237:. Partitioned into four territories, each with its own governor and military garrison, these coastal territories became the business epicenter of Chinese maritime activity and international foreign trade. During this time, Guangdong was a vastly underdeveloped and primitive semitropical frontier region of forests, jungles, and swamps inhabited by elephants and crocodiles. The cessation of war of the Yue in Lingnan, Qin Shi Huang began his efforts to sinicize the original inhabitants. Half a million people were moved from northern China to the south to facilitate colonial control and undergo assimilation. He used civilians and convicted felons as colonial tools to the Yue territories by setting up various agricultural communities as colonial outposts. He imposed sinification by importing Han Chinese settlers to drive out, displace, weaken, and ultimately eliminate the indigenous Yue culture and sense of Yue ethnic consciousness to prevent nationalism that could potentially lead to the desire of independent states. In addition to promoting immigration, Qin Shi Huang imposed the use of the Han Chinese written script as new language and writing system. Liang Tingwang theorises that there was a proto-Zhuang script which was curbed but later developed into
285:. By the end of the Qin dynasty, many peasant rebellions led Zhao Tuo to claim independence from the imperial government and declared himself the emperor of Nanyue in 207 BC. Zhao led the peasants to rise up against the much despised Qinshi Emperor. With dynastic changes, geopolitical upheavals, famines, wars, and foreign invasions, Han Chinese living within the confines of Northern and Central China were forced to venture out and expand into the unknown regions of the south. Prior to the Qin conquest, what is now modern Southern China encompassed territories beyond the Northern Han Chinese heartland, which were inhabited by diverse non-Han tribal groups that included the vast conglomerations
29:
137:, and he undertook a series of military campaigns to conquer it. Lured by its temperate climate, fertile fields, maritime trade routes, relative security from warring factions to the west and northwest, and access to luxury tropical products from Southeast Asia, the emperor sent armies to conquer the Yue kingdoms in 221 BC. Military expeditions against the region were dispatched between 221 and 214 BC. It would take five successive military excursions before the Qin finally defeated the Yue in 214 BC.
213:
the Qin troops and prisoners to the
Lingnan region for securing and expanding the Qin's borders. With the Qin's superior armament and disciplined military organization of the Qin army, the Qin forces would ultimately prevail over the Yue tribes. By 214 BC, Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam were subjugated and annexed into the Qin empire. Building on these territorial gains, the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding
146:
212:
and the Indian Ocean. Nanhai was a site of strategic attraction for the Qin as it provided an outstanding opening for maritime trade with
Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Near East, and the European Roman Mediterranean. The canal would facilitate the transportation of military supplies to
207:
to the south, which they used heavily to supply, garrison, rally, and reinforce their troops during its second attempt to besiege to the south. The Linqu canal connected the headwaters of the Xiang River in the Yangzi basin with the Li River flowing into the West River basin. The Qin had extended the
289:
whom were regarded by the inbound
Northern and Central Han Chinese immigrants as foreign and barbarian. For a long time, what are now designated as the southern parts of contemporary China and Northern Vietnam were considered barbarian, as it was populated by numerous non-Han minorities unaccustomed
181:
The region's vast geographical topography coupled with its rich natural endowment of valuable exotic products motivated
Emperor Qin Shi Huang's desire to secure his geopolitical boundaries to the north with a fraction of the Qin army, while devoting a large majority of it towards the south to seize
173:
to conquer the territories of what is now southern China and northern
Vietnam. The emperor ordered his armies of five hundred thousand men to advance southward in the five columns to conquer and annex the Yue territories into the Qin empire. On another account, one hundred thousand people in armies
241:
or
Sawndip. However, most scholars believe that this script originated much later. To exercise even greater control to sinicize and displace the indigenous Yue tribes, Qin Shi Huang forced the settlement of thousands of Han Chinese immigrants, many of which were convicted felons and exiles to move
190:
in the Fujian province soon became vassals of the Qin empire. The Qin armies would unfortunately face fierce resistance from the Nanyue in
Guangdong and Guangxi. At that time, southern China was known for its vast fertile land, rich in rice cultivation, elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, kingfisher
195:
to the southwest. The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain, and was defeated and nearly annihilated by the southern Yue tribes' guerrilla tactics, suffering casualties of over 10,000 men in addition to the death of a Qin commander. Despite these initial military setbacks, the central
298:(modern-day Guangzhou) and divided his empire into seven provinces, which were administered by a mix of Han Chinese and Yue feudal lords. At its height, Nanyue was the strongest of the Yue states, with Zhao declaring himself emperor and receiving allegiance from the neighboring kings. During
256:
Following the collapse of the Qin dynasty, Zhao Tuo took control of
Guangzhou and extended his territory south of the Red River as one of the primary targets of the Qin dynasty was to secure important coastal seaports for trade. In 208 BC, the Qin Chinese renegade general
314:
were met by two Nanyue legates at the Giao Chi border; with the two men offering Nanyue's acceptance of the Han dynasty annexation and provided the invading army with 100 cattle, 1000 measures of wine, and other tokens of submission to be absorbed into the Han empire.
242:
from northern China to settle in the newly annexed Qin domains. Though the Qin emperor emerged victorious against the Yue kingdoms, Chinese domination was brief and the collapse of the Qin dynasty led the Yue tribes to regain their independence.
178:. As the population of Lingnan were in an earlier Bronze Age civilization, the population would have been reasonably sparse. At the time of the Qin campaign, the population in Lingnan numbered one hundred thousand at the maximum.
191:
feathers, ivory, pearls, jade production, and maritime trade routes with
Southeast Asia. Prior to the events leading to Qin dominance over what is now modern Southern China, the Baiyue had gained possession of much of
290:
to
Chinese peculiarities that were regarded by the Han migrants as alien and unfamiliar. Zhao opened up Guangxi and southern China to the immigration of hundreds of thousands of Han Chinese and the kingdom of
954:
Zhāng, Yuánshēng 张元生 (1984), "Zhuàngzú rénmín de wénhuà yíchǎn – fāngkuài Zhuàngzì 壮族人民的文化遗产——方块壮字" [The cultural legacy of the Zhuang nationality: the Zhuang square characters],
1198:
628:
Fu, Xiangxi; Chen, Shuting (April 2017). "On the Historical Fact of the Qin Dynasty's Military Expedition on the Nanyue Kingdom Narrated by
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1402:
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975:李乐毅 Li Leyi, "方块壮字与喃字比较研究","Comparative Research into Sawndip and Chu Nom" in "民族语文 Minority Languages of China" (1987) Vol. 4
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construction of canals towards the southern coast in order to profit from international maritime trade coming from
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the land and profit from it and concurrently attempting to subdue the Yue tribes of the southern provinces. The
1555:
1565:
1426:
1343:
Revolutions as Organizational Change: The Communist Party and Peasant Communities in South China, 1926–1934
324:
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kingdom during the same year. Following Zhao's capture of Au Lac, Zhao partitioned it into two prefectures
225:. The annexed territories were partitioned and administered into new three prefectures of the Qin empire,
1560:
1388:
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imperial government would begin to promote a series of policies for assimilating the Yue tribes through
1550:
1535:
251:
1499:
28:
270:
174:
were the maximum including those transporting provisions and maintaining road pavement as parts of
1291:
897:
708:
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was established after the collapse of the Qin dynasty in 204 BC. Zhao established his capital at
1575:
1235:
1228:
307:
175:
1172:
459:
397:
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1036:
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1504:
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1467:
299:
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302:'s reign in 111 BC, a militarily powerful Han dynasty launched an
311:
282:
278:
192:
170:
1292:"Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language"
898:"Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language"
709:"Sinification of the Zhuang People, Culture, And Their Language"
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286:
274:
230:
222:
218:
187:
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145:
295:
234:
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in 221 BC undertook a military campaign against the
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1227:
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1527:
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820:The Penguin History of Modern Vietnam: A History
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672:
1090:
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891:
889:
702:
700:
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418:
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1264:China and Vietnam: The Politics of Asymmetry
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678:
481:
479:
1266:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
1210:
598:
596:
594:
429:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 147.
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1403:
1389:
1358:The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics
1285:
1283:
1145:
989:. Princeton University Press. p. 31.
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697:
485:
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390:
388:
386:
384:
382:
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157:After Qin Shi Huang defeated the state of
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1255:
1141:
1139:
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813:
811:
762:. Brill Academic Publishing. p. 12.
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568:
566:
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562:
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556:
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528:
526:
524:
522:
476:
1442:Burning of books and burying of scholars
1360:. Oxford University Press. p. 173.
1315:
591:
500:
424:
203:The Qin empire managed to construct the
144:
1355:
1280:
1234:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp.
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779:
737:. Oxford University Press. p. 60.
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655:. Oxford University Press. p. 61.
653:A History of Vietnam, 211 BC to 2000 AD
650:
607:. Oxford University Press. p. 64.
605:A History of Vietnam, 211 BC to 2000 AD
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494:
377:
1528:
1410:
1261:
1252:
1134:
1041:. Columbia University Press. pp.
1034:
1009:
984:
817:
808:
627:
572:
551:
519:
458:. Cambridge University Press. p.
449:
394:
352:
340:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
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1384:
1340:
953:
757:
573:Him, Mark Lai; Hsu, Madeline (2004).
532:
358:
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683:. Art Media Resources. p. 101.
399:. McFarland Publishing. p. 61.
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842:
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490:. Allen & Unwin. p. 24-25.
133:attracted the attention of Emperor
13:
1432:Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu
1213:Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians
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1587:
1289:
895:
706:
454:A history of Chinese civilization
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27:
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1219:
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978:
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956:Zhōngguó mínzú gǔ wénzì yánjiū
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915:
861:
836:
751:
726:
644:
621:
1177:. Lonely Planet. p. 123.
1070:. Pergamon Press. p. 24.
847:. Coronet Books. p. 466.
443:
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1:
1035:Bowman, John Stewart (2000).
345:
186:in southern Zhejiang and the
140:
1320:. Harvard University Press.
818:Goscha, Christopher (2016).
325:Han campaigns against Minyue
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486:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003).
395:Howard, Michael C. (2012).
318:
245:
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1592:
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1066:Rodzinski, Witold (2009).
985:Ramsey, S. Robert (1989).
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533:Stein, Stephen K. (2017).
425:Holcombe, Charles (2001).
359:Stein, Stephen K. (2017).
265:, capital of the state of
252:Vietnam under Chinese rule
249:
1546:3rd century BC in Vietnam
1500:Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts
1460:
1427:Qin's wars of unification
1419:
1211:Suryadinata, Leo (1997).
872:. Springer. p. 236.
843:Chu, David K. Y. (2003).
110:
86:
69:
35:
26:
21:
1262:Womack, Brantly (2006).
758:Hoang, Anh Tuan (2007).
537:. ABC-CLIO. p. 60.
501:Hutcheon, Robin (1996).
450:Gernet, Jacques (1996).
363:. ABC-CLIO. p. 61.
308:conquer and annex Nanyue
106:Chieftains of Yue tribes
1541:3rd century BC in China
1316:Stuurman, Siep (2017).
1199:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
161:in 223 BC, the nascent
1341:Zhang, Baohui (2015).
1148:Ancient Southeast Asia
1010:Gelber, Harry (2007).
987:The Languages of China
176:combat service support
154:
116:Estimated over 500,000
87:Commanders and leaders
1116:Kiernan, Ben (2017).
733:Kiernan, Ben (2017).
651:Kiernan, Ben (2017).
603:Kiernan, Ben (2017).
269:. There, he defeated
148:
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1495:Twelve Metal Colossi
1014:. Bloomsbury Press.
273:and established the
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868:Wang, Fang (2016).
1561:History of Guangxi
1226:Chua, Amy (2003).
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217:and took areas of
155:
1551:History of Fujian
1536:210s BC conflicts
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1510:The First Emperor
1505:Ten Crimes of Qin
940:978-7-105-11041-4
512:978-962-201-725-2
239:Old Zhuang script
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70:Belligerents
1412:Qin dynasty
640:(4): 84–91.
163:Qin dynasty
92:Wang Jian
61:Qin victory
1530:Categories
346:References
304:expedition
141:Background
81:Yue tribes
76:Qin empire
43:221–214 BC
958:中国民族古文字研究
630:Huainanzi
215:Guangzhou
1468:Xianyang
1461:See also
911:: 91–92.
722:: 90–92.
319:See also
300:Han Wudi
259:Zhao Tuo
246:Post Qin
149:Emperor
111:Strength
94:Meng Wu
48:Location
1420:History
1174:Vietnam
312:Lu Bode
283:Jiuzhen
279:Jiaozhi
193:Sichuan
171:Lingnan
119:Unknown
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233:, and
231:Guilin
227:Nanhai
223:Guilin
219:Fuzhou
210:Nanhai
188:Minyue
167:Baiyue
127:Baiyue
58:Result
1305:: 92.
1299:SEALS
1295:(PDF)
961:[
929:[
905:SEALS
901:(PDF)
716:SEALS
712:(PDF)
296:Panyu
235:Xiang
184:Ouyue
1362:ISBN
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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