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The parties were aware that if one of them disputed the results of the pending election, it would only harm the country given the economic instability and volatility that had resulted from the declining oil prices and post-coup atmosphere. The pact was a way for the parties to ensure cooperation and
499:
COPEI and AD became increasingly reliant on the shared oil revenues to secure their power over
Venezuelan politics through a system of patronage and clientelism, and the bipartisanship began to deteriorate in the 1980s as oil revenues took a sharp decline. This led to increasing public distrust of
427:
fled
Venezuela for the Dominican Republic and a group of military leaders took control of the country. The presidency of Pérez Jiménez was a dictatorship that relied heavily on oil revenues to pay for a massive urbanization and modernization campaign in the cities of Venezuela. The United States
410:
The
Puntofijo pact is often credited with launching Venezuela towards democracy, being recognized for creating the most stable period in the republican history of Venezuela. While it provided the grounds for possible democratic deepening, it has also been criticized for enabling an inflexible
431:
Following Pérez Jiménez's ouster, the three major parties in the country — COPEI, AD, and the URD — came together to ensure a lasting democracy in
Venezuela, a country that had been under dictatorial rule for nearly all of its history since gaining independence in 1830.
699:
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of the URD. Both
Betancourt and Caldera would go on to become presidents of Venezuela. The pact served to deepen democracy in the region in that it ensured respect of the democratic process of the election. This allowed for the uncontested democratic election of
452:, and AD. Its adherents claimed the pact was aimed at preserving Venezuelan democracy by respecting elections, by having the winners of the elections consider including members of the signing parties and others in positions of power in bids for
406:
and the preservation of the new democratic system. The pact was a written guarantee that the signing parties would respect the election results, prevent single-party hegemony, share power, and collaborate to prevent dictatorship.
500:
the legitimacy of the AD and COPEI, and what began as democratic deepening began to deteriorate. More formal opposition emerged in the late 1980s. One of the first indicators of public unrest was on the
456:, and by having a basic shared program of government. They guaranteed, for example, the continuation of obligatory military service; improved salaries, housing, and equipment for the military.
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refused to sign the Costa Rica agreement, which excluded Cuba from the Inter-American system. The decision was accompanied by the immediate withdrawal of the tripartite coalition in the
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on 27 February 1989, where there were riots due to a sharp and sudden increase in the prices of public transportation and gas. In the
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700:"Document #22: "Pact of Puntofijo," Acción Democrática, COPEI and Unión Republicana Democrática (1958) | Modern Latin America"
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Corrales, Javier (2001-01-01). "Strong
Societies, Weak Parties: Regime Change in Cuba and Venezuela in the 1950s and Today".
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Buxton, Julia (2005-07-01). "Venezuela's
Contemporary Political Crisis in Historical Context".
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the former leader of COPEI, Rafael
Caldera, was elected president under a different party,
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1958 magazine cover featuring the leading signatories of the Pact from left to right:
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Puntofijo
Residence, Francisco Solano López Avenue, Sabana Grande, Caracas, Venezuela
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compliance with election results. This would allow for the transition to democracy.
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1958 power-sharing arrangement between
Venezuela's three main political parties
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supported the government of Venezuela because it was a reliable oil source.
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La Democracia Venezolana y la crisis del sistema populista de conciliacion
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819:"Petroleum and Political Pacts: The Transition to Democracy in Venezuela"
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The pact was signed in, and named after, the residence of COPEI leader
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ran on a platform of attacking the AD and COPEI bipartisanship in his
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Three members of each party signed the pact. These men included
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636:"Chavez and the End of "Partyarchy" in Venezuela"
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Democracy in Latin America: Surviving conflict and crisis?
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2302:Defunct political party alliances in Venezuela
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990:1946 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election
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520:, promising to break the traditional system.
448:in Caracas, by representatives of the URD,
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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252:Learn how and when to remove this message
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728:Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
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1850:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
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784:Bulletin of Latin American Research
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564:Latin American Politics and Society
13:
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752:"Jóvito Villalba, URD y Margarita"
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1277:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
1018:Corporación Venezolana de Guayana
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402:(URD), for the acceptance of the
34:This article has multiple issues.
1979:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
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1043:1963 Venezuelan general election
1013:1958 Venezuelan general election
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796:10.1111/j.0261-3050.2005.00138.x
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817:Karl, Terry Lynn (1987-01-01).
764:from the original on 2009-02-12
489:government of Rómulo Betancourt
423:On January 23, 1958, President
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2307:Political history of Venezuela
1541:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1287:Caso de los banqueros prófugos
1109:Venezuela, política y petróleo
823:Latin American Research Review
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398:(Social Christian Party), and
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634:McCoy, Jennifer (July 1999).
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400:Unión Republicana Democrática
344:Unión Republicana Democrática
190:secondary or tertiary sources
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1915:Democratic Unity Roundtable
1904:People's Electoral Movement
1838:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
985:1945 Venezuelan coup d'état
684:Velasco, Alejandro (2015).
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506:1993 presidential elections
404:1958 presidential elections
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1611:2017 constitutional crisis
1299:1998 presidential election
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512:. Presidential candidate
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1596:2002 coup d'état attempt
1531:Revindicating Revolution
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1730:Corruption in Venezuela
2055:Science and technology
1969:Movement for Socialism
1879:United Socialist Party
1601:2002–03 general strike
1373:Labor Law of Venezuela
1235:Guerrilla pacification
1220:(1964–1969; 1994–1999)
1218:President of Venezuela
918:(1945–1948; 1959–1964)
916:President of Venezuela
518:1998 election campaign
415:between AD and COPEI.
177:relies excessively on
2312:Politics of Venezuela
1408:← Carlos Andrés Pérez
1399:Carlos Andrés Pérez →
1340:1993 general election
1335:1983 general election
1330:1968 general election
1325:1963 general election
1320:1958 general election
1315:1947 general election
1282:Pardon of Hugo Chávez
1245:1973 general election
1145:← Wolfgang Larrazábal
1073:1958 general election
1023:Assassination attempt
924:Early life and career
724:"Pacto de Punto Fijo"
652:10.1353/jod.1999.0049
1955:Agreement for Change
1894:For Social Democracy
1870:Great Patriotic Pole
1735:Torture in Venezuela
1704:World Heritage Sites
1679:Environmental issues
640:Journal of Democracy
425:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
84:improve this article
2141:List of Venezuelans
1964:Progressive Advance
1752:Crisis in Venezuela
1506:War of Independence
1093:Virginia Betancourt
1059:Betancourt Doctrine
757:El Sol de Margarita
612:Philip, G. (2003).
601:. pp. 533–578.
597:Rey, J. C. (1991).
440:Signing and results
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790:(3): 328–347.
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570:(2): 81–113.
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242:November 2022
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203: –
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191:
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175:This article
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95:Find sources:
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79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2229:coat of arms
2106:Demographics
2050:Oil industry
2040:Cooperatives
1929:Popular Will
1774:Constitution
1626:Coups d'état
1576:El Porteñazo
1565:
1551:World War II
1422:
1413:
1406:
1397:
1392:← Raúl Leoni
1390:
1377:
1159:
1152:Raúl Leoni →
1150:
1143:
1107:
1038:El Porteñazo
829:(1): 63–94.
826:
822:
812:
787:
783:
777:
766:. Retrieved
755:
746:
735:. Retrieved
727:
718:
707:. Retrieved
703:
694:
685:
646:(3): 64–77.
643:
639:
618:Polity Press
613:
607:
598:
592:
567:
563:
510:Convergencia
498:
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239:
229:
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176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2126:Immigration
2013:Agriculture
1674:Earthquakes
1536:1895 crisis
1526:Federal War
1496:New Granada
1290: [
1112: [
939: [
514:Hugo Chávez
2291:Categories
2189:Literature
2121:Healthcare
1621:Civil wars
1095:(daughter)
768:2019-09-13
737:2022-11-25
709:2016-11-27
546:References
419:Background
367:Wikisource
212:newspapers
179:references
140:April 2011
110:newspapers
39:improve it
2156:Squatting
2136:Languages
2116:Education
2075:Transport
2023:Companies
1934:A New Era
1816:President
1809:President
1779:Elections
1640:Geography
1472:Venezuela
853:252930082
804:1470-9856
668:153994955
660:1086-3214
483:In 1962,
390:in 1958,
384:Venezuela
352:Full text
45:talk page
2271:Category
2209:Religion
2151:Refugees
2111:Diaspora
2018:Currency
1899:Tupamaro
1843:In exile
1799:Missions
1794:Military
1718:Politics
1581:Caracazo
1476:articles
1429:Category
1166:Category
762:Archived
524:See also
502:Caracazo
320:Location
2255:Outline
2219:Symbols
2184:Cuisine
2171:Culture
2089:Society
2070:Tourism
2001:Economy
1860:Parties
1831:Cabinet
1762:Regions
1669:Climate
1652:Borders
1484:History
1366:Related
845:2503543
584:3176972
463:of AD,
328:Parties
226:scholar
124:scholar
2276:Portal
2224:anthem
2179:Cinema
2045:Energy
1767:States
1657:Cities
1606:Crisis
1474:
1358:(wife)
1349:Family
1089:(wife)
1080:Family
851:
843:
802:
666:
658:
582:
394:(AD),
312:Signed
302:, and
228:
221:
214:
207:
199:
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
2262:Index
2214:Sport
2204:Music
2194:Media
2161:Women
2101:Crime
2028:PDVSA
1974:COPEI
1689:Flora
1684:Fauna
1294:]
1124:Image
1116:]
1103:Books
943:]
849:S2CID
841:JSTOR
664:S2CID
580:JSTOR
540:Turno
450:COPEI
396:COPEI
339:COPEI
233:JSTOR
219:books
131:JSTOR
117:books
2234:flag
1821:List
1745:LGBT
800:ISSN
656:ISSN
378:(or
374:The
205:news
103:news
2033:CVG
831:doi
792:doi
648:doi
572:doi
485:URD
365:at
181:to
86:by
2293::
1292:es
1114:es
941:es
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839:.
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821:.
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788:24
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51:(
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