763:
In RDFS 1.1, the domain and range statements do not carry any formal meaning and their interpretation is left up to the implementer. On the other hand in the 1.2 Working draft they are used as entailment rules for inferencing the types of individuals. Nevertheless in both versions, it is very clearly
824:
defines an RDF schema titled
Metadata Authority Description Schema in RDF, or MADS/RDF for short. From the abstract, it is intended for use within their library and "information science (LIS) community". It allows for annotating special relational data, such as if an individual within a family is
767:
The example above demonstrated some of the limits and capabilities of RDFS entailment, but did not show an example of a logical inconsistency (which could in layman terms be interpreted as a "validation error"), meaning that the statements the triples make are in conflict and try to express
710:
foo:SomeGiraffe rdf:type bar:Animal. foo:SomeElephant rdf:type bar:Elephant. foo:SomeZoo rdf:type bar:Zoo. bar:livesInZoo rdfs:domain bar:Animal. bar:livesInZoo rdfs:range bar:Zoo. foo:SomeElephant bar:livesInZoo foo:SomeZoo.
704:) limiting what kind of statements are valid in the graph. On the other hand it is also not very expressive, meaning that the semantics that can be represented in a machine-interpretable way with the graph is quite limited.
817:(SKOS) developed the RDF schema titled as SKOS XL Vocabulary, which is an OWL ontology for the SKOS vocabulary that uses the OWL RDF/XML syntax, and hence makes use of a number of classes and properties from RDFS.
764:
stated that the expected functionality of range is "the values of a property are instances of one or more classes" and domain "any resource that has a given property is an instance of one or more classes".
1903:
700:
regime defines whether the triples in a graph are logically contradictory or not. RDFS entailment is not very restrictive, i.e. it does not contain a large amount of rules (compared, for example, to
1001:
2938:
1104:
1032:
1072:
687:
that is used to indicate a resource defining the subject resource. This property may be used to indicate an RDF vocabulary in which a resource is described.
2944:
2734:
768:
contradictory states of affairs. An example of this in RDFS would be having conflicting datatypes for objects (e.g. declaring a resource to be of type
496:
619:
Hierarchies of classes support inheritance of a property domain and range (see definitions in the next section) from a class to its subclasses.
2239:
760:
so these classes do intersect but there is no information to deduce whether they merely intersect, are equal or have a subclass relationship.
707:
Below in a simple example of the capabilities and limits of RDFS entailment, we start with a graph containing the following explicit triples:
2983:
2249:
2973:
2739:
1990:
1008:
2796:
2259:
1358:
1043:
424:
such as strings and integers. Property values such as textual strings are examples of RDF literals. Literals may be plain or typed.
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2932:
2530:
2073:
860:
1696:
1630:
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2100:
52:
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1769:
2818:
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1995:
1640:
814:
328:
2222:
1293:
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2512:
1117:
2333:
1183:
1047:
2775:
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1082:
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1783:
866:
285:
179:
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1318:
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2627:
2192:
1847:
1721:
1533:
1452:
1334:"Informatively redirect accesses to retired file schema_org_rdfa.html · Issue #2656 · schemaorg/schemaorg"
491:
and describe a relation between subject resources and object resources. When used as such a property is a
2066:
1838:
1775:
1528:
1077:
675:
that is used to indicate a resource that might provide additional information about the subject resource.
293:
223:
1249:
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1898:
1483:
421:
2718:
2202:
2160:
2113:
2082:
122:
1000:
Bikakis N.; Tsinaraki C.; Gioldasis N.; Stavrakantonakis I.; Christodoulakis S., eds. (2012-03-21).
311:
The first version was published by the World-Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) in April 1998, and the final
2274:
2128:
1676:
289:
228:
2658:
2555:
2550:
2165:
2143:
1893:
1656:
1202:
Schreiber, Guus; Raimond, Yves; Manola, Frank; Miller, Eric; McBride, Brian, eds. (2014-06-24).
327:
RDFS constructs are the RDFS classes, associated properties and utility properties built on the
2668:
2462:
2059:
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2264:
2217:
2155:
1883:
1476:
872:
714:
Without enabling inferencing with RDFS entailment, the data we have does not tell us whether
701:
632:
that is used to state that all resources related by one property are also related by another.
316:
194:
143:
2348:
2187:
1691:
1686:
17:
8:
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2385:
2212:
2170:
1615:
1383:
1228:
878:
821:
697:
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a property used to state that a resource is an instance of a class. A commonly accepted
1362:
315:
was released in
February 2014. Many RDFS components are included in the more expressive
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1711:
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1112:
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ex:employer rdfs:domain foaf:Person ex:employer rdfs:range foaf:Organization
358:
312:
162:
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2321:
1954:
1741:
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1333:
1312:
1236:
1179:
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914:
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1934:
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389:
2051:
1046:'s Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering. 2017. Archived from
942:
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2148:
1810:
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370:
2632:
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For example, the following declarations are used to express that the property
492:
345:
Represents the class of everything. All things described by RDF are resources.
2962:
2472:
2400:
2390:
2316:
2123:
1862:
1817:
1635:
722:. When we do RDFS-based inferencing, we will get the following extra triple:
304:, then one can extract some knowledge from them using a query language, like
1924:
1878:
1499:
1073:"XML: Looking at the Forest Instead of the Trees § 7.1. Triples in RDF/XML"
837:
297:
218:
1387:
740:. What RDFS entailment is not able to tell us is the relationship between
644:
that may be used to provide a human-readable version of a resource's name.
2869:
2801:
2770:
2507:
2358:
2328:
2311:
2108:
1975:
1939:
1701:
1569:
798:
791:: the source of the FOAF Vocabulary Specification is RDFS written in the
301:
2854:
2380:
2338:
2301:
1985:
1671:
1666:
1559:
1289:
804:
656:
that may be used to provide a human-readable description of a resource.
296:. It uses various forms of RDF vocabularies, intended to structure RDF
1465:
Map OWL-RDF/S ontologies and XML Schemas. Transform XML Schema to OWL.
1447:
1264:
1203:
2492:
2430:
2016:
1831:
1824:
1726:
1564:
1518:
1386:; et al. (MADS/XML community, MODS Editorial Committee) (n.d.).
613:
For example, the following declares that 'Every Person is an Agent':
133:
975:
412:
The other classes described by the RDF and RDFS specifications are:
242:
2442:
2410:
2370:
2306:
2118:
2026:
1716:
1523:
1513:
1442:
138:
2829:
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2435:
2197:
2036:
2031:
1803:
1796:
1731:
1411:
841:
833:
1415:
807:: the source of their schema was originally RDFS written in the
2859:
2780:
2648:
2570:
2452:
2405:
2343:
2296:
2207:
1949:
1852:
1468:
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305:
201:
128:
1145:
200:
2575:
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2535:
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2447:
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2415:
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2286:
2180:
2021:
2011:
1929:
1908:
1681:
883:
598:
521:
406:
is the class of classes, and so it is an instance of itself.
1201:
292:
data model, providing basic elements for the description of
2565:
2467:
2254:
2175:
1980:
1970:
1944:
1764:
808:
792:
788:
2689:
2502:
2457:
2365:
2133:
1857:
284:) is a set of classes with certain properties using the
1265:"DCMI: DCMI Metadata expressed in RDF Schema Language"
1229:
https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf12-semantics/#rdfs_entailment
566:
Given the previous two declarations, from the triple:
178:
1325:
1002:"XML and Semantic Web W3C Standards Timeline-History"
732:
statement dictates that any subject in triples where
388:, such as in the following formal expression of the
2081:
1382:
1263:Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (20 January 2020).
904:
902:
900:
1197:
1195:
937:
935:
908:
1144:Brickley, Dan; Miller, Libby, eds. (2014-01-14).
121:
2960:
1376:
897:
1453:W3C SPARQL 1.1 Entailment Regimes Specification
1357:Miles, Alistair; Bechhofer, Sean (2009-08-18).
1192:
932:
779:
1356:
1282:
1143:
915:"Resource Description Framework (RDF) Schemas"
801:: RDFS source is available in several syntaxes
784:RDF vocabularies represented in RDFS include:
2067:
1484:
1221:
921:. W3C Working Draft. RDF Schema Working Group
609:allows declaration of hierarchies of classes.
544:in a triple whose predicate is that property.
193:
969:
840:data, and is specialized towards describing
1404:
1163:
616:foaf:Person rdfs:subClassOf foaf:Agent
2074:
2060:
1491:
1477:
1300:. Archived from the original on 2020-05-10
1288:
1256:
1064:
965:
963:
943:"RDF Schema 1.1 Publication History - W3C"
836:database has an RDF schema for describing
395:ex:John rdf:type foaf:Person
377:is a resource that is linked to the class
1174:. Sebastopol, California, United States:
436:is both an instance of and a subclass of
409:rdfs:Class rdf:type rdfs:Class
1350:
1169:
1025:
2933:International World Wide Web Conference
1410:
1210:. Working Group Note. RDF Working Group
1070:
960:
886:Shapes and Constraints Language for RDF
861:Platform for Internet Content Selection
14:
2961:
1697:Knowledge representation and reasoning
1631:Semantic service-oriented architecture
1331:
1139:
1137:
1102:
1096:
748:. Due to inferencing we now know that
725:foo:SomeElephant rdf:type bar:Animal.
540:declares the class or datatype of the
487:Properties are instances of the class
365:A typical example of an rdfs:Class is
2055:
1472:
913:; Layman, Andrew, eds. (1998-04-09).
660:
572:can be inferred (resp. follows) that
569:ex:John ex:employer ex:CompanyX
266:Resource Description Framework Schema
36:Resource Description Framework Schema
2607:Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
1146:"FOAF Vocabulary Specification 0.99"
815:Simple Knowledge Organization System
552:relates a subject, which is of type
2984:World Wide Web Consortium standards
1134:
27:Schema for knowledge representation
24:
2974:Knowledge representation languages
1758:Syntax and supporting technologies
691:
25:
2995:
1436:
556:, to an object, which is of type
524:whose predicate is that property.
456:the class of XML literal values.
300:. RDF and RDFS can be saved in a
1498:
2830:Multimodal Interaction Activity
2790:Community & business groups
826:
684:
678:
672:
666:
653:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
604:
592:
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451:
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441:
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427:
416:
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385:
382:
378:
374:
366:
348:
340:
2969:Resource Description Framework
1332:Wallis, Richard (2020-07-17).
993:
867:Resource Description Framework
776:when inferencing is enabled).
772:and being also declared to be
392:sentence: 'John is a Person'.
322:
224:Ontologies in computer science
13:
1:
1872:Schemas, ontologies and rules
1416:"UniProt RDF schema ontology"
890:
827:madsrdf:prominentFamilyMember
482:
373:) vocabulary. An instance of
167:Andrew Layman (former editor)
2628:Web Accessibility Initiative
780:Examples of RDF vocabularies
736:is the predicate is of type
7:
2913:(browser/editor, 1996–2012)
1105:"RDF Meta Model and Schema"
1103:Lagoze, Carl (2008-03-31).
848:
369:in the Friend of a Friend (
268:, variously abbreviated as
10:
3000:
1899:Semantic Web Rule Language
516:declares the class of the
334:
2925:
2868:
2850:
2843:
2811:
2789:
2753:
2727:
2719:World Wide Web Foundation
2714:
2707:
2682:
2641:
2623:Markup Validation Service
2615:
2599:
2521:
2485:
2203:Linked Data Notifications
2099:
2090:
2083:World Wide Web Consortium
2004:
1963:
1917:
1871:
1757:
1750:
1649:
1583:
1552:
1506:
1317:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
601:for this property is "a".
357:declares a resource as a
237:
211:
186:
174:
152:
114:
94:
76:
58:
48:
40:
35:
2005:Microformat vocabularies
1677:Information architecture
1294:"Schema.org core schema"
982:. 1.1. RDF Working Group
478:the class of properties.
464:(and thus a subclass of
432:the class of datatypes.
290:knowledge representation
229:Knowledge representation
1894:Rule Interchange Format
1657:Collective intelligence
1033:"Chapter 3: RDF Schema"
811:syntax until July 2020.
1443:W3C RDFS Specification
1170:DuCharme, Bob (2011).
1078:Université de Montréal
857:Query Language for RDF
102:; 10 years ago
100:February 25, 2014
82:; 22 years ago
64:; 25 years ago
1071:Lapalme, Guy (2002).
974:, eds. (2014-02-25).
873:Web Ontology Language
317:Web Ontology Language
144:University of Bristol
1692:Knowledge management
1687:Knowledge extraction
1359:"SKOS XL Vocabulary"
361:for other resources.
98:1.1 (Recommendation)
62:January 5, 1999
1964:Common vocabularies
1918:Semantic annotation
1616:Semantic publishing
1458:W3C RDFS Entailment
1392:Library of Congress
1384:Library of Congress
972:Guha, Ramanathan V.
911:Guha, Ramanathan V.
879:Semantic technology
822:Library of Congress
440:. Each instance of
80:April 30, 2002
32:
2939:Steering Committee
2819:Device Description
2797:Web Advertising BG
1712:Digital humanities
1601:Semantic computing
1591:Semantic analytics
1575:Rule-based systems
1448:W3C RDF 1.1 Primer
1152:. The FOAF Project
1113:Cornell University
661:Utility properties
624:rdfs:subPropertyOf
460:is an instance of
398:The definition of
313:W3C recommendation
163:Ramanathan V. Guha
53:W3C Recommendation
30:
2956:
2955:
2921:
2920:
2839:
2838:
2703:
2702:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
1955:Facebook Platform
1842:
1841:(no W3C standard)
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1778:
1742:Web Science Trust
1662:Description logic
1621:Semantic reasoner
1611:Semantic matching
1539:Semantic networks
1388:"MADS/RDF Primer"
1244:Missing or empty
586:foaf:Organization
558:foaf:Organization
444:is a subclass of
329:vocabulary of RDF
259:
258:
187:Related standards
16:(Redirected from
2991:
2945:First conference
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2848:
2847:
2712:
2711:
2695:XHTML+MathML+SVG
2114:Activity Streams
2097:
2096:
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2069:
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1837:
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1426:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
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1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1361:. Archived from
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1286:
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1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:(published 2000)
1260:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1204:"RDF 1.1 Primer"
1199:
1190:
1189:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1116:. Archived from
1109:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1081:. Archived from
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1007:. Archived from
1006:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
976:"RDF Schema 1.1"
967:
958:
957:
955:
954:
939:
930:
929:
927:
926:
906:
828:
775:
771:
759:
755:
751:
750:foo:SomeElephant
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
721:
717:
716:foo:SomeElephant
686:
680:
679:rdfs:isDefinedBy
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631:
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594:
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579:
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497:RDF: reification
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390:natural-language
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33:
29:
21:
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2957:
2952:
2917:
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2864:
2835:
2807:
2785:
2749:
2723:
2699:
2678:
2637:
2611:
2595:
2561:SMIL Timesheets
2517:
2481:
2386:Information Set
2171:Geolocation API
2101:Recommendations
2092:
2086:
2080:
2050:
2041:
2000:
1959:
1913:
1867:
1746:
1737:Web engineering
1707:Digital library
1645:
1626:Semantic search
1606:Semantic mapper
1596:Semantic broker
1579:
1548:
1502:
1497:
1439:
1434:
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1234:
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1222:
1213:
1211:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1172:Learning SPARQL
1168:
1164:
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1153:
1142:
1135:
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1120:
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1097:
1088:
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1035:
1031:
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1026:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1004:
998:
994:
985:
983:
970:Brickley, Dan;
968:
961:
952:
950:
941:
940:
933:
924:
922:
909:Brickley, Dan;
907:
898:
893:
851:
825:well-known via
782:
773:
769:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
719:
715:
712:
694:
692:RDFS entailment
683:an instance of
671:an instance of
663:
652:an instance of
640:an instance of
628:an instance of
617:
605:rdfs:subClassOf
570:
564:
485:
410:
396:
337:
325:
241:
233:
207:
170:
148:
106:
104:
101:
99:
86:
84:
81:
77:First published
68:
66:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2947:("WWW1", 1994)
2942:
2929:
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2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
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2822:
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2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2754:Working groups
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2728:Elected groups
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2704:
2701:
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1123:on 2019-07-12
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2979:Semantic Web
2232:
2091:Products and
1940:Microformats
1888:
1879:Common Logic
1584:Applications
1500:Semantic Web
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
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1395:. Retrieved
1391:
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1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1352:
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1337:
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1297:
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1268:
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979:
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923:. Retrieved
918:
783:
766:
762:
758:bar:Elephant
746:bar:Elephant
727:
713:
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695:
685:rdf:Property
673:rdf:Property
667:rdfs:seeAlso
654:rdf:Property
648:rdfs:comment
642:rdf:Property
630:rdf:Property
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466:rdfs:Literal
446:rdfs:Literal
417:rdfs:Literal
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219:Semantic Web
159:Dan Brickley
115:Organization
59:Year started
41:Abbreviation
2926:Conferences
2802:WebAssembly
2771:WebAssembly
2674:WebPlatform
2329:Web storage
2312:WebAssembly
2109:ActivityPub
1976:Dublin Core
1702:Library 2.0
1570:Linked data
838:biochemical
799:Dublin Core
774:xsd:boolean
770:xsd:integer
730:rdfs:domain
582:ex:CompanyX
578:foaf:Person
554:foaf:Person
550:ex:employer
510:rdfs:domain
504:rdfs:domain
379:foaf:Person
375:foaf:Person
367:foaf:Person
323:Terminology
302:triplestore
288:extensible
251:/rdf-schema
2963:Categories
2855:CERN httpd
2642:Deprecated
2616:Initiative
2600:Guidelines
2508:XHTML+SMIL
2376:Encryption
2339:Webmention
2302:Timed text
2139:Animations
1986:Schema.org
1722:References
1672:Geotagging
1667:Folksonomy
1560:Dataspaces
1553:Sub-topics
1529:Ontologies
1507:Background
1425:2021-04-24
1397:2021-04-24
1369:2021-04-24
1343:2021-04-24
1304:2021-04-24
1298:schema.org
1290:Schema.org
1275:2021-04-23
1214:2021-04-23
1156:2021-04-23
1127:2021-04-24
1089:2021-04-24
1057:2021-04-24
1018:2021-04-23
986:2021-04-23
953:2021-04-23
925:2021-04-23
891:References
805:Schema.org
754:bar:Animal
742:bar:Animal
738:bar:Animal
720:bar:Animal
698:entailment
636:rdfs:label
534:rdfs:range
528:rdfs:range
495:(see also
483:Properties
438:rdfs:Class
404:rdfs:Class
400:rdfs:Class
381:using the
355:rdfs:Class
349:rdfs:Class
294:ontologies
262:RDF Schema
107:2014-02-25
87:2002-04-30
69:1999-01-05
31:RDF Schema
2905:(1994–97)
2897:(1994–97)
2889:(1993–98)
2878:Line Mode
2683:Obsoleted
2493:IndieAuth
2401:Signature
2391:Namespace
2188:IndexedDB
2166:EmotionML
2093:standards
2017:hCalendar
1935:Microdata
1832:N-Triples
1825:Notation3
1751:Standards
1727:Topic map
1565:Hyperdata
1534:Semantics
1519:Hypertext
1514:Databases
1150:xmlns.com
493:predicate
298:resources
134:Microsoft
2870:Browsers
2844:Software
2776:WebAuthn
2473:elements
2443:XPointer
2411:XInclude
2307:VoiceXML
2213:Micropub
2027:hProduct
1717:Metadata
1524:Internet
1414:(n.d.).
1313:cite web
1292:(n.d.).
1237:cite web
849:See also
842:proteins
752:is both
593:rdf:type
386:property
383:rdf:type
139:Netscape
2941:(IW3C2)
2935:(IW3C)
2881:(1990–)
2586:XFrames
2198:JSON-LD
2144:Flexbox
2037:hReview
2032:hRecipe
1804:JSON-LD
1797:RDF/XML
1790:triples
1732:Web 2.0
1420:UniProt
1412:UniProt
834:UniProt
795:syntax.
574:ex:John
518:subject
335:Classes
319:(OWL).
238:Website
153:Editors
105: (
85: (
67: (
2860:Libwww
2821:(DDWG)
2781:WHATWG
2649:C-HTML
2571:WebGPU
2463:XSL-FO
2453:XQuery
2406:XForms
2396:Schema
2381:Events
2344:WebSub
2297:SPARQL
2233:Schema
2208:MathML
1950:SAWSDL
1853:SPARQL
1811:Turtle
1338:GitHub
1182:
863:(PICS)
855:SPARQL
580:, and
542:object
536:of an
522:triple
512:of an
306:SPARQL
274:RDF(S)
212:Domain
202:SPARQL
129:Google
49:Status
2910:Amaya
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