3 championship, or the British Formula Ford). 1619: 2155: 2014: 2000: 1569: 2995: 2260: 2141:

bodies. Engines are tuned on a machine called a dynamometer, which is commonly known in the racing world as a DYNO. The car is driven onto the DYNO and many gauges and sensors are hooked up to the car that are controlled by an online program to test force, torque, or power. Through the testing, the car's engine maps can be changed to get the most horsepower and ultimately speed out of the vehicle.

1503: 700:, BRSCC F3 (formerly ClubF3, formerly ARP F3), Formula Vee and Club Formula Ford. Each series caters to a section of the market, with some primarily providing low-cost racing, while others aim for an authentic experience using the same regulations as the professional series (BRSCC F3). The SCCA is also responsible for sanctioning single-seater racing in much of North America. 558: 2123:

dependent on the temperature of the tyre and track when racing. Each time a driver pulls into the pits, the tyre pressure and temperature should be tested for optimal performance. When the tyres get too hot they will swell or inflate and need to be deflated to the correct pressure. When the tyres are not warmed up they will not perform as well.

638:, with more restrictions on technology aimed at controlling costs. While these cars are not as technologically advanced, they are faster, in part due to their lower downforce compared to F1 cars, and also because they compete on oval race tracks, being able to average a lap at 388 km/h (241 mph). The series' biggest race is the 2131:

Brakes on a race car are imperative in slowing and stopping the car at precise times and wear quickly depending on the road or track on which the car is being raced, how many laps are being run, track conditions due to weather, and how many caution runs require more braking. There are three variables

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Suspension plays a huge part in giving the race car the ability to be driven optimally. Shocks are mounted vertically or horizontally to prevent the body from rolling in the corners. The suspension is important because it makes the car stable and easier to control and keeps the tires on the road when

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The race car's engine needs a considerable amount of air to produce maximum power. The air intake manifold sucks the air from scoops on the hood and front bumper and feeds it into the engine. Many engine modifications to increase horsepower and efficiency are commonly used in many racing-sanctioning

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Sports prototypes, unlike GT cars, do not rely on road-legal cars as a base. They are closed-wheel and often closed-cockpit purpose-built race cars intended mainly for endurance racing. They have much lower weight, more horsepower and more downforce compared to GT cars, making them much faster. They

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is installed under the car, the amount of drag force is significantly lowered, and the overall aerodynamics of the vehicle is positively adjusted. Wings and canards channel the airflow in the most efficient way to get the least amount of drag from the car. It is experimentally proven that downforce

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The modern kart was invented by Art Ingels, a fabricator at the Indianapolis-car manufacturer Kurtis-Kraft, in Southern California in 1956. Ingels took a small chainsaw engine and mounted it to a simple tube-frame chassis weighing less than 100 lb. Ingels, and everyone else who drove the kart,

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Tyres called R-Compounds are commonly used in motorsports for high amounts of traction. The soft rubber allows them to expand when they are heated up, making more surface area on the pavement, therefore producing the most traction. These types of tyres do not have grooves on them. Tyre pressure is

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Aerodynamics and airflow play big roles in the setup of a race car. Aerodynamic downforce improves the race car's handling by lowering the center of gravity and distributing the weight of the car equally on each tire. Once this is achieved, fuel consumption decreases and the forces against the car

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both using GT3 as their top class of GT car. GT3 cars have more significant aero than a GT2 car, but also have less horsepower, typically falling in between 500 and 550 horsepower. GT4 class cars have very little aerodynamics and less horsepower than GT3 machinery, typically around 450 horsepower.

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In many types of auto races, particularly those held on closed courses, flags are displayed to indicate the general status of the track and to communicate instructions to competitors. While individual series have different rules, and the flags have changed from the first years (e.g., red used to

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is also referred to as "Short Circuit Racing". UK Stock car racing started in the 1950s and grew rapidly through the 1960s and 1970s. Events take place on shale or tarmac tracks – usually around 1/4 mile long. There are around 35 tracks in the UK and upwards of 7000 active drivers. The

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These races are often conducted over long distances, at least 1,000 km (621 mi), and cars are driven by teams of two or more drivers, switching every few hours. Due to the performance difference between production-based sports cars and purpose-built sports prototypes, one race usually

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represents the most popular first open-wheel category for up-and-coming drivers stepping up from karts. The series is still the preferred option, as it has introduced an aero package and slicks, allowing the junior drivers to gain experience in a race car with dynamics closer to F1. The

1263:. Modified cars are best described as open-wheel cars. Modified cars have no parts related to the stock vehicle for which they are named after. A number of modified cars display a "manufacturer's" logo and "vehicle name", yet use components produced by another automobile manufacturer. 1322: – have fostered many distinct national championships. Single marque series are often found at the club level, to which the production-based cars, limited modifications, and close parity in performance are very well suited. Some of the better-known single-make series are the 2100:

are significantly lowered. Many aerodynamic experiments are conducted in wind tunnels, to simulate real-life situations while measuring the various drag forces on the car. These "Rolling roads" produce many wind situations and direct air flow at certain speeds and angles. When a

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One-make, or single marque, championships often employ production-based cars from a single manufacturer or even a single model from a manufacturer's range. There are numerous notable one-make formulae from various countries and regions, some of which – such as the

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class cars. GT2 cars have powerful engines, often exceeding 600 horsepower. However, they have less downforce than GT3 cars and also have less driver aids. GT3 cars are far and away the most popular class of GT cars, with premier racing series such as the

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Production-car racing, otherwise known as "showroom stock" in the US, is an economical and rules-restricted version of touring-car racing, mainly used to restrict costs. Numerous production racing categories are based on particular makes of cars.

1648:. Because it is based on a particular era it is more hobbyist-oriented, reducing corporate sponsorship. The only modern equipment used is related to safety and timing. A historical event can be of a number of different motorsport disciplines. 470:. At the same time, a new course is being charted towards an electric future, a dramatic change in direction that is challenging the old guard of gasoline engines. There is also a growing number of events for electric racing cars, such as the 443:(TC) is a popular touring car racing series in Argentina, and one of the oldest car racing series still active in the world. The first TC competition took place in 1931 with 12 races, each in a different province. Future Formula One star 1028:

cars being run mainly by manufacturers and the slightly less powerful LMP2 cars run by privateer teams. All three Le Mans Series run GT cars in addition to Le Mans Prototypes; these cars have different restrictions than the FIA GT cars.

1587:, or karting, can be an economical way for amateurs to try racing and is also a fully-fledged international sport in its own right. A large proportion of professional racing drivers began in karts, often from a very young age, such as 735:

competition, which involves designing and building a single-seater car in a multidisciplinary team and racing it at the competition. This also develops other soft skills, such as teamwork, while promoting motorsport and engineering.

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With auto construction and racing dominated by France, the French automobile club ACF staged a number of major international races, usually from or to Paris, connecting with another major city, in France or elsewhere in Europe.

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Historic motorsport or vintage motorsport uses vehicles limited to a particular era. Only safety precautions are modernized in these hobbyist races. A historical event can be of various types of motorsport disciplines, from

5019: 182:, aimed at proving these new machines were a practical mode of transport, but soon became an important way for automobile makers to demonstrate their machines. By the 1930s, specialist racing cars had developed. 2798:

de Groot, S., et al. "Car Racing In A Simulator: Validation And Assessment Of Brake Pedal Stiffness." Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 20.1 (2011): 47–61. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 Dec.

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Full course caution condition for ovals. On road courses, it means a local area of caution. Depending on the type of racing, either two yellow flags will be used for a full course caution or a sign with 'SC'

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Touring car racing is a style of road racing that is run with production-derived four-seat race cars. The lesser use of aerodynamics means following cars have a much easier time following and passing than in

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were startled at its performance capabilities. The sport soon blossomed in Southern California, and quickly spread around the world. Although often seen as the entry point for serious racers into the sport,

1484:) using an index (a lowest e.t. allowed), and cars running under (quicker than) their index "break out" and lose. The slowest cars, bracket racers, are also handicapped, but rather than an index, they use a 642:, which is commonly referred to as "The Greatest Spectacle in Racing" due to being the longest continuously run race in the series and having the largest crowd for a single-day sporting event (350,000+). 1935:

The session is halted, all cars on the course must return to the pit lane. May also be seen combined with a green flag to indicate oil on the track, typically referred to as a 'pickle' flag combination.

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mile (200 m) are also common. The vehicles may or may not be given the signal to start at the same time, depending on the class of racing. Vehicles range from the everyday car to the purpose-built

2225:, focus, and the ability to concentrate at high levels for long periods in an inherently difficult environment. Racing drivers mainly complain about pains in the lumbar, shoulder, and neck regions. 739:

The world's first all-female Formula racing team was created in 2006. The group was an assemblage of drivers from different racing disciplines and formed for an MTV reality pilot, which was shot at

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Drag racing is two cars head-to-head, the winner proceeding to the next round. Professional classes are all first to the finish line wins. Sportsman racing is handicapped (slower car getting a

366:, in Surrey, England, was the first purpose-built 'banked' motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km (2.75 mi) concrete track with high-speed banked corners. 178:

Auto racing has existed since the invention of the automobile. Races of various types were organized, with the first recorded as early as 1867. Many of the earliest events were effectively

418:. The changes that resulted from RJR's involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 56 to 34 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCAR's "modern era". 1905:

Local caution condition —no cars may pass at the particular corner where being displayed. When Stationary indicates hazard off-course, when Waving indicates hazard on-course.

447:(Chevrolet) won the 1940 and 1941 editions of the TC. It was during this time that the series' Chevrolet-Ford rivalry began, with Ford acquiring most of its historical victories. 1193:, stock cars vaguely resemble production cars, but are in fact purpose-built racing machines that are built to tight specifications and, together with touring cars, also called 5430: 1411:

In drag racing, the objective is to complete a given straight-line distance, from a standing start, ahead of a vehicle in a parallel lane. This distance is traditionally

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brought about the revival of the F2 series. Domestic, or country-specific, series include Formula Three and Formula Renault, with the leading introductory series being

1525:, various classes of specially modified vehicles, including cars, compete in races through off-road environments. In North America these races often take place in the 1599:, who was paralysed in a racing accident and now races a hand-controlled kart. As one of the cheapest ways to race, karting is seeing its popularity grow worldwide. 2114:

driving on uneven terrain. It works in three different ways including vertically, longitudinally, and laterally to control movement when racing on various tracks.

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Single-seater racing is not limited merely to professional teams and drivers. There exist many amateur racing clubs. In the UK, the major club series are the

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Diba, Fereydoon; Barari, Ahmad; Esmailzadeh, Ebrahim (July 10, 2014). "Handling and safety enhancement of race cars using active aerodynamic systems".

1610:(including the driver) of 490 hp/tonne (0.22 hp/lb). Without the driver, this figure doubles, to almost 980 hp/tonne (0.44 hp/lb). 1278:

sport is split into three basic divisions – distinguished by the rules regarding car contact during racing. The most famous championship are the

777: 747: 402: 91: 360:, opening in January 1906. The pear-shaped track was close to a mile in length, with slightly banked curves and a gravel surface of crushed cement. 2464: 1902:

on track and no cars may pass. However, if the safety car gives a green light, then the cars behind can pass the safety car (lapped cars only).

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Koutras C, Buecking B, Jaeger M, Ruchholtz S, Heep H (2014). "Musculoskeletal injuries in auto racing: a retrospective study of 137 drivers".

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The first prearranged match race of two self-powered road vehicles over a prescribed route occurred at 4:30 A.M. on August 30, 1867, between

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One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2.5-mile-long (4.0 km)

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organized what is considered to be the world's first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-

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for competition. In North America, the term is commonly used to describe all forms of automobile sport including non-racing disciplines.

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is gained and the vehicle's handling is considerably changed when aerodynamic wings on the front and rear of the vehicle are installed.

2965: 2639: 4948: 1668: 1000:. There are minor regional and national GT series using mainly GT4 and GT3 cars featuring both amateur and professional drivers. 953: 3994: 1538: 1450:

takes 4.5 seconds or less, reaching speeds of up to 530 km/h (329 mph). Drag racing was organized as a sport by

1122: 1033: 903: 815:. It often features full-contact racing with subtle bumping and nudging due to the small speed differentials and large grids. 4056: 2430: 940:

cars compete within their respective classes on closed circuits. The premier championship series of sports car racing is the

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experiences. A top fuel car can be heard over 8 miles (13 km) away and can generate a reading from 1.5 to 3.9 on the

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Memmert, D.; Simons, DJ; Grimme, T. (October 2009). "The relationship between visual attention and expertise in sports".

1542: 707:, which employs a small, low-cost machine on small tracks. Many of the current top drivers began their careers in karts. 4051: 3117: 2999: 2675: 1750: 1121:

regulation. There are several different series that are run all over the world, most notably, Japan's Super Taikyu and

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In Europe, "offroad" refers to events such as autocross or rallycross, while desert races and rally-raids such as the

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The driver of the car with the indicated number is disqualified or will not be scored until they report to the pits.

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of November 28, 1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile.

265:-fueled automobiles. The first organized contest was on April 28, 1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication 17: 1956: 877:

also provides a venue for amateurs to compete in home-built factory-derived vehicles on various local circuits.

4653: 4071: 3239: 2176: 1289:, Bombers, and Rookie Bangers – and racing features Demolition Derbies, Figure of Eight, and Oval Racing. 1162: 1144: 831: 566: 411: 2214:

Contrary to what may be popularly assumed, racing drivers as a group do not have unusually better reflexes or

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racing, which debuted in 2008, whereby the racing teams are owned and run by prominent sports clubs such as

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tends to be contested by wealthy car owners and is thus more amateur and less competitive in its approach.

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is undergoing a period of transition, but is still the longest-running road racing series in the U.S. The

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Due partly to the performance capabilities of modern racing cars, racing drivers require a high level of

1401: 615:. These cars are heavily based on technology and their aerodynamics. The speed record was set in 2005 by 370: 2938: 1990:

The car should give way to faster traffic. This may be an advisory or an order depending on the series.

1984: 5909: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4693: 4531: 4526: 3764: 3444: 3439: 3269: 3244: 2278: 1911: 1652: 985: 895: 862: 584:) racing, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front and rear to produce 38: 2472: 2318: 619:

hitting 373 km/h (232 mph). Some of the most prominent races are the Monaco Grand Prix, the

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chassis. While there are several professional teams and drivers in historical racing, this branch of

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Semi Contact Formulas include BriSCA F1, F2, and Superstox – where bumpers are used tactically.

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or car setup is the set of adjustments made to the vehicle to optimize its behaviour (performance,

1970: 1810: 1481: 1351: 1327: 1274: 839: 273:, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne. 31: 3794: 3077: 3042: 1942: 6381: 5748: 5631: 5595: 5581: 5277: 4673: 3959: 3604: 3360: 3310: 2165: 1474: 1080: 1049: 1045: 1037: 989: 426: 261:

Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful

77: 5267: 5014: 4989: 4184: 2939:"Driving a Race Car Takes Strength and Stamina: These Athletes Travel in Fast Lane but Keep Fit" 1092: 410:

From 1962 through 2003, NASCAR's premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, sponsored by

5481: 5464: 4252: 4179: 3923: 3560: 3487: 2754: 2612: 2273: 1835: 1347: 1213: 819: 798: 670: 634:. The cars have traditionally been similar to, though less technologically sophisticated than, 429:, which ran its first season in 1998. The European races eventually became the closely related 389: 194: 5420: 5345: 2420: 513: 5826: 5753: 5310: 5262: 5220: 5127: 5036: 4818: 4703: 4272: 4147: 4112: 4076: 3789: 3784: 3759: 3555: 3396: 3264: 3194: 2101: 2054: 2048: 1730: 1607: 1194: 1178: 1108: 997: 866: 835: 731:

Students at colleges and universities can also take part in single-seater racing through the

697: 536: 227: 86: 627:. The season ends with the crowning of the World Championship for drivers and constructors. 384:

on February 21, 1948, with the help of several other drivers of the time. The first NASCAR "

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There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and regulations.

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A sprint kart race in Atwater California hosted by the International Karting Federation

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are raced in the 24 hours of Le Mans (held annually since 1923) and in the (European)

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The first American automobile race is generally considered to be the Thanksgiving Day

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The driver of the car with the indicated number has been penalized for misbehaviour.

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race cars than proper touring cars, and also have much more aggressive aerodynamics.

812: 713: 438: 374: 324: 320: 247: 223: 2924: 1436:. Speeds and elapsed time differ from class to class. Average street cars cover the 505: 6351: 6213: 6138: 6045: 6020: 6007: 5944: 5914: 5877: 5872: 5831: 5743: 5658: 5602: 5567: 5405: 5331: 5303: 5252: 5134: 5104: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5031: 4436: 4414: 4090: 3933: 3871: 3723: 3577: 3305: 3300: 3229: 3224: 3189: 2904: 2867: 2857: 2818: 2755:"Spectacles of Speed: Modernity, Masculinity, and Auto Racing in Kansas, 1909–1918" 2727: 2546: 2237: 2222: 2019:

Depending on the series, either one lap remains or a slow vehicle is on the track.

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The session is stopped. All cars must halt on the track or return to the pit lane.

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Touring Car and GT championships are dominant in North America. America's historic

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Formula Two championship. Most rounds have two races and are support races to the

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Non-contact formulas include National Hot Rods, Stock Rods, and Lightning Rods.

956:. This series has formed after the folding of the various FIA GT championships. 6113: 6081: 5997: 5778: 5574: 5547: 5542: 4761: 3700: 3547: 3500: 3325: 3320: 3142: 2233: 1999: 1355: 1225: 1158: 1154: 1005: 759: 631: 608: 597: 550: 500: 496: 475: 430: 422: 385: 254:, England, a distance of 8 mi (13 km). It was won by the carriage of 207: 179: 51:"Race driver" redirects here. For the racing simulation video game series, see 6158: 1032:

Another prototype and GT racing championship exists in the United States; the

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A car is being advised or ordered to give way to faster traffic approaching.

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specification touring cars from Europe's many national championships. While

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and enhance adhesion to the track. The most popular varieties of open-wheel

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Racing drivers, at the highest levels, are usually paid by the team, or by

2080: 2076: 2070: 1848: 1755: 1735: 1596: 1546: 1339: 1240:. NASCAR also sanctions series outside of the United States, including the 1233: 1088: 1072: 933: 721: 708: 690: 650: 528: 396: 304: 251: 1384: 1366:, usually as "feeder" series for "senior" race formula (in the fashion of 6299: 6118: 6108: 5967: 5954: 5867: 4775: 4739: 4612: 4607: 4561: 4370: 4257: 4229: 4046: 4026: 3964: 3928: 3833: 3587: 3525: 3510: 3431: 3234: 3179: 3164: 3159: 3102: 2372: 1830: 1805: 1785: 1775: 1672: 1641: 1584: 1577: 1451: 1433: 1389: 1379: 1363: 1308: 1209: 1060:

involves several racing classes, each fighting for its own championship.

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The session has started or resumed after a full course caution or stop.

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Van Leeuwen, P. M.; De Groot, S.; Happee, R.; De Winter, J. C. (2017).

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The car with the indicated number has mechanical trouble and must pit.

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GT4 typically serves as the last step up to premier GT-class racing.

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reopened the F2 category again; most drivers have graduated from the

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There are also other stock car governing bodies, most notably the

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The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide

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Despite their diminutive size, karts of the most powerful class,

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NASCAR also governs several smaller regional series, such as the

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The major touring car championships conducted worldwide are the

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In sports car racing, production-derived versions of two-seat

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There are other categories of single-seater racing, including

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This article is about the motorsport. For the video game, see

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Welcome to Who? What? Where? When? Why? on the World Wide Web

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The car with the indicated number must pit for consultation.

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The other major international single-seater racing series is

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drivers routinely experience g-loadings in excess of 4.5 g.

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in the United States. Championships range from "grass root"

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is the most popular form of auto racing. Primarily raced on

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When launching, a top fuel dragster will accelerate at 3.4

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racing series). The series conduct races across the entire

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and a persistent chip shortage, each threatening to derail

44:"Racing cars" redirects here. For the Welsh pop band, see 5687: 3861: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3067: 3057: 1323: 455: 1224:. NASCAR also runs several feeder series, including the 1161:

leads the field racing three-wide multiple rows back at

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shift, echoing past pivots. The industry, much like the

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National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR)

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and are able to corner at significantly higher speeds.

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From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a back seat to

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Motorsport involving the racing of cars for competition

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mile (400 m), though 1,000 feet (300 m) and

1326:(Europe's longest-running one-make championship), the 1052:

announced a merger between the two series forming the

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Debris, fluid, or other hazard on the track surface.

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Debris, fluid, or other hazard on the track surface.

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series. The category is officially registered as the

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In the United States, the most popular series is the

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International Conference of Sports Car Clubs (ICSCC)

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The oldest surviving sports car racing event is the

3097: 2808: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2613:"Herbert's engine thunders to 3.9 on Richter scale" 2794: 2792: 2790: 6394: 2658: 450:Over the last few years, auto racing has seen a 37:"Auto race" redirects here. For other uses, see 3028:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) 2762:Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 2083:, reliability, etc.). Adjustments can occur in 1200:The largest stock car racing governing body is 1117:Most series, with a few exceptions, follow the 1044:race cars compared to LMP and FIA GT cars. The 948:, divided into two separate championships: the 5043:24H Silverstone – European Touring Car Edition 4963: 2787: 2521:"Le Mans series showcases prototype race cars" 5703: 4949: 3118: 3093:Confederation of Australian Motorsport (CAMS) 3048:International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) 2496:The Automobile Year Book of Sports Car Racing 2449:(August 17, 1967). "How Brooklands started". 2211:, and can command very substantial salaries. 1854:start a race), these are generally accepted. 436: 2053:The worst accident in racing history is the 400: 278: 267: 2453:. Vol. 127, no. 3731. p. 43. 2425:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 278. 1881:End of the hazardous section of the track. 1651:Some of the most famous events include the 944:. The main series for GT car racing is the 764:After 25 years away from the sport, former 5710: 5696: 5020:24 Hours of Barcelona - Trofeo Fermí Vélez 4956: 4942: 3132: 3125: 3111: 2673: 2228:Racing drivers experience extremely large 1458:(NHRA). The NHRA was formed to discourage 1040:, which consists of slower and lower-cost 724:, being less powerful and lighter than an 388:" race ever was held on June 19, 1949, at 66: 2871: 2861: 2493: 2195:Learn how and when to remove this message 1446:mile in 12 to 16 seconds, whereas a 984:Other major GT championships include the 403:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile 311:automobile race held in the mountains of 3043:International Hot Rod Association (IHRA) 2547:"Blink and you'll miss these F1 records" 2414: 2412: 2370: 1898:) will be used as the field follows the 1669:FIA Thoroughbred Grand Prix Championship 1617: 1567: 1501: 1395: 1383: 1172: 1153: 1138: 1102: 1095:on the famed Nordschleife track and the 908: 890: 797: 607:F1 is a worldwide series that runs only 571: 556: 541: 522: 504: 433:, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. 358:first purpose-built motor racing circuit 276:On July 22, 1894, the Parisian magazine 233: 217: 198: 2752: 954:GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup 14: 6395: 3033:Grand American Road Racing Association 2966:"Formula One drivers feel the G-force" 2963: 2674:Adams, Eric; Brown, Joe (April 2006). 2637: 2418: 1539:Crandon International Off-Road Raceway 959:The prevailing classes of GT cars are 850:traces its lineage to the now-defunct 5691: 4937: 4749: 4585: 4424: 4290: 4100: 3891: 3665: 3389: 3106: 2584: 2518: 2445: 2409: 2397:(in French). July 23, 1894. p. 1 1083:, and the 1,000-mile (1,600 km) 787: 315:, Italy near the island's capital of 2775:from the original on October 9, 2022 2638:George, Patrick (November 6, 2015). 2366: 2364: 2177:adding citations to reliable sources 2148: 1866:Displayed from the observation post 1613: 1063:Famous sports car races include the 950:GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup 880: 854:, the cars are much more similar to 490: 3073:SCORE International Off-Road Racing 3063:National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) 2091:, engines, tires, and many others. 2064: 1682: 1543:Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group 1128: 24: 3098:Best In The Desert Off-Road Racing 2888: 1751:High Performance Drivers Education 1491: 1298: 1208:, its most famous races being the 1054:WeatherTech SportsCar Championship 1014:WeatherTech SportsCar Championship 782:FIA World Touring Car Championship 338:, begun in 1923. It is run by the 25: 6414: 3078:Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) 2987: 2585:Fryer, Jenna (November 8, 2007). 2465:"Stadium List: 100 000+ Stadiums" 2361: 2144: 1392:in Tarlton, Gauteng, South Africa 1268:Automobile Racing Club of America 6157: 5777: 2993: 2964:Norton, Charlie (May 10, 2010). 2823:10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.06.002 2258: 2153: 2027: 2022:A slow vehicle is on the track. 2012: 1998: 1983: 1969: 1955: 1941: 1925: 1910: 1886: 1871: 1354:. There are also single-chassis 1016:. These cars are referred to as 974:FIA World Endurance Championship 942:FIA World Endurance Championship 824:British Touring Car Championship 356:, in Australia, was the world's 5677:Defunct races are indicated in 5645:Charge of the Headlight Brigade 5121:Coppa Florio 12 Hours of Sicily 3053:National Auto Sport Association 2957: 2931: 2829: 2802: 2746: 2631: 2605: 2578: 2564: 2539: 2519:Perez, A.J. (August 30, 2007). 2371:Paolozzi, Rémi (May 28, 2003). 2164:needs additional citations for 2094: 1863:Displayed from the start tower 1842: 1454:in the early 1950s through the 875:National Auto Sport Association 720:represent the last step on the 716:is another entry-level series. 5298:6 Hours of Indianapolis (IMSA) 3083:United States Auto Club (USAC) 3018:American Le Mans Series (ALMS) 2753:Marston, Steve (Autumn 2015). 2512: 2487: 2457: 2439: 2383: 2336: 2311: 1563: 1373: 1285:Full-contact formulas include 1163:Daytona International Speedway 1145:Daytona International Speedway 1020:(Le Mans prototype) cars with 832:World Touring Car Championship 567:Delft University of Technology 412:R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company 13: 1: 2304: 2108: 1545:; this format was revived by 1181:stock car on an asphalt track 485: 76:going into the first turn at 5659:TCR Spa 500 Laps or 23 Hours 5431:4 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps 5273:6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps 3627:International Formula Master 2863:10.1371/journal.pone.0186871 2732:10.1080/00423114.2014.930158 2498:. Motorbooks International. 2042: 1689:Category:Auto racing by type 1456:National Hot Rod Association 828:Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters 687:FIA Formula Two Championship 518:Sepang International Circuit 329:World Sportscar Championship 7: 6255:Radio-controlled car racing 3688:Ginetta Junior Championship 3351:Australian National Formula 2419:Berger, Michael L. (2001). 2251: 2034:The session has concluded. 1143:NASCAR green flag start at 1093:24 Hours of the Nürburgring 842:is a one-day event open to 657:). Regional series include 371:Indianapolis Motor Speedway 340:Automobile Club of the West 238:A remaining section of the 10: 6419: 5910:Mountain bike orienteering 5717: 3765:BMW M1 Procar Championship 3270:V de V Challenge Monoplace 3013:Motorsports UK Association 2494:Jenkinson, Dennis (1983). 2373:"The cradle of motorsport" 2279:List of auto racing tracks 2068: 2046: 1846: 1686: 1653:Goodwood Festival of Speed 1632: 1575: 1495: 1377: 1332:John Cooper Mini Challenge 1302: 1132: 1106: 986:GT World Challenge America 884: 863:Sports Car Club of America 791: 494: 222:Fernand Gabriel driving a 192: 188: 50: 43: 39:Auto race (disambiguation) 36: 29: 6377: 6344: 6308: 6277: 6242: 6234:Offshore powerboat racing 6204: 6186:Motorcycle chariot racing 6166: 6155: 6099: 6090: 6072: 6044: 6006: 5953: 5895: 5855: 5819: 5786: 5775: 5734: 5725: 5675: 5619: 5582:1000 km Le Mans (Bugatti) 5515: 5490: 5474: 5383: 5230: 5195: 5179: 5158: 5087: 4972: 4858: 4830: 4738: 4626: 4574: 4467: 4413: 4338: 4281: 4228: 4198: 4089: 3952: 3880: 3832: 3820:Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup 3755:Australian Mini Challenge 3737: 3654: 3455: 3436:FIA Formula Championship 3378: 3278: 3152: 3141: 2294:List of auto racing films 2135: 2126: 1623:Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca 1254:NASCAR Brasil Sprint Race 1250:NASCAR Whelen Euro Series 1238:continental United States 946:GT World Challenge Europe 936:(GTs), and purpose-built 741:Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca 565:electric race-car of the 437: 401: 133: 128: 120: 110: 105: 97: 84: 65: 6229:Inshore powerboat racing 5610:Race of a Thousand Years 5451:4 Hours of Red Bull Ring 3815:Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup 3693:Lamborghini Super Trofeo 3023:Indy Racing League (IRL) 2909:10.3810/psm.2014.11.2094 2216:peripheral response time 2117: 1811:Short track motor racing 1328:Radical European Masters 1275:British Stock car racing 840:European Touring Car Cup 665:(specifically in Asia), 535:during practice for the 480:Electric GT Championship 206:classified first in his 32:Auto Racing (video game) 6382:List of forms of racing 5749:Middle-distance running 5632:25 Hours of Thunderhill 5411:4 Hours of Le Castellet 5278:6 Hours of Watkins Glen 3361:Grand Prix motor racing 2712:Vehicle System Dynamics 2379:. Forix, Autosport, 8W. 2323:macmillandictionary.com 1081:6 Hours of Watkins Glen 1050:American Le Mans Series 1046:Rolex Sports Car Series 1038:Rolex Sports Car Series 990:GT World Challenge Asia 431:European Le Mans Series 427:American Le Mans Series 331:between 1955 and 1973. 78:Circuit of the Americas 6224:Jet sprint boat racing 5482:TCR European Endurance 5465:4 Hours of Silverstone 5339:6 Hours of Nürburgring 2274:Outline of auto racing 1836:Wheelstand Competition 1630: 1573: 1518: 1408: 1393: 1230:Craftsman Truck Series 1195:Silhouette racing cars 1182: 1170: 1151: 925: 906: 820:Supercars Championship 807: 746:In December 2005, the 671:World Series by Nissan 577: 569: 554: 539: 520: 390:Daytona Beach, Florida 380:NASCAR was founded by 346:won the race in 2023. 279: 268: 243: 231: 215: 195:History of auto racing 5827:Cross country running 5754:Long-distance running 5221:1000 Miles of Sebring 5128:12 Hours at the Point 5037:Longest Day of Nelson 4273:Quarter Midget racing 4113:Allison Legacy Series 3790:Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy 3785:Ginetta GT5 Challenge 3760:Aston Martin Asia Cup 3397:Formula Car Challenge 3265:Monoposto Racing Club 3195:Formula Car Challenge 2943:The Los Angeles Times 2676:"The Perfect Racecar" 2646:. Gizmodo Media Group 2055:1955 Le Mans disaster 2049:Deaths in motorsports 1731:Drifting (motorsport) 1621: 1608:power-to-weight ratio 1571: 1529:, such as the famous 1505: 1399: 1387: 1179:ASA Late Model Series 1176: 1157: 1142: 1109:Production car racing 1103:Production-car racing 1075:-Franchorchamps, the 998:International GT Open 912: 894: 867:SPEED World Challenge 836:World Touring Car Cup 801: 698:Monoposto Racing Club 575: 560: 545: 537:2019 Indianapolis 500 526: 508: 237: 221: 202: 6321:Cross-country skiing 6295:Slalom skateboarding 5978:Mountain bike racing 5638:Carrera Panamericana 5561:1000 km Buenos Aires 5554:1000 km Brands Hatch 5396:4 Hours of Barcelona 5391:4 Hours of Abu Dhabi 5318:6 Hours of Donington 5268:6 Hours of São Paulo 5238:6 Hours of Abu Dhabi 5050:24 Hours of Chamonix 5015:24 Hours of Portimão 4990:Nürburgring 24 Hours 4809:Super Comp/Quick Rod 3914:Stock Car Pro Series 3800:Renault Sport Trophy 3780:Ginetta GT4 Supercup 3729:TVR Tuscan Challenge 3632:Toyota Racing Series 3002:at Wikimedia Commons 2344:"Isaac Watt Boulton" 2173:improve this article 2075:In auto racing, the 1741:Electric drag racing 1721:Dirt speedway racing 1551:Stadium Super Trucks 1280:BriSCA F1 Stock Cars 1261:Whelen Modified Tour 1246:NASCAR Mexico Series 1242:NASCAR Canada Series 1091:. There is also the 1010:Asian Le Mans Series 576:Racing driver's view 468:production schedules 354:Aspendale Racecourse 323:, it was the oldest 296:Chicago Times-Herald 142:(demonstration only) 140:1900 Summer Olympics 6129:Pickup truck racing 6064:Paralympic swimming 6054:Open water swimming 5963:Road bicycle racing 5528:1000 km Paul Ricard 5458:4 Hours of Shanghai 5421:4 Hours of Portimão 5346:6 Hours of Portimão 5208:Indianapolis 8 Hour 5100:12 Hours of Sebring 4985:24 Hours of Daytona 4980:24 Hours of Le Mans 3939:Turismo Nacional BR 3805:SEAT Leon Supercopa 3716:Porsche Carrera Cup 3642:Superleague Formula 3468:ADAC Formel Masters 3210:Formula Enterprises 3200:Formula Continental 2970:The Daily Telegraph 2854:2017PLoSO..1286871V 2811:Psychol Sport Exerc 2724:2014VSD....52.1171D 2475:on October 23, 2006 1796:Pickup truck racing 1791:Power Wheels Racing 1635:Historic motorsport 1535:short course tracks 1324:Mini 7 Championship 1077:12 Hours of Sebring 1069:Rolex 24 at Daytona 1065:24 Hours of Le Mans 774:Formula Palmer Audi 752:Superleague Formula 679:Formula Palmer Audi 667:Formula Renault 3.5 649:(formerly known as 514:Ferrari 150º Italia 336:24 Hours of Le Mans 327:event, part of the 87:governing body 62: 6345:Multi-sport racing 6144:Touring car racing 5930:Canoe orienteering 5925:Radio orienteering 5920:Trail orienteering 5444:4 Hours of Estoril 5416:4 Hours of Mugello 5311:6 Hours of Atlanta 5214:California 8 Hours 5203:8 Hours of Bahrain 5095:12 Hours of Kuwait 5010:24 Hours of Zolder 4923:Side by Side (UTV) 4163:Whelen Euro Series 4118:IMCA Sport Compact 3612:Grand Prix Masters 3402:Formula Enterprise 3356:Grand Prix Masters 3007:Sanctioning bodies 2591:ESPN News Services 2391:"Le Petit journal" 1831:Swamp Buggy racing 1766:Legends car racing 1711:Board track racing 1631: 1589:Michael Schumacher 1574: 1519: 1515:Best in the Desert 1409: 1394: 1358:formulae, such as 1185:In North America, 1183: 1171: 1152: 1056:starting in 2014. 926: 907: 808: 794:Touring car racing 788:Touring car racing 625:British Grand Prix 621:Italian Grand Prix 617:Juan Pablo Montoya 580:In single-seater ( 578: 570: 555: 549:car racing at the 540: 531:IndyCar driven by 521: 445:Juan Manuel Fangio 256:Isaac Watt Boulton 244: 232: 216: 180:reliability trials 124:Outdoor and indoor 60: 6390: 6389: 6273: 6272: 6219:Hydroplane racing 6168:Motorcycle racing 6134:Sports car racing 6059:Marathon swimming 5940:Mountain marathon 5905:Foot orienteering 5891: 5890: 5685: 5684: 5498:Mil Milhas Brasil 5437:4 Hours of Aragón 5426:4 Hours of Sepang 5360:Riverside 6 Hours 5353:6 Hours of Zhuhai 5325:6 Hours of Mexico 5288:6 Hours of Austin 5258:6 Hours of Jeddah 5243:6 Hours of Bogotá 5149:Rothmans 12 hours 5142:12 Hours of Reims 4931: 4930: 4854: 4853: 4783:Funny Car (TA/FC) 4734: 4733: 4570: 4569: 4409: 4408: 4268:Midget car racing 4263:Sprint car racing 4224: 4223: 4190:Turismo Carretera 4085: 4084: 3828: 3827: 3750:Audi Sport TT Cup 3711:Mustang Challenge 3706:Mini Challenge UK 3678:Ferrari Challenge 3650: 3649: 3374: 3373: 3346:Formula Super Vee 3000:Automobile racing 2998:Media related to 2527:. 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Archived from 2461: 2455: 2454: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2315: 2268: 2263: 2262: 2261: 2200: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2157: 2149: 2065:Racing-car setup 2031: 2016: 2002: 1987: 1973: 1959: 1945: 1929: 1914: 1890: 1875: 1857: 1856: 1821:Solar car racing 1716:Demolition derby 1683:Other categories 1657:Goodwood Revival 1445: 1444: 1440: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1316:Porsche Supercup 1187:stock car racing 1167:2015 Daytona 500 1149:2015 Daytona 500 1135:Stock car racing 1129:Stock car racing 938:sports prototype 932:, also known as 683:Formula Atlantic 640:Indianapolis 500 442: 441: 414:cigarette brand 406: 405: 284: 281:Le Petit Journal 271: 70: 63: 59: 53:TOCA Race Driver 21: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6373: 6340: 6326:Snowboard cross 6304: 6269: 6260:Slot car racing 6238: 6200: 6162: 6153: 6124:Off-road racing 6086: 6068: 6040: 6036:Sled dog racing 6002: 5949: 5887: 5851: 5815: 5782: 5773: 5721: 5716: 5686: 5681: 5671: 5627:25 Hours of Spa 5615: 5596:1000 km Okayama 5589:1000 km Mosport 5523:1006 km Palanga 5511: 5486: 5470: 5379: 5374:Mosport 6 Hours 5283:Bathurst 6 Hour 5263:6 Hours of Rome 5248:6 Hours of Fuji 5226: 5191: 5187:Kyalami 9 Hours 5175: 5154: 5115:Sepang 12 Hours 5083: 5052: 5022: 4968: 4966:endurance races 4962: 4932: 4927: 4850: 4826: 4814:Top Doorslammer 4780:Dragster (TA/D) 4741: 4730: 4726:Group D GT Cars 4679:GT3 (1998–1999) 4674:GT2 (2005–2010) 4669:GT2 (1993–1999) 4664:GT1 (2000–2012) 4659:GT1 (1993–1999) 4622: 4577: 4566: 4541:(1981–1993 era) 4463: 4416: 4405: 4401:World Rally Car 4334: 4277: 4220: 4194: 4092: 4081: 3948: 3883: 3876: 3824: 3810:Trofeo Maserati 3745:Audi R8 LMS Cup 3733: 3673:Caterham Racing 3658: 3646: 3600:Formula Renault 3451: 3382: 3370: 3341:Formula Pacific 3336:Formula Mondial 3274: 3144: 3137: 3131: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2893: 2889: 2834: 2830: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2747: 2708: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2680:Popular Science 2672: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2619:. July 26, 2007 2611: 2610: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2417: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2369: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2201: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2170: 2158: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2097: 2073: 2067: 2051: 2045: 1900:pace/safety car 1851: 1845: 1840: 1691: 1685: 1659:in Britain and 1637: 1616: 1593:Fernando Alonso 1580: 1566: 1523:off-road racing 1500: 1498:Off-road racing 1494: 1492:Off-road racing 1442: 1438: 1437: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1404:launching at a 1382: 1376: 1360:Formula Renault 1311: 1301: 1299:One-make racing 1137: 1131: 1111: 1105: 1073:24 Hours of Spa 921:car, during an 889: 883: 871:Trans-Am Series 802:Opening lap of 796: 790: 770:Jonathan Palmer 685:. In 2009, the 663:Formula V6 Asia 563:Formula Student 510:Fernando Alonso 503: 495:Main articles: 493: 488: 382:Bill France Sr. 204:Albert Lemaître 197: 191: 151:(also known as 106:Characteristics 101:August 30, 1867 98:First contested 80: 56: 49: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Race car driver 15: 12: 11: 5: 6416: 6406: 6405: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6114:Formula racing 6111: 6105: 6103: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6082:Speed climbing 6078: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5998:Cycle speedway 5995: 5990: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5955:Bicycle racing 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5683: 5682: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5575:1000 km Jarama 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5548:Suzuka 1000 km 5545: 5543:Sepang 1000 km 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5501: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5370: 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3276: 3275: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3147: 3139: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3122: 3115: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3068:No Prep Racing 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2989: 2988:External links 2986: 2983: 2982: 2956: 2930: 2897:Phys Sportsmed 2887: 2828: 2801: 2786: 2745: 2697: 2657: 2630: 2604: 2577: 2572:"Formula Ford" 2563: 2538: 2511: 2504: 2486: 2456: 2438: 2431: 2408: 2382: 2360: 2335: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2253: 2250: 2240:generate more 2203: 2202: 2161: 2159: 2152: 2146: 2145:Racing drivers 2143: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2107: 2096: 2093: 2069:Main article: 2066: 2063: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1952: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1891: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1847:Main article: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1684: 1681: 1667:racing to the 1633:Main article: 1615: 1612: 1576:Main article: 1565: 1562: 1496:Main article: 1493: 1490: 1388:Jet-propelled 1378:Main article: 1375: 1372: 1300: 1297: 1226:Xfinity Series 1159:Jimmie Johnson 1133:Main article: 1130: 1127: 1107:Main article: 1104: 1101: 1006:Le Mans series 923:endurance race 885:Main article: 882: 879: 792:Main article: 789: 786: 760:Liverpool F.C. 632:IndyCar Series 609:street circuit 598:IndyCar Series 551:Hockenheimring 501:Open-wheel car 497:Formula racing 492: 489: 487: 484: 476:Eco Grand Prix 452:transformative 423:IMSA GT Series 386:Strictly Stock 290:entrance fee. 208:Peugeot Type 5 193:Main article: 190: 187: 167:involving the 144: 143: 137: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 108: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 89: 82: 81: 71: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6415: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6331:Speed skating 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6316:Alpine skiing 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309:Winter racing 6307: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6266: 6265:Street racing 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6160: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6031:Pigeon racing 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6008:Animal racing 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5983:Track cycling 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:Gravel racing 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5863:Tower running 5861: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5842:Trail running 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806:Ultramarathon 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Half marathon 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5736:Track running 5733: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5603:1000 km Paris 5600: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533:Bathurst 1000 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 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Founded in 318: 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 297: 291: 289: 285: 283: 282: 274: 272: 270: 269:Le Vélocipède 264: 259: 257: 253: 249: 242:track in 2007 241: 236: 229: 225: 220: 213: 209: 205: 201: 196: 186: 183: 181: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 141: 138: 136: 132: 127: 123: 119: 115: 113: 109: 104: 100: 96: 93: 90: 88: 83: 79: 75: 69: 64: 58: 54: 47: 40: 33: 19: 6290:Sandboarding 6285:Longboarding 6278:Board racing 6196:Track racing 6176:Beach racing 6149:Truck racing 6100: 6092:Motor racing 6026:Horse racing 6016:Camel racing 5897:Orienteering 5837:Fell running 5788:Road running 5769:Steeplechase 5678: 5664: 5657: 5652:Targa Florio 5650: 5643: 5636: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5506:Mille Miglia 5504: 5463: 5456: 5449: 5442: 5435: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5309: 5302: 5219: 5212: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5048: 5041: 4995:Spa 24 Hours 4888:Trophy truck 4795:Pro Modified 4323:Group Rally5 4318:Group Rally4 4313:Group Rally3 4308:Group Rally2 4303:Group Rally1 4298:Groups Rally 4185:Street Stock 3919:Stock Series 3904:NGTC (TCN-1) 3493:Formula Asia 3422:USF Pro 2000 3215:Formula Ford 3185:Formula 1000 3134: 2973:. Retrieved 2969: 2959: 2949:February 24, 2947:. Retrieved 2942: 2933: 2903:(4): 80–86. 2900: 2896: 2890: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2779:September 3, 2777:. Retrieved 2765: 2761: 2748: 2715: 2711: 2690:September 2, 2688:. Retrieved 2683: 2679: 2648:. Retrieved 2643: 2633: 2621:. Retrieved 2616: 2607: 2595:. Retrieved 2590: 2580: 2566: 2554:. Retrieved 2550: 2541: 2529:. Retrieved 2524: 2514: 2495: 2489: 2479:September 2, 2477:. Retrieved 2473:the original 2468: 2459: 2450: 2447:Sammy, Davis 2441: 2421: 2401:September 2, 2399:. Retrieved 2394: 2385: 2376: 2351:. Retrieved 2347: 2338: 2328:September 2, 2326:. Retrieved 2322: 2313: 2234:formula cars 2227: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2191: 2182: 2171:Please help 2166:verification 2163: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2098: 2095:Aerodynamics 2077:racing setup 2074: 2071:Racing setup 2052: 1852: 1849:Racing flags 1843:Use of flags 1756:Hillclimbing 1736:Eco-Marathon 1671:for classic 1665:Austin Seven 1650: 1638: 1601: 1597:Wayne Rainey 1581: 1555: 1547:Robby Gordon 1520: 1479: 1464: 1410: 1312: 1294: 1291: 1284: 1272: 1265: 1258: 1234:pickup truck 1214:Southern 500 1199: 1184: 1116: 1112: 1089:Road Atlanta 1062: 1058: 1031: 1002: 983: 958: 927: 860: 817: 809: 763: 745: 738: 730: 722:Road to Indy 709:Formula Ford 702: 695: 691:Formula Ford 651:Formula 3000 644: 629: 606: 579: 529:Dallara DW12 512:driving the 449: 435: 420: 409: 394: 379: 368: 362: 357: 352: 348: 342:(ACO). Team 333: 305:Targa Florio 302: 295: 292: 277: 275: 266: 260: 252:Old Trafford 245: 228:Paris-Madrid 184: 177: 160: 157:motor racing 156: 152: 148: 147: 57: 6403:Auto racing 6300:Street luge 6119:Kart racing 6109:Drag racing 6101:Auto racing 5968:Cyclo-cross 5868:Racewalking 5053: [ 5023: [ 4964:Automobile 4823:Competition 4805:Super Stock 4776:Top Alcohol 4258:Superstocks 4180:Super Stock 4047:Diesel 2000 3929:Top Race V6 3909:TCR (TCN-2) 3720:Radical Cup 3659:spec racing 3583:Palmer Audi 3432:USF Juniors 3235:Formula Vee 3135:auto racing 3133:Classes of 2817:: 146–151. 2768:: 192–207. 2650:October 25, 2597:February 8, 2085:suspensions 1806:Road racing 1786:Mud bogging 1776:Mini Sprint 1673:Formula One 1642:road racing 1585:kart racing 1578:Kart racing 1564:Kart racing 1558:Paris-Dakar 1452:Wally Parks 1380:Drag racing 1374:Drag racing 1364:Formula BMW 1309:Spec racing 1273:In the UK, 1210:Daytona 500 1191:oval tracks 930:sports cars 900:Silverstone 733:Formula SAE 718:Indy Lights 705:kart racing 613:race tracks 594:Formula One 590:road racing 399:, with the 212:Paris–Rouen 210:3hp in the 173:automobiles 149:Auto racing 61:Auto racing 46:Racing Cars 6250:Air racing 6191:Rally raid 5993:BMX racing 5847:Skyrunning 5759:Relay race 5491:1000 miles 4878:Rallycross 4873:Dune buggy 4721:Appendix K 4417:prototypes 4396:Super 2000 4391:Super 1600 4330:Group R-GT 4248:V8 Hotstox 4123:Late model 4093:car racing 4062:Superstars 4042:Super 2000 3960:Appendix J 3884:car racing 3478:Barber Pro 2686:(4): 50–51 2623:August 11, 2531:August 20, 2305:References 2289:Race track 2109:Suspension 2087:, brakes, 2047:See also: 1896:Safety car 1801:Rallycross 1761:Ice racing 1687:See also: 1677:auto sport 1482:head start 1368:farm teams 1305:One-Design 1303:See also: 1220:, and the 996:, and the 844:Super 2000 756:A.C. Milan 655:GP2 Series 623:, and the 582:open-wheel 533:Pippa Mann 486:Categories 364:Brooklands 240:Brooklands 165:motorsport 153:car racing 74:stock cars 6367:Aquathlon 6357:Triathlon 6181:Motocross 5935:Rogaining 5744:Sprinting 5538:Baja 1000 4883:Autocross 4797:(Pro Mod) 4789:Pro Stock 4768:Funny Car 4243:BriSCA F2 4238:BriSCA F1 4133:Modifieds 3924:Supercars 3867:Superkart 3775:Dacia Cup 3697:Lotus Cup 3543:Lightning 3205:Formula E 2975:April 11, 2740:110554353 2556:August 8, 2525:USA Today 2246:Formula 1 2242:downforce 2043:Accidents 1701:Autograss 1696:Autocross 1604:superkart 1531:Baja 1000 1513:during a 1511:Hummer H3 1406:dragstrip 1344:Caterhams 804:2012 WTCC 768:champion 766:Formula 2 647:Formula 2 586:downforce 561:The 2017 472:Formula E 460:champions 309:endurance 112:Mixed-sex 6397:Category 6362:Duathlon 6336:Sledding 6074:Climbing 6046:Swimming 5801:Marathon 5764:Hurdling 5666:The 2904 5159:10 hours 5088:12 hours 4973:24 hours 4913:Group T5 4908:Group T4 4903:Group T3 4898:Group T2 4893:Group T1 4868:Baja Bug 4860:Off-road 4842:Modified 4762:Dragster 4757:Top Fuel 4618:Trans-Am 4539:IMSA GTP 4522:Group CN 4459:Clubmans 4283:Rallying 4253:Hot Rods 3882:Touring 3872:Electric 3656:One-make 3552:Masters 3516:Chrysler 3497:Formula 3407:Indy NXT 3383:formulae 3380:One-make 2925:22425278 2917:25419891 2882:29121090 2842:PLOS ONE 2770:Archived 2644:Jalopnik 2617:NHRA.com 2551:Red Bull 2353:July 27, 2252:See also 2232:because 2230:g-forces 2209:sponsors 2102:diffuser 2081:handling 1746:Folkrace 1646:rallying 1627:Monterey 1553:series. 1537:such as 1507:Rod Hall 1434:dragster 1390:dragster 1340:Ginettas 1336:Clio Cup 1270:(ARCA). 1147:for the 1034:Grand-Am 1012:and the 994:Super GT 952:and the 915:Audi R18 848:Super GT 834:and the 464:pandemic 392:, U.S.. 263:gasoline 129:Presence 85:Highest 5883:Parkour 5727:Running 5679:italics 5516:1000 km 5475:2 hours 5384:4 Hours 5231:6 hours 5196:8 hours 5180:9 hours 4846:Pro FWD 4838:Top Gas 4831:Defunct 4819:Altered 4770:(TF/FC) 4654:Group D 4649:Group B 4644:Group 5 4639:Group 4 4634:Group 3 4627:Defunct 4578:touring 4517:Group C 4512:Group A 4507:Group 7 4502:Group 6 4497:Group 5 4492:Group 4 4487:Group 3 4468:Defunct 4415:Sports 4381:Group R 4376:Group N 4371:Group S 4366:Group B 4361:Group A 4356:Group 4 4351:Group 2 4346:Group 1 4339:Defunct 4199:Defunct 4148:Xfinity 4128:Legends 4037:Class 2 4032:Class 1 4027:Group S 4015:Group N 4010:Group H 4005:Group G 4000:Group F 3995:Group E 3990:Group C 3985:Group A 3980:Group 5 3975:Group 2 3970:Group 1 3953:Defunct 3834:Karting 3738:Defunct 3683:Fun Cup 3536:Hyundai 3473:Auto GP 3456:Defunct 3427:USF2000 3279:Defunct 3260:BOSS GP 3240:IndyCar 3143:Formula 2873:5679571 2850:Bibcode 2720:Bibcode 2451:Autocar 2395:Gallica 2223:fitness 1486:dial-in 1441:⁄ 1426:⁄ 1416:⁄ 1287:Bangers 1165:in the 1119:Group N 896:FIA GT1 830:(DTM), 728:racer. 726:IndyCar 636:F1 cars 478:or the 416:Winston 397:GT cars 344:Ferrari 317:Palermo 189:History 163:) is a 135:Olympic 5987:Keirin 5811:Ekiden 5719:Racing 4918:Truggy 4764:(TF/D) 4750:Active 4742:racing 4684:LM GTE 4586:Active 4576:Grand 4425:Active 4291:Active 4211:AUSCAR 4168:Mexico 4158:Canada 4138:NASCAR 4101:Active 4091:Stock 4067:V8Star 3944:TC2000 3892:Active 3666:Active 3573:Nissan 3561:Russia 3548:Maruti 3501:Abarth 3390:Active 3220:FF1600 3153:Active 3145:racing 2923: 2915: 2880: 2870: 2738: 2502: 2429: 2136:Engine 2127:Brakes 1816:Slalom 1629:, 2008 1527:desert 1350:, and 1252:, and 1216:, the 1212:, the 1202:NASCAR 1079:, the 1067:, the 838:. The 596:, the 553:, 2008 474:, the 313:Sicily 169:racing 6243:Other 5856:Other 5620:Other 5057:] 5027:] 4740:Drag 4613:GT300 4608:GT500 4562:S2000 4532:GC-21 4206:ASCAR 4153:Truck 3965:BTC-T 3637:S5000 3593:Rolon 3568:Mazda 3556:China 3531:Swift 3521:König 3291:F5000 3286:F3000 3250:S5000 2921:S2CID 2799:2016. 2773:(PDF) 2758:(PDF) 2736:S2CID 2118:Tyres 1860:Flag 1509:in a 288:franc 159:, or 72:Many 4791:(PS) 4694:AAGT 4689:IMSA 4555:LMPC 4550:LMP1 4452:LMP3 4447:LMP2 4432:LMDh 4230:Oval 4216:IROC 4108:ARCA 4077:WTCR 4072:WTCC 4057:ETCR 3899:BTCC 3605:2.0L 3506:Alfa 3483:CFGP 3463:A1GP 3180:F600 2977:2013 2951:2013 2913:PMID 2878:PMID 2781:2019 2692:2019 2652:2018 2625:2010 2599:2009 2558:2018 2533:2008 2500:ISBN 2481:2013 2427:ISBN 2403:2019 2355:2016 2330:2019 2236:and 1655:and 1591:and 1517:race 1402:AMCs 1362:and 1352:MX5s 1348:BMWs 1320:IROC 1307:and 1228:and 1123:IMSA 1048:and 1026:LMDh 1024:and 978:IMSA 976:and 967:and 917:, a 913:The 904:2011 861:The 852:JGTC 758:and 681:and 661:and 653:and 611:and 600:and 592:are 527:The 499:and 456:cars 421:The 321:1906 303:The 298:race 250:and 230:1903 224:Mors 121:Type 4801:Gas 4714:GTX 4709:GTU 4704:GTS 4699:GTO 4603:GT4 4598:GT2 4593:GT3 4545:LMP 4480:DPi 4442:LMP 4437:LMH 4175:SRX 4143:Cup 4052:DTM 4020:Aus 3862:KZ2 3857:KZ1 3852:KF3 3847:KF2 3842:KF1 3622:GP3 3617:GP2 3588:RUS 3526:LGB 3511:BMW 3488:FA1 3417:SRF 3311:FCJ 3230:GB3 2905:doi 2868:PMC 2858:doi 2819:doi 2728:doi 2684:268 2175:by 1644:to 1521:In 1370:). 1232:(a 1177:An 1087:at 1022:LMH 1018:LMP 969:GT2 965:GT4 961:GT3 902:in 898:at 865:'s 856:GT3 778:FIA 748:FIA 673:), 516:at 458:it 373:in 226:in 171:of 116:Yes 92:FIA 6399:: 5055:fr 5025:es 4527:GC 4475:DP 4386:R5 3175:F4 3170:F3 3165:F2 3160:F1 2968:. 2941:. 2919:. 2911:. 2901:42 2899:. 2876:. 2866:. 2856:. 2846:12 2844:. 2840:. 2815:10 2813:. 2789:^ 2766:38 2764:. 2760:. 2734:. 2726:. 2716:52 2714:. 2700:^ 2682:. 2678:. 2660:^ 2642:. 2615:. 2589:. 2549:. 2523:. 2467:. 2411:^ 2393:. 2375:. 2363:^ 2346:. 2321:. 2061:. 1625:, 1488:. 1477:. 1462:. 1346:, 1342:, 1338:, 1334:, 1330:, 1282:. 1256:. 1248:, 1244:, 1197:. 1071:, 1008:, 992:, 988:, 963:, 826:, 784:. 743:. 693:. 677:, 482:. 258:. 155:, 5989:) 5985:( 5711:e 5704:t 5697:v 4957:e 4950:t 4943:v 3445:3 3440:2 3126:e 3119:t 3112:v 2979:. 2953:. 2927:. 2907:: 2884:. 2860:: 2852:: 2825:. 2821:: 2783:. 2742:. 2730:: 2722:: 2694:. 2654:. 2627:. 2601:. 2574:. 2560:. 2535:. 2508:. 2483:. 2435:. 2405:. 2357:. 2332:. 2198:) 2192:( 2187:) 2183:( 2169:. 1894:( 1467:g 1443:4 1439:1 1428:8 1424:1 1418:4 1414:1 1169:. 214:. 55:. 48:. 41:. 34:. 20:)

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