248:. Partitioned into four territories, each with its own governor and military garrison, these coastal territories became the business epicenter of Chinese maritime activity and international foreign trade. During this time, Guangdong was a vastly underdeveloped and primitive semitropical frontier region of forests, jungles, and swamps inhabited by elephants and crocodiles. The cessation of war of the Yue in Lingnan, Qin Shi Huang began his efforts to sinicize the original inhabitants. Half a million people were moved from northern China to the south to facilitate colonial control and undergo assimilation. He used civilians and convicted felons as colonial tools to the Yue territories by setting up various agricultural communities as colonial outposts. He imposed sinification by importing Han Chinese settlers to drive out, displace, weaken, and ultimately eliminate the indigenous Yue culture and sense of Yue ethnic consciousness to prevent nationalism that could potentially lead to the desire of independent states. In addition to promoting immigration, Qin Shi Huang imposed the use of the Han Chinese written script as new language and writing system. Liang Tingwang theorises that there was a proto-Zhuang script which was curbed but later developed into
296:. By the end of the Qin dynasty, many peasant rebellions led Zhao Tuo to claim independence from the imperial government and declared himself the emperor of Nanyue in 207 BC. Zhao led the peasants to rise up against the much despised Qinshi Emperor. With dynastic changes, geopolitical upheavals, famines, wars, and foreign invasions, Han Chinese living within the confines of Northern and Central China were forced to venture out and expand into the unknown regions of the south. Prior to the Qin conquest, what is now modern Southern China encompassed territories beyond the Northern Han Chinese heartland, which were inhabited by diverse non-Han tribal groups that included the vast conglomerations
40:
148:, and he undertook a series of military campaigns to conquer it. Lured by its temperate climate, fertile fields, maritime trade routes, relative security from warring factions to the west and northwest, and access to luxury tropical products from Southeast Asia, the emperor sent armies to conquer the Yue kingdoms in 221 BC. Military expeditions against the region were dispatched between 221 and 214 BC. It would take five successive military excursions before the Qin finally defeated the Yue in 214 BC.
224:
the Qin troops and prisoners to the
Lingnan region for securing and expanding the Qin's borders. With the Qin's superior armament and disciplined military organization of the Qin army, the Qin forces would ultimately prevail over the Yue tribes. By 214 BC, Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam were subjugated and annexed into the Qin empire. Building on these territorial gains, the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding
157:
223:
and the Indian Ocean. Nanhai was a site of strategic attraction for the Qin as it provided an outstanding opening for maritime trade with
Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Near East, and the European Roman Mediterranean. The canal would facilitate the transportation of military supplies to
218:
to the south, which they used heavily to supply, garrison, rally, and reinforce their troops during its second attempt to besiege to the south. The Linqu canal connected the headwaters of the Xiang River in the Yangzi basin with the Li River flowing into the West River basin. The Qin had extended the
300:
whom were regarded by the inbound
Northern and Central Han Chinese immigrants as foreign and barbarian. For a long time, what are now designated as the southern parts of contemporary China and Northern Vietnam were considered barbarian, as it was populated by numerous non-Han minorities unaccustomed
192:
The region's vast geographical topography coupled with its rich natural endowment of valuable exotic products motivated
Emperor Qin Shi Huang's desire to secure his geopolitical boundaries to the north with a fraction of the Qin army, while devoting a large majority of it towards the south to seize
184:
to conquer the territories of what is now southern China and northern
Vietnam. The emperor ordered his armies of five hundred thousand men to advance southward in the five columns to conquer and annex the Yue territories into the Qin empire. On another account, one hundred thousand people in armies
252:
or
Sawndip. However, most scholars believe that this script originated much later. To exercise even greater control to sinicize and displace the indigenous Yue tribes, Qin Shi Huang forced the settlement of thousands of Han Chinese immigrants, many of which were convicted felons and exiles to move
201:
in the Fujian province soon became vassals of the Qin empire. The Qin armies would unfortunately face fierce resistance from the Nanyue in
Guangdong and Guangxi. At that time, southern China was known for its vast fertile land, rich in rice cultivation, elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, kingfisher
206:
to the southwest. The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain, and was defeated and nearly annihilated by the southern Yue tribes' guerrilla tactics, suffering casualties of over 10,000 men in addition to the death of a Qin commander. Despite these initial military setbacks, the central
309:(modern-day Guangzhou) and divided his empire into seven provinces, which were administered by a mix of Han Chinese and Yue feudal lords. At its height, Nanyue was the strongest of the Yue states, with Zhao declaring himself emperor and receiving allegiance from the neighboring kings. During
267:
Following the collapse of the Qin dynasty, Zhao Tuo took control of
Guangzhou and extended his territory south of the Red River as one of the primary targets of the Qin dynasty was to secure important coastal seaports for trade. In 208 BC, the Qin Chinese renegade general
325:
were met by two Nanyue legates at the Giao Chi border; with the two men offering Nanyue's acceptance of the Han dynasty annexation and provided the invading army with 100 cattle, 1000 measures of wine, and other tokens of submission to be absorbed into the Han empire.
253:
from northern China to settle in the newly annexed Qin domains. Though the Qin emperor emerged victorious against the Yue kingdoms, Chinese domination was brief and the collapse of the Qin dynasty led the Yue tribes to regain their independence.
189:. As the population of Lingnan were in an earlier Bronze Age civilization, the population would have been reasonably sparse. At the time of the Qin campaign, the population in Lingnan numbered one hundred thousand at the maximum.
202:
feathers, ivory, pearls, jade production, and maritime trade routes with
Southeast Asia. Prior to the events leading to Qin dominance over what is now modern Southern China, the Baiyue had gained possession of much of
301:
to
Chinese peculiarities that were regarded by the Han migrants as alien and unfamiliar. Zhao opened up Guangxi and southern China to the immigration of hundreds of thousands of Han Chinese and the kingdom of
965:
Zhāng, Yuánshēng 张元生 (1984), "Zhuàngzú rénmín de wénhuà yíchǎn – fāngkuài Zhuàngzì 壮族人民的文化遗产——方块壮字" [The cultural legacy of the Zhuang nationality: the Zhuang square characters],
17:
1209:
639:
Fu, Xiangxi; Chen, Shuting (April 2017). "On the Historical Fact of the Qin Dynasty's Military Expedition on the Nanyue Kingdom Narrated by
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1413:
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986:李乐毅 Li Leyi, "方块壮字与喃字比较研究","Comparative Research into Sawndip and Chu Nom" in "民族语文 Minority Languages of China" (1987) Vol. 4
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construction of canals towards the southern coast in order to profit from international maritime trade coming from
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the land and profit from it and concurrently attempting to subdue the Yue tribes of the southern provinces. The
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Revolutions as Organizational Change: The Communist Party and Peasant Communities in South China, 1926–1934
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kingdom during the same year. Following Zhao's capture of Au Lac, Zhao partitioned it into two prefectures
236:. The annexed territories were partitioned and administered into new three prefectures of the Qin empire,
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imperial government would begin to promote a series of policies for assimilating the Yue tribes through
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1510:
39:
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were the maximum including those transporting provisions and maintaining road pavement as parts of
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was established after the collapse of the Qin dynasty in 204 BC. Zhao established his capital at
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408:
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310:
269:
313:'s reign in 111 BC, a militarily powerful Han dynasty launched an
322:
293:
289:
203:
181:
1303:"Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language"
909:"Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language"
720:"Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language"
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1538:
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492:
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1277:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
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607:
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708:
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1453:Burning of books and burying of scholars
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511:
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469:. Cambridge University Press. p.
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18:Qin campaign against the Yue tribes
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1300:
906:
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465:A history of Chinese civilization
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872:
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1188:. Lonely Planet. p. 123.
1081:. Pergamon Press. p. 24.
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1:
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497:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003).
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436:Holcombe, Charles (2001).
370:Stein, Stephen K. (2017).
276:, capital of the state of
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1557:3rd century BC in Vietnam
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1471:
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512:Hutcheon, Robin (1996).
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117:Chieftains of Yue tribes
1552:3rd century BC in China
1327:Stuurman, Siep (2017).
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172:in 223 BC, the nascent
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744:Kiernan, Ben (2017).
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1506:Twelve Metal Colossi
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284:and established the
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1572:History of Guangxi
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228:and took areas of
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1562:History of Fujian
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81:Belligerents
1423:Qin dynasty
651:(4): 84–91.
174:Qin dynasty
103:Wang Jian
72:Qin victory
1541:Categories
357:References
315:expedition
152:Background
92:Yue tribes
87:Qin empire
54:221–214 BC
969:中国民族古文字研究
641:Huainanzi
226:Guangzhou
1479:Xianyang
1472:See also
922:: 91–92.
733:: 90–92.
330:See also
311:Han Wudi
270:Zhao Tuo
257:Post Qin
160:Emperor
122:Strength
105:Meng Wu
59:Location
1431:History
1185:Vietnam
323:Lu Bode
294:Jiuzhen
290:Jiaozhi
204:Sichuan
182:Lingnan
130:Unknown
111:†
1425:topics
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244:, and
242:Guilin
238:Nanhai
234:Guilin
230:Fuzhou
221:Nanhai
199:Minyue
178:Baiyue
138:Baiyue
69:Result
1316:: 92.
1310:SEALS
1306:(PDF)
972:[
940:[
916:SEALS
912:(PDF)
727:SEALS
723:(PDF)
307:Panyu
246:Xiang
195:Ouyue
1373:ISBN
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