96:
439:
687:
values must be within 100 mL. Lastly, the difference between the two highest values of FEV1 should also be within 150 mL. The highest FVC and FEV1 may be used from each different test. Until the results of three tests meet the criteria of reproducibility, the test can be repeated up to eight times. If it is still not possible to get accurate results, the best three tests are used.
767:
have published guidelines regarding the conduct and interpretation of pulmonary function testing to ensure standardization and uniformity in performance of tests. The interpretation of tests depends on comparing the patients values to published normals from previous studies. Deviation from guidelines
570:
Measurement of maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures is indicated whenever there is an unexplained decrease in vital capacity or respiratory muscle weakness is suspected clinically. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) is the maximal pressure that can be produced by the patient trying to inhale
352:
including patient history, physical examinations, and tests of pulmonary function. The primary purpose of pulmonary function testing is to identify the severity of pulmonary impairment. Pulmonary function testing has diagnostic and therapeutic roles and helps clinicians answer some general questions
686:
Repeatability of the PFT is determined by comparing the values of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1). The difference between the highest values of two FVCs need to be within 5% or 150 mL. When the FVC is less than 1.0 L, the difference between the highest two
652:
Pulmonary function testing is a safe procedure; however, there is cause for concern regarding untoward reactions and the value of the test data should be weighed against potential hazards. Some complications include dizziness, shortness of breath, coughing, pneumothorax, and inducing an asthma
637:(ABGs) are a helpful measurement in pulmonary function testing in selected patients. The primary role of measuring ABGs in individuals that are healthy and stable is to confirm hypoventilation when it is suspected on the basis of medical history, such as respiratory muscle weakness or advanced
571:
through a blocked mouthpiece. Maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) is the maximal pressure measured during forced expiration (with cheeks bulging) through a blocked mouthpiece after a full inhalation. Repeated measurements of MIP and MEP are useful in following the course of patients with
498:
technique uses a non-rebreathing open circuit. The technique is based on the assumptions that the nitrogen concentration in the lungs is 78% and in equilibrium with the atmosphere, that the patient inhales 100% oxygen and that the oxygen replaces all of the nitrogen in the lungs.
408:
Pulmonary function testing in patients with neuromuscular disorders helps to evaluate the respiratory status of patients at the time of diagnosis, monitor their progress and course, evaluate them for possible surgery, and gives an overall idea of the prognosis.
784:. To determine obstruction in a patient's lungs, the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC needs to be <0.7. Then, the FEV1 percentage of predicted result is used to determine the degree of obstruction where the lower the percent the worse the obstruction.
605:
When a patient has an obstructive defect, a bronchodilator test is given to evaluate if airway constriction is reversible with a short acting beta-agonist. This is defined as an increase of ≥12% and ≥200 mL in the FEV1 or FVC.
453:
The measurements taken by the spirometry device are used to generate a pneumotachograph that can help to assess lung conditions such as: asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
768:
can result in false-positive or false negative test results, even though only a small minority of pulmonary function laboratories followed published guidelines for spirometry, lung volumes and diffusing capacity in 2012.
178:
Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol TV or
450:, FEF values, forced inspiratory flow rates (FIFs), and MVV. Measuring pulmonary mechanics assesses the ability of the lungs to move huge volumes of air quickly through the airways to identify airway obstruction.
114:
Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs in 1 breath (TV indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol TV or
285:
Forced inspiratory flow: (Specific measurement of the forced inspiratory curve is denoted by nomenclature analogous to that for the forced expiratory curve. For example, maximum inspiratory flow is denoted
674:
Subjects have measurements of height and weight taken before spirometry to determine what their predicted values should be. Additionally, a history of smoking, recent illness, and medications is taken.
683:
In order for the forced vital capacity to be considered accurate it has to be conducted three times where the peak is sharp in the flow-volume curve and the exhalation time is longer than 6 seconds.
1054:
40:
1320:
1247:
981:
1613:
Finder JD, Birnkrant D, Carl J, Farber HJ, Gozal D, Iannaccone ST, et al. (August 2004). "Respiratory care of the patient with
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: ATS consensus statement".
1174:
1114:
908:
848:
476:
for measuring lung volumes uses a closed, rebreathing circuit. This technique is based on the assumptions that a known volume and concentration of helium in air begin in the closed
415:
is associated with gradual loss of muscle function over time. Involvement of respiratory muscles results in poor ability to cough and decreased ability to breathe well and leads to
1741:"A rapid plethysmographic method for measuring thoracic gas volume: a comparison with a nitrogen washout method for measuring functional residual capacity in normal subjects"
1712:
Boren HG, Kory RC, Syner JC (July 1966). "The
Veterans Administration-Army cooperative study of pulmonary function: II. The lung volume and its subdivisions in normal men".
1461:
1420:
353:
about patients with lung disease. PFTs are normally performed by a pulmonary function technologist, respiratory therapist, respiratory physiologist, physiotherapist,
1489:
1379:
1351:
2225:
777:
661:
There are some indications against a pulmonary function test being done. These include a recent heart attack, stroke, head injury, an aneurysm, or confusion.
1698:
1913:
ATS Committee on
Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories (July 2002). "ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test".
2117:
Mohanka MR, McCarthy K, Xu M, Stoller JK (April 2012). "A survey of practices of pulmonary function interpretation in laboratories in
Northeast Ohio".
1663:
Hathirat S, Mitchell M, Renzetti AD (November 1970). "Measurement of the total lung capacity by helium dilution in a constant volume system".
328:
2218:
792:
Several calculations are needed for what a normal maximum inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory pressure (MEP) is. For males this found by:
524:
There are four lung volumes and four lung capacities. A lung's capacity consists of two or more lung volumes. The lung volumes are
480:, that the patient has no helium in their lungs, and that an equilibration of helium can occur between the spirometer and the lungs.
644:
ABGs also provide a more detailed assessment of the severity of hypoxemia in patients who have low normal oxyhemoglobin saturation.
17:
1948:
2211:
1544:
781:
377:
1997:
240:
Forced expiratory volume (time): a generic term indicating the volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first
2839:
2575:
1509:
Burrows B (May 1975). "Pulmonary terms and symbols: A report of the ACCP-ATS joint committee on pulmonary nomenclature".
458:
may also use the test results to diagnose bronchial hyperresponsiveness to exercise, cold air, or pharmaceutical agents.
521:
and uses measurements of volume and pressure changes to determine total lung volume, assuming temperature is constant.
990:
1912:
1256:
1183:
917:
321:
614:
The six-minute walk test is a good index of physical function and therapeutic response in patients with a chronic
290:. Unless otherwise specified, volume qualifiers indicate the volume inspired from RV at the point of measurement.)
695:
Changes in lung volumes and capacities from normal are generally consistent with the pattern of lung impairment.
266:
Forced expiratory flow related to some portion of the FVC curve; modifiers refer to amount of FVC already exhaled
2353:
1123:
1063:
857:
797:
2769:
2744:
623:
2834:
2739:
2385:
1866:"The 6 minute walk in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: longitudinal changes and minimum important difference"
764:
549:
306:
Maximal voluntary ventilation: volume of air expired in a specified period during repetitive maximal effort
754:
412:
314:
135:
Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position
2203:
229:
Forced vital capacity: the determination of the vital capacity from a maximally forced expiratory effort
2729:
2585:
2580:
565:
533:
365:
Pulmonary function testing is a diagnostic and management tool used for a variety of reasons, such as:
2447:
1178:
For find the lower limit of what it should be without impairment this form of the equations is used:
760:
537:
473:
467:
2809:
2636:
2603:
2595:
594:
50:
159:
Inspiratory vital capacity: the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of maximum expiration
2363:
2252:
143:
Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level
2844:
2799:
2764:
2734:
2669:
2570:
1427:
1386:
2779:
2442:
1692:
2651:
2626:
2437:
8:
2774:
2756:
2724:
2674:
2299:
1864:
Swigris JJ, Wamboldt FS, Behr J, du Bois RM, King TE, Raghu G, Brown KK (February 2010).
1468:
1358:
1330:
545:
1649:
298:
Peak expiratory flow: The highest forced expiratory flow measured with a peak flow meter
106:
Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.
2646:
2618:
2472:
2372:
2235:
2047:
2022:
1890:
1865:
1814:
1789:
1058:
For females, the equations are slightly different. For the normal values this is used:
634:
584:
349:
1765:
1740:
2804:
2794:
2307:
2189:
2134:
2052:
1930:
1895:
1846:
1819:
1770:
1725:
1680:
1630:
1595:
1526:
191:
Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position
127:
Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
2126:
2042:
2034:
1922:
1885:
1877:
1809:
1801:
1760:
1752:
1721:
1672:
1622:
1585:
1518:
495:
489:
2099:
1973:
82:
2557:
2529:
2432:
590:
381:
56:
1926:
1676:
419:
leading to impaired gas exchange and an overall insufficiency in lung strength.
255:
Volume that has been exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration
2716:
2695:
2679:
2536:
2485:
2380:
2294:
553:
518:
508:
2038:
1805:
1626:
2828:
2565:
2493:
2457:
2422:
572:
2177:
2101:
2073:
1881:
1590:
1573:
167:
Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation.
69:
2661:
2503:
2406:
2336:
2331:
2193:
2138:
2056:
1934:
1899:
1850:
1823:
1774:
1634:
1599:
1522:
615:
541:
525:
512:
446:
Spirometry includes tests of pulmonary mechanics – measurements of FVC, FEV
2130:
2021:
Sim YS, Lee JH, Lee WY, Suh DI, Oh YM, Yoon JS, et al. (April 2017).
1788:
Sim YS, Lee JH, Lee WY, Suh DI, Oh YM, Yoon JS, et al. (April 2017).
1684:
1530:
912:
To find the lower limit of what is acceptable in males the equations are:
39:
2641:
2521:
2508:
2498:
2466:
2390:
2341:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2233:
593:(DLCO) is a fast and safe tool in the evaluation of both restrictive and
416:
354:
76:
221:
Actual volume of the lung including the volume of the conducting airway.
2631:
2513:
2414:
2315:
2289:
2284:
2261:
477:
433:
1756:
1739:
DuBois AB, Botelho SY, Bedell GN, Marshall R, Comroe JH (March 1956).
95:
2789:
2427:
2346:
455:
2398:
780:
provides guidelines for the diagnosis, severity, and management of
438:
2608:
2243:
2178:"The assessment of maximal respiratory mouth pressures in adults"
2152:
64:
2784:
2481:
2461:
2323:
373:
2157:
Global
Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD
2078:
Global
Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease - GOLD
1422:= maximum inspiratory pressure lower limit of normal in cmH20
277:
The maximum instantaneous flow achieved during a FVC maneuver
1974:"Pulmonary function tests: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
1463:= maximum expiratory pressure lower limit of normal in cmH20
1738:
638:
619:
2103:
Pocket Guide to COPD Diagnosis, Management, and
Prevention
1915:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1863:
1615:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1612:
2116:
2100:
Global
Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.
1662:
589:
Measurement of the single-breath diffusing capacity for
1574:"Pulmonary function testing in neuromuscular disorders"
1837:
Enright PL (August 2003). "The six-minute walk test".
778:
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
609:
1471:
1430:
1389:
1361:
1333:
1259:
1186:
1126:
1066:
993:
920:
860:
800:
755:
Spirometer § History - Interpreting Spirometry
396:
Show if environmental factors have harmed the lungs
1483:
1455:
1414:
1373:
1345:
1314:
1241:
1168:
1108:
1048:
975:
902:
842:
1697:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2826:
787:
698:Spirometry is required for a diagnosis of COPD.
600:
559:
1711:
1049:{\displaystyle MEP_{LLN}=117-(0.83\times age)}
2715:
2219:
2175:
1315:{\displaystyle MEP_{LLN}=95-(0.57\times age)}
1242:{\displaystyle MIP_{LLN}=62-(0.50\times age)}
976:{\displaystyle MIP_{LLN}=62-(0.15\times age)}
322:
2020:
1906:
1857:
1830:
1787:
372:Monitor the effect of chronic diseases like
1732:
1606:
1565:
707:Classification of COPD based on spirometry
199:Residual volume expressed as percent of TLC
151:Inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV
2226:
2212:
1665:The American Review of Respiratory Disease
1656:
1647:
701:
403:
393:Evaluate airway bronchodilator reactivity.
329:
315:
94:
38:
2046:
1889:
1813:
1764:
1589:
1169:{\displaystyle MEP=131-(0.86\times age)}
1109:{\displaystyle MIP=108-(0.61\times age)}
903:{\displaystyle MEP=174-(0.83\times age)}
843:{\displaystyle MIP=120-(0.41\times age)}
690:
437:
1836:
1508:
1353:= maximum inspiratory pressure in cmH20
629:
14:
2827:
2176:Evans JA, Whitelaw WA (October 2009).
1571:
1381:= maximum expiratory pressure in cmH20
517:The plethysmography technique applies
387:Detect early changes in lung function.
2207:
2095:
2093:
2068:
2066:
2027:Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
1794:Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
1745:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1650:"Pulmonary Function Test in New York"
578:
2023:"Spirometry and Bronchodilator Test"
1790:"Spirometry and Bronchodilator Test"
656:
544:(RV). The four lung capacities are
2576:High-resolution computed tomography
2234:Tests and procedures involving the
759:Professional societies such as the
610:Oxygen desaturation during exercise
483:
417:collapse of part or all of the lung
348:) is a complete evaluation of the
27:Test to evaluate respiratory system
24:
2090:
2063:
678:
548:(TLC), inspiratory capacity (IC),
502:
461:
390:Identify narrowing in the airways.
25:
2856:
1714:The American Journal of Medicine
378:chronic obstructive lung disease
2169:
2145:
2110:
2014:
1990:
1966:
1941:
2354:Laryngotracheal reconstruction
1781:
1705:
1641:
1537:
1502:
1309:
1291:
1236:
1218:
1163:
1145:
1103:
1085:
1043:
1025:
970:
952:
897:
879:
837:
819:
669:
360:
13:
1:
2745:Positive pressure ventilation
1495:
788:Maximum respiratory pressures
624:idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
601:Bronchodilator responsiveness
560:Maximal respiratory pressures
427:
2740:Negative pressure ventilator
1726:10.1016/0002-9343(66)90008-8
1491:= the patient's age in years
765:European Respiratory Society
664:
550:functional residual capacity
7:
1927:10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102
1677:10.1164/arrd.1970.102.5.760
413:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
357:, or general practitioner.
10:
2861:
2840:Pulmonary function testing
2730:Surgical airway management
2586:Ventilation/perfusion scan
2386:Tracheoesophageal puncture
1949:"Pulmonary Function Tests"
1648:Gafanovich M (June 2010).
1545:"Pulmonary Function Tests"
752:
582:
566:Respiratory pressure meter
563:
534:inspiratory reserve volume
506:
487:
465:
431:
342:Pulmonary function testing
33:Pulmonary function testing
2755:
2708:
2688:
2660:
2617:
2594:
2556:
2549:
2456:
2362:
2251:
2242:
2039:10.4046/trd.2017.80.2.105
1806:10.4046/trd.2017.80.2.105
1627:10.1164/rccm.200307-885ST
1552:American Thoracic Society
1456:{\displaystyle MEP_{LLN}}
1415:{\displaystyle MIP_{LLN}}
761:American Thoracic Society
538:expiratory reserve volume
474:helium dilution technique
468:Helium dilution technique
310:
302:
294:
281:
270:
259:
248:
233:
225:
214:
203:
195:
187:
171:
163:
155:
147:
139:
131:
123:
110:
102:
93:
75:
63:
49:
44:Plethysmograph "body box"
37:
32:
2810:Pulmonary rehabilitation
2637:Bronchial challenge test
2604:Pneumonia severity index
2596:Clinical prediction rule
647:
595:obstructive lung disease
422:
1953:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1882:10.1136/thx.2009.113498
1679:(inactive 2024-09-13).
1591:10.1542/peds.2008-2952D
771:
702:Interpretation of tests
404:Neuromuscular disorders
18:Pulmonary function test
2800:Hyperinflation therapy
2765:Artificial respiration
2735:Mechanical ventilation
2670:Bronchoalveolar lavage
2571:CT pulmonary angiogram
1584:(Suppl 4): S219–S221.
1572:Sharma GD (May 2009).
1523:10.1378/chest.67.5.583
1485:
1457:
1416:
1375:
1347:
1316:
1243:
1170:
1110:
1050:
977:
904:
844:
715:FEV1 % predicted
443:
369:Diagnose lung disease.
2780:Decompression chamber
2448:Heart–lung transplant
2131:10.1378/chest.11-1141
1998:"Lung Function Tests"
1486:
1458:
1417:
1376:
1348:
1317:
1244:
1171:
1111:
1051:
978:
905:
845:
744:Very severe (GOLD 4)
691:Clinical significance
441:
2652:Impulse oscillometry
2627:Body plethysmography
1469:
1428:
1387:
1359:
1331:
1257:
1184:
1124:
1064:
991:
918:
858:
798:
635:Arterial blood gases
630:Arterial blood gases
399:Preoperative testing
2835:Respiratory therapy
2775:Hyperbaric medicine
2757:Respiratory therapy
2675:Nasopharyngeal swab
2300:Acoustic rhinometry
2074:"2022 GOLD Reports"
1484:{\displaystyle age}
1374:{\displaystyle MEP}
1346:{\displaystyle MIP}
708:
546:total lung capacity
210:Alveolar gas volume
2647:Diffusion capacity
2619:Lung function test
2236:respiratory system
1481:
1453:
1412:
1371:
1343:
1312:
1239:
1166:
1106:
1046:
973:
900:
840:
728:Moderate (GOLD 2)
706:
585:Diffusing capacity
579:Diffusing capacity
444:
350:respiratory system
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2805:Pulmonary hygiene
2795:Postural drainage
2704:
2703:
2545:
2544:
2188:(10): 1348–1359.
1757:10.1172/JCI103281
751:
750:
657:Contraindications
339:
338:
89:
88:
16:(Redirected from
2852:
2713:
2712:
2709:Other procedures
2554:
2553:
2249:
2248:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2182:Respiratory Care
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2125:(4): 1040–1046.
2114:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1839:Respiratory Care
1834:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1593:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1506:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1281:
1280:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1208:
1207:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1015:
1014:
982:
980:
979:
974:
942:
941:
909:
907:
906:
901:
849:
847:
846:
841:
736:Severe (GOLD 3)
709:
705:
496:nitrogen washout
490:Nitrogen washout
484:Nitrogen washout
331:
324:
317:
98:
91:
90:
85:
59:
42:
30:
29:
21:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2751:
2700:
2684:
2656:
2613:
2590:
2558:Medical imaging
2541:
2530:Mediastinoscopy
2470:
2465:
2452:
2438:Transplantation
2433:Wedge resection
2358:
2238:
2232:
2202:
2201:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2115:
2111:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1978:medlineplus.gov
1972:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1911:
1907:
1862:
1858:
1835:
1831:
1786:
1782:
1737:
1733:
1710:
1706:
1690:
1689:
1661:
1657:
1646:
1642:
1611:
1607:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1004:
1000:
992:
989:
988:
931:
927:
919:
916:
915:
859:
856:
855:
799:
796:
795:
790:
774:
757:
704:
693:
681:
679:Quality control
672:
667:
659:
650:
632:
612:
603:
591:carbon monoxide
587:
581:
568:
562:
542:residual volume
531:
515:
507:Main articles:
505:
503:Plethysmography
492:
486:
470:
464:
462:Helium dilution
449:
436:
430:
425:
406:
382:cystic fibrosis
363:
335:
289:
274:
263:
252:
237:
218:
207:
182:
175:
118:
81:
55:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2717:Oxygen therapy
2710:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2696:Blood gas test
2692:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2680:Sputum culture
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2537:Nuss procedure
2533:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2486:pleural cavity
2477:
2475:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Cricothyrotomy
2378:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2295:Rhinomanometry
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2168:
2144:
2109:
2089:
2062:
2033:(2): 105–112.
2013:
1989:
1965:
1940:
1921:(1): 111–117.
1905:
1876:(2): 173–177.
1856:
1845:(8): 783–785.
1829:
1800:(2): 105–112.
1780:
1731:
1704:
1655:
1640:
1621:(4): 456–465.
1605:
1564:
1536:
1517:(5): 583–593.
1500:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1464:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1423:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1382:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1354:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
940:
937:
934:
930:
926:
923:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
789:
786:
773:
770:
749:
748:
745:
741:
740:
737:
733:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
720:Mild (GOLD 1)
717:
716:
713:
703:
700:
692:
689:
680:
677:
671:
668:
666:
663:
658:
655:
649:
646:
631:
628:
611:
608:
602:
599:
583:Main article:
580:
577:
564:Main article:
561:
558:
554:vital capacity
529:
509:Plethysmograph
504:
501:
488:Main article:
485:
482:
466:Main article:
463:
460:
447:
432:Main article:
429:
426:
424:
421:
405:
402:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
370:
362:
359:
337:
336:
334:
333:
326:
319:
311:
308:
307:
304:
300:
299:
296:
292:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:
275:
272:
268:
267:
264:
261:
257:
256:
253:
250:
246:
245:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
205:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
180:
176:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
87:
86:
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
53:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2857:
2846:
2845:Medical tests
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Bronchography
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Thoracentesis
2492:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:Decortication
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:Pneumonectomy
2421:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2106:. p. 11.
2105:
2104:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1720:(1): 96–114.
1719:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:(5): 760–70.
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1465:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
986:
983:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
949:
946:
943:
938:
935:
932:
928:
924:
921:
913:
910:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
853:
850:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
793:
785:
783:
779:
769:
766:
762:
756:
746:
743:
742:
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
710:
699:
696:
688:
684:
676:
662:
654:
645:
642:
640:
636:
627:
625:
621:
617:
607:
598:
596:
592:
586:
576:
574:
573:neuromuscular
567:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
527:
522:
520:
514:
510:
500:
497:
491:
481:
479:
475:
469:
459:
457:
451:
440:
435:
420:
418:
414:
410:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:
367:
366:
358:
356:
355:pulmonologist
351:
347:
343:
332:
327:
325:
320:
318:
313:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
284:
280:
276:
269:
265:
258:
254:
247:
243:
239:
232:
228:
224:
220:
213:
209:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
177:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
84:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2520:
2504:Thoracoscopy
2480:
2413:
2407:Bronchoscopy
2397:
2371:
2337:Laryngectomy
2332:Laryngoscopy
2322:
2306:
2260:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:
2147:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2102:
2081:. Retrieved
2077:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2005:. Retrieved
2002:www.lung.org
2001:
1992:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1955:. 2019-11-19
1952:
1943:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1873:
1869:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1751:(3): 322–6.
1748:
1744:
1734:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1693:cite journal
1668:
1664:
1658:
1643:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1539:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1323:
1253:
1250:
1180:
1177:
1120:
1117:
1060:
1057:
987:
984:
914:
911:
854:
851:
794:
791:
775:
758:
697:
694:
685:
682:
673:
660:
651:
643:
633:
616:lung disease
613:
604:
588:
569:
526:tidal volume
523:
516:
513:Lung volumes
493:
471:
452:
445:
411:
407:
364:
345:
341:
340:
241:
65:OPS-301 code
2642:Capnography
2522:mediastinum
2509:Thoracotomy
2499:Pleurodesis
2467:mediastinum
2391:Tracheotomy
2342:Laryngotomy
2280:Somnoplasty
2275:Septoplasty
2270:Rhinoplasty
670:Preparation
575:disorders.
540:(ERV), and
519:Boyle's law
361:Indications
77:MedlinePlus
2829:Categories
2725:Intubation
2632:Spirometry
2514:Chest tube
2458:Chest wall
2316:Sinusotomy
2290:Rhinectomy
2285:Alarplasty
2162:2022-06-16
2153:"About Us"
2083:2022-06-15
2007:2022-06-15
1983:2022-06-15
1959:2022-06-15
1578:Pediatrics
1496:References
753:See also:
618:, such as
552:(FRC) and
478:spirometer
456:Physicians
442:Spirometry
434:Spirometry
428:Spirometry
2790:Nebulizer
2581:Spiral CT
2473:diaphragm
2428:Lobectomy
2347:Thyrotomy
1298:×
1289:−
1225:×
1216:−
1152:×
1143:−
1092:×
1083:−
1032:×
1023:−
959:×
950:−
886:×
877:−
826:×
817:−
712:Severity
665:Technique
183:is used.)
119:is used.)
2662:Cytology
2399:bronchus
2364:Lower RT
2253:Upper RT
2194:19796415
2139:21940775
2057:28416951
1935:12091180
1900:19996335
1851:12890299
1824:28416951
1775:13295396
1635:15302625
1600:19420147
1557:June 15,
763:and the
653:attack.
2609:CURB-65
2373:trachea
2244:Surgery
2048:5392482
1891:3144486
1815:5392482
1685:5475674
1531:1126197
747:<30
536:(IRV),
244:seconds
196:RV/TLC%
57:D012129
2785:Heliox
2482:pleura
2462:pleura
2324:larynx
2192:
2137:
2055:
2045:
1933:
1898:
1888:
1870:Thorax
1849:
1822:
1812:
1773:
1766:438814
1763:
1683:
1633:
1598:
1529:
1324:where
739:30–49
731:50–79
556:(VC).
374:asthma
83:003853
2689:Other
2550:Tests
2308:sinus
2119:Chest
1548:(PDF)
1511:Chest
648:Risks
423:Tests
380:, or
2471:and
2415:lung
2262:nose
2190:PMID
2135:PMID
2053:PMID
1931:PMID
1896:PMID
1847:PMID
1820:PMID
1771:PMID
1699:link
1681:PMID
1631:PMID
1596:PMID
1559:2022
1527:PMID
1295:0.57
1251:and
1222:0.50
1149:0.86
1118:and
1089:0.61
1029:0.83
985:and
956:0.15
883:0.83
852:and
823:0.41
782:COPD
776:The
772:COPD
723:≥80
639:COPD
620:COPD
511:and
494:The
472:The
70:1-71
51:MeSH
2770:CPR
2127:doi
2123:141
2043:PMC
2035:doi
1923:doi
1919:166
1886:PMC
1878:doi
1810:PMC
1802:doi
1761:PMC
1753:doi
1722:doi
1673:doi
1669:102
1623:doi
1619:170
1586:doi
1582:123
1519:doi
1140:131
1080:108
1020:117
874:174
814:120
622:or
532:),
346:PFT
303:MVV
295:PEF
288:max
286:FIF
282:FIF
273:max
271:FEF
260:FEF
249:FEV
234:FEV
226:FVC
188:FRC
156:IVC
140:IRV
132:ERV
103:TLC
2831::
2460:,
2186:54
2184:.
2180:.
2155:.
2133:.
2121:.
2092:^
2076:.
2065:^
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