1697:
943:), and imported pasture grasses. Oaks were logged to clear land for pasture, and for firewood and fence posts. Livestock grazing trampled and consumed oak seedlings. By the 1990s, more than half the Oregon white oak woodland habitat in the South Puget Sound area of Washington was gone. On Vancouver Island, more than 90% was gone, and on Whidbey Island up to 99% of native understory Oregon white oak habitat is gone. Remaining Oregon white oak woodlands are threatened by urbanization, conversion to Douglas-fir woodland, and invasion by shrubs, both native and nonnative (Scotch broom
56:
421:
278:
100:
773:). The disturbance allowing oak to persist in an area that would otherwise succeed to coniferous forest was primarily fire. Natural wildfires are relatively common in the drier portions of the Pacific Northwest where Oregon white oak is found, but fire suppression has made such events much less common. In addition, early settlers' records, soil surveys, and tribal histories indicate that deliberate burning was widely practiced by the indigenous people of these areas. Fire perpetuated the
789:, and oak; and that provided grazing and easy hunting for deer and elk. Mature Oregon white oaks are fire-resistant, and so would not be severely harmed by grass fires of low intensity. Such fires prevented Douglas-fir and most other conifer seedlings from becoming established, allowing bunch grass prairie and oak woodland to persist. Fire also kept oak woodlands on drier soils free of a shrub understory. Wetter oak woodlands historically had a substantial shrub understory, primarily
437:
75:
529:
797:
2049:
918:
1074:
woodworking without experiencing warping and cracking. Although it was popularly used around the turn of the 20th century, historically, the tree has not been regarded as having significant commercial value and is frequently destroyed as land is cleared for development. The wood is suitable for making fence posts. With similar qualities to those of other
928:
woodlands create a landscape mosaic of grassland, savanna, woodland, and closed-canopy forest. This mosaic of varied habitats, in turn, allows many more species to live in this area than would be possible in coniferous forest alone. Parks Canada states that Garry oak woodlands support more species
1089:
since the 2010s. Oregon white oak barrels are said to give the product "burnt sugar notes, marshmallow sweetness, and a light floral character that showcases the best of the Garry oak". When used as firewood, Oregon white oak produces 28 million
British thermal units per cord (2.3 MWh/m)
936:
of 1850 encouraged settlement of
Washington and Oregon by the United States and marked the beginning of the end of regular burning by native peoples of the area. The arrival of Europeans also reduced the number of natural fires that took place in Oregon white oak habitat. With fire suppression and
1073:
The hardwood is hard and heavily ring-porous. It has distinctive growth rings and prominent rays. Heartwood can be a deep chocolate brown color and sapwood will vary from golden brown to nearly white. This makes it particularly attractive to woodworkers, however it can be difficult to use in
484:
3⁄4–1 inch (rarely 1 1⁄2 inches) long and 1⁄2–3⁄4 inch broad, with shallow, scaly cups. Its fall color is unspectacular, with many trees turning plain brown. Other individuals may have subtle mixtures of brown, green and yellow, or in less common cases a fairly bright 'peas and corn' effect.
42:
2110:: A nonprofit organization devoted to Garry oak conservation on Whidbey Island whose website includes helpful resources on planting and protecting Garry oaks, and contemporary news and updates on issues facing Garry oaks in the Puget Sound Region of Washington State.
929:
of plants than any other terrestrial ecosystem in
British Columbia. It grows in a variety of soil types, for instance, rocky outcrops, glacial gravelly outwash, deep grassland soils, and seasonally flooded riparian areas.
1036:, named after the tree and home to Smith Park that contains a dense grove of mature Garry Oak trees, is actively pursuing conservation of the city's namesake tree with the formation of the Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society.
985:). Conversely, oak groves in wetter areas that historically had closed canopies of large trees are becoming crowded with young oaks that grow thin and spindly, due to lack of fires that would clear out seedlings.
404:. It grows from sea level to an altitude of 690 feet (210 metres) in the northern part of its range, and from 980 to 5,900 ft (300 to 1,800 m) in the south of the range in California. The eponymous
750:
attacks other
Pacific Coast native oaks, it has not yet been found on the Oregon white oak. Most oak hosts of this disease are in the red oak group, while Oregon white oak is in the white oak group.
804:
Oregon white oak woodlands in
British Columbia and Washington are critical habitats for a number of species that are rare or extirpated in these areas, plant, animal, and bryophyte:
510:', green or yellow ball of up to 5 cm in size, are the most spectacular. They are attached to the undersides of leaves. One common species responsible for these galls is
761:
Oregon white oak is the only native oak species in
British Columbia, Washington, and northern Oregon. In these areas, oak woodlands are seral, or early-
448:
Quercus garryana is typically of medium height, growing slowly to around 80 feet (24 metres) and occasionally as high as 100 ft (30 m), or in
2290:
1837:
981:
2342:
2004:
468:, 2–6 inches (5.1–15 cm) long and 1–3 inches broad, with 3–7 deep lobes on each side, darker green on top and finely haired below. The
2484:
452:
form to 10 to 15 ft (3.0 to 4.6 m) tall. The trunks grow to 3 feet (0.91 m) thick, exceptionally 5 ft (2 m). The
1186:
2407:
2238:
1681:
2504:
2303:
2251:
1815:
1714:
1958:
1381:
1904:
1362:
1299:
2104:: Information about native plant gardening, propagation, removing invasive plants and events for beginners to professionals.
2308:
1929:
2494:
1067:
2499:
2057:
1454:
695:
2347:
1984:
1043:, significant acreages of Oregon white oaks are preserved in the Scatter Creek Wildlife Area, in sites such as the
514:. Other species create galls on stems and leaves. Shapes vary from spheres to mushroom-shaped to pencil-shaped.
99:
2509:
2277:
1243:
1586:
1337:
645:
2425:
1050:
In Oak Bay, British
Columbia, a fine of up to $ 10,000 may be issued for each Garry oak tree cut or damaged.
1016:
Oregon white oaks and their ecosystems are the focus of conservation efforts, including communities such as
460:
when solitary, but is also known to grow in groves close enough together that crowns may form a canopy. The
2230:
2063:
1532:
937:
conversion to agriculture, oak woodlands and bunch grass prairies were invaded by
Douglas-fir, Oregon ash (
702:
on the
British Columbia mainland. The northernmost population of Garry oak can be found just below 50°N on
2168:
2083:
2420:
2256:
2157:
2096:
1191:
969:
691:
2075:
732:
In
British Columbia, the Garry oak can be infested by three nonnative insects: the jumping gall wasp
1021:
710:. The Garry oak is the only oak native to British Columbia, and one of only two oaks (along with the
2217:
2097:
Province of British Columbia – Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations: Garry Oak
1418:
729:
The acorns are consumed by wildlife and livestock. David Douglas recorded that bears consumed them.
2053:
1155:
546:
264:
2334:
1385:
2412:
933:
554:
494:
409:
2071:
1865:
580:– tree to 65 (100) ft. British Columbia south along the Cascades to the California Coast Ranges.
2295:
2225:
2119:
1033:
989:
818:
268:
2386:
1629:
963:
762:
248:
221:
205:
2373:
2321:
1603:
2189:
1767:
1650:
1040:
957:
910:
884:
672:
641:
618:
621:
valleys, and along the Columbia River Gorge, as well as in canyons adjacent to the gorge.
8:
2381:
1851:
1741:
868:
860:
64:
1495:
2456:
2399:
1831:
1675:
1291:
1201:
1177:
1083:
1044:
1029:
1017:
939:
835:
810:
652:
636:, the Coast Ranges of Northern California, and of the west slope of the Cascades. The
629:
290:
94:
2087:
2368:
2176:
2005:"Westland's Newest Garryana Release Is the Must-buy American Single Malt of the Year"
1910:
1900:
1718:
1509:
1470:
1450:
1358:
1333:
1305:
1295:
1213:
1132:
1025:
945:
707:
664:
633:
613:, the tree grows on the west side of the Cascade Range, primarily in the Willamette,
489:
385:
2023:
549:
was the first non-native person who recorded the species (1820s) and named it after
2489:
2461:
2181:
2009:
1150:
827:
747:
687:
679:
668:
566:
522:
393:
1866:"Trees on Your Property - An Information Guide to Oak Bay's Tree Protection Bylaw"
2355:
1685:
1285:
975:
951:
876:
852:
137:
55:
2448:
2394:
2142:
1195:
1001:
790:
782:
550:
420:
405:
277:
124:
1789:
1309:
1047:, which contain some of the few remaining areas of south Puget Sound prairie.
2478:
2316:
1914:
1517:
1141:
844:
703:
656:
518:
453:
84:
79:
1058:
The mildly sweet (but perhaps unpalatable) acorns are edible, ideally after
671:. It also grows in the foothills of the southeastern Cascades and along the
2438:
1079:
699:
683:
614:
517:
Individual specimens can grow to around 500 years in age, such as those on
2360:
1896:
Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods
1894:
1287:
Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees
1247:
2329:
2264:
2151:
1989:
1070:
ate the acorns raw and roasted, also using them to make a kind of flour.
1063:
993:
766:
740:
660:
436:
2243:
1330:
The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region
1075:
1059:
734:
507:
389:
456:
is gray and fissured. It has the characteristic oval profile of other
20:
2269:
2202:
774:
723:
722:
It is a drought-tolerant tree. Older specimens are often affected by
590:– shrub to 15 ft; leaves velvety underneath. Siskiyou Mountains.
503:
465:
441:
2113:
1852:"Wildlife Areas | Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife"
600:– shrub to 15 ft; leaves not velvety underneath. Sierra Nevada.
2433:
2136:
1959:"Whiskey Review: Westland Distillery Garryana (Oregon Oak) Whiskey"
917:
778:
528:
183:
150:
24:
2282:
2207:
1086:
786:
711:
173:
2194:
2107:
1082:
in which to age wine. In Washington, it has been used for aging
796:
444:
hardens and becomes a shallow receptacle that contains an acorn.
2048:
1078:, the wood has been used experimentally in Oregon for creating
610:
473:
469:
461:
163:
1066:
would likely prevent anyone from eating enough to become ill.
499:
481:
477:
449:
111:
1567:
Ecology and Conservation of the South Puget Sound Landscape
1124:
41:
1985:"Why Matt Hoffman is Bullish on Aging Whisky in Garry Oak"
1688:
Butterflies and Moths of Southern Vancouver Island. 2007.
765:; they depend on disturbance to avoid being overtaken by
457:
381:
193:
2088:
Province of British Columbia – Ministry of Environment:
1332:(Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. pp. 399–400.
1028:, which has protected the oak savannah remnants around
2101:
1717:. Oregon Oak Communities Working Group. Archived from
1396:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
667:, Whidbey Island, the Chehalis river valley, and the
1449:. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.
1444:
1246:. Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team. Archived from
698:area. There are also small populations along the
432:) growing in serpentine soils in southwest Oregon.
2002:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
746:While the invasive plant disease commonly called
2476:
1584:
1284:Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) .
1020:, where an Oak Tree Park has been established;
822:leaf-mining moth, sole larval food plant is oak
1587:"Garry Oak Ecosystem Recovery Team Colloquium"
1564:
1547:
1200:Note that this website has been superseded by
1156:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T194133A2302183.en
1111:These are often abundant in alternating years.
557:from 1822 to 1835 and a supporter of Douglas.
488:The Oregon white oak is commonly found in the
753:
1816:"Oak Harbor Tries to Stay True to Its Roots"
1813:
1471:"Sand Dune Ecosystems on Savary Island, B.C"
1283:
694:along the east side of the island up to the
1836:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1447:Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington
1440:
1438:
1436:
1130:
1380:
1187:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
276:
73:
54:
40:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1154:
655:, the tree grows on the west side of the
424:The shrub-like form of Oregon white oak (
2016:
1982:
1765:
1627:
1433:
1413:
1411:
916:
795:
527:
435:
419:
388:, with a range stretching from southern
1956:
1892:
1508:
1352:
1238:
1236:
1234:
996:feed on oak leaves, including those of
800:Gall on Oregon white oak, Sonoma County
2477:
1927:
1770:. Sound Publishing. Whidbey News Times
1712:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1496:"Oak | the Canadian Encyclopedia"
1463:
1376:
1374:
1327:
1316:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
628:variety grows in the foothills of the
2118:
2117:
2003:G. Clay Whittaker (August 29, 2018),
1888:
1886:
1739:
1408:
1394:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
1024:, which is named after the tree; and
1691:
1231:
739:, the oak leaf phylloxeran, and the
541:
498:. It is also commonly found hosting
19:"Garry Oak" redirects here. For the
2485:IUCN Red List least concern species
2024:"What is the best firewood to burn"
1573:
1371:
1262:
1142:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
777:that produced food sources such as
706:, in the northern stretches of the
13:
2102:Garry Oak Ecosystems Recovery Team
1883:
1569:. Seattle: The Nature Conservancy.
1514:A Natural History of Western Trees
1357:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
14:
2521:
2041:
2026:. Firewoodresource. 22 April 2009
1957:Padilla, Natalie (21 July 2016).
1814:King 5 Staff (29 November 2016).
1530:
1290:(field guide ed.). Seattle:
644:and Coast Ranges as far south as
553:, who was deputy governor of the
2426:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296175-1
2047:
1766:Newberry, Ron (April 11, 2015).
1533:"Phytophthora ramorum host list"
1355:Insects of the Pacific Northwest
1353:Haggard, Peter and Judy (2006).
98:
1996:
1976:
1950:
1921:
1899:. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides.
1858:
1844:
1807:
1782:
1768:"Group aims to save Garry oaks"
1759:
1733:
1706:
1703:Natural History Museum, London.
1668:
1643:
1621:
1596:
1524:
1502:
1488:
1011:
814:, sole larval food plant is oak
808:Propertius duskywing butterfly
604:
2505:Garden plants of North America
1983:Dan Dunn (November 14, 2018),
1713:Barnes, Marc (November 2003).
1388:Quercus garryana var. garryana
1346:
1206:
1170:
1105:
1062:. The bitterness of the toxic
415:
396:. It is commonly known as the
1:
1893:Nyerges, Christopher (2017).
1585:Lea; Miles; McIntosh (2006).
1445:Franklin and Dyrness (1988).
1093:
682:, the Garry oak grows on the
2108:Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society
2076:Plants of British Columbia:
1937:Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society
1930:"Woodturning with Garry Oak"
1794:Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society
1746:Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society
1655:Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society
1651:"Why Are Oaks Disappearing?"
1608:Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society
1604:"Garry Oak Ecosystem Plants"
1218:Oak Harbor Garry Oak Society
714:) native to western Canada.
560:
7:
1715:"Bald Hill Oak Restoration"
1328:Little, Elbert L. (1994) .
663:lowlands, the northeastern
536:
408:was deputy governor of the
398:Garry Oak, Oregon white oak
10:
2526:
1476:. Savary Island Land Trust
1421:. University of Washington
1192:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
970:Toxicodendron diversilobum
717:
506:in the family Cynipidae. '
440:As the fruit matures, the
18:
2495:Trees of Northern America
2126:
1742:"Local Garry Oak History"
1022:Oak Bay, British Columbia
921:An Oregon white oak grove
296:
289:
284:
275:
254:
247:
95:Scientific classification
93:
71:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
2500:Plants described in 1840
2064:Flora of North America:
892:Entosthodon fascicularis
833:Slender billed nuthatch
49:Mature Oregon white oak
1565:Dunn and Ewing (1997).
1510:Peattie, Donald Culross
1053:
934:Donation Land Claim Act
532:Oregon white oak leaves
495:Phoradendron flavescens
2510:Drought-tolerant trees
2060:) at Wikimedia Commons
1677:Chionodes petalumensis
1630:"Garry Oak Ecosystems"
1214:"What is a Garry Oak?"
1034:Oak Harbor, Washington
990:Chionodes petalumensis
922:
850:Western gray squirrel
819:Bucculatrix zophopasta
801:
659:, particularly in the
533:
492:hosting the mistletoe
445:
433:
1721:on September 12, 2011
1182:Douglas ex Hook."
1149:: e.T194133A2302183.
964:Oemleria cerasiformis
920:
799:
771:Pseudotsuga menziesii
640:variety grows in the
531:
439:
423:
1928:Rudolph H., Knaack.
1294:. pp. 229–234.
1131:Beckman, E. (2016).
1041:Southwest Washington
958:Symphoricarpos albus
911:Castilleja levisecta
885:Trillium parviflorum
866:Western wood peewee
673:Columbia River Gorge
555:Hudson's Bay Company
410:Hudson's Bay Company
384:tree species of the
2090:Garry Oak Ecosystem
869:Contopus sordidulus
861:Piranga ludoviciana
842:Sharp tailed snake
624:In California, the
512:Cynips maculipennis
362:Quercus oerstediana
65:Conservation status
16:Species of oak tree
1740:Renninger, Laura.
1684:2016-10-29 at the
1292:Mountaineers Books
1250:on 3 February 2011
1202:World Flora Online
1045:Scatter Creek Unit
1018:Tacoma, Washington
949:, sweetbriar rose
940:Fraxinus latifolia
923:
908:Golden Paintbrush
836:Sitta carolinensis
811:Erynnis propertius
802:
646:Los Angeles County
534:
446:
434:
2472:
2471:
2369:Open Tree of Life
2120:Taxon identifiers
2052:Media related to
1906:978-1-4930-2534-3
1419:"Burke Herbarium"
1364:978-0-88192-689-7
1301:978-1-68051-329-5
1026:Corvallis, Oregon
946:Cytisus scoparius
898:Bartramia stricta
890:Banded cord-moss
882:Sessile trillium
874:Western bluebird
825:Lewis woodpecker
708:Strait of Georgia
686:and southeastern
665:Olympic Peninsula
634:Klamath Mountains
542:Taxonomic history
490:Willamette Valley
386:Pacific Northwest
373:
372:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
314:
306:Quercus douglasii
88:
35:Oregon white oak
2517:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2389:
2387:Quercus garryana
2377:
2376:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2233:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
2172:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2158:Quercus garryana
2147:
2146:
2145:
2128:Quercus garryana
2115:
2114:
2078:Quercus garryana
2066:Quercus garryana
2054:Quercus garryana
2051:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1963:The Whisket Wash
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1571:
1570:
1562:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1442:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1281:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1240:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1210:
1204:
1199:
1180:Quercus garryana
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1135:Quercus garryana
1128:
1112:
1109:
1068:Native Americans
998:Quercus garryana
973:, English holly
926:Quercus garryana
858:Western tanager
828:Melanerpes lewis
755:Quercus garryana
748:sudden oak death
688:Vancouver Island
680:British Columbia
669:San Juan Islands
594:Quercus garryana
584:Quercus garryana
574:Quercus garryana
565:There are three
523:Portland, Oregon
426:Quercus garryana
394:British Columbia
392:to southwestern
377:Quercus garryana
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
325:(R.Br.ter) Zabel
324:
318:Quercus garryana
312:
280:
260:
258:Quercus garryana
240:Q. garryana
226:
210:
103:
102:
82:
77:
76:
58:
44:
32:
31:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2356:Observation.org
2354:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2263:
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1686:Wayback Machine
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976:Ilex aquifolium
952:Rosa eglanteria
877:Sialia mexicana
853:Sciurus griseus
759:
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690:, from west of
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354:Quercus breweri
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2099:
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2042:External links
2040:
2038:
2037:
2015:
1995:
1975:
1949:
1920:
1905:
1882:
1857:
1843:
1806:
1790:"Preservation"
1781:
1758:
1732:
1705:
1701:: Host plants.
1690:
1667:
1642:
1628:Parks Canada.
1620:
1595:
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1520:. p. 426.
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1196:The Plant List
1169:
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1114:
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1092:
1055:
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1013:
1010:
979:, bird cherry
961:, Indian plum
915:
914:
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904:Riccia ciliata
900:
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783:chocolate lily
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696:Campbell River
606:
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551:Nicholas Garry
543:
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414:
406:Nicholas Garry
371:
370:
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346:Quercus patula
343:
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330:Quercus jacobi
327:
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1871:. Oak Bay B.C
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52:
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2127:
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2077:
2065:
2028:. Retrieved
2018:
2008:
1998:
1988:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1923:
1895:
1873:. Retrieved
1860:
1846:
1820:. Retrieved
1809:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1708:
1698:
1693:
1676:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:
1598:
1566:
1537:. Retrieved
1526:
1516:. New York:
1513:
1504:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1465:
1446:
1423:. Retrieved
1398:. Retrieved
1393:
1387:
1354:
1348:
1329:
1286:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1208:
1194:– via
1185:
1179:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1146:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1072:
1057:
1049:
1038:
1015:
1012:Conservation
1005:
997:
994:caterpillars
988:
987:
982:Prunus avens
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
955:, snowberry
950:
944:
938:
931:
925:
924:
909:
903:
902:(liverwort)
897:
891:
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875:
867:
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843:
834:
826:
817:
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803:
787:bracken fern
770:
763:successional
760:
754:
745:
733:
731:
728:
721:
700:Fraser River
684:Gulf Islands
677:
650:
637:
625:
623:
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605:Distribution
597:
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583:
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238:
222:
206:
194:
157:
144:
131:
118:
29:
2330:NatureServe
2265:iNaturalist
2152:Wikispecies
1990:Robb Report
1162:13 November
1084:single malt
1064:tannic acid
896:Apple moss
767:Douglas-fir
741:spongy moth
737:saltatorius
661:Puget Sound
619:Rogue River
502:created by
416:Description
138:Angiosperms
2479:Categories
2400:kew-172855
2395:Plant List
2166:Calflora:
2030:14 October
1942:17 October
1822:17 October
1799:17 October
1751:17 October
1660:17 October
1635:7 February
1613:17 October
1539:6 February
1425:3 February
1400:3 February
1382:USDA, NRCS
1339:0394507614
1310:1141235469
1254:3 February
1094:References
1076:white oaks
1002:valley oak
775:grasslands
735:Neuroterus
653:Washington
508:Oak apples
402:Oregon oak
390:California
202:Subgenus:
2231:233501033
1915:965922681
1832:cite news
1774:3 October
1725:11 August
1119:Citations
1099:Footnotes
1030:Bald Hill
1006:Q. lobata
791:snowberry
757:woodlands
724:heart rot
567:varieties
561:Varieties
466:deciduous
442:involucre
234:Species:
218:Section:
108:Kingdom:
2446:VASCAN:
2439:13100063
2434:Tropicos
2335:2.147581
2296:11356259
2283:296175-1
2143:Q2029492
2137:Wikidata
2058:category
1875:18 April
1682:Archived
1512:(1953).
1384:(n.d.).
1090:burned.
1060:leaching
838:aculeata
692:Victoria
630:Siskiyou
626:garryana
578:garryana
537:Taxonomy
480:a small
365:R.Br.ter
333:R.Br.ter
291:Synonyms
223:Quercus
207:Quercus
184:Fagaceae
180:Family:
151:Eudicots
85:IUCN 3.1
25:Gary Oak
2490:Quercus
2244:2879260
2195:1151590
1968:3 March
1531:APHIS.
1480:17 July
1244:"GOERT"
1087:whiskey
718:Ecology
712:bur oak
588:breweri
474:catkins
470:flowers
430:breweri
357:Engelm.
265:Douglas
227:Quercus
211:Quercus
195:Quercus
190:Genus:
174:Fagales
170:Order:
112:Plantae
83: (
21:Pokémon
2408:PLANTS
2374:926287
2361:441833
2348:168162
2322:194133
2218:quegar
2215:FEIS:
1913:
1903:
1535:. USDA
1453:
1361:
1336:
1308:
1298:
638:semota
615:Umpqua
611:Oregon
598:semota
476:, the
462:leaves
380:is an
349:Hansen
341:Liebm.
322:jacobi
164:Rosids
2413:QUGA4
2309:19340
2291:IRMNG
2270:68632
2257:30679
2208:QUEGR
2182:6WRQZ
2093:– PDF
1933:(PDF)
1869:(PDF)
1590:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
1080:casks
779:camas
596:var.
586:var.
576:var.
521:near
504:wasps
500:galls
482:acorn
478:fruit
450:shrub
428:var.
320:var.
310:neaie
308:var.
269:Hook.
225:sect.
209:subg.
158:Clade
145:Clade
132:Clade
119:Clade
2449:5963
2421:POWO
2382:PfaF
2343:NCBI
2317:IUCN
2304:ITIS
2278:IPNI
2252:GRIN
2239:GBIF
2203:EPPO
2169:6996
2032:2012
1970:2019
1944:2019
1911:OCLC
1901:ISBN
1877:2012
1838:link
1824:2019
1801:2019
1776:2015
1753:2019
1727:2013
1662:2019
1637:2011
1615:2019
1541:2011
1482:2017
1451:ISBN
1427:2011
1402:2011
1359:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1306:OCLC
1296:ISBN
1256:2011
1225:2020
1164:2021
1147:2016
1054:Uses
1000:and
932:The
632:and
617:and
472:are
464:are
458:oaks
454:bark
300:List
2457:WFO
2226:FNA
2190:EoL
2177:CoL
1151:doi
1039:In
1008:).
793:.
678:In
651:In
609:In
525:.
400:or
382:oak
267:ex
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