871:
52:
565:
354:
880:
847:
835:
859:
40:
556:
These tracts contain more than 1 million axons and the majority of the axons are myelinated. The corticospinal tracts myelinate largely during the first and second years after birth. The majority of nerve axons are small (<4ΞΌm) in diameter. About 3% of nerve axons have a much larger diameter
662:. These nuclei are supplied by nerves from both sides of the brain, with the exception of the parts of the facial nerve that control muscles of the lower face. These muscles are only innervated by nerves from the contralateral (opposite) side of the cortex.
678:
of the body. Because of the crossing-over of fibres, muscles are supplied by the side of the brain opposite to that of the muscle. The nerves within the corticobulbar tract are involved in movement in muscles of the head. They are involved in swallowing,
1012:
1118:
1306:
561:, mostly in the leg area of the primary motor cortex. These cells are notable because of their rapid conduction rate, over 70m/sec, the fastest conduction of any signals from the brain to the spinal cord.
908:
when their opponents fail to correctly answer a question about the pyramidal tracts, despite Clark
Griswold (played by Chevy Chase) mistakenly answering that they are a housing development outside Cairo.
1078:
518:. About 80% of axons cross over and form the lateral corticospinal tract; 10% do not cross over and join the tract, and 10% of fibres travel in the anterior corticospinal tract.
1749:
698:
refers to tracts within the spinal cord involved in involuntary movement but not part of the pyramidal tracts. Their functions include the control of posture and
209:
792:
is damaged on only one side, then only the lower face will be affected, however if there is involvement of both the left and right tracts, then the result is
553:. Nerve axons of the lateral corticospinal tract that did not cross over in the medulla oblongata do so at the level of the spinal cord they terminate in.
717:
Damage to the fibres of the corticospinal tracts, anywhere along their course from the cerebral cortex to the lower end of the spinal cord, can cause an
345:. Most of the myelination is complete by two years of age and thereafter it progresses very slowly in cranio-caudal direction up to twelve years of age.
981:
330:
to the brain stem from multiple directions, giving the impression of an inverted pyramid. Involvement of the pyramidal tract at any level leads to
288:. These nerves control the muscles of the face and neck and are involved in facial expression, mastication, swallowing, and other motor functions.
691:. With the exception of lower muscles of facial expression, all functions of the corticobulbar tract involve inputs from both sides of the brain.
879:
3114:
2158:
568:
Horizontal section through the lower part of the pons, showing the fibers of the corticospinal tract (#19) passing through the pontine nuclei
185:
181:
3166:
3069:
3506:
3476:
2001:
1901:
2677:
996:
1102:
2720:
1677:
1137:(2. ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. 2001. pp. Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome.
342:
44:
Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view. ("pyramidal tract" visible in red, and "pyramidal decussation" labeled at lower right.)
4105:
3024:
1387:
998:
Neuroanatomy and the neurologic exam : a thesaurus of synonyms, similar-sounding non-synonyms, and terms of variable meaning
900:
3060:
2984:
2969:
2444:
2491:
1040:
965:
925:
Chapter 9 of "Principles of
Physiology" (3rd edition) by Robert M. Berne and Mathew N. Levy. Published by Mosby, Inc. (2000)
341:
of the pyramidal fibres is incomplete at birth and gradually progresses in cranio-caudal direction and thereby progressively
1429:
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3515:
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3942:
1324:
3360:
3176:
487:
846:
4003:
3131:
1300:
1142:
1112:
1006:
930:
506:. Below the prominences, the majority of axons cross over to the opposite side from which they originated, known as
2583:
2429:
2239:
2040:
1701:
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of the corticobulbar tract synapse with interneurons or directly with the lower motor neurons located in the motor
216:
1351:
1062:
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2578:
2230:
2150:
1684:
1672:
724:
A few days after the injury to the upper motor neurons, a pattern of motor signs and symptoms appears, including
17:
590:
travel with the corticospinal tract through the internal capsule, but terminate in a number of locations in the
311:, resulting in muscles being controlled by the opposite side of the brain. The corticospinal tract contains the
3708:
3247:
3151:
2434:
2100:
2062:
1949:
1726:
1641:
1593:
1072:
503:
303:. The corticospinal tract is involved in voluntary movement. The majority of fibres of the corticospinal tract
1238:
Farag, Sara M.; Mohammed, Manal O.; EL-Sobky, Tamer A.; ElKadery, Nadia A.; ElZohiery, Abeer K. (March 2020).
4066:
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2115:
204:
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4008:
3974:
3969:
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1706:
515:
300:
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1380:
718:
595:
511:
296:
3964:
3780:
3678:
3602:
3560:
2919:
2621:
2379:
545:. The majority of axons do not directly synapse with lower motor neurons, but instead synapse with an
3998:
3916:
3750:
3259:
3226:
3002:
2946:
2861:
2616:
2484:
2248:
2243:
2216:
2182:
2163:
2093:
1794:
156:
1164:"Recrudescence of Deficits After Stroke: Clinical and Imaging Phenotype, Triggers, and Risk Factors"
3795:
3682:
3606:
3416:
3268:
2305:
2268:
2220:
1991:
1777:
1441:
1240:"Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy"
459:
304:
139:
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3896:
3883:
3855:
3788:
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3638:
3594:
3364:
3135:
2871:
2288:
2177:
2057:
2035:
1759:
1491:
770:
3208:
814:
In the past, this condition was treated by partial section of the pyramidal tract either at the
326:
of the medulla oblongata. The corticospinal fibers converge to a point when descending from the
3817:
3784:
3775:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3578:
3383:
3010:
2384:
1986:
1718:
1373:
782:
627:
192:
176:
4110:
3933:
3870:
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3837:
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3800:
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1851:
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695:
3994:
3960:
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2805:
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1787:
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550:
522:
467:
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246:
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form the bulk of the pyramidal tracts. The nerve axons travel from the cortex through the
8:
3878:
3666:
3646:
3590:
3510:
3421:
3307:
3297:
3273:
3243:
3238:
3125:
2810:
2765:
2712:
2608:
2424:
2369:
2283:
1836:
1739:
1636:
1605:
1436:
1424:
1356:
789:
758:
578:
510:. The axons that cross over move to the outer part of the medulla oblongata and form the
441:
429:
425:
323:
292:
242:
238:
4061:
4035:
3866:
3096:
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975:
797:
793:
778:
615:
542:
526:
366:
250:
56:
1107:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 69β70.
870:
4049:
3978:
3921:
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3534:
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3255:
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2006:
1970:
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1507:
1486:
1296:
1271:
1220:
1211:
Vitrikas, K; Dalton, H; Breish, D (15 February 2020). "Cerebral Palsy: An
Overview".
1193:
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1002:
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886:
688:
607:
499:
491:
398:
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80:
1162:
Topcuoglu, MA; Saka, E; Silverman, SB; Schwamm, LH; Singhal, AB (1 September 2017).
3319:
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1996:
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51:
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285:
197:
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2079:
2016:
1819:
1782:
1563:
1471:
1275:
1224:
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684:
671:
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564:
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that then synapses with a lower motor neuron. This generally occurs in the
530:
1365:
584:
3888:
3450:
3037:
3033:
2639:
2561:
2500:
2337:
2127:
1863:
1744:
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1453:
699:
655:
651:
546:
414:
410:
402:
394:
374:
266:
100:
295:
conducts impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. It is made up of a
4075:
4057:
4031:
4023:
3986:
3952:
3759:
3730:
774:
725:
623:
537:
level of the muscle that they will innervate. At this point, the axons
151:
3032:
1927:
222:
1360:
729:
680:
558:
495:
382:
316:
258:
108:
74:
3892:
3851:
3712:
3674:
3634:
3598:
3574:
3315:
3251:
3147:
2539:
1397:
733:
635:
591:
534:
163:
1357:
Stained brain slice images which include the "Corticospinal tract"
1035:(17th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 147β149.
811:
might exhaust the patient and become a life-threatening situation.
273:) and are involved in the control of motor functions of the body.
762:
736:
683:, and movements of the tongue. By virtue of involvement with the
538:
406:
960:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 687β690.
353:
808:
766:
750:
687:, the corticobulbar tract is also responsible for transmitting
675:
338:
2469:
1750:
Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
1237:
1161:
322:
The pyramidal tracts are named because they pass through the
281:
125:
904:, the Griswold family wins a vacation on a game show called
885:
Diagram of the principal fasciculi of the spinal cord, from
3199:
1959:
599:
483:
312:
746:
Symptoms generally occur alongside other sensory problems.
670:
The nerves within the corticospinal tract are involved in
39:
728:, hyperactive reflexes, a loss of the ability to perform
446:
Nerve fibres in the corticospinal tract originate from
796:. This causes problems with swallowing, speaking, and
315:
of the pyramidal cells, the largest of which are the
1321:"Quotes from "National Lampoon's European Vacation""
1210:
852:
Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.
27:
The corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract
1031:Fauci, Anthony S.; Harrison, T. R., eds. (2008).
521:The nerve axons traveling down the tract are the
4097:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
781:, and trauma to the spinal cord, including from
1026:
1024:
1022:
803:Severe disabling involuntary movements such as
3018:
2485:
1943:
1381:
1030:
936:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1019:
980:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
529:. These axons travel down the tracts in the
502:. Here they form two prominences called the
420:There is some variation in terminology. The
1395:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1064:Neuroanatomical Basis of Clinical Neurology
1001:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 458β460.
3025:
3011:
2492:
2478:
1950:
1936:
1388:
1374:
1033:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
514:, whereas the fibres that remain form the
50:
38:
2721:Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
1265:
1255:
1187:
1049:
3912:Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum
1085:
994:
956:Hall, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. (2005).
705:
563:
533:of the spinal cord until they reach the
478:supplies the rest. The cells have their
352:
3871:Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum
1957:
840:Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
14:
4098:
4041:Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract
3970:Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract
1979:
1288:
1060:
572:
435:
3006:
2473:
1931:
1369:
1100:
893:
769:, neurodegenerative diseases such as
749:Causes may include disorders such as
955:
901:National Lampoon's European Vacation
826:
428:, and many authors also include the
466:(together also about 30%), and the
24:
3838:Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum
3361:Posterior limb of internal capsule
3177:Posterior limb of internal capsule
1327:from the original on 25 March 2017
488:posterior limb of internal capsule
319:, located in the cerebral cortex.
25:
4122:
3132:Posterior external arcuate fibers
1343:
276:The corticobulbar tract conducts
2584:Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
1611:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
1309:from the original on 2018-03-03.
1151:from the original on 2018-05-03.
1121:from the original on 2017-03-13.
1081:from the original on 2018-05-03.
1015:from the original on 2018-05-03.
878:
869:
857:
845:
833:
482:in the cerebral cortex, and the
217:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
4106:Central nervous system pathways
2499:
1313:
1282:
1231:
2101:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
2063:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1727:Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
1204:
1155:
1125:
988:
958:Textbook of medical physiology
919:
13:
1:
4067:Rostral spinocerebellar tract
2116:Lateral vestibulospinal tract
995:Anthoney, Terence R. (1994).
912:
2678:Central gelatinous substance
2299:Lateral parabrachial nucleus
2111:Medial vestibulospinal tract
2089:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
1897:Superior cerebellar peduncle
1770:Midbrain reticular formation
1180:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1668
516:anterior corticospinal tract
504:medulla oblongatary pyramids
401:, and travel as part of the
348:
257:and terminate either in the
245:. These are aggregations of
7:
4013:Anterior lobe of cerebellum
2294:Medial parabrachial nucleus
2068:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
1599:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
1104:Basic clinical neuroscience
719:upper motor neuron syndrome
665:
596:cortico-mesencephalic tract
512:lateral corticospinal tract
424:definitively encompass the
79:Many fibres in pyramids of
10:
4127:
3965:Posterior thoracic nucleus
3679:Thalamocortical radiations
3603:Thalamocortical radiations
2622:Posterior thoracic nucleus
1295:. Williams & Wilkins.
1067:. CRC Press. p. 368.
709:
576:
439:
4022:
3999:Accessory cuneate nucleus
3941:
3930:
3917:Vestibulocerebellar tract
3826:
3751:Vestibulocerebellar tract
3738:
3729:
3694:
3618:
3558:
3549:
3525:
3495:
3465:
3439:
3401:
3392:
3344:
3337:
3286:
3260:Posterior parietal cortex
3227:Anterior white commissure
3207:
3193:
3165:
3113:
3068:
3059:
3052:
2959:
2947:Anterior white commissure
2939:
2882:
2830:
2823:
2796:
2739:
2711:
2704:
2695:
2665:
2630:
2617:Intermediolateral nucleus
2607:
2569:
2560:
2507:
2415:
2395:
2354:
2336:
2323:
2261:
2249:Inferior salivary nucleus
2244:Superior salivary nucleus
2205:
2139:
2126:
2094:Vestibulocerebellar tract
2078:
2015:
1966:
1889:
1862:
1818:
1811:
1795:Reticulotegmental nucleus
1768:
1735:
1717:
1663:
1654:
1624:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1542:
1524:
1500:
1479:
1470:
1452:
1415:
1404:
1335:– via www.imdb.com.
1257:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119
1213:American Family Physician
215:
203:
191:
175:
162:
150:
138:
124:
119:
96:
86:
73:
68:
49:
37:
32:
3796:Inferior olivary nucleus
3683:Supplementary motor area
3607:Supplementary motor area
3417:Genu of internal capsule
3269:Spinomesencephalic tract
2306:Superior olivary nucleus
2269:Pedunculopontine nucleus
2221:Trigeminal motor nucleus
2041:Ventral trigeminal tract
1992:Superior medullary velum
1778:dorsal tegmental nucleus
1707:EdingerβWestphal nucleus
1289:DeMyer, William (1998).
460:supplementary motor area
454:. Fibres arise from the
389:). Nerves emerge in the
3884:Cerebellothalamic tract
3365:Decussation of pyramids
3136:Internal arcuate fibers
2985:Posterior median sulcus
2970:Anterior median fissure
2289:Subparabrachial nucleus
2058:Central tegmental tract
2036:Dorsal trigeminal tract
1760:Interpeduncular nucleus
1492:Central tegmental tract
1101:Young, Paul A. (2007).
773:, inflammation such as
771:multiple system atrophy
630:, motor nucleus of the
133:tractus corticospinalis
3818:Deep cerebellar nuclei
3785:Deep cerebellar nuclei
3776:Pontocerebellar fibers
3651:Subthalamic fasciculus
3643:Subthalamic fasciculus
3384:Neuromuscular junction
2385:Pontocerebellar fibers
1987:Cerebellopontine angle
1719:Ventral tegmental area
1061:Arslan, Orhan (2001).
739:response known as the
569:
557:(16ΞΌm) and arise from
369:that originate in the
358:
4004:Cuneocerebellar tract
3847:Dentatothalamic tract
3801:Olivocerebellar tract
3698:nigrostriatal pathway
3659:Lenticular fasciculus
3583:Lenticular fasciculus
3486:Vestibulospinal tract
2990:Posterolateral sulcus
2571:Posterior grey column
2375:Corticopontine fibers
2106:Vestibulospinal tract
1909:Interpeduncular fossa
1852:Temporopontine fibers
1616:Dentatothalamic tract
710:Further information:
706:Clinical significance
696:extrapyramidal system
577:Further information:
567:
523:efferent nerve fibers
440:Further information:
373:and terminate in the
356:
343:gaining functionality
253:that travel from the
247:efferent nerve fibers
63:labeled at upper left
3516:Reticulospinal tract
3427:Facial motor nucleus
3413:Primary motor cortex
3357:Primary motor cortex
3303:Spinoreticular tract
3144:Trigeminal lemniscus
3083:Meissner's corpuscle
2975:Anterolateral sulcus
2806:Spinoreticular tract
2632:Anterior grey column
2515:Cervical enlargement
2226:Facial motor nucleus
2031:Trigeminal lemniscus
1847:Frontopontine fibers
1842:Corticopontine tract
1417:Corpora quadrigemina
816:primary motor cortex
620:cranial nerve nuclei
612:cortico-bulbar tract
604:Corticopontine tract
551:anterior grey column
468:somatosensory cortex
456:primary motor cortex
430:corticobulbar tracts
426:corticospinal tracts
417:of the spinal cord.
393:, pass down and may
3879:Reticular formation
3667:Thalamic fasciculus
3647:Subthalamic nucleus
3591:Thalamic fasciculus
3511:Reticular formation
3507:Vestibulocerebellum
3477:Vestibulocerebellum
3422:Corticobulbar tract
3370:Corticospinal tract
3308:Reticular formation
3298:Group C nerve fiber
3274:Superior colliculus
3239:Spinothalamic tract
3126:sensory decussation
2811:Spino-olivary tract
2609:Lateral grey column
2425:Reticular formation
2370:Corticobulbar tract
2365:Corticospinal tract
2284:Parabrachial nuclei
1837:Corticobulbar tract
1832:Corticospinal tract
1740:Periaqueductal gray
1637:Rubro-olivary tract
1606:Spinothalamic tract
1572:Sensory / ascending
1480:Sensory / ascending
1437:Superior colliculus
1425:Inferior colliculus
790:corticobulbar tract
759:subdural hemorrhage
616:upper motor neurons
579:Corticobulbar tract
573:Corticobulbar tract
543:lower motor neurons
527:upper motor neurons
442:Corticospinal tract
436:Corticospinal tract
367:upper motor neurons
293:corticospinal tract
251:upper motor neurons
243:corticospinal tract
239:corticobulbar tract
131:tractus pyramidalis
4062:Golgi tendon organ
4036:Golgi tendon organ
3867:Interposed nucleus
3097:Cuneate fasciculus
3093:Gracile fasciculus
3079:Pacinian corpuscle
2657:Gamma motor neuron
2645:Alpha motor neuron
2550:Terminal ventricle
2520:Lumbar enlargement
2416:Other grey: Raphe/
2358:: Motor/descending
2279:Pneumotaxic center
2262:Grey: Other nuclei
1690:Oculomotor nucleus
1625:Motor / descending
1501:Motor / descending
894:In popular culture
798:emotional lability
794:pseudobulbar palsy
779:multiple sclerosis
570:
450:in layer V of the
359:
57:Spinal cord tracts
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4050:Cerebellar vermis
3979:Cerebellar vermis
3922:Vestibular nuclei
3908:Fastigial nucleus
3746:Vestibular nuclei
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3663:Ansa lenticularis
3587:Ansa lenticularis
3545:
3544:
3538:β muscles of neck
3535:Tectospinal tract
3481:Vestibular nuclei
3456:Rubrospinal tract
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3256:Postcentral gyrus
3219:Free nerve ending
3189:
3188:
3181:Postcentral gyrus
3000:
2999:
2960:External features
2955:
2954:
2935:
2934:
2872:Hypothalamospinal
2819:
2818:
2691:
2690:
2467:
2466:
2411:
2410:
2319:
2318:
2257:
2256:
2190:Vestibular nuclei
2053:Lateral lemniscus
2007:Facial colliculus
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1755:Parabrachial area
1695:Trochlear nucleus
1650:
1649:
1632:Rubrospinal tract
1534:Cerebral aqueduct
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1508:Tectospinal tract
1487:Spinotectal tract
1442:Superior brachium
1430:Inferior brachium
1361:BrainMaps project
1042:978-0-07-147692-8
967:978-0-7216-0240-0
827:Additional images
689:facial expression
608:medulla oblongata
500:medulla oblongata
492:cerebral peduncle
399:medulla oblongata
309:medulla oblongata
237:include both the
231:
230:
226:
81:medulla oblongata
16:(Redirected from
4118:
3939:
3938:
3736:
3735:
3702:
3625:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3500:
3470:
3444:
3406:
3399:
3398:
3342:
3341:
3320:Cingulate cortex
3244:Spinal lemniscus
3205:
3204:
3140:Medial lemniscus
3088:Posterior column
3066:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2828:
2827:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2589:Nucleus proprius
2579:Marginal nucleus
2567:
2566:
2525:Conus medullaris
2508:General features
2494:
2487:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2334:
2333:
2274:Apneustic center
2235:Abducens nucleus
2210:
2173:Cochlear nucleus
2144:
2137:
2136:
2048:Medial lemniscus
1977:
1976:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1868:Substantia nigra
1816:
1815:
1661:
1660:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1477:
1476:
1413:
1412:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1191:
1174:(9): 1048β1055.
1159:
1153:
1152:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1098:
1083:
1082:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1028:
1017:
1016:
992:
986:
985:
979:
971:
953:
934:
923:
882:
873:
864:The motor tract.
861:
849:
837:
822:(pedunculotomy).
660:accessory nerves
648:nucleus ambiguus
632:trigeminal nerve
583:Fibres from the
422:pyramidal tracts
363:pyramidal tracts
357:Pyramidal tracts
328:internal capsule
235:pyramidal tracts
223:edit on Wikidata
220:
61:pyramidal tracts
54:
42:
33:Pyramidal tracts
30:
29:
21:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4081:
4018:
3991:muscle spindles
3957:muscle spindles
3944:
3934:Spinocerebellar
3932:
3926:
3834:Dentate nucleus
3822:
3717:
3695:
3690:
3619:
3614:
3559:
3541:
3530:Midbrain tectum
3521:
3496:
3491:
3466:
3461:
3440:
3435:
3402:
3388:
3325:
3282:
3278:Midbrain tectum
3198:
3185:
3161:
3128:/arcuate fibers
3109:
3105:Cuneate nucleus
3101:Gracile nucleus
3048:
3031:
3001:
2996:
2951:
2931:
2905:Vestibulospinal
2901:Extrapyramidal
2878:
2815:
2792:
2749:Spinocerebellar
2735:
2687:
2683:Gray commissure
2661:
2626:
2603:
2599:Rexed lamina VI
2556:
2530:Filum terminale
2503:
2498:
2468:
2463:
2417:
2407:
2391:
2350:
2325:
2315:
2311:Locus coeruleus
2253:
2206:
2201:
2140:
2122:
2074:
2011:
2002:Medial eminence
1997:Sulcus limitans
1968:
1962:
1958:Anatomy of the
1956:
1926:
1913:
1885:
1881:Pars reticulata
1858:
1799:
1764:
1731:
1713:
1646:
1620:
1546:
1538:
1512:
1496:
1466:
1448:
1408:
1400:
1396:Anatomy of the
1394:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1303:
1287:
1283:
1236:
1232:
1209:
1205:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1115:
1099:
1086:
1075:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1029:
1020:
1009:
993:
989:
973:
972:
968:
954:
937:
924:
920:
915:
896:
889:
883:
874:
865:
862:
853:
850:
841:
838:
829:
714:
712:Pyramidal signs
708:
668:
581:
575:
476:cingulate gyrus
464:premotor cortex
452:cerebral cortex
448:pyramidal cells
444:
438:
391:cerebral cortex
371:cerebral cortex
351:
332:pyramidal signs
255:cerebral cortex
227:
184:
132:
91:Cerebral cortex
64:
45:
28:
23:
22:
18:Pyramidal tract
15:
12:
11:
5:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4054:
4053:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
3983:
3982:
3949:
3947:
3945:proprioception
3936:
3931:Bidirectional:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3904:
3903:
3863:
3862:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3792:
3791:
3771:Pontine nuclei
3767:
3766:
3742:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3692:
3691:
3628:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3568:
3566:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3447:
3445:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3431:Facial muscles
3409:
3407:
3396:
3394:Extrapyramidal
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3350:
3348:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3293:
3291:
3284:
3283:
3264:
3263:
3214:
3212:
3202:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3120:
3118:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3075:
3073:
3063:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Reticulospinal
2907:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2891:Corticospinal
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2867:Reticulospinal
2864:
2859:
2852:Extrapyramidal
2849:
2848:
2847:
2836:
2834:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2783:Posterolateral
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2650:Onuf's nucleus
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2594:Rexed lamina V
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2403:Basilar sulcus
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2346:Pontine nuclei
2342:
2340:
2331:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2147:
2145:
2134:
2132:Cranial nuclei
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2026:Trapezoid body
2022:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1669:
1667:
1665:cranial nuclei
1658:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1642:Descending MLF
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1575:
1573:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1462:Pretectal area
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1421:
1419:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1344:External links
1342:
1339:
1338:
1312:
1301:
1281:
1230:
1219:(4): 213β220.
1203:
1168:JAMA Neurology
1154:
1143:
1124:
1113:
1084:
1073:
1048:
1041:
1018:
1007:
987:
966:
935:
917:
916:
914:
911:
895:
892:
891:
890:
887:Gray's anatomy
884:
877:
875:
868:
866:
863:
856:
854:
851:
844:
842:
839:
832:
828:
825:
824:
823:
812:
801:
786:
755:cerebral palsy
747:
744:
730:fine movements
722:
707:
704:
667:
664:
574:
571:
490:, through the
437:
434:
350:
347:
301:anterior tract
286:cranial nerves
229:
228:
219:
213:
212:
207:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
179:
173:
172:
167:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
142:
136:
135:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
77:
71:
70:
66:
65:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4123:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3814:Purkinje cell
3811:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3714:
3710:
3709:Pars compacta
3707:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3551:Basal ganglia
3548:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3223:A delta fiber
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3195:Anterolateral
3192:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3042:neural tracts
3039:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3005:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:Corticospinal
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
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2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:Spinothalamic
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
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2742:
2738:
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2710:
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2700:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Rexed laminae
2671:
2670:
2668:
2664:
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2648:
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2646:
2643:
2641:
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2576:
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2546:
2545:Central canal
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2176:
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2171:
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2138:
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2125:
2117:
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2112:
2109:
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2084:
2081:
2077:
2069:
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2054:
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2049:
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2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Pars compacta
1874:
1873:
1871:
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1865:
1861:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1824:Cerebral crus
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
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1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
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1704:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1678:Mesencephalic
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
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1662:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1643:
1640:
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1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:Ascending MLF
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
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1567:
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1407:
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1399:
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1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1362:
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1355:
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1350:
1348:
1347:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1302:9780683300758
1298:
1294:
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1277:
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1268:
1263:
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1234:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1144:0-87893-742-0
1140:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1114:9780781753197
1110:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1010:
1008:9780849386312
1004:
1000:
999:
991:
983:
977:
969:
963:
959:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
932:
931:0-323-00813-5
928:
922:
918:
910:
907:
906:Pig in a Poke
903:
902:
888:
881:
876:
872:
867:
860:
855:
848:
843:
836:
831:
830:
821:
820:cerebral crus
817:
813:
810:
806:
805:hemiballismus
802:
799:
795:
791:
787:
784:
783:slipped discs
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
745:
742:
741:Babinski sign
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
716:
715:
713:
703:
701:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
677:
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637:
633:
629:
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621:
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566:
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560:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
498:and anterior
497:
494:and into the
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:parietal lobe
469:
465:
461:
458:(about 30%),
457:
453:
449:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:corticobulbar
384:
380:
379:corticospinal
376:
372:
368:
364:
355:
346:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
271:corticospinal
268:
264:
263:corticobulbar
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
224:
218:
214:
211:
208:
206:
202:
199:
196:
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178:
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168:
165:
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158:
155:
153:
149:
146:
143:
141:
137:
134:
129:
127:
123:
118:
114:
113:corticobulbar
110:
106:
105:corticospinal
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
76:
72:
67:
62:
58:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4111:Motor system
4065:
4039:
4002:
3968:
3915:
3901:Motor cortex
3882:
3860:Motor cortex
3845:
3799:
3789:Granule cell
3774:
3764:Granule cell
3749:
3696:
3687:Motor cortex
3631:Motor cortex
3621:
3611:Motor cortex
3571:Motor cortex
3561:
3533:
3514:
3497:
3484:
3467:
3454:
3441:
3420:
3403:
3369:
3368:
3353:
3345:
3301:
3267:
3265:
3230:
3124:
3086:
2839:
2697:White matter
2562:Grey columns
2535:Cauda equina
2452:Raphe nuclei
2364:
2207:
2141:
1831:
1783:Raphe nuclei
1564:White matter
1472:White matter
1329:. Retrieved
1315:
1292:Neuroanatomy
1291:
1284:
1250:(3): e0119.
1247:
1244:JBJS Reviews
1243:
1233:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1134:Neuroscience
1133:
1127:
1103:
1063:
1032:
997:
990:
957:
921:
905:
899:
897:
693:
685:facial nerve
669:
640:facial nerve
588:motor cortex
582:
555:
531:white matter
520:
445:
421:
419:
411:interneurons
386:
378:
362:
360:
336:
321:
290:
275:
270:
262:
234:
232:
186:A14.1.06.102
182:A14.1.04.102
170:birnlex_1464
130:
112:
104:
60:
3943:Unconscious
3889:Red nucleus
3451:Red nucleus
3038:spinal cord
2925:Olivospinal
2920:Raphespinal
2915:Tectospinal
2862:Raphespinal
2857:Rubrospinal
2788:Spinotectal
2640:Interneuron
2501:Spinal cord
2155:Trigeminal
1902:Decussation
1745:Red nucleus
1656:Grey matter
1454:Grey matter
700:muscle tone
652:hypoglossal
646:and in the
547:interneuron
508:decussation
415:grey column
405:until they
403:spinal cord
395:cross sides
375:spinal cord
339:myelination
267:spinal cord
120:Identifiers
101:Spinal cord
75:Decussation
4100:Categories
4076:Cerebellum
4058:upper limb
4032:lower limb
4024:Reflex arc
3987:upper limb
3953:lower limb
3810:Hemisphere
3760:Cerebellum
3731:Cerebellar
3609:) β 5Β° (
3498:extension:
3468:extension:
2445:Paramedian
1074:1439806136
913:References
818:or at the
807:or severe
775:meningitis
726:spasticity
624:oculomotor
559:Betz cells
365:refers to
317:Betz cells
305:cross over
152:NeuroNames
3685:) β 7Β° (
3622:indirect:
3346:Pyramidal
3046:fasciculi
2713:Posterior
2440:Tegmental
2418:reticular
2208:efferent:
2159:Principal
2142:afferent:
2019:: Sensory
1971:tegmentum
1578:Lemnisci
1555:Tegmentum
1547:(Ventral)
976:cite book
763:abscesses
732:, and an
681:phonation
644:accessory
628:trochlear
622:, namely
535:vertebral
496:brainstem
383:brainstem
361:The term
349:Structure
280:from the
259:brainstem
249:from the
109:brainstem
4064:) β 2Β° (
4038:) β 2Β° (
3997:) β 2Β° (
3963:) β 2Β° (
3893:Thalamus
3852:Thalamus
3827:Efferent
3739:Afferent
3713:Striatum
3677:) β 6Β° (
3675:Thalamus
3657:) β 5Β° (
3649:) β 4Β° (
3641:) β 3Β° (
3637:) β 2Β° (
3635:Striatum
3601:) β 4Β° (
3599:Thalamus
3581:) β 3Β° (
3577:) β 2Β° (
3575:Striatum
3442:flexion:
3404:flexion:
3378:Anterior
3354:flexion:
3318:) β 3Β° (
3316:Thalamus
3310:) β 2Β° (
3258:) β 4Β° (
3254:) β 3Β° (
3252:Thalamus
3236:Anterior
3225:) β 2Β° (
3211:/lateral
3148:Thalamus
2966:Ventral
2895:Anterior
2884:Anterior
2798:Anterior
2776:anterior
2540:Meninges
2324:Ventral/
2195:Superior
2183:Anterior
2082:: Motor
1544:Peduncle
1409:(Dorsal)
1398:midbrain
1325:Archived
1307:Archived
1276:32224633
1225:32053326
1198:28783808
1149:Archived
1119:Archived
1079:Archived
1013:Archived
734:extensor
672:movement
666:Function
636:abducens
592:midbrain
462:and the
324:pyramids
278:impulses
241:and the
164:NeuroLex
3881:, or β
3562:direct:
3374:Lateral
3290:/medial
3232:Lateral
3053:Sensory
2981:Dorsal
2845:Lateral
2832:Lateral
2771:lateral
2759:ventral
2741:Lateral
2731:Cuneate
2726:Gracile
2705:Sensory
2396:Surface
1980:Surface
1967:Dorsal/
1890:Surface
1587:Lateral
1359:at the
1267:7161716
1189:5710180
788:If the
767:tumours
751:strokes
737:plantar
676:muscles
650:to the
614:). The
606:), and
585:ventral
539:synapse
525:of the
413:in the
407:synapse
397:in the
307:in the
297:lateral
284:to the
145:D011712
69:Details
59:, with
4060:β 1Β° (
4034:β 1Β° (
3989:β 1Β° (
3955:β 1Β° (
2754:dorsal
2457:Median
2430:Caudal
2178:Dorsal
2164:Spinal
1788:dorsal
1582:Medial
1406:Tectum
1352:McGill
1299:
1274:
1264:
1223:
1196:
1186:
1141:
1111:
1071:
1039:
1005:
964:
929:
809:chorea
480:bodies
474:, and
3338:Motor
3034:Brain
2824:Motor
2666:Other
2356:White
2080:White
2017:White
1820:White
1331:3 May
656:vagus
541:with
484:axons
409:with
381:) or
313:axons
282:brain
265:) or
221:[
210:72634
126:Latin
107:) or
3899:) β
3858:) β
3629:1Β° (
3569:1Β° (
3296:1Β° (
3288:Slow
3266:2Β° (
3234:and
3217:1Β° (
3209:Fast
3200:pain
3138:) β
3099:) β
3061:DCML
3044:and
3036:and
2940:Both
2435:Oral
2338:Grey
2328:base
2128:Grey
1960:pons
1864:Grey
1812:Base
1333:2018
1297:ISBN
1272:PMID
1221:PMID
1194:PMID
1139:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1037:ISBN
1003:ISBN
982:link
962:ISBN
927:ISBN
777:and
765:and
694:The
658:and
642:and
600:pons
337:The
299:and
291:The
233:The
198:6040
177:TA98
157:1320
140:MeSH
87:From
4072:ICP
4046:SCP
4009:ICP
3995:DRG
3975:ICP
3961:DRG
3910:in
3875:SCP
3869:in
3842:SCP
3836:in
3806:ICP
3798:β
3781:MCP
3756:ICP
3673:of
3655:GPi
3639:GPe
3597:of
3579:GPi
3479:β
3314:of
3276:of
3250:of
3248:VPL
3156:VPM
3152:VPL
2380:MCP
2240:GVE
2231:GSE
2217:SVE
2151:GSA
1702:GVE
1685:GSE
1673:GSA
1526:CSF
1262:PMC
1252:doi
1217:101
1184:PMC
1176:doi
898:In
674:of
598:),
205:FMA
193:TA2
4102::
4074:β
4070:β
4048:β
4044:β
4011:β
4007:β
4001:β
3993:β
3977:β
3973:β
3967:β
3959:β
3920:β
3914:β
3897:VL
3891:β
3887:β
3877:β
3873:β
3856:VL
3850:β
3844:β
3840:β
3816:β
3812:β
3808:β
3804:β
3787:β
3783:β
3779:β
3773:β
3762:β
3758:β
3754:β
3748:β
3711:β
3681:β
3671:VL
3669:β
3665:β
3653:β
3645:β
3633:β
3605:β
3595:VL
3593:β
3589:β
3573:β
3532:β
3513:β
3509:β
3483:β
3453:β
3429:β
3425:β
3419:β
3415:β
3382:β
3376:,
3367:β
3363:β
3359:β
3312:MD
3306:β
3300:β
3280:)
3272:β
3246:β
3242:β
3229:β
3221:β
3179:β
3175:β
3167:3Β°
3154:,
3146:β
3134:,
3123:β
3115:2Β°
3085:β
3070:1Β°
3040::
2242::
2233::
2219::
2130::
1866:/
1822:/
1323:.
1305:.
1270:.
1260:.
1246:.
1242:.
1215:.
1192:.
1182:.
1172:74
1170:.
1166:.
1147:.
1117:.
1087:^
1077:.
1051:^
1021:^
1011:.
978:}}
974:{{
938:^
761:,
757:,
753:,
702:.
654:,
638:,
634:,
626:,
470:,
432:.
334:.
166:ID
97:To
4078:)
4052:)
4015:)
3981:)
3895:(
3854:(
3700::
3689:)
3661:/
3613:)
3585:/
3380:)
3372:(
3322:)
3262:)
3197:/
3169::
3158:)
3150:(
3142:/
3130:(
3117::
3103:/
3095:/
3091:(
3081:/
3072::
3026:e
3019:t
3012:v
2493:e
2486:t
2479:v
2330:)
2326:(
1973:)
1969:(
1951:e
1944:t
1937:v
1389:e
1382:t
1375:v
1278:.
1254::
1248:8
1227:.
1200:.
1178::
1045:.
984:)
970:.
933:.
800:.
785:.
743:.
721:.
610:(
602:(
594:(
385:(
377:(
269:(
261:(
225:]
115:)
111:(
103:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
