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Here E is a tuple variable that ranges over the EMPLOYEE relation, and all tuples in that relation are found which satisfy the qualification `E.Name = "Jones"`. The result of the query is a new relation W, which has a single domain COMP that has been calculated for each qualifying tuple. Additional
244:
gained market share in the early 1980s, most companies then supporting QUEL moved to SQL instead. QUEL continues to be available as a part of the Ingres DBMS, although no QUEL-specific language enhancements have been added for many years.
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Here is a sample of a simple session that creates a table, inserts a row into it, and then retrieves and modifies the data inside it and finally deletes the row that was added (assuming that name is a unique field).
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In this example, the relation is being stored in a new table W. This is not a direct analog of the QUEL version; relations in QUEL are more similar to temporary tables seen in most modern SQL implementations.
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reverses the process. Similar commands are available in many SQL systems, but usually as external tools, as opposed to being internal to the SQL language. This makes them unavailable to
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QUEL has an extremely powerful aggregation capability. Aggregates can be nested, and different aggregates can have independent by-lists and/or restriction clauses. For example:
232:. QUEL was used for a short time in most products based on the freely available Ingres source code, most notably in an implementation called POSTQUEL supported by
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which creates a comma-delimited file of all the records in the student table. The d1 indicates a delimiter, as opposed to a data type. Changing the
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This example illustrates one of the arguably less desirable quirks of QUEL, namely that all string comparisons are potentially pattern matches.
257:, which can be used to limit queries or return result sets. Consider this example, taken from one of the first original Ingres papers:
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Another feature of QUEL was a built-in system for moving records en-masse into and out of the system. Consider this command:
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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226:'s earlier suggested but not implemented
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1340:A Critique of the SQL Database Language
1574:Relational database management systems
1551:
1284:on Management of Data. Washington, DC.
253:QUEL statements are always defined by
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1300:ACM Transactions on Database Systems
44:adding citations to reliable sources
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211:. It was created as a part of the
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1342:. SIGMOD Record 14(3): 8-54, 1984.
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220:University of California, Berkeley
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352:An equivalent SQL statement is:
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1271:; Rowe, LA (May 1986).
1210:y.str = "ii*"
229:Data Sub-Language ALPHA
1274:The design of POSTGRES
55:"QUEL query languages"
1322:10.1145/320473.320476
1282:ACM SIGMOD Conference
1216:values starting with
1296:Stonebraker, Michael
40:improve this article
1249:Relational calculus
198:relational database
146:First appeared
140:Michael Stonebraker
120:
1244:Relational algebra
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201:query language
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96:November 2013
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57: –
56:
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51:Find sources:
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29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
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1338:C. J. Date:
1303:
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1212:matches all
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843:'FL'
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93:
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69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1510:Proprietary
837:'m'
222:, based on
203:, based on
1569:PostgreSQL
1553:Categories
1531:Superseded
1306:(3): 191.
1255:References
218:effort at
175:, POSTQUEL
66:newspapers
1308:CiteSeerX
1232:See also
1086:retrieve
669:retrieve
600:retrieve
417:employee
277:retrieve
274:EMPLOYEE
234:POSTGRES
1538:CODASYL
1431:Gremlin
1426:GraphQL
1421:Datalog
1034:address
956:student
924:student
912:student
879:student
858:student
789:student
723:student
636:replace
537:student
471:student
154: (
80:scholar
1491:XQuery
1481:SPARQL
1476:SMARTS
1406:Cypher
1310:
918:delete
903:select
876:update
849:select
819:values
783:insert
717:create
687:delete
540:append
468:create
381:salary
369:select
357:create
301:Salary
238:Oracle
213:Ingres
173:Ingres
164:Major
124:Family
82:
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68:
61:
53:
1496:XPath
1396:ALPHA
1278:(PDF)
1214:y.str
1176:count
1125:where
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1022:comma
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927:where
864:state
861:where
813:state
768:state
720:table
693:where
627:state
618:where
588:state
525:range
513:state
426:where
360:table
328:where
262:range
249:Usage
236:. As
196:is a
186:Alpha
87:JSTOR
73:books
1522:LINQ
1471:QUEL
1446:LINQ
1441:LDAP
1436:ISBL
1226:like
1072:from
1068:into
1058:into
962:name
953:copy
930:name
921:from
909:from
855:from
795:name
786:into
771:char
756:char
732:char
729:name
702:name
552:name
477:name
460:SQL
457:QUEL
435:name
414:from
411:COMP
337:Name
289:COMP
280:into
240:and
224:Codd
216:DBMS
194:QUEL
156:1976
149:1976
119:QUEL
59:news
1517:YQL
1501:YQL
1486:SQL
1466:OCL
1461:OQL
1456:MDX
1451:MQL
1416:DMX
1411:DAX
1401:CQL
1391:.QL
1318:doi
1203:)))
1170:max
1152:str
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1010:sex
986:age
891:age
885:age
882:set
807:sex
801:age
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753:sex
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744:age
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657:age
645:age
612:all
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489:age
483:c10
396:age
316:Age
242:DB2
209:SQL
42:by
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109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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