3437:
429:, and different fundamental problems have been identified, such as the experimentally tested non classical behavior for the conjunction and disjunction of concepts, more specifically the Pet-Fish problem or guppy effect, and the overextension and underextension of typicality and membership weight for conjunction and disjunction. By and large, quantum cognition has drawn on quantum theory in three ways to model concepts.
311:, the whole experimental arrangement must be taken into account. Contextuality implies existence of incompatible mental variables, violation of the classical law of total probability, and constructive or destructive interference effects. Thus, the quantum cognition approach can be considered an attempt to formalize contextuality of mental processes, by using the mathematical apparatus of quantum mechanics.
360:
Kolmogorovian probability space, which justifies the employment of quantum probability models in decision theory. More explicitly, the paradoxical situations above can be represented in a unified
Hilbert space formalism where human behavior under uncertainty is explained in terms of genuine quantum aspects, namely, superposition, interference, contextuality and incompatibility.
470:(IR) on the web – and data bases in general – can be addressed using the mathematical formalism of quantum theory. As basic steps, (a) K. Van Rijsbergen introduced a quantum structure approach to IR, (b) Widdows and Peters utilised a quantum logical negation for a concrete search system, and Aerts and Czachor identified quantum structure in semantic space theories, such as
453:
explained in terms of contextual interactions, superposition, interference, entanglement and emergence. And, more, a cognitive test on a specific concept combination has been performed which directly reveals, through the violation of Bell's inequalities, quantum entanglement between the component concepts.
41:
that seem paradoxical from a traditional rational point of view (e.g., preference reversals). Since the use of a quantum-theoretic framework is for modeling purposes, the identification of quantum structures in cognitive phenomena does not presuppose the existence of microscopic quantum processes in
209:
Rational classical probability theory makes the incorrect prediction: it expects humans to rank the conjunction less probable than the bank teller option. Many variations of this experiment demonstrate that the fallacy represents human cognition in this case and not an artifact of one presentation.
306:
Here, contextuality is the key word (see the monograph of
Khrennikov for detailed representation of this viewpoint). Quantum mechanics is fundamentally contextual. Quantum systems do not have objective properties which can be defined independently of measurement context. As has been pointed out by
401:
axioms. The quantum model introduces a new fundamental concept to cognition—the compatibility versus incompatibility of questions and the effect this can have on the sequential order of judgments. Quantum probability provides a simple account of conjunction and disjunction errors as well as many
335:
principle of rational decision theory, they should also play the second round even if they don't know or think about the outcome of the first round. But, experimentally, when subjects are not told the results of the first round, the majority of them decline to play a second round. This finding
319:
Suppose a person is given an opportunity to play two rounds of the following gamble: a coin toss will determine whether the subject wins $ 200 or loses $ 100. Suppose the subject has decided to play the first round, and does so. Some subjects are then given the result (win or lose) of the first
302:
The quantum cognition concept is based on the observation that various cognitive phenomena are more adequately described by quantum probability theory than by the classical probability theory (see examples below). Thus, the quantum formalism is considered an operational formalism that describes
452:
The large amount of data collected by
Hampton on the combination of two concepts can be modeled in a specific quantum-theoretic framework in Fock space where the observed deviations from classical set (fuzzy set) theory, the above-mentioned over- and under- extension of membership weights, are
359:
and
Machina paradoxes. These deviations can be explained if one assumes that the overall conceptual landscape influences the subject's choice in a neither predictable nor controllable way. A decision process is thus an intrinsically contextual process, hence it cannot be modeled in a single
504:(2009, vol 53.), which planted a flag for the field. A few books related to quantum cognition have been published including those by Khrennikov (2004, 2010), Ivancivic and Ivancivic (2010), Busemeyer and Bruza (2012), E. Conte (2012). The first Quantum Interaction workshop was held at
409:, that is, the truth value of a sentence like "this sentence is false". One can show that the true-false state of this paradox is represented in a complex Hilbert space, while the typical oscillations between true and false are dynamically described by the Schrödinger equation.
447:
to account for the emergence of a new concept when concepts are combined, and as a consequence put forward an explanatory model for the Pet-Fish problem situation, and the overextension and underextension of membership weights for the conjunction and disjunction of
474:. Since then, the employment of techniques and procedures induced from the mathematical formalisms of quantum theory – Hilbert space, quantum logic and probability, non-commutative algebras, etc. – in fields such as IR and NLP, has produced significant results.
207:
461:
The research in (iv) had a deep impact on the understanding and initial development of a formalism to obtain semantic information when dealing with concepts, their combinations and variable contexts in a corpus of unstructured documents. This conundrum of
289:. The idea is that a person's understanding of "bank teller" is affected by the context of the question involving "feminist". The two questions are "incompatible": to treat them with classical theory would require separate reasoning steps.
320:
round, while other subjects are not yet given any information about the results. The experimenter then asks whether the subject wishes to play the second round. Performing this experiment with real subjects gives the following results:
379:
Quantum probability provides a new way to explain human probability judgment errors including the conjunction and disjunction errors. A conjunction error occurs when a person judges the probability of a likely event L
85:
Classical probability theory is a rational approach to inference which does not easily explain some observations of human inference in psychology. Some cases where quantum probability theory has advantages include the
256:
133:
384:
an unlikely event U to be greater than the unlikely event U; a disjunction error occurs when a person judges the probability of a likely event L to be greater than the probability of the likely event L
287:
433:
Exploit the contextuality of quantum theory to account for the contextuality of concepts in cognition and language and the phenomenon of emergent properties when concepts combine
2010:
440:
to model the semantics of concept combinations in a non-decompositional way, and to account for the emergent properties/associates/inferences in relation to concept combinations
110:
If participants in a psychology experiment are told about "Linda", described as looking like a feminist but not like a bank teller, then asked to rank the probability,
351:
The above deviations from classical rational expectations in agents’ decisions under uncertainty produce well known paradoxes in behavioral economics, that is, the
128:
1344:
Aerts, D.; Sozzo, S.; Tapia, J. (2012). "A quantum model for the
Ellsberg and Machina paradoxes". In Busemeyer, J.; Dubois, F.; Lambert-Mogilansky, A. (eds.).
1915:
Aerts, D.; Gabora, L. (2005). "A state-context-property model of concepts and their combinations I: The structure of the sets of contexts and properties".
2681:
37:
that have resisted traditional techniques or where traditional models seem to have reached a barrier (e.g., human memory), and modeling preferences in
2636:
2239:
Aerts, D.; Sozzo, S. (2012). "Quantum structures in cognition: Why and how concepts are entangled". In Song, D.; Melucci, M.; Frommholz, I. (eds.).
405:
The liar paradox - The contextual influence of a human subject on the truth behavior of a cognitive entity is explicitly exhibited by the so-called
3234:
2413:
2073:
Bruza, P. D.; Cole, R. J. (2005). "Quantum logic of semantic space: An exploratory investigation of context effects in practical reasoning". In
2186:
Aerts, Diederik; Gabora, Liane; Sozzo, Sandro (September 2013). "Concepts and Their
Dynamics: A Quantum-Theoretic Modeling of Human Thought".
2882:
1509:
1841:
Hampton, J. A. (1988). "Overextension of conjunctive concepts: Evidence for a unitary model for concept typicality and class inclusion".
213:
Quantum cognition models this probability-estimation scenario with quantum probability theory which always ranks sequential probability,
216:
3405:
1963:
Aerts, D.; Gabora, L. (2005). "A state-context-property model of concepts and their combinations II: A Hilbert space representation".
2731:
3417:
3101:
2674:
2599:
Atmanspacher, H.; Römer, H.; Walach, H. (2002). "Weak quantum theory: Complementarity and entanglement in physics and beyond".
91:
3035:
2531:
2512:
2456:
2248:
1480:
Tversky, A.; Kahneman, D. (1983). "Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment".
1021:
908:
880:
560:
2958:
1231:(1953). "Le comportement de l'homme rationnel devant le risque: Critique des postulats et axiomes de l'ecole Americaine".
417:
Concepts are basic cognitive phenomena, which provide the content for inference, explanation, and language understanding.
3461:
46:
2008:
Gabora, L.; Aerts, D. (2002). "Contextualizing concepts using a mathematical generalization of the quantum formalism".
500:
696:
Lambert
Mogiliansky, A.; Zamir, S.; Zwirn, H. (2009). "Type indeterminacy: A model of the KT (Kahneman–Tversky)-man".
2704:
2667:
2589:
2351:
2326:
2090:
202:{\displaystyle P({\text{feminist}})>P({\text{feminist}}\ \&\ {\text{bank teller}})>P({\text{bank teller}})}
2814:
2106:
Aerts, D. (2009). "Quantum particles as conceptual entities: A possible explanatory framework for quantum theory".
327:
When subjects believe they lost the first round, the majority of subjects choose to play again on the second round.
841:
Aerts, D.; Aerts, S. (1994). "Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes".
798:
Pothos, E. M.; Busemeyer, J. R. (2013). "Can quantum probability provide a new direction for cognitive modeling".
324:
When subjects believe they won the first round, the majority of subjects choose to play again on the second round.
3372:
3081:
3076:
2799:
1742:
Aerts, D.; Aerts, S.; Broekaert, J.; Gabora, L. (2000). "The violation of Bell inequalities in the macroworld".
3384:
3056:
1280:
130:
that Linda is feminist, a bank teller or a feminist and a bank teller, they respond with values that indicate:
3362:
3139:
3061:
2844:
2714:
261:
2367:
Aerts, D.; Czachor, M. (2004). "Quantum aspects of semantic analysis and symbolic artificial intelligence".
3096:
3030:
3025:
2996:
2709:
508:
in 2007 organized by Peter Bruza, William
Lawless, C. J. van Rijsbergen, and Don Sofge as part of the 2007
29:
uses the mathematical formalism of quantum probability theory to model psychology phenomena when classical
2505:
Advances in application of quantum mechanics in neuroscience and psychology: a
Clifford algebraic approach
3466:
3164:
3071:
2640:
546:
463:
1507:
Bond, Rachael L.; He, Yang-Hui; Ormerod, Thomas C. (2018). "A quantum framework for likelihood ratios".
601:
367:
have different structure compared to classical decision trees. Data can be analyzed to see if a quantum
344:
in quantum physics. Similar violations of the sure-thing principle are seen in empirical studies of the
3471:
3440:
3202:
3010:
2981:
2420:
3224:
3091:
3015:
2976:
2933:
2907:
2864:
2757:
1795:
Osherson, D. N.; Smith, E. E. (1981). "On the adequacy of prototype theory as a theory of concepts".
1150:
537:
3476:
3291:
3271:
3261:
3251:
3207:
2782:
1317:
536:. Tutorials also were presented annually beginning in 2007 until 2013 at the annual meeting of the
471:
1359:
Aerts, D.; Sozzo, S.; Tapia, J. (2014). "Identifying quantum structures in the
Ellsberg paradox".
2986:
2912:
2078:
965:
Pothos, Emmanuel M.; Busemeyer, Jerome R.; Shiffrin, Richard M.; Yearsley, James M. (July 2017).
99:
3400:
2948:
482:
Ideas for applying the formalisms of quantum theory to cognition first appeared in the 1990s by
3311:
3086:
3066:
2991:
2859:
2151:
Aerts, D.; Broekaert, J.; Gabora, L.; Sozzo, S. (2013). "Quantum structure and human thought".
771:
Khrennikov, A. (2008). "The Quantum-Like Brain on the Cognitive and Subcognitive Time Scales".
341:
2902:
3481:
3336:
2849:
2829:
1037:
467:
444:
345:
3367:
3296:
3241:
2971:
2794:
2752:
2283:
1761:
1621:
1528:
1378:
437:
418:
390:
337:
95:
1461:. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Banff, Canada, October.
8:
3352:
3321:
3266:
3246:
3154:
3111:
2966:
2892:
2819:
2809:
2721:
566:
368:
87:
2287:
1765:
1532:
1382:
617:
3412:
3281:
3179:
2887:
2834:
2726:
2616:
2550:
2491:
2394:
2376:
2299:
2273:
2221:
2195:
2133:
2115:
2037:
2019:
1990:
1972:
1942:
1924:
1820:
1777:
1751:
1724:
1602:
1584:
1552:
1518:
1439:
1421:
1394:
1368:
1297:
1250:
1183:
1123:
1098:
1079:
1075:
823:
744:
de Barros, J. A.; Suppes, P. (2009). "Quantum mechanics, interference, and the brain".
723:
705:
673:
648:
113:
30:
2390:
1214:
3422:
3331:
3301:
3229:
3192:
3187:
3169:
3134:
3124:
2839:
2804:
2787:
2690:
2620:
2585:
2568:
2564:
2527:
2508:
2495:
2483:
2452:
2347:
2322:
2244:
2213:
2168:
2137:
2086:
2074:
1894:
1812:
1808:
1728:
1685:
1680:
1663:
1644:
1544:
1398:
1128:
1083:
1017:
994:
986:
947:
904:
876:
815:
780:
678:
629:
621:
491:
34:
2398:
2303:
2041:
1994:
1946:
1824:
1606:
1556:
1443:
1187:
827:
727:
3149:
3144:
3001:
2897:
2608:
2560:
2475:
2386:
2291:
2225:
2205:
2160:
2125:
2029:
1982:
1934:
1884:
1850:
1804:
1781:
1769:
1716:
1675:
1636:
1594:
1536:
1489:
1462:
1431:
1386:
1326:
1289:
1242:
1210:
1173:
1165:
1118:
1110:
1071:
978:
937:
850:
807:
753:
715:
668:
660:
613:
521:
422:
394:
356:
3379:
3306:
3286:
3256:
3219:
3214:
3119:
2943:
2582:
Information Dynamics in Cognitive, Psychological, Social, and Anomalous Phenomena
1268:
426:
58:
38:
2414:"Parserless Extraction; Using a Multidimensional Transient State Vector Machine"
1272:
1099:"A quantum probability explanation for violations of 'rational' decision theory"
3357:
3326:
3316:
2938:
2928:
2762:
1493:
1228:
483:
364:
352:
2612:
2295:
2164:
2129:
2033:
1986:
1938:
1854:
1773:
1720:
1598:
1540:
1435:
1390:
1178:
1169:
811:
757:
719:
664:
517:
3455:
3276:
3129:
3020:
2854:
2824:
2777:
2264:
Aerts, D.; Sozzo, S. (2014). "Quantum entanglement in concept combinations".
1548:
1466:
990:
966:
784:
625:
572:
3159:
2772:
2767:
2572:
2487:
2217:
2172:
1689:
1648:
1233:
1132:
1114:
1059:
1055:
998:
951:
819:
682:
633:
406:
62:
20:
1898:
1816:
1315:
Machina, M. J. (2009). "Risk, Ambiguity, and the Rank-Dependence Axioms".
3197:
2555:
2381:
2060:
Word Vectors and Quantum Logic: Experiments with negation and disjunction
2024:
1977:
1929:
1756:
1704:
1330:
487:
50:
2479:
710:
2209:
1889:
1872:
1301:
1254:
982:
942:
925:
854:
575: – Theory of logic to account for observations from quantum theory
563: – Explaining the brain's abilities through statistical principles
398:
389:
an unlikely event U. Quantum probability theory is a generalization of
308:
74:
2541:
Khrennikov, A. (2006). "Quantum-like brain: 'Interference of minds'".
45:
Quantum cognition can be applied to model cognitive phenomena such as
3051:
2747:
1640:
1622:"A quantum theoretical explanation for probability judgment 'errors'"
533:
2659:
1293:
1246:
926:"The potential of using quantum theory to build models of cognition"
924:
Wang, Z.; Busemeyer, J. R.; Atmanspacher, H.; Pothos, E. M. (2013).
336:
violates the law of total probability, yet it can be explained as a
2652:
1843:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
1620:
Busemeyer, J. R.; Pothos, E.; Franco, R.; Trueblood, J. S. (2011).
1523:
525:
505:
340:
effect in a manner similar to the explanation for the results from
70:
54:
2466:
Busemeyer, J. R.; Wang, Z. (2019). "Primer on quantum cognition".
2278:
2200:
2120:
1589:
1426:
1373:
251:{\displaystyle P({\text{feminist}}\ \&\ {\text{bank teller}})}
649:"Is there something quantum-like about the human mental lexicon?"
348:
and have likewise been modeled in terms of quantum interference.
66:
1707:(1999). "The liar paradox in a quantum mechanical perspective".
297:
16:
Application of quantum theory mathematics to cognitive phenomena
2011:
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence
964:
923:
513:
402:
other findings such as order effects on probability judgments.
2062:. Eighth Mathematics of Language Conference. pp. 141–154.
1619:
1062:(1992). "The disjunction effect in choice under uncertainty".
490:
and Liane Gabora, by Harald Atmanspacher, Robert Bordley, and
456:
80:
1664:"A quantum probability account of order effects in inference"
1151:"Decision theory with prospect interference and entanglement"
695:
529:
2243:. LNCS. Vol. 7052. Berlin: Springer. pp. 116–127.
1016:. Fundamental Theories of Physics. Vol. 160. Springer.
595:
593:
591:
589:
512:
Spring Symposium Series. This was followed by workshops at
509:
2584:. Fundamental Theories of Physics. Vol. 138. Kluwer.
2150:
1741:
1348:. LNCS. Vol. 7620. Berlin: Springer. pp. 48–59.
1201:
Musser, George (16 October 2012). "A New Enlightenment".
873:
Ubiquitous Quantum Structure: from Psychology to Finances
600:
Pothos, Emmanuel M.; Busemeyer, Jerome R. (2022-01-04).
586:
520:
in 2009, at the 2010 AAAI Fall Symposium Series held in
2598:
1144:
1142:
646:
2645:
Life is complex, it has both real and imaginary parts
647:
Bruza, P.; Kitto, K.; Nelson, D.; McEvoy, C. (2009).
264:
219:
136:
116:
2053:
2051:
1575:
Aerts, D. (2009). "Quantum structure in cognition".
894:
892:
739:
737:
1958:
1956:
1910:
1908:
1702:
1412:La Mura, P. (2009). "Projective expected utility".
1139:
331:Given these two separate choices, according to the
2521:
1661:
281:
250:
201:
122:
33:fails. The field focuses on modeling phenomena in
2083:We Will Show Them: Essays in Honour of Dov Gabbay
2048:
1459:Incomplete Information and Quantum Decision Trees
1149:Yukalov, V. I.; Sornette, D. (21 February 2010).
889:
734:
303:non-classical processing of probabilistic data.
3453:
2185:
1953:
1905:
866:
864:
1866:
1864:
1836:
1834:
1479:
1358:
1343:
1148:
1096:
797:
743:
599:
363:Considering automated decision making, quantum
2446:
2316:
898:
374:
2675:
2465:
2057:
1794:
1506:
1054:
861:
298:Quantum-like models of information processing
2366:
2266:International Journal of Theoretical Physics
1861:
1831:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1510:International Journal of Quantum Information
1361:International Journal of Theoretical Physics
542:Special Issue on Quantum models of Cognition
292:
2007:
1962:
1914:
1662:Trueblood, J. S.; Busemeyer, J. R. (2011).
971:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
569: – Interpretation of quantum mechanics
457:Semantic analysis and information retrieval
412:
81:Challenges for classical probability theory
2682:
2668:
2579:
2540:
2263:
2238:
1011:
967:"The rational status of quantum cognition"
870:
840:
770:
764:
2634:
2554:
2380:
2277:
2199:
2144:
2119:
2072:
2023:
1976:
1928:
1888:
1755:
1679:
1588:
1563:
1522:
1425:
1372:
1177:
1122:
941:
903:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
709:
672:
2449:Quantum models of cognition and decision
1500:
1273:"Risk, ambiguity, and the Savage axioms"
1267:
1097:Pothos, E. M.; Busemeyer, J. R. (2009).
1014:Contextual Approach to Quantum Formalism
901:Quantum Models of Cognition and Decision
640:
421:has researched different approaches for
2447:Busemeyer, J. R.; Bruza, P. D. (2012).
2341:
1411:
1314:
393:theory because it is based on a set of
282:{\displaystyle P({\text{bank teller}})}
258:, greater than the direct probability,
3454:
2637:"Quantum Cognition and Decision Notes"
1227:
1200:
1036:
397:axioms that relax some of the classic
105:
2689:
2663:
2522:Ivancevic, V.; Ivancevic, T. (2010).
2502:
2319:The Geometry of Information Retrieval
2105:
1574:
561:Bayesian approaches to brain function
486:and his collaborators Jan Broekaert,
425:including exemplars, prototypes, and
2639:. Indiana University. Archived from
2650:
1456:
618:10.1146/annurev-psych-033020-123501
13:
2440:
1577:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
1414:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
1076:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00678.x
746:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
698:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
653:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
501:Journal of Mathematical Psychology
314:
234:
168:
14:
3493:
2628:
2411:
2081:; Lamb, L. C.; Woods, J. (eds.).
1873:"Disjunction of natural concepts"
1870:
1840:
1215:10.1038/scientificamerican1112-76
899:Busemeyer, J.; Bruza, P. (2012).
3436:
3435:
2565:10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.11.005
2058:Widdows, D.; Peters, S. (2003).
1681:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2011.01197.x
1103:Proceedings of the Royal Society
773:Journal of Consciousness Studies
544:appeared in 2013 in the journal
69:and conceptual reasoning, human
2405:
2360:
2335:
2310:
2257:
2232:
2179:
2099:
2066:
2001:
1788:
1735:
1696:
1655:
1613:
1473:
1450:
1405:
1352:
1337:
1308:
1261:
1221:
1194:
1090:
1048:
1030:
1005:
958:
917:
3385:Relativistic quantum mechanics
2451:. Cambridge University Press.
2321:. Cambridge University Press.
1281:Quarterly Journal of Economics
834:
791:
689:
496:Quantum Cognition and Decision
276:
268:
245:
223:
196:
188:
179:
157:
148:
140:
1:
3363:Quantum statistical mechanics
3140:Quantum differential calculus
3062:Delayed-choice quantum eraser
2845:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
2468:Spanish Journal of Psychology
2153:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1042:The Foundations of Statistics
800:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
580:
1809:10.1016/0010-0277(81)90013-5
7:
3165:Quantum stochastic calculus
3155:Quantum measurement problem
3077:Mach–Zehnder interferometer
2507:. Nova Science Publishers.
2391:10.1088/0305-4470/37/12/L01
2317:Van Rijsbergen, K. (2004).
2188:Topics in Cognitive Science
930:Topics in Cognitive Science
606:Annual Review of Psychology
553:
547:Topics in Cognitive Science
464:natural language processing
375:Human probability judgments
10:
3498:
3462:Quantum information theory
2524:Quantum Neural Computation
1703:Aerts, D.; Broekaert, J.;
1494:10.1037/0033-295X.90.4.293
1105:. B: Biological Sciences.
477:
18:
3431:
3393:
3345:
3225:Quantum complexity theory
3203:Quantum cellular automata
3178:
3110:
3044:
2957:
2921:
2908:Path integral formulation
2875:
2740:
2697:
2296:10.1007/s10773-013-1946-z
2165:10.1017/S0140525X12002841
2130:10.1007/s10699-009-9166-y
2034:10.1080/09528130210162253
1987:10.1108/03684920510575807
1939:10.1108/03684920510575799
1855:10.1037/0278-7393.14.1.12
1599:10.1016/j.jmp.2009.04.005
1541:10.1142/s0219749918500028
1436:10.1016/j.jmp.2009.02.001
1391:10.1007/s10773-014-2086-9
1170:10.1007/s11238-010-9202-y
812:10.1017/S0140525X12001525
758:10.1016/j.jmp.2009.03.005
720:10.1016/j.jmp.2009.01.001
665:10.1016/j.jmp.2009.04.004
538:Cognitive Science Society
293:Main subjects of research
3292:Quantum machine learning
3272:Quantum key distribution
3262:Quantum image processing
3252:Quantum error correction
3102:Wheeler's delayed choice
2635:Busemeyer, J. R (2011).
2241:Quantum Interaction 2011
2085:. College Publications.
1467:10.1109/SMC.2017.8122615
1346:Quantum Interaction 2012
1318:American Economic Review
1044:. John Wiley & Sons.
472:latent semantic analysis
413:Knowledge representation
19:Not to be confused with
3208:Quantum finite automata
2613:10.1023/A:1014809312397
2580:Khrennikov, A. (2004).
1871:Hampton, J. A. (1988).
1774:10.1023/A:1026449716544
1721:10.1023/A:1009610326206
1012:Khrennikov, A. (2009).
871:Khrennikov, A. (2010).
3312:Quantum neural network
2601:Foundations of Physics
2108:Foundations of Science
1877:Memory & Cognition
1744:Foundations of Physics
1709:Foundations of Science
1115:10.1098/rspb.2009.0121
843:Foundations of Science
423:understanding concepts
371:fits the data better.
342:double-slit experiment
283:
252:
203:
124:
94:, the failures of the
47:information processing
3337:Quantum teleportation
2865:Wave–particle duality
2643:on October 29, 2011.
2346:. CSLI Publications.
2079:d'Avila Garcez, A. S.
1064:Psychological Science
494:. A special issue on
468:information retrieval
445:quantum superposition
284:
253:
204:
125:
3368:Quantum field theory
3297:Quantum metamaterial
3242:Quantum cryptography
2972:Consistent histories
2369:Journal of Physics A
2344:Geometry and meaning
2342:Widdows, D. (2006).
1971:(1&2): 192–221.
1923:(1&2): 167–191.
1629:Psychological Review
1482:Psychological Review
1331:10.1257/aer.99.1.385
419:Cognitive psychology
391:Bayesian probability
338:quantum interference
262:
217:
134:
114:
96:sure-thing principle
3353:Quantum fluctuation
3322:Quantum programming
3282:Quantum logic gates
3267:Quantum information
3247:Quantum electronics
2722:Classical mechanics
2653:"Quantum Cognition"
2651:Blutner, Reinhard.
2480:10.1017/sjp.2019.51
2288:2014IJTP...53.3587A
1766:2000quant.ph..7044A
1533:2018IJQI...1650002B
1383:2014IJTP...53.3666A
1203:Scientific American
1158:Theory and Decision
1109:(1665): 2171–2178.
602:"Quantum Cognition"
567:Quantum Bayesianism
369:decision tree model
106:Conjunction fallacy
100:question-order bias
92:disjunction fallacy
88:conjunction fallacy
3467:Cognitive modeling
3406:in popular culture
3188:Quantum algorithms
3036:Von Neumann–Wigner
3016:Objective collapse
2727:Old quantum theory
2503:Conte, E. (2012).
2210:10.1111/tops.12042
1890:10.3758/BF03197059
1179:20.500.11850/29070
983:10.1037/xge0000312
943:10.1111/tops.12043
855:10.1007/BF00208726
346:Prisoner's Dilemma
279:
248:
199:
120:
31:probability theory
3472:Cognitive science
3449:
3448:
3423:Quantum mysticism
3401:Schrödinger's cat
3332:Quantum simulator
3302:Quantum metrology
3230:Quantum computing
3193:Quantum amplifier
3170:Quantum spacetime
3135:Quantum cosmology
3125:Quantum chemistry
2840:Scattering theory
2788:Zero-point energy
2783:Degenerate levels
2691:Quantum mechanics
2533:978-90-481-3349-9
2514:978-1-61470-325-9
2458:978-1-107-01199-1
2375:(12): L123–L132.
2272:(10): 3587–3603.
2250:978-3-642-24970-9
2077:; Barringer, H.;
1668:Cognitive Science
1367:(10): 3666–3682.
1023:978-1-4020-9592-4
910:978-1-107-01199-1
882:978-3-642-42495-3
492:Andrei Khrennikov
274:
243:
239:
233:
229:
194:
177:
173:
167:
163:
146:
123:{\displaystyle P}
42:the human brain.
35:cognitive science
27:Quantum cognition
3489:
3439:
3438:
3150:Quantum geometry
3145:Quantum dynamics
3002:Superdeterminism
2898:Matrix mechanics
2753:Bra–ket notation
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2647:
2624:
2595:
2576:
2558:
2556:quant-ph/0205092
2537:
2518:
2499:
2462:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2419:. Archived from
2418:
2412:Sorah, Michael.
2409:
2403:
2402:
2384:
2382:quant-ph/0309022
2364:
2358:
2357:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2281:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2203:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2025:quant-ph/0205161
2005:
1999:
1998:
1980:
1978:quant-ph/0402205
1960:
1951:
1950:
1932:
1930:quant-ph/0402207
1912:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1759:
1757:quant-ph/0007044
1750:(9): 1387–1414.
1739:
1733:
1732:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1674:(8): 1518–1552.
1659:
1653:
1652:
1641:10.1037/a0022542
1626:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1592:
1572:
1561:
1560:
1526:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1457:Kak, S. (2017).
1454:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1376:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1277:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1009:
1003:
1002:
962:
956:
955:
945:
921:
915:
914:
896:
887:
886:
868:
859:
858:
838:
832:
831:
795:
789:
788:
768:
762:
761:
741:
732:
731:
713:
693:
687:
686:
676:
644:
638:
637:
597:
522:Washington, D.C.
498:appeared in the
288:
286:
285:
280:
275:
272:
257:
255:
254:
249:
244:
241:
237:
231:
230:
227:
208:
206:
205:
200:
195:
192:
178:
175:
171:
165:
164:
161:
147:
144:
129:
127:
126:
121:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3477:Decision theory
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3427:
3413:Wigner's friend
3389:
3380:Quantum gravity
3341:
3327:Quantum sensing
3307:Quantum network
3287:Quantum machine
3257:Quantum imaging
3220:Quantum circuit
3215:Quantum channel
3174:
3120:Quantum biology
3106:
3082:Elitzur–Vaidman
3057:Davisson–Germer
3040:
2992:Hidden-variable
2982:de Broglie–Bohm
2959:Interpretations
2953:
2917:
2871:
2758:Complementarity
2736:
2693:
2688:
2631:
2592:
2534:
2515:
2459:
2443:
2441:Further reading
2438:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2315:
2311:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2237:
2233:
2184:
2180:
2149:
2145:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2071:
2067:
2056:
2049:
2006:
2002:
1961:
1954:
1913:
1906:
1869:
1862:
1839:
1832:
1793:
1789:
1740:
1736:
1701:
1697:
1660:
1656:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1573:
1564:
1505:
1501:
1478:
1474:
1455:
1451:
1410:
1406:
1357:
1353:
1342:
1338:
1313:
1309:
1294:10.2307/1884324
1275:
1266:
1262:
1247:10.2307/1907921
1226:
1222:
1199:
1195:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1095:
1091:
1053:
1049:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1010:
1006:
963:
959:
922:
918:
911:
897:
890:
883:
869:
862:
839:
835:
796:
792:
769:
765:
742:
735:
711:physics/0604166
694:
690:
645:
641:
598:
587:
583:
578:
556:
480:
459:
427:neural networks
415:
377:
317:
315:Decision making
300:
295:
271:
263:
260:
259:
240:
226:
218:
215:
214:
191:
174:
160:
143:
135:
132:
131:
115:
112:
111:
108:
83:
59:decision making
39:decision theory
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3495:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3360:
3358:Casimir effect
3355:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Quantum optics
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3092:Quantum eraser
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2765:
2763:Density matrix
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2648:
2630:
2629:External links
2627:
2626:
2625:
2607:(3): 379–406.
2596:
2590:
2577:
2549:(3): 225–241.
2538:
2532:
2519:
2513:
2500:
2463:
2457:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2404:
2359:
2352:
2334:
2327:
2309:
2256:
2249:
2231:
2194:(4): 737–772.
2178:
2159:(3): 274–276.
2143:
2114:(4): 361–411.
2098:
2091:
2065:
2047:
2018:(4): 327–358.
2000:
1952:
1904:
1883:(6): 579–591.
1860:
1830:
1787:
1734:
1715:(2): 115–132.
1695:
1654:
1635:(2): 193–218.
1612:
1583:(5): 314–348.
1562:
1517:(1): 1850002.
1499:
1488:(4): 293–315.
1472:
1449:
1420:(5): 408–414.
1404:
1351:
1336:
1325:(1): 385–392.
1307:
1288:(4): 643–669.
1260:
1241:(4): 503–546.
1220:
1193:
1164:(3): 283–328.
1138:
1089:
1070:(5): 305–309.
1047:
1029:
1022:
1004:
977:(7): 968–987.
957:
936:(4): 672–688.
916:
909:
888:
881:
860:
833:
806:(3): 255–274.
790:
763:
752:(5): 306–313.
733:
704:(5): 349–361.
688:
659:(5): 362–377.
639:
612:(1): 749–778.
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:
570:
564:
557:
555:
552:
532:, and 2013 in
484:Diederik Aerts
479:
476:
458:
455:
450:
449:
441:
434:
414:
411:
376:
373:
365:decision trees
329:
328:
325:
316:
313:
299:
296:
294:
291:
278:
270:
267:
247:
236:
225:
222:
198:
190:
187:
184:
181:
170:
159:
156:
153:
150:
142:
139:
119:
107:
104:
102:in judgement.
82:
79:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3494:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Quantum logic
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Quantum chaos
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Stern–Gerlach
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Transactional
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Quantum logic
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:Wave function
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Superposition
2828:
2826:
2825:Quantum state
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Excited state
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2591:1-4020-1868-1
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2426:on 2017-04-04
2422:
2415:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2353:1-57586-448-7
2349:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2328:0-521-83805-3
2324:
2320:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2092:1-904987-11-7
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1038:Savage, L. J.
1033:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
953:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
912:
906:
902:
895:
893:
884:
878:
874:
867:
865:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
738:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
707:
703:
699:
692:
684:
680:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:
594:
592:
590:
585:
574:
573:Quantum logic
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
558:
551:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
475:
473:
469:
465:
454:
446:
442:
439:
435:
432:
431:
430:
428:
424:
420:
410:
408:
403:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
372:
370:
366:
361:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
326:
323:
322:
321:
312:
310:
304:
290:
265:
220:
211:
185:
182:
154:
151:
137:
117:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
22:
3482:Quantum mind
3160:Quantum mind
3072:Franck–Hertz
2934:Klein–Gordon
2883:Formulations
2876:Formulations
2805:Interference
2795:Entanglement
2773:Ground state
2768:Energy level
2741:Fundamentals
2705:Introduction
2644:
2641:the original
2604:
2600:
2581:
2546:
2542:
2526:. Springer.
2523:
2504:
2471:
2467:
2448:
2428:. Retrieved
2421:the original
2407:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2343:
2337:
2318:
2312:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2082:
2068:
2059:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1968:
1964:
1920:
1916:
1880:
1876:
1849:(1): 12–32.
1846:
1842:
1803:(1): 35–58.
1800:
1796:
1790:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1580:
1576:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1458:
1452:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1285:
1279:
1269:Ellsberg, D.
1263:
1238:
1234:Econometrica
1232:
1223:
1209:(5): 76–81.
1206:
1202:
1196:
1161:
1157:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1013:
1007:
974:
970:
960:
933:
929:
919:
900:
875:. Springer.
872:
846:
842:
836:
803:
799:
793:
779:(7): 39–77.
776:
772:
766:
749:
745:
701:
697:
691:
656:
652:
642:
609:
605:
545:
541:
499:
495:
481:
460:
451:
438:entanglement
436:Use quantum
416:
407:liar paradox
404:
386:
381:
378:
362:
350:
332:
330:
318:
305:
301:
212:
109:
84:
63:human memory
44:
26:
25:
21:Quantum mind
3418:EPR paradox
3198:Quantum bus
3067:Double-slit
3045:Experiments
3011:Many-worlds
2949:Schrödinger
2913:Phase space
2903:Schrödinger
2893:Interaction
2850:Uncertainty
2820:Nonlocality
2815:Measurement
2810:Decoherence
2800:Hamiltonian
2075:Artemov, S.
1056:Tversky, A.
518:SaarbrĂĽcken
488:Sonja Smets
395:von Neumann
273:bank teller
242:bank teller
193:bank teller
176:bank teller
51:human brain
3456:Categories
3346:Extensions
3180:Technology
3026:Relational
2977:Copenhagen
2888:Heisenberg
2835:Tunnelling
2698:Background
2543:Biosystems
2430:2017-04-03
1965:Kybernetes
1917:Kybernetes
1524:1508.00936
1229:Allais, M.
1060:Shafir, E.
581:References
528:, 2012 in
524:, 2011 in
466:(NLP) and
399:Kolmogorov
333:sure thing
309:Niels Bohr
75:perception
3052:Bell test
2922:Equations
2748:Born rule
2621:118583726
2496:209446824
2279:1302.3831
2201:1206.1069
2138:119209842
2121:1004.2530
1797:Cognition
1729:119404170
1705:Smets, S.
1590:0805.3850
1549:0219-7499
1427:0802.3300
1399:119158347
1374:1302.3850
1084:144374616
991:1939-2222
849:: 85–97.
785:1355-8250
626:0066-4308
534:Leicester
516:in 2008,
448:concepts.
235:&
169:&
3441:Category
3235:Timeline
2987:Ensemble
2967:Bayesian
2860:Collapse
2732:Glossary
2715:Timeline
2573:16427733
2488:31868156
2399:16701954
2304:17064563
2218:24039114
2173:23673022
2042:10643452
1995:13988880
1947:15124657
1825:10482356
1690:21951058
1649:21480739
1607:14436506
1557:85523100
1444:12099816
1271:(1961).
1188:15377072
1133:19324743
1040:(1954).
999:28447840
952:24027215
828:53130527
820:23673021
728:15463046
683:20224806
634:34546804
554:See also
526:Aberdeen
506:Stanford
357:Ellsberg
228:feminist
162:feminist
145:feminist
71:judgment
67:concepts
55:language
3394:Related
3373:History
3112:Science
2944:Rydberg
2710:History
2474:. e53.
2284:Bibcode
2226:6300002
1899:3193889
1817:7196818
1782:3262876
1762:Bibcode
1529:Bibcode
1379:Bibcode
1302:1884324
1255:1907921
1124:2677606
674:2834425
478:History
49:by the
3087:Popper
2619:
2588:
2571:
2530:
2511:
2494:
2486:
2455:
2397:
2350:
2325:
2302:
2247:
2224:
2216:
2171:
2136:
2089:
2040:
1993:
1945:
1897:
1823:
1815:
1780:
1727:
1688:
1647:
1605:
1555:
1547:
1442:
1397:
1300:
1253:
1186:
1131:
1121:
1082:
1020:
997:
989:
950:
907:
879:
826:
818:
783:
726:
681:
671:
632:
624:
514:Oxford
353:Allais
238:
232:
172:
166:
98:, and
90:, the
73:, and
2997:Local
2939:Pauli
2929:Dirac
2617:S2CID
2551:arXiv
2492:S2CID
2424:(PDF)
2417:(PDF)
2395:S2CID
2377:arXiv
2300:S2CID
2274:arXiv
2222:S2CID
2196:arXiv
2134:S2CID
2116:arXiv
2038:S2CID
2020:arXiv
1991:S2CID
1973:arXiv
1943:S2CID
1925:arXiv
1821:S2CID
1778:S2CID
1752:arXiv
1725:S2CID
1625:(PDF)
1603:S2CID
1585:arXiv
1553:S2CID
1519:arXiv
1440:S2CID
1422:arXiv
1395:S2CID
1369:arXiv
1298:JSTOR
1276:(PDF)
1251:JSTOR
1184:S2CID
1154:(PDF)
1080:S2CID
824:S2CID
724:S2CID
706:arXiv
530:Paris
2586:ISBN
2569:PMID
2528:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2484:PMID
2453:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2214:PMID
2169:PMID
2087:ISBN
1895:PMID
1813:PMID
1686:PMID
1645:PMID
1545:ISSN
1129:PMID
1018:ISBN
995:PMID
987:ISSN
948:PMID
905:ISBN
877:ISBN
816:PMID
781:ISSN
679:PMID
630:PMID
622:ISSN
540:. A
510:AAAI
443:Use
183:>
152:>
2609:doi
2561:doi
2476:doi
2387:doi
2292:doi
2206:doi
2161:doi
2126:doi
2030:doi
1983:doi
1935:doi
1885:doi
1851:doi
1805:doi
1770:doi
1717:doi
1676:doi
1637:doi
1633:118
1595:doi
1537:doi
1490:doi
1463:doi
1432:doi
1387:doi
1327:doi
1290:doi
1243:doi
1211:doi
1207:307
1174:hdl
1166:doi
1119:PMC
1111:doi
1107:276
1072:doi
979:doi
975:146
938:doi
851:doi
808:doi
754:doi
716:doi
669:PMC
661:doi
614:doi
382:and
3458::
2615:.
2605:32
2603:.
2567:.
2559:.
2547:84
2545:.
2490:.
2482:.
2472:22
2470:.
2393:.
2385:.
2373:37
2371:.
2298:.
2290:.
2282:.
2270:53
2268:.
2220:.
2212:.
2204:.
2190:.
2167:.
2157:36
2155:.
2132:.
2124:.
2112:14
2110:.
2050:^
2036:.
2028:.
2016:14
2014:.
1989:.
1981:.
1969:34
1967:.
1955:^
1941:.
1933:.
1921:34
1919:.
1907:^
1893:.
1881:16
1879:.
1875:.
1863:^
1847:14
1845:.
1833:^
1819:.
1811:.
1799:.
1776:.
1768:.
1760:.
1748:30
1746:.
1723:.
1711:.
1684:.
1672:35
1670:.
1666:.
1643:.
1631:.
1627:.
1601:.
1593:.
1581:53
1579:.
1565:^
1551:.
1543:.
1535:.
1527:.
1515:16
1513:.
1486:90
1484:.
1438:.
1430:.
1418:53
1416:.
1393:.
1385:.
1377:.
1365:53
1363:.
1323:99
1321:.
1296:.
1286:75
1284:.
1278:.
1249:.
1239:21
1237:.
1205:.
1182:.
1172:.
1162:70
1160:.
1156:.
1141:^
1127:.
1117:.
1101:.
1078:.
1066:.
1058:;
993:.
985:.
973:.
969:.
946:.
932:.
928:.
891:^
863:^
845:.
822:.
814:.
804:36
802:.
777:15
775:.
750:53
748:.
736:^
722:.
714:.
702:53
700:.
677:.
667:.
657:53
655:.
651:.
628:.
620:.
610:73
608:.
604:.
588:^
550:.
387:or
355:,
77:.
65:,
61:,
57:,
53:,
2683:e
2676:t
2669:v
2655:.
2623:.
2611::
2594:.
2575:.
2563::
2553::
2536:.
2517:.
2498:.
2478::
2461:.
2433:.
2401:.
2389::
2379::
2356:.
2331:.
2306:.
2294::
2286::
2276::
2253:.
2228:.
2208::
2198::
2192:5
2175:.
2163::
2140:.
2128::
2118::
2095:.
2044:.
2032::
2022::
1997:.
1985::
1975::
1949:.
1937::
1927::
1901:.
1887::
1857:.
1853::
1827:.
1807::
1801:9
1784:.
1772::
1764::
1754::
1731:.
1719::
1713:4
1692:.
1678::
1651:.
1639::
1609:.
1597::
1587::
1559:.
1539::
1531::
1521::
1496:.
1492::
1469:.
1465::
1446:.
1434::
1424::
1401:.
1389::
1381::
1371::
1333:.
1329::
1304:.
1292::
1257:.
1245::
1217:.
1213::
1190:.
1176::
1168::
1135:.
1113::
1086:.
1074::
1068:3
1026:.
1001:.
981::
954:.
940::
934:5
913:.
885:.
857:.
853::
847:1
830:.
810::
787:.
760:.
756::
730:.
718::
708::
685:.
663::
636:.
616::
277:)
269:(
266:P
246:)
224:(
221:P
197:)
189:(
186:P
180:)
158:(
155:P
149:)
141:(
138:P
118:P
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.