539:
547:
329:
647:. In this context, the heavy physical work in the mine face was completely replaced by modern conveyors such as the excavator UB 80, a GDR standard excavator of the 1960s and 1970s. Both the raw chalk and the debris were transported by railways. With the completion of this plant in 1962 (initially trial operation, from 1963 regular production) the production time from excavation to shipping was reduced to only 80 minutes. Until then, it was up to 80 days.
75:
22:
734:, where it was used in the electrical, paint and cosmetics industries. From the 1960s onwards, in contrast to pre-war production, the VEB Kreidewerk Rügen was supplied with chalk in three grain types as desired – "Malkreide 60", "Feinkreide 40" and "Mikrotherm 20". Under the name "Three Crown Chalk" (trade name of the
221:. The calcareous algae lived around 70 million years ago in the light-flooded surface water of a sea that covered northern Germany. After their death, they sank to the bottom of the sea and, over time, formed huge deposits of limestone mud. This lime sludge has come down to us today in the form of the Rügen chalk.
738:
era), this was a major export item of the GDR, which was delivered to 40 countries. Customers continued to include the rubber and cable industry and plants in the paint and paint industry, as well as the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Since 1974, powdered chalk has been processed as a white
371:
During the late 19th century, the fishing village of
Sassnitz, located in the immediate vicinity of the Stubnitz, slowly developed into a centre of the chalk industry, not least because most of the chalk pits were on the Jasmund. A fierce competition developed between the individual chalk plants. Von
654:
open pit mining were also used in the mines, after the tracks had been converted accordingly. Depending on the ground conditions, heavy trucks also took over the removal of debris, and special excavators were used for the installation of preassembled tracks. The chalk was also partially preprocessed
306:
in the subsoil. There are many quarries and open pit mines, almost all of which have since been abandoned due to inefficiency or for reasons of landscape protection. Overflowing with water, they can be seen in aerial photos of
Jasmund as small and large lakes and ponds (the currently largest is the
525:
open pit mine about 1 km further west was put into operation. At the start of mining, around 25 million t of raw chalk was available there. The freshly broken chalk now reaches the factory via a 2 km long conveyor system, where it is processed into refined chalk in different grain sizes
428:
and later to the GDR meant the elimination of private economic structures in the Rügen chalk industry for the next 45 years. It was only in this period that modern technology completely replaced strenuous physical work in many areas. Since chalk was soon in demand again as a raw material with the
578:
particles settled out and accumulated into a layer about 30 cm thick. The now no longer cloudy water was drained and the basin was filled with fresh chalk suspension, so that the fine particles could settle again. The whole process was repeated until the sediment reached a thickness of
638:
Production continued after 1945 with pre-war technology. In order to increase the flow rate and at the same time to guarantee a consistent quality of the chalk with a residual moisture of about 0.5% and grain sizes not above 63 microns, new technologies were developed and a new chalk plant
521:. By then, the company's sales had fallen to only 25,000 t. Omya invested in total by 2010 almost €50 million and built a state-of-the-art facility for chalk production - from excavation to loading. At the end of the 1990s, the Wittenfelde open pit mine was shut down and in its place the
618:
to the Port of
Sassnitz. The chalk railway forked towards the mining area into a northern and a southern section of the line. The southern line ran from Wittenfelde via Klementelvitz and Quatzendorf to Marlow, where it merged with the northern line from Gummanz. The
598:, and formed the chalk into shovel-sized masses and laid them out there for drying. The chalk had to be relayered several times during the dry season of about four weeks. With a residual moisture of approximately 5%, the chalk was ready for shipping at that time.
485:" as "Operating Part 6". Under favorable conditions, the Klementelvitz chalk works, which after commissioning was considered to be one of the most modern chalk works in Europe, achieved an annual production of 185,000 t chalk and 55,000 t Grand.
368:), and the same principle is still used today. In the days of Hagenows and also long after, however, the excavation and preparation of the chalk were carried out almost exclusively with human muscle power and the work was physically very strenuous.
231:. These are usually formed as nodules and enriched in individual horizons. Sometimes there are also flat formations of different thicknesses. Particularly large, cylindrical flint concretions are known as "Sassnitz flower pots" (see also →
419:
With the collapse at the end of the Second World War, chalk extraction and processing came to a temporary standstill. Some facilities, including the chalk cable car to
Sassnitz harbor, were dismantled and brought to the Soviet Union as
782:
508:
for the transport of raw chalk from the
Wittenfelde open pit mine north of Klementelvitz, the only active chalk pit on Rügen at that time, was discontinued. On August 13, 1993, after clarification of all land ownership issues, the
601:
From the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, the mining and processing of the chalk became increasingly industrialized, which significantly increased the production volume of raw chalk and the prepared chalk (known in German as
453:, many other smaller chalk quarries were closed after 1962 and the company was renamed "VEB Kreidewerk Rügen". During the GDR era, the company belonged to various institutions. It was temporarily subordinate to the
562:. In large vats, in which iron hooks rotated, the chalk was stirred with the addition of water. In this step, the coarsest components, mostly flint, were separated. The chalk and water mixture, also called
746:), still used in lithostratigraphy today, suggests, the Rügen chalk is not and was not used for the production of school and wall panel chalk. At least in Central Europe, it is made exclusively of gypsum.
384:
and loaded in
Sassnitz. With 80,000 tonnes of capacity, however, the mud chalk production on the Jasmund played only a minor role at that time. The buyers of the raw chalk were mainly the
481:", which was later renamed "VEB Zementkombinat Dessau" (ZEKOM). In 1984 the legal independence of the VEB Kreidewerk Rügen was finally abolished and it was assigned to the "VEB Zementwerke
360:. At that time, the raw chalk came by ship from Jasmund to Hagenow's factory. By slurrying, the raw chalk was separated from the undesirable rock components such as flint (firestones, see
1016:
267:
than the limestone, it collects on the beach of the chalk cliff and is transported to neighboring areas of the coast by waves and currents during storms and deposited there. The
393:
201:, "carbonate of lime"). With the Rügen chalk the calcium carbonate content is at least 97%. The vast majority of calcium carbonate is in the form of micrometer-sized
606:.) Even before 1945, about a dozen excavators were in operation during chalk mining. From the Jasmund quarries, the rough chalk came either via a railway line, the
349:
376:
and set up limits on all member's production volumes and prices. In 1928, around 500,000 tonnes of rough chalk from the
Jasmunder fractures were mined in
348:. However, the foundation for the Rügen chalk industry was not laid until the first half of the 19th century. It was laid by the entrepreneur and naturalist
251:), which lived together with the calcareous algae in the Chalk seas. After the deposition of the coccolith sludge containing radiolaria and diatoms, the SiO
442:
620:
583:, that is, it was shoveled out of the settling basins into carts. The workers who carried out the work steps from dismantling to knocking out were called
455:
405:
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was issued for the future
Goldberg / Lancken-Dubnitz mining field south of Klementelvitz for production through 2117 of 35 million t of chalk.
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377:
181:. The low cementation and high porosity mean that the rock can soak up a lot of water. While dry Rügen chalk is relatively crumbly but still
987:
522:
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312:
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one can still see old chalk quarries, but they date from the beginning of the 19th century. Chalk is currently being mined in the
497:
900:
Radandt, Hans (January 1964). "Zu einigen
Problemen aus der Geschichte der Monopolvereinigungen der Rügener Kreideindustrie".
623:
also played an important role in transport to the ports. In 1914, in order to relieve the ports of
Sassnitz and Martinshafen,
193:, and can be cut with a knife. Like many other limestones of the Upper Cretaceous, the Rügen chalk has a very high content of
650:
The chalk lorries and the excavators later became larger (UB 162-1), and on an experimental basis, 20-m lorries designed for
938:
The At that time series. European Library, Zaltbommel 2011 (unaltered reprint of the 2003 edition), ISBN 978-90-288-6720-8.
832:"Die Rügener Schreibkreide - Lebewelt und Ablagerungsverhältnisse eines pelagischen oberkretazischen Sedimentationsraumes"
1131:
Kreidelehrpfad/Kreidemuseum Gummanz, Projekt des Vereins der Freunde und Förderer des Nationalparkes Jasmund e. V.
433:
after 1957. By 1945, the dismantling has been stopped in the oldest quarries on the eastern edge of the Jasmund and at
173:
are often layered. The Rügen chalk, however, is unlayered and massive. The rock is extremely fine grained and very low
372:
Hagenow had to give up his business in 1850. As a result, 17 companies with 23 chalk plants merged in 1899 to form a
58:
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approximately 1.5 meters. The finished fine chalk still had a water content of 30 to 35%. This heavy, mass was then
574:, settled out. The chalk suspension freed from the grand finally ended up in the settling basin, in which the still-
1164:
750:
526:
using the new wet processing technology. The annual production of the plant is now up to 500,000 t. In 2009 the
429:
reconstruction, a total of 19 chalk quarries started operations on Rügen after 1945, which were combined in the
40:
993:
Website of the State Office for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Geology Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
259:
elsewhere in the sediment. These deposits are seen today as the flint stones. Since the flint is clearly more
882:
707:). While the carbon dioxide escapes into the atmosphere, the gypsum is reused in the construction industry.
684:
299:). These coastal formations are part of the Jasmund National Park and are under strict nature protection.
1154:
739:
pigment for the paint "GW 12" in the Quatzendorf sub-plant. About 8,000 of these are retailed each year.
32:
408:. The other major chalk and cement producer and most important player in the Rügen Chalk Cartel was the
283:
There are extensive chalk deposits in the northeastern part of the island of Rügen, on the peninsula of
449:
Südrügen. With the completion of a large and modern chalk works in Klementelvitz between Sassnitz and
381:
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of the diatoms dissolved in the water that circulated in the pore space of the sediment and was again
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for loading the chalk on barges, which was reopened 100 years later as a "floating promenade".
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425:
117:
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In the 19th and early 20th century, the chalk had to be dislodged from a steep mine face with
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174:
754:
79:
962:
Ministry of Economy, Labor and Tourism Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, 2010, p. 19–21.
96:) is the common name for a very pure, very fine-grained, white, crumbly and highly porous
8:
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489:
460:
243:), from which the flint stones were formed, originally came from single-celled plankton (
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In the hinterland of the Jasmund, chalk is also found under a 1 to 10 m thick
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is the trade name for the white pigment that is extracted from these limestones.
101:
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675:, and Rügen chalk of inferior quality is put to this use, especially in the
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of Northern Germany, but is largely overlain by several hundred metre thick
663:
Like any other nearly pure limestone, the Rügen chalk can be used for both
505:
244:
170:
830:
Reich, Mike; Herrig, Ekkehard; Frenzel, Peter; Kutscher, Manfred (2018).
615:
224:
Another characteristic feature of the Rügen chalk is its high content of
210:
182:
139:
550:
Historical illustration of chalk mining in the Buddenhagen quarry (1963)
400:. So some pits and chalk plants on the Jasmund belonged directly to the
723:
357:
303:
260:
232:
228:
206:
155:
779:
Die Fauna und Flora der Rügener Schreibkreide (Maastrichtium, Ostsee).
570:, was passed through separation tanks where the finer impurities, the
496:
and the chalk factory in Klementelvitz was spun off, converted into a
341:
186:
757:
movements, Rügen chalk is increasingly being offered as a so-called
353:
308:
214:
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74:
1021:
Message on Welt.de from 18.July 2014, retrieved December 19, 2014.
113:
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424:. In addition, the fact that the island of Rügen belonged to the
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337:
284:
248:
202:
150:, the Rügen Member falls into the late lower to late upper Lower
109:
287:. The best known are probably the "Rügener chalk cliffs" of the
715:
711:
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611:
492:
in 1989 and 1990, VEB Zementwerke Rüdersdorf was taken over by
478:
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373:
345:
1134:
902:
Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook
493:
434:
272:
225:
97:
671:. A relatively modern field of application of limestone is
542:
Chalk bridge in the port of Wiek on Rügen before renovation
518:
190:
154:(approx. 70 million years ago). Chalk widely occurs in the
859:"sks.kreidefossilien.de - Kreide-Vorkommen in Deutschland"
856:
829:
138:, the Rügen chalk belongs to the Hemmoor Formation of the
975:
Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-86680-302-2, p. 98
781:
Archiv für Geschiebekunde. Bd. 3, Nr. 2, 2002 (
352:(1797-1865). In 1832 he leased the chalk quarries in the
857:
Kreide-Stratigraphie (SKS), Subkommision (2021-01-17).
108:
age. It is found exposed in cliffs on the coast of the
488:
In the course of the economic upheavals following the
655:
in open-cast mining using a "mobile sludge device".
356:, and in the same year he opened a chalk factory in
307:“Kreidesee Wittenfelde”). Even in the urban area of
1122:
at the website of the United Chalk Works Dammann KG
1035:Data sheet with photo (from 1999) on Kleks-Online.
594:, transported the wet chalk with the carts to the
1068:http://www.moz.de/artikel-ansicht/dg/0/1/14905%7C
1141:
1018:Historical Chalk Bridge opened in Wiek on Rügen.
710:Even before 1945, chalk was shipped by train to
742:Contrary to what the name "writing chalk" (see
35:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
691:) react with the calcium carbonate to produce
950:
948:
946:
944:
291:in the vicinity of Sassnitz (see also →
887:BUND website, accessed on December 14, 2014.
558:and transported on lorries to the so-called
275:are particularly well-known in this regard.
112:peninsula in the northeast of the island of
100:that forms the highest member of the German
71:Stratigraphic unit and rock type in Germany
1072:Rügener Kreide in coal-fired power plants.
941:
364:) and finer-grained impurities (so-called
983:
981:
936:Sassnitz on Rügen - yesterday and today.
884:Jasmund: Consequential misunderstanding.
402:Stettiner Portlandzementfabrik A. G.
59:Learn how and when to remove this message
895:
893:
614:(there are also old quarries) or with a
545:
537:
327:
73:
1125:Christine Damerow, Karlheinz Markmann:
1091:Data sheet with photos on Kleks-Online.
899:
1142:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1007:Data sheet with photo on Kleks-Online.
978:
973:Sassnitz in transition: 1945 to 2007.
761:for mud packs and other applications.
185:, water-saturated Rügen chalk is more
1128:Exkursionsführer Kreidebruch Gummanz.
890:
410:Pommersche Industrieverein a. A.
1135:Webpräsenz des Kreidemuseums Gummanz
960:20 Years Mining Authority Stralsund.
774:Wähmann-Verlag, Schwerin 1976, S. 46
15:
1038:
956:The company Kreidewerk Rügen GmbH.
802:
13:
1119:Zur Geschichte der Rügener Kreide.
515:Vereinigte Kreidewerke Dammann KG
472:Association of VEB Bindebaustoffe
437:, as well as in the quarries from
177:, which is associated with a high
14:
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1098:
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667:production and the production of
431:VEB Vereinigte Kreidewerke Rügen
500:and initially remained with the
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336:By 1720, chalk was used in the
142:and is formally defined as the
130:
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1:
1070:wayback=20141223005759| text=
789:
770:Heinz Lehmann, Renate Meyer:
590:Other workers, the so-called
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361:
278:
1105:Literature about Rügen Chalk
477:and then to the "VVB Zement
332:Old chalk quarry in Sassnitz
217:calcareous algae, so-called
7:
1107:in the State Bibliography (
777:Mike Reich, Peter Frenzel:
772:Rügen A–Z (Arkona – Zudar).
165:
10:
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914:10.1524/jbwg.1964.5.23.215
643:after 1958 for 30 million
323:
318:
78:Outcrop of Rügen Chalk in
1032:Kreidewerk Klementelvitz.
685:Jänschwalde Power Station
990:Chalk and pebble chalk.
673:flue-gas desulfurization
631:completed the so-called
209:, which are remnants of
1088:Kreidewerk Quatzendorf.
954:Botho-Ekkehard Hendel:
749:With the advent of the
658:
610:, to Martinshafen near
504:. The operation of the
470:, then belonged to the
382:Großer Jasmunder Bodden
148:Chronostratigraphically
146:within this formation.
1165:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1113:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
863:sks.kreidefossilien.de
844:10.5282/UBM/EPUB.57206
551:
543:
513:was taken over by the
511:Kreidewerk Rügen GmbH
426:Soviet occupation zone
340:for the production of
333:
136:Lithostratigraphically
118:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
82:
1075:Märkische Oderzeitung
681:Rostock Power Station
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350:Friedrich von Hagenow
331:
205:platelets, so-called
94:Rügener Schreibkreide
77:
838:(in German): 17–32.
755:alternative medicine
189:, almost like moist
80:Nationalpark Jasmund
1109:Landesbibliographie
1004:Kreidebruch Sagard.
805:"Hemmoor-Formation"
687:. Sulfur oxides (SO
517:and thus the Swiss
490:Peaceful Revolution
466:(District Council)
412:founded in 1872 by
1155:Inorganic pigments
736:Swedish Pomeranian
552:
544:
334:
83:
39:You can assist by
803:Niebuhr, Birgit.
677:coal power plants
669:agricultural lime
528:planning approval
414:Johannes Quistorp
265:erosion-resistant
195:calcium carbonate
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1066:-Webarchiv| url=
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229:concretions
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175:cementation
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86:Rügen chalk
49:August 2024
1144:Categories
1055:Literature
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869:2021-05-03
836:Zitteliana
790:References
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645:Mark (DDR)
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534:Extraction
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388:plants in
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304:overburden
279:Occurrence
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233:Paramoudra
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156:subsurface
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166:Features
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