814:. Days following the announcement, Flavor Flav's lawyer Matthew Friedman issued a cease-and desist letter asking the campaign to not use the group's name or logo, stating: "While Chuck is certainly free to express his political views as he sees fit — his voice alone does not speak for Public Enemy". Chuck D responded to the statement by saying: "Flavor chooses to dance for his money and not do benevolent work like this. He has a year to get his act together and get himself straight or he's out". A lawyer for Chuck D added: "Chuck could perform as Public Enemy if he ever wanted to; he is the sole owner of the Public Enemy trademark. He originally drew the logo himself in the mid-80s, is also the creative visionary and the group's primary songwriter, having written Flavor's most memorable lines".
509:
1368:, Griff criticized his 1989 statement: "to say the Jews are responsible for the majority of wickedness that went on around the globe I would have to know about the majority of wickedness that went on around the globe, which is impossible ... I'm not the best knower. Then, not only knowing that, I would have to know who is at the crux of all of the problems in the world and then blame Jewish people, which is not correct." Griff also said that not only were his words taken out of context, but that the recording has never been released to the public for an unbiased listen.
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thank him for his years of service and wish him well". The statement also claimed: "Flavor Flav has been on suspension since 2016 when he was MIA from the Harry
Belafonte benefit in Atlanta, Georgia. That was the last straw for the group. He had previously missed numerous live gigs from Glastonbury to Canada, album recording sessions and photo shoots. He always chose to party over work". On March 2, 2020, it was announced that Public Enemy Radio would be releasing the album
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equality, and retribution against police brutality, aimed at disenfranchised blacks, but appealing to all the poor and underrepresented. Before Public Enemy, hip hop music was seen as "throwaway entertainment", with trite sexist and homophobic lyrics. Public Enemy brought social relevance and strength to hip hop. They also brought black activist
336:. In 2020, it was announced that Flavor Flav had been fired from the group. His firing was later revealed to be a publicity stunt that was called an April Fools' Day prank. Public Enemy, without Flavor Flav, would also tour and record music under the name of Public Enemy Radio which consists of the lineup of Chuck D, Jahi, DJ Lord and the S1Ws.
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and Rush
Artists Management, stated that Chuck D. had disbanded Public Enemy "for an indefinite period of time". By August 10, however, Chuck D denied that he had disbanded the group, and stated that Griff had been re-hired as "Supreme Allied Chief of Community Relations" (in contrast to his previous
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The revolutionary influence of the band is seen throughout hip-hop and is recognized in society and politics. The band "rewrote the rules of hip-hop", changing the image, sound and message forever. Pro-black lyrics brought political and social themes to hardcore hip hop, with stirring ideas of racial
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with
Oakland rapper Jahi as a spiritual successor and "next generation" of Public Enemy. Jahi met Chuck D backstage during a soundcheck at the 1999 Rock & Roll Hall of Fame and later appeared as a support act on Public Enemy's 20th Anniversary Tour in 2007. PE 2.0's task is twofold, Jahi says, to
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had just been recruited to come in, but had come off a solo career and could always go back to that. At MCA, Hiram Hicks, who was their manager, and Louil Silas, who was running the show, were like, 'Yo, these kids were left out in the cold. Can y'all come up with something for them?' It was a task
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On April 1, 2020, it was revealed Flavor Flav's firing was a publicity stunt to gain attention and provide a commentary on disinformation, and
Reuters claimed that Chuck D and Flavor Flav "concocted a fake split to grab attention and highlight media bias towards reporting bad news about hip hop". In
682:
Battle and approached him about becoming the DJ for Public Enemy. DJ Lord joined as the group's full-time DJ just in time for Public Enemy's 40th World Tour. Since 1999, he has been the official DJ for Public Enemy on albums and world tours while winning numerous turntablist competitions, including
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The controversy and apologies on behalf of Griff spurred Chuck D to reference the negative press they were receiving. In 1990, Public Enemy issued the single "Welcome to the
Terrordome", which contains the lyrics: "Crucifixion ain't no fiction / So-called chosen frozen / Apologies made to whoever
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song "State of the Union (STFU)". Chuck D stated, "Our collective voices keep getting louder. The rest of the planet is on our side. But it's not enough to talk about change. You have to show up and demand change. Folks gotta vote like their lives depend on it, cause it does". In 2020, the group
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On March 1, 2020, before the group's performance at the
Sanders rally, Chuck D, DJ Lord, Jahi, James Bomb and Pop Diesel issued a joint statement announcing that Flavor Flav had been fired from the group, stating: "Public Enemy and Public Enemy Radio will be moving forward without Flavor Flav. We
469:, the group Public Enemy was born". According to Chuck, The S1W, which stands for Security of the First World, "represents that the black man can be just as intelligent as he is strong. It stands for the fact that we're not third-world people, we're first-world people; we're the
674:. By 1998, he was ready to retire from the group and focus full-time on raising African black ostriches on his farm. In late 1998, the group started looking for Terminator X's permanent replacement. Following several months of searching for a DJ, Professor Griff saw
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position with the group as
Minister of Information). Griff later denied holding anti-Semitic views and apologized for the remarks. Several people who had worked with Public Enemy expressed concern about Chuck D's leadership abilities and role as a social spokesman.
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that Hank, Keith, Eric, and I took on to try to put some kind of hip-hop-flavored R&B shit down for them. Subsequently, what happened in the four weeks of
December was that the Bomb Squad knocked out a large piece of the production and arrangement on
457:, "Stephney thought it was time to mesh the hard-hitting style of Run DMC with politics that addressed black youth. Chuck recruited Spectrum City, which included Hank Shocklee, his brother Keith Shocklee, and Eric "Vietnam" Sadler, collectively known as
840:". In response, Flavor Flav tweeted: "I am not a part of your hoax" and: "There are more serious things in the world right now than April Fool's jokes and dropping records. The world needs better than this...you say we are leaders so act like one".
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was officially assembled. Around 1986, Bill
Stephney, the former Program Director at WBAU, was approached by Sam Mulderrig, who offered Stephney a position with the label. Stephney accepted, and his first assignment was to help fledgling producer
619:, continued this trend, with songs like "Can't Truss It", which addressed the history of slavery and how the black community can fight back against oppression; "I Don't Wanna be Called Yo Nigga", a track that takes issue with the use of the word
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with Flav while delivering furniture for his father's business, Chuck D and
Spectrum City, as the group was called, released the record "Check Out the Radio", backed by "Lies", a social commentary—both of which would influence RUSH Productions'
824:, which was due for release in April 2020. The album was to feature the lineup of Chuck D, DJ Lord, Jahi and the S1Ws and according to a statement from the group it will be "taking it back to hip hop's original DJ-and-turntablist foundation".
1395:. He lamented that none of the rappers who had previously allied themselves with Public Enemy during their success was defending Professor Griff during the controversy, claiming that he had been the only one to speak out in Griff's defence.
584:, which continued their politically charged themes. The album was supposed to be released in late 1989, but was pushed back to April 1990. It was the most successful of any of their albums and, in 2005, was selected for preservation in the
901:, via producing team the Bomb Squad, creating a dense, ferocious sound unlike anything that came before." Public Enemy held a strong, pro-black, political stance. Before PE, politically motivated hip-hop was defined by a few tracks by
3160:
1007:, introduced a hitherto alien genre to rock fans, and the two seemingly disparate groups toured together. Flavor Flav's pronouncement on stage that "They said this tour would never happen" (as heard on Anthrax's
770:"take select songs from the PE catalog and cover or revisit them" as well as new material with members of the original Public Enemy including DJ Lord, Davy DMX, Professor Griff and Chuck D. PE 2.0's first album
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1404:. The title of the last song on the album is called "Swindler's Lust". The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) claimed that the title of the song was a word play on the title of the Steven Spielberg movie
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1352:. Shortly after, Chuck D expressed an apology on his behalf. At a June 21, 1989, press conference, Chuck D announced Griff's dismissal from the group, and a June 28 statement by
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Public Enemy was one of the first hip-hop groups to do well internationally. PE changed the Internet's music distribution capability by being one of the first groups to release
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people". Hank Shocklee came up with the name Public Enemy based on "underdog love and their developing politics" and the idea from Def Jam staffer Bill Stephney following the
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Public Enemy made contributions to the hip-hop world with sonic experimentation as well as political and cultural consciousness, which infused itself into skilled and poetic
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925:. PE was a revolutionary hip-hop act whose entire image rested on a specified political stance. With the successes of Public Enemy, many hip-hop artists began to celebrate
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631:'s birthday as a national holiday. The video featured members of Public Enemy taking out their frustrations on politicians in the states not recognizing the holiday.
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3584:"Rap—The Power and the Controversy: Success has validated pop's most volatile form, but its future impact could be shaped by the continuing Public Enemy uproar"
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In late February 2020, it was announced that Public Enemy (billed as Public Enemy Radio) would perform at a campaign rally in Los Angeles on March 1, 2020, for
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Professor Griff. Analytixz: 20 Years of Conversations and Enter-views with Public Enemy's Minister of Information. Atlanta: RATHSI Publishing, 2009, p. 12.
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pleases / Still they got me like Jesus". These lyrics have been described by rock critic Robert Christgau as anti-Semitic, making supposed references to
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596:", which criticized emergency response units for taking longer to arrive at emergencies in the black community than those in the white community, and "
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After a 1994 motorcycle accident shattered his left leg and kept him in the hospital for a full month, Terminator X relocated to his 15-acre farm in
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lyrics, grinding guitars, and sporadic humor. The two bands, cemented by a mutual respect and the personal friendship between Chuck D and Anthrax's
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Public Enemy has gone through many lineup changes over the years, with Chuck D and Flavor Flav remaining the only constant members. Co-founder
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The influence of the band goes also beyond hip-hop in a unique way, indeed the group was cited as an influence by artists as diverse as
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3161:"Musica, la Universal fa causa ai Public Enemy per il plagio di "Jesahel" dei Delirium (che la portarono a Sanremo su un bus del Genoa)"
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in any of Chuck D's songs. The single was created by Chuck D with a contribution by Flavor Flav, though this was before the group
762:& Carnival 2013 in Chicago, Illinois. On September 20, 2013, they performed at Riot Fest & Side Show in Byers, Colorado.
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600:". "Fight the Power" is regarded as one of the most popular and influential songs in hip hop history. It was the theme song of
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784:, Public Enemy's thirteenth album, was released in July 2015. On June 29, 2017, Public Enemy released their fourteenth album,
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Serpick, Evan. "Public Enemy Look Back at 20 Years of 'By the Time I Get to Arizona'." Spin. Spin, November 10, 2011. Web.
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sued Public Enemy for plagiarism, since Fossati and Prudente are not recognized as co-authors of "Harder Than You Think"
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track "Repeat (Stars And Stripes)" is a remix of the band's own anti-monarchy tirade by Public Enemy production team
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465:, to become the group's Minister of Information. With the addition of Flavor Flav and another local mobile DJ named
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was released and was exclusively available on iTunes. In July 2012, on UK television an advert for the London
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featured a short remix of the song "Harder Than You Think". The advert caused the song to reach No. 4 in the
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about the genocide of Jews in World War II. Similarly in 2000 a Public Enemy spin off group under the name
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554:, in 1988, which performed better in the charts than their previous release, and included the hit single "
250:, New York, in 1985. The group rose to prominence for their political messages including subjects such as
2931:"Chuck D Responds to Bernie Sanders Endorsement Controversy: 'I Don't Attack Flav On What He Don't Know'"
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PE 2.0's second album and part two of a proposed trilogy was released a year later on October 11, 2015.
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3452:"The Quietus | Features | Baker's Dozen | Corrupting Sonic DNA: Moby's Favourite Albums"
2007:
1555:(Lisa Williamson) – Minister of Information (took over Richard Griffin's place when Griffin left group)
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On June 19, 2020, Public Enemy (with Flavor Flav), released the single and music video for their anti-
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outside of its original derogatory context. The album also included the controversial song and video "
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3191:"It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back – Public Enemy | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards"
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and appears in Do You Wanna Go Our Way ??? video), The Prodigy (included Public Enemy No. 1 in
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3106:"Public Enemy Returns To Def Jam Armed With New Album 'What You Gonna Do When The Grid Goes Down?'"
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301:(1994), were also well received. The group has since released twelve more studio albums, including
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Public Enemy's first four albums during the late 1980s and early 1990s were all certified either
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2968:"Public Enemy Releases Statement on Flavor Flav Exit, Says He's Been on 'Suspension Since 2016'"
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592:", written after the band was criticized by Jews for Professor Griff's anti-semitic comments, "
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called them "the most influential and radical band of their time". They were inducted into the
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1342:, lifted some quotations from a UK magazine in which the band were asked their opinion on the
417:(the radio station where he was working at the time) and to fend off a local MC who wanted to
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3308:"Public Enemy Talks 'It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back' on Its 30th Anniversary"
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627:", which chronicled the black community's frustration that some US states did not recognize
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uses a sample from Public Enemy's "Welcome to the Terrordome" in his song "Trigger" on the
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3087:"Public Enemy Takes on Trump In Scorching New Single "State Of The Union (STFU)": Stream"
2103:"Public Enemy is 'moving forward without Flavor Flav' after Bernie Sanders rally dispute"
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Public Enemy - Nothing Is Quick in the Desert Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic
2268:"Public Enemy, Rush, Heart, Donna Summer to be inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"
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3335:"The Ballad of the Boombox: What Public Enemy Tells Us About Hip-Hop, Race and Society"
3015:"Public Enemy's Chuck D says feud with Flavor Flav was a hoax: "We takin' April Fools""
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Public Enemy - The Evil Empire of Everything Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic
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CD) has become a legendary comment in both rock and hip-hop circles. Metal guitarist
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on September 2, 2012. On July 30, 2012, Public Enemy performed a free concert with
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in four to five weeks in February." They have also produced local talent such as
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Public Enemy started out as opening act for the Beastie Boys during the latter's
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2622:"PUBLIC ENEMY | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company"
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2901:"Flavor Flav Sends Bernie Sanders Cease and Desist Over Public Enemy Rally Gig"
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2134:"Decking the Hall: The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's New Members – Public Enemy"
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also joined Public Enemy in 1998 as the replacement of the group's original DJ
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left in 1989 but rejoined in 1998, before parting ways again some years later.
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3062:"Public Enemy Returns With Anti-Trump 'State of the Union (STFU)' Song: Watch"
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Public Enemy - Man Plans God Laughs Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic
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had left New Edition and experienced some solo success beginning in 1988, and
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How You Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul? by Public Enemy
2183:"On April Fools' Day, Public Enemy reveals Flavor Flav's firing was a hoax"
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and coming up with an album for them. The three happened to be Ricky Bell,
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2849:"Public Enemy Release Surprise New Album 'Nothing Is Quick in the Desert'"
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2996:"Public Enemy and Public Enemy Radio to Move Forward Without Flavor Flav"
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Members of the Bomb Squad produced or remixed works for other acts, like
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in 1998, "the most acclaimed body of work ever by a hip hop act". Critic
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sign Chuck D, whose song "Public Enemy Number One" Rubin had heard from
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In 1989, the group returned to the studio to record their third album,
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3789:
Race, Rap and the performance of Mascinity in American Popular Culture
2460:"Public Enemy Look Back at 20 Years of 'By the Time I Get to Arizona'"
2447:
Riot on the Set: How Public Enemy Crafted the Anthem 'Fight the Power'
5968:
5763:
5668:
5633:
5417:
5392:
5382:
5357:
5346:
5326:
5039:
4914:
4809:
4753:
4688:
4653:
4466:
4430:
3243:"Transcriptions Topics: Artists of Information: Public Enemy and MP3"
2548:"DMC Kicks Back ... Mr. Lord-Public Enemy Spinner & Hip Hop King"
2479:"Nirvana, Public Enemy, Beastie Boys Cross the Pond for Reading Fest"
2442:
2107:
1004:
968:
890:
759:
651:
646:
601:
461:, to be his production team and added another Spectrum City partner,
3395:"Public Enemy: Prophets of Rage – how the hip hop group rescued rap"
1203:. The band had previously sampled Public Enemy on their 1991 single
798:
2020–present: Controversy, Public Enemy Radio, and return to Def Jam
425:
because he felt like he was being persecuted by people in the local
264:, was released in 1987 to critical acclaim, and their second album,
5877:
5658:
5372:
5150:
3285:
3195:
3110:
2746:
2744:
2694:"BBC Music - BBC Music - A short history of hip hop at Glastonbury"
2245:
1483:
1445:
1324:
who was influenced by the Bomb Squad's production for their sound.
1223:
1134:
1033:
791:
737:
634:
In 1992, the group was one of the first rap acts to perform at the
562:". It was the first hip hop album to be voted album of the year in
527:
6040:
3134:""Jesahel di Sanremo 1972 plagiata dai Public Enemy" (di M. Bovi)"
1251:
1092:
and were talking about taking three guys that were left over from
516:
5728:
5523:
5125:
4404:
3895:
3874:
3043:"Chuck D says Flavor Flav firing was a stunt, but Flav disagrees"
1474:
1432:
1163:
1025:'s "Angel of Death" half-time riff on "She Watch Channel Zero?!"
849:
675:
659:
655:
385:
329:
239:
182:
174:
6141:
3537:
Pareles, John (June 29, 1989). "Rap Group Disbands Under Fire".
3511:"Public Enemy Rap Group Reorganizes After Anti-Semitic Comments"
2741:
2165:"Public Enemy split with Flavor Flav was a hoax, group now says"
1614:(Gary Rinaldo) (took Eric Sadler's place when Sadler left group)
1549:
DJ Johnny "Juice" Rosado – DJ, Scratching, Turntablist, Producer
710:, a compilation of remixes and "lost" tracks. On July 13, 2012,
638:
in the UK, headlining the second day of the three-day festival.
5933:
4284:
4086:
Power to the People and the Beats: Public Enemy's Greatest Hits
3831:
3689:
2949:"Public Enemy Fire Flavor Flav After Bernie Sanders Rally Spat"
1455:
1436:
1197:
were big fans. The song samples "Countdown to Armageddon" from
1022:
938:
882:
766:
679:
376:
43:, "Public Enemy #1" redirects here. For uses of that term, see
4330:
1234:(It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back being cited by
6017:
1703:
How You Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul???
1572:
1493:
1384:
902:
1155:, Kings of Pressure, and True Mathematics—and gave producer
641:
4001:
How You Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul?
2781:
1081:
1021:) contributed to Public Enemy's recordings, and PE sampled
894:
693:
How You Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul?
414:
3722:
Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation
2449:". rollingstone.com, June 30, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2017
3019:
2872:
1393:
The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech... Just Watch What You Say!
961:
220:
1310:(sampling the track in their song "Renegades of Funk"),
3660:"Jewish Group Decries Public Enemy's 'Swindler's Lust'"
1174:
album. He also used a line from the song in his poem,
371:
1599:
Hank Shocklee (James Hank Boxley III) *original member
964:-only albums, a format virtually unknown at the time.
384:
Public Enemy was formed in 1985 by Carlton Ridenhour (
4515:
3480:"CLASSIC TRACKS: My Bloody Valentine 'Only Shallow'"
1215:
to greater popularity, and they gave impetus to the
1088:. According to Chuck D, "We had tight dealings with
790:. The album was available for free download through
3185:
2895:
2893:
2891:
704:, in January 2011, Public Enemy released the album
494:popularity, and in 1987 released their debut album
3719:
3393:
2959:
861:On November 25, 2023, the authors of ''Jesahel'' (
754:was released. On June 29, 2013, they performed at
485:: "The Black man is definitely the public enemy."
429:. This was the first reference to the notion of a
3621:Jesus, Jews, and the Jackass Theory: Public Enemy
3358:
2868:"Public Enemy to perform at Bernie Sanders rally"
6155:
4008:Most of My Heroes Still Don't Appear on No Stamp
3657:
3554:"POP MUSIC REVIEW: Public Enemy Keeps Up Attack"
2888:
1711:Most of My Heroes Still Don't Appear on No Stamp
1238:among his favorite albums), Moby (also selected
832:, Chuck D stated that the stunt was inspired by
713:Most of My Heroes Still Don't Appear on No Stamp
503:
2393:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
1414:, a name that the ADL saw as a pun on the term
806:, who was campaigning to be the nominee of the
400:in the mid-1980s. Developing his talents as an
3504:
3502:
3500:
2034:. In Forbes, Bruce; Mahan, Jeffrey H. (eds.).
1327:
1112:had been slated to do a solo album for years,
690:In 2007, the group released an album entitled
6056:
4501:
4316:
3938:It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
3847:
2001:
1947:It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
1647:It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
1398:In 1999 the group released an album entitled
1240:It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
1200:It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
551:It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
267:It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back
3508:
2859:
696:. Public Enemy's single from the album was "
3717:
3497:
3035:
2778:"The time is now. – The time is now. – BIO"
1546:(Richard Griffin) – Minister of Information
758:. On September 14, 2013, they performed at
270:(1988), was the first hip hop album to top
6063:
6049:
4508:
4494:
4323:
4309:
4036:What You Gonna Do When the Grid Goes Down?
3854:
3840:
3819:
2524:. In the Mix. June 4, 2002. Archived from
2097:
2095:
1752:What You Gonna Do When the Grid Goes Down?
967:Public Enemy helped to create and define "
855:What You Gonna Do When the Grid Goes Down?
62:
6194:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
1792:
642:1994–2019: Later years and member changes
548:band". They released their second album,
3952:Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black
3772:, Glen E. Friedman Photographs 1976–1991
3572:
3545:
3332:
3281:"Public Enemy – Biography & History"
2846:
2241:"Public Enemy – Biography & History"
1987:Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black
1918:
1864:Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black
1663:Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black
645:
616:Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black
522:
507:
375:
292:Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black
283:critics' poll. Their next three albums,
6169:1985 establishments in New York (state)
3578:
3551:
3536:
3361:"The Undying Influence of Public Enemy"
3131:
3103:
2965:
2476:
2213:"Is Anyone Out There Really Listening?"
2207:
2131:
2092:
2036:Religion and Popular Culture in America
1889:Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
1869:Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
1849:Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
1829:Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
1759:
1387:addressed the controversy in his track
14:
6156:
5914:Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
3391:
3059:
3012:
2750:
2201:
1608:Eric "Vietnam" Sadler *original member
1376:with the lyric "so-called chosen" and
907:Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
889:wrote that "PE brought in elements of
6044:
4489:
4304:
3835:
3406:from the original on January 11, 2022
3158:
2865:
2477:Azerrad, Michael (October 29, 1992).
2132:McCombs, Joseph (December 11, 2012).
1746:(released under the name Enemy Radio)
742:Martin Luther King Jr. Concert Series
68:Public Enemy performing in March 2000
6204:LGBTQ-related controversies in music
4061:Fight the Power: Greatest Hits Live!
3159:Dario, Freccero (December 1, 2023).
2550:. DMC World Magazine. Archived from
2238:
2159:
2157:
2127:
2125:
2026:
1777:
530:performing in Malmö, Sweden, in 1991
413:. Chuck D put out a tape to promote
372:1985–1987: Formation and early years
355:in 2013. They were honored with the
343:and were, according to music critic
6070:
3392:Pettie, Andrew (December 9, 2011).
3132:Michele, Bovi (November 25, 2023).
2751:Arnold, Eric K. (October 8, 2014).
2647:"UK Top 40 Singles Chart = Radio 1"
2232:
2020:
2006:Public Enemy was inducted into the
1272:The Dirtchamber Sessions Volume One
544:dubbed Public Enemy "a superlative
45:Public Enemy No. 1 (disambiguation)
24:
6209:Musical groups established in 1985
3552:Hilburn, Robert (April 10, 1990).
3060:Peters, Mitchell (June 20, 2020).
2780:. October 26, 2015. Archived from
2753:"The Oak Q & A: Jahi as PE2.0"
2414:"Canadian Music – HuffPost Canada"
1516:The Interrogator (Shawn K. Carter)
1426:
1374:the concept of the "chosen people"
1133:in four weeks, and PE knocked out
25:
6240:
4517:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
3806:
3104:Eustice, Kyle (August 28, 2020).
2350:Reynolds, Simon. "Public Enemy",
2175:
2154:
2122:
1528:
1242:as one of his favorite albums),
774:was released on October 7, 2014.
357:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
6219:Obscenity controversies in music
4139:Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos
3861:
3509:Pareles, Jon (August 11, 1989).
2966:Aniftos, Rania (March 2, 2020).
2866:Moore, Sam (February 27, 2020).
1797:
1631:
1421:
1268:Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos
1129:. In January , they knocked out
852:and released their studio album
740:, New York City, as part of the
654:in October 2007. Left to right:
6214:Musical groups from Long Island
6174:African-American musical groups
3711:
3682:
3651:
3625:
3613:
3604:
3530:
3472:
3444:
3418:
3385:
3352:
3326:
3300:
3273:
3261:
3235:
3210:
3179:
3152:
3125:
3097:
3079:
3053:
3006:
2988:
2941:
2923:
2907:. March 1, 2020. Archived from
2847:Blistein, Jon (June 29, 2017).
2840:
2818:
2796:
2770:
2711:
2686:
2664:
2639:
2614:
2592:
2566:
2540:
2514:
2496:
2470:
2466:. SpinMedia. November 10, 2011.
2452:
2436:
2406:
2381:
2357:
2344:
2318:
2309:
2294:
2285:
1605:(Keith Boxley) *original member
1510:Brother Mike (Michael Williams)
1338:, the interviewing journalist,
1125:'s three-million selling album
311:and a collaborative album with
4029:Nothing Is Quick in the Desert
3013:Reilly, Nick (April 1, 2020).
2260:
2067:
2040:University of California Press
1735:Nothing Is Quick in the Desert
1620:
1589:Brother Roger (Roger Chillous)
1522:Pop Diesel (John Butch Oliver)
1486:(David Franklin Reeves Jr.) –
787:Nothing Is Quick in the Desert
748:in London. On October 1, 2012
305:to the 1998 sports-drama film
13:
1:
4132:Night of the Living Baseheads
4015:The Evil Empire of Everything
3774:, Burning Flags Press, 1994,
3742:Lyrics of a Rap Revolutionary
3245:. May 9, 2003. Archived from
2576:. Rap Artists. Archived from
2291:Chang 2005, pp. 239, 241–242.
2013:
1719:The Evil Empire of Everything
999:" was a mix of semi-militant
751:The Evil Empire of Everything
504:1987–1993: Mainstream success
32:Public Enemy (disambiguation)
4227:By the Time I Get to Arizona
1979:
1959:
1939:
1896:
1876:
1856:
1836:
1820:
1519:Big Casper (Tracy D. Walker)
1507:Brother James (James Norman)
672:Vance County, North Carolina
625:By the Time I Get to Arizona
475:Howard Beach racial incident
380:Public Enemy's official logo
7:
4195:Hell No We Ain't All Right!
2032:"Rap Music and Its Message"
1992:Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album
1972:Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album
1952:Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album
1444:(William J. Drayton Jr.) –
1364:In his 2009 book, entitled
1328:Accusations of antisemitism
1159:his start in the business.
650:Public Enemy performing in
588:. It included the singles "
586:National Recording Registry
10:
6245:
6184:Def Jam Recordings artists
5332:Booker T. & the M.G.'s
4332:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
2239:Erlewine, Stephen Thomas.
2008:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
2002:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
1624:
812:2020 presidential election
765:In 2014, Chuck D launched
613:The group's fourth album,
366:
353:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
38:
29:
18:Public Enemy (music group)
6229:Progressive rap musicians
6189:East Coast hip hop groups
6129:
6119:And the Word Became Flesh
6078:
5903:
5488:
5413:The Blind Boys of Alabama
5095:
4794:
4523:
4456:
4342:
4243:
4211:
4153:Welcome to the Terrordome
4095:
4070:
4045:
3973:There's a Poison Goin' On
3959:Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age
3922:
3869:
2504:"My Ostrich Weighs a Ton"
1679:There's a Poison Goin' On
1671:Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age
1471:, music director, MD, AMD
1454:Sammy Sam (Samuel Kim) –
1435:(Carlton D. Ridenhour) –
1401:There's a Poison Goin' On
1332:In a 1989 interview with
1153:Leaders of the New School
876:
828:an interview with rapper
756:Glastonbury Festival 2013
590:Welcome to the Terrordome
534:The group's debut album,
298:Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age
215:
211:
195:
191:
170:
166:
140:
130:
120:
89:
78:
73:
61:
54:
5539:The Allman Brothers Band
5509:Juilliard String Quartet
5458:David "Honeyboy" Edwards
4054:Fight the Power... Live!
3758:, Delacorte Press, 1997
3754:Chuck D with Yusuf Jah,
3333:Boissoneault, Lorraine.
2757:Oakculture.wordpress.com
2300:Chuck D. and Yusuf Jah,
1902:"Bring the Noise" (with
1627:Public Enemy discography
1586:Jacob "Big Jake" Shankle
1513:James Bomb (James Allen)
1308:Rage Against the Machine
971:" by collaborating with
483:death of Michael Stewart
451:The History of Rap Music
444:Andre "Doctor Dré" Brown
421:him. He called the tape
125:Public Enemy discography
6199:Hardcore hip hop groups
6179:American hip hop groups
3359:Jihad Hassan Muhammad.
3187:Stephen Thomas Erlewine
2522:"Dj Lord of the battle"
2326:"Yo! Bum Rush the Show"
1909:Best Metal Performance
1246:(mentioned the band in
1140:AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted
915:Boogie Down Productions
887:Stephen Thomas Erlewine
858:on September 25, 2020.
718:2012 Summer Paralympics
388:) and William Drayton (
349:Stephen Thomas Erlewine
6224:Political music groups
5769:The Velvet Underground
5709:Earth, Wind & Fire
4125:Don't Believe the Hype
4104:You're Gonna Get Yours
3945:Fear of a Black Planet
3793:University of Illinois
3658:Archive-Chris-Nelson.
1967:Fear of a Black Planet
1844:Fear of a Black Planet
1793:Awards and nominations
1655:Fear of a Black Planet
1537:(Norman Rogers) – DJ,
1317:Fear of a Blank Planet
1280:Underground Resistance
1228:All Tomorrow's Parties
1183:Manic Street Preachers
1131:Fear of a Black Planet
1010:Live: The Island Years
702:How You Sell Soul ...
667:
629:Martin Luther King Jr.
581:Fear of a Black Planet
556:Don't Believe the Hype
531:
520:
449:According to the book
381:
286:Fear of a Black Planet
74:Background information
27:American hip hop group
5893:Sister Rosetta Tharpe
5828:Parliament-Funkadelic
5186:Simon & Garfunkel
4459:(Ahmet Ertegun Award)
4234:Long and Whining Road
4202:Harder Than You Think
4111:Rebel Without a Pause
3931:Yo! Bum Rush the Show
3744:, Off Da Books, 2007
3726:. New York: Picador.
2528:on September 24, 2015
2424:on September 26, 2018
2075:"Flavor of the month"
1919:American Music Awards
1639:Yo! Bum Rush the Show
1450:multi-instrumentalist
1349:The International Jew
1344:Arab–Israeli conflict
1256:Rebel Without a Pause
1149:Young Black Teenagers
995:in 1991. The single "
987:", and with New York
871:Universal Music Group
838:The War of the Worlds
698:Harder Than You Think
649:
537:Yo! Bum Rush the Show
526:
511:
497:Yo! Bum Rush the Show
379:
261:Yo! Bum Rush the Show
258:. Their debut album,
5549:AntĂ´nio Carlos Jobim
4274:Bring the Noise 2000
4262:360 Degrees of Power
4022:Man Plans God Laughs
3718:Chang, Jeff (2005).
3582:(February 4, 1990).
3460:. September 24, 2013
3432:. September 17, 2014
3091:Consequence of Sound
1760:Collaboration albums
1727:Man Plans God Laughs
1380:with the last line.
1335:The Washington Times
1191:James Dean Bradfield
955:A Tribe Called Quest
836:' 1938 radio drama "
794:until July 4, 2017.
781:Man Plans God Laughs
700:". Four years after
30:For other uses, see
6164:Public Enemy (band)
6111:Blood of the Profit
6103:Disturb n tha Peace
6095:Kao's II Wiz*7*Dome
5684:The Louvin Brothers
5529:George Beverly Shea
4970:The Everly Brothers
3994:Rebirth of a Nation
3619:Christgau, Robert.
3592:. Los Angeles Times
3373:on February 6, 2018
2784:on October 26, 2015
2574:"Dj Lord Biography"
2366:SPIN – Google Books
2354:, October 17, 1987.
2315:Chang 2005, p. 247.
1767:Rebirth of a Nation
1571:Michael Faulkner –
1322:My Bloody Valentine
1262:Mix in July 2007),
1248:Pretty Hate Machine
951:the Jungle Brothers
943:Eric B. & Rakim
318:Rebirth of a Nation
5719:Jefferson Airplane
5639:Kris Kristofferson
5629:The Isley Brothers
5277:The Staple Singers
5015:The Mills Brothers
4980:Stéphane Grappelli
4965:Bobby "Blue" Bland
4639:The Rolling Stones
4280:East Coast hip hop
4188:Make Love Fuck War
3539:The New York Times
3516:The New York Times
2626:Officialcharts.com
1826:"Fight the Power"
1742:Loud Is Not Enough
1416:concentration camp
1412:Confrontation Camp
1358:Def Jam Recordings
1304:Coachella Festival
1290:), Orlando Voorn,
1104:, later to become
1070:Eric B & Rakim
983:on the 1990 song "
821:Loud Is Not Enough
668:
607:Do the Right Thing
558:" in addition to "
532:
521:
394:Adelphi University
382:
361:62nd Grammy Awards
97:East Coast hip hop
6151:
6150:
6087:Pawns in the Game
6038:
6037:
6008:The Clark Sisters
5644:Armando Manzanero
5589:Lightnin' Hopkins
5559:The Memphis Horns
5514:The Kingston Trio
5267:Jelly Roll Morton
5201:The Funk Brothers
4900:Arthur Rubinstein
4779:Vladimir Horowitz
4624:Leonard Bernstein
4483:
4482:
4298:
4297:
4290:Political hip hop
3801:978-0-252-07832-3
3670:on March 31, 2016
3633:"Profits of Rage"
3589:Los Angeles Times
3558:Los Angeles Times
3366:The Dallas Weekly
2218:Los Angeles Times
2187:Los Angeles Times
1999:
1998:
1916:
1915:
1778:Soundtrack albums
1772:
1747:
1389:This One's For Me
1298:, Mathew Jonson,
1226:(selected in the
1217:Million Man March
565:The Village Voice
519:, Sweden, in 1991
273:The Village Voice
229:
228:
102:political hip hop
41:technical reasons
16:(Redirected from
6236:
6130:Related articles
6065:
6058:
6051:
6042:
6041:
5141:Rosemary Clooney
4930:Barbra Streisand
4704:Arturo Toscanini
4510:
4503:
4496:
4487:
4486:
4357:Michael DeRosier
4325:
4318:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4244:Related articles
4220:Self Destruction
3856:
3849:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3823:
3737:
3725:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3694:Rockonthenet.com
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3666:. Archived from
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3637:Villagevoice.com
3629:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
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3543:
3542:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3506:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3484:Soundonsound.com
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3369:. Archived from
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3222:GuitarPlayer.com
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3093:. June 19, 2020.
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3049:. April 2, 2020.
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3002:. March 2, 2020.
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2955:. March 1, 2020.
2945:
2939:
2938:
2937:. March 1, 2020.
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2911:on March 1, 2020
2897:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2729:on March 4, 2016
2725:. Archived from
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2580:on June 10, 2008
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2554:on March 2, 2014
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2456:
2450:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:. Archived from
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2369:. September 1989
2361:
2355:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2211:(July 5, 1998).
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2171:. April 1, 2020.
2161:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2024:
1923:
1922:
1804:
1803:
1770:
1745:
1559:Brian Hardgroove
1407:Schindler's List
1306:in April 2008),
1266:(did a cover of
1038:Vanessa Williams
929:themes, such as
899:musique concrète
869:) together with
808:Democratic Party
772:People Get Ready
722:UK Singles Chart
707:Beats and Places
636:Reading Festival
570:
341:gold or platinum
278:
238:group formed by
225:
222:
198:
133:
107:hardcore hip hop
85:, New York, U.S.
66:
52:
51:
21:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6154:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6125:
6074:
6072:Professor Griff
6069:
6039:
6034:
6003:Laurie Anderson
5899:
5674:George Harrison
5624:Clifton Chenier
5609:The Temptations
5569:Gil Scott-Heron
5484:
5463:Michael Jackson
5342:Ornette Coleman
5272:Pinetop Perkins
5262:Jerry Lee Lewis
5116:Sammy Davis Jr.
5091:
5075:John Lee Hooker
5065:Harry Belafonte
5050:Smokey Robinson
4925:Curtis Mayfield
4895:Aretha Franklin
4865:Thelonious Monk
4805:Marian Anderson
4790:
4729:Dizzy Gillespie
4699:Igor Stravinsky
4599:Mahalia Jackson
4594:Louis Armstrong
4564:Ella Fitzgerald
4519:
4514:
4484:
4479:
4458:
4452:
4413:Professor Griff
4338:
4329:
4299:
4294:
4239:
4207:
4146:Fight the Power
4118:Bring the Noise
4091:
4079:Greatest Misses
4066:
4041:
3918:
3889:Professor Griff
3865:
3860:
3809:
3770:Fuck You Heroes
3756:Fight the Power
3734:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3639:. July 13, 1999
3631:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3580:Hilburn, Robert
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3550:
3546:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3507:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3400:Telegraph.co.uk
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3314:. June 30, 2018
3306:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3268:Fight The Power
3266:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3138:HuffPost Italia
3130:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3102:
3098:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3070:
3068:
3058:
3054:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3011:
3007:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2964:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2899:
2898:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2864:
2860:
2845:
2841:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2749:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2475:
2471:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2303:Fight the Power
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2209:Hilburn, Robert
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2189:. April 1, 2020
2181:
2180:
2176:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2079:TheGuardian.com
2073:
2072:
2068:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2042:. p. 262.
2025:
2021:
2016:
2004:
1929:Nominated work
1921:
1884:Greatest Misses
1810:Nominated work
1800:
1795:
1780:
1762:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1544:Professor Griff
1531:
1492:T-Bone Motta –
1477:(Lord Aswod) –
1429:
1427:Current members
1424:
1356:, president of
1354:Russell Simmons
1330:
1282:(cited by both
1260:The Breezeblock
1244:Nine Inch Nails
1213:Louis Farrakhan
1042:Sinéad O'Connor
997:Bring the Noise
919:Gil Scott-Heron
879:
800:
644:
598:Fight the Power
575:critics' poll.
568:
560:Bring the Noise
506:
491:Licensed to Ill
463:Professor Griff
423:Public Enemy #1
374:
369:
326:Professor Griff
276:
252:American racism
234:is an American
219:
204:
202:Professor Griff
196:
187:
185:
181:
177:
162:
131:
116:
112:progressive rap
69:
57:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6242:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6115:
6107:
6099:
6091:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5959:Bobby McFerrin
5953:
5952:
5951:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5919:Lionel Hampton
5916:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5853:Dionne Warwick
5850:
5848:Sam & Dave
5845:
5843:Julio Iglesias
5840:
5838:Donny Hathaway
5835:
5833:Billy Eckstine
5830:
5824:George Clinton
5821:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5789:Emmylou Harris
5786:
5781:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5754:Jimmie Rodgers
5751:
5746:
5741:
5739:Shirley Caesar
5733:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5724:Linda Ronstadt
5721:
5716:
5714:Herbie Hancock
5711:
5706:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5388:Itzhak Perlman
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5368:Burt Bacharach
5362:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5302:Robert Johnson
5299:
5294:
5289:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:The Beach Boys
5099:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4995:Oscar Peterson
4992:
4990:Charles Mingus
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4860:Little Richard
4857:
4849:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4784:Paul McCartney
4781:
4776:
4771:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Leontyne Price
4741:
4736:
4734:Jascha Heifetz
4731:
4726:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4684:Billie Holiday
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4644:Andrés Segovia
4641:
4636:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4614:Charlie Parker
4611:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4554:Duke Ellington
4548:
4547:
4546:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4513:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4462:
4460:
4457:Non-performers
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4268:The Bomb Squad
4265:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4167:Can't Truss It
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4057:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3987:New Whirl Odor
3983:
3980:Revolverlution
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3914:Sister Souljah
3911:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3808:
3807:External links
3805:
3804:
3803:
3787:White, Miles.
3785:
3782:
3766:
3752:
3738:
3732:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3681:
3650:
3624:
3612:
3603:
3571:
3544:
3541:. p. C19.
3529:
3496:
3471:
3443:
3417:
3384:
3351:
3325:
3299:
3272:
3260:
3249:on May 9, 2003
3234:
3209:
3178:
3151:
3124:
3096:
3078:
3052:
3034:
3005:
2987:
2958:
2940:
2922:
2887:
2858:
2839:
2817:
2795:
2769:
2740:
2710:
2685:
2663:
2638:
2613:
2591:
2565:
2539:
2513:
2495:
2469:
2451:
2435:
2405:
2380:
2356:
2343:
2317:
2308:
2293:
2284:
2259:
2231:
2200:
2174:
2153:
2121:
2091:
2066:
2048:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1695:New Whirl Odor
1691:
1687:Revolverlution
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1625:Main article:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1603:Keith Shocklee
1600:
1595:The Bomb Squad
1592:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1579:
1569:
1556:
1553:Sister Souljah
1550:
1547:
1541:
1530:
1529:Former members
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1500:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1462:
1460:Music Producer
1452:
1439:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1378:Jewish deicide
1329:
1326:
1312:Porcupine Tree
1195:Richey Edwards
1187:The Bomb Squad
1176:amethyst rocks
1123:Bell Biv DeVoe
1110:Ralph Tresvant
1106:Bell Biv DeVoe
1098:Michael Bivins
1078:Big Daddy Kane
1030:Bell Biv DeVoe
923:the Last Poets
878:
875:
867:Oscar Prudente
804:Bernie Sanders
799:
796:
746:Clapham Common
643:
640:
573:Pazz & Jop
571:s influential
542:Simon Reynolds
515:performing in
505:
502:
479:Bernhard Goetz
459:the Bomb Squad
392:), who met at
373:
370:
368:
365:
345:Robert Hilburn
303:the soundtrack
281:Pazz & Jop
256:American media
227:
226:
217:
213:
212:
209:
208:
199:
193:
192:
189:
188:
172:
168:
167:
164:
163:
161:
160:
155:
150:
144:
142:
138:
137:
134:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
93:
91:
87:
86:
80:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6241:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
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6028:Tammy Wynette
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6013:Gladys Knight
6011:
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5939:Talking Heads
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5924:Marilyn Horne
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5868:Roberta Flack
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5819:Black Sabbath
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5807:
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5749:Charley Pride
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5689:Wayne Shorter
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5685:
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5679:Flaco Jiménez
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5664:Pierre Boulez
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5584:Charlie Haden
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5448:Leonard Cohen
5446:
5445:
5443:
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5436:
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5431:
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5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:The Four Tops
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5399:
5396:
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5353:Grateful Dead
5350:
5348:
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5340:
5338:
5335:
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5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
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5313:
5312:Richard Pryor
5310:
5308:
5307:Jessye Norman
5305:
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5300:
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5297:Merle Haggard
5295:
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5242:Carter Family
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5211:Sonny Rollins
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5171:Johnny Mathis
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5156:Joni Mitchell
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5070:Woody Guthrie
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4955:Stevie Wonder
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4951:
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4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
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4931:
4928:
4926:
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4920:Henry Mancini
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4835:John Coltrane
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4769:Nat King Cole
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4759:Sarah Vaughan
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4755:
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4709:Hank Williams
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4664:Enrico Caruso
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4660:
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4634:Benny Goodman
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4584:Elvis Presley
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4574:Irving Berlin
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4544:Frank Sinatra
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4358:
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4348:
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4341:
4337:
4336:Class of 2013
4333:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4291:
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4286:
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4203:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:Shut 'Em Down
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:911 Is a Joke
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4140:
4136:
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4046:Live releases
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4030:
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4023:
4019:
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3925:
3923:Studio albums
3921:
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3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3900:
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3780:0-9641916-0-1
3777:
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3771:
3767:
3765:
3764:0-385-31868-5
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3753:
3751:
3750:0-9749484-1-1
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3575:
3560:. Los Angeles
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3329:
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3276:
3270:, pp. 236–237
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3165:Il Secolo XIX
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3117:September 10,
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2953:Rolling Stone
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2910:
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2853:Rolling Stone
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2517:
2510:. March 1998.
2509:
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2488:September 25,
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2483:Rolling Stone
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2465:
2464:Spin Magazine
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2084:September 26,
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2049:9780520932579
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2028:Pinn, Anthony
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2019:
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1798:Grammy Awards
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1391:on the album
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1168:Saul Williams
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1145:Son of Bazerk
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1050:Peter Gabriel
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1019:Living Colour
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863:Ivano Fossati
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594:911 Is a Joke
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37:
33:
19:
6137:Public Enemy
6136:
6117:
6109:
6101:
6093:
6085:
6023:Donna Summer
5993:Nancy Wilson
5984:The Supremes
5979:Nile Rodgers
5949:Bonnie Raitt
5904:2021–present
5888:Public Enemy
5887:
5794:Louis Jordan
5784:Neil Diamond
5604:Ravi Shankar
5554:George Jones
5519:Dolly Parton
5473:André Previn
5468:Loretta Lynn
5398:Earl Scruggs
5378:Cab Calloway
5337:Maria Callas
5257:Led Zeppelin
5252:Janis Joplin
5247:Morton Gould
5206:Ella Jenkins
5176:Glenn Miller
5111:Tony Bennett
5080:Mitch Miller
5045:Otis Redding
5025:Paul Robeson
4975:Judy Garland
4940:Dave Brubeck
4845:Muddy Waters
4840:Jimi Hendrix
4749:Bessie Smith
4724:Pablo Casals
4719:Fred Astaire
4679:Woody Herman
4659:Benny Carter
4474:Quincy Jones
4472:
4465:
4447:Donna Summer
4445:
4435:Alex Lifeson
4423:
4417:Terminator X
4399:Public Enemy
4398:
4397:
4392:Randy Newman
4390:
4383:
4377:Nancy Wilson
4369:Howard Leese
4365:Steve Fossen
4361:Roger Fisher
4349:
4272:
4260:
4084:
4077:
4071:Compilations
4059:
4052:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3909:Terminator X
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3863:Public Enemy
3862:
3813:Public Enemy
3788:
3768:
3755:
3741:
3721:
3712:Bibliography
3697:. Retrieved
3693:
3684:
3674:December 12,
3672:. Retrieved
3668:the original
3663:
3653:
3643:December 12,
3641:. Retrieved
3636:
3627:
3615:
3606:
3594:. Retrieved
3587:
3574:
3562:. Retrieved
3557:
3547:
3538:
3532:
3520:. Retrieved
3514:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:
3474:
3462:. Retrieved
3455:
3446:
3436:December 12,
3434:. Retrieved
3430:HipHopDX.com
3429:
3420:
3410:December 12,
3408:. Retrieved
3399:
3387:
3377:December 12,
3375:. Retrieved
3371:the original
3364:
3354:
3344:December 12,
3342:. Retrieved
3338:
3328:
3318:December 12,
3316:. Retrieved
3311:
3302:
3292:December 12,
3290:. Retrieved
3284:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3251:. Retrieved
3247:the original
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3221:
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3194:
3181:
3169:. Retrieved
3167:(in Italian)
3164:
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3140:(in Italian)
3137:
3127:
3115:. Retrieved
3109:
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3065:
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3018:
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2971:
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2934:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2909:the original
2904:
2878:. Retrieved
2871:
2861:
2852:
2842:
2831:, retrieved
2826:
2820:
2809:, retrieved
2804:
2798:
2788:December 12,
2786:. Retrieved
2782:the original
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:
2731:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2722:
2713:
2701:. Retrieved
2697:
2688:
2677:, retrieved
2672:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2650:
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2625:
2616:
2605:, retrieved
2600:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:the original
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2552:the original
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2526:the original
2516:
2507:
2498:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:
2472:
2463:
2454:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2422:the original
2418:music.aol.ca
2417:
2408:
2396:. Retrieved
2392:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2365:
2359:
2352:Melody Maker
2351:
2346:
2334:. Retrieved
2329:
2320:
2311:
2301:
2296:
2287:
2275:. Retrieved
2271:
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2244:
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2216:
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2191:. Retrieved
2186:
2177:
2168:
2144:. Retrieved
2137:
2112:. Retrieved
2106:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:
2069:
2061:Google Books
2059:– via
2053:. Retrieved
2035:
2022:
2005:
1985:
1965:
1945:
1882:
1862:
1842:
1801:
1783:
1765:
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1594:
1581:
1535:Terminator X
1502:
1469:lead guitars
1405:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1347:
1333:
1331:
1315:
1239:
1221:
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1198:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1102:Ronnie DeVoe
1027:
1008:
989:thrash metal
966:
959:
931:Kool Moe Dee
880:
860:
853:
848:returned to
845:Donald Trump
842:
834:Orson Welles
826:
819:
816:
801:
785:
779:
775:
771:
764:
749:
734:Wingate Park
711:
705:
701:
691:
689:
669:
633:
620:
614:
612:
605:
579:
577:
563:
549:
545:
535:
533:
495:
489:
487:
467:Terminator X
450:
448:
435:Public Enemy
434:
431:public enemy
422:
411:Beastie Boys
383:
338:
334:Terminator X
323:
316:
306:
296:
290:
284:
271:
265:
259:
232:Public Enemy
231:
230:
206:Terminator X
197:Past members
136:1985–present
132:Years active
56:Public Enemy
49:
36:
5929:Salt-N-Pepa
5873:Isaac Hayes
5809:Tina Turner
5759:Nina Simone
5744:Ahmad Jamal
5649:Maud Powell
5619:The Beatles
5594:Carole King
5579:Glenn Gould
5478:Clark Terry
5453:Bobby Darin
5433:Dean Martin
5317:The Weavers
5287:David Bowie
5231:Eddy Arnold
5196:Van Cliburn
5181:Tito Puente
5136:Count Basie
5035:Johnny Cash
5020:Roy Orbison
5000:Frank Zappa
4985:Buddy Holly
4950:Georg Solti
4945:Marvin Gaye
4910:Patsy Cline
4880:Fats Waller
4875:Pete Seeger
4870:Bill Monroe
4855:Chet Atkins
4830:James Brown
4820:Kitty Wells
4815:John Lennon
4774:Miles Davis
4694:Isaac Stern
4674:Fats Domino
4669:Ray Charles
4609:Chuck Berry
4534:Bing Crosby
4409:Flavor Flav
4385:Albert King
4256:Harry Allen
4251:Discography
4212:Other songs
3966:He Got Game
3882:Flavor Flav
3596:October 17,
3564:October 17,
3457:The Quietus
3339:Smithsonian
3171:January 23,
3144:January 23,
3071:October 26,
3027:November 6,
2980:November 6,
2976:. Billboard
2880:November 6,
2833:October 10,
2811:October 10,
2703:October 10,
2679:October 10,
2607:October 10,
2532:January 19,
2398:October 10,
1785:He Got Game
1621:Discography
1442:Flavor Flav
1383:The rapper
1340:David Mills
1236:Kurt Cobain
1205:Motown Junk
1157:Kip Collins
1118:Johnny Gill
1114:Bobby Brown
1094:New Edition
1090:MCA Records
1066:Jody Watley
1062:Jasmine Guy
1058:Paula Abdul
1054:L.L. Cool J
1015:Vernon Reid
1001:black power
981:Sonic Youth
927:Afrocentric
911:Kurtis Blow
830:Talib Kweli
730:Kid 'n Play
726:Salt-N-Pepa
664:Flavor Flav
513:Flavor Flav
398:Long Island
390:Flavor Flav
308:He Got Game
295:(1991) and
248:Long Island
244:Flavor Flav
221:publicenemy
179:Flavor Flav
121:Discography
83:Long Island
6158:Categories
5989:Ann Wilson
5974:Slick Rick
5883:John Prine
5799:The Meters
5779:Hal Blaine
5704:Celia Cruz
5699:Ruth Brown
5599:Patti Page
5564:Diana Ross
5504:Roy Haynes
5438:Tom Paxton
5428:Brenda Lee
5423:Hank Jones
5408:Gene Autry
5236:Art Blakey
5221:Doc Watson
5216:Artie Shaw
5166:Etta James
5146:Perry Como
5121:Bob Marley
5010:Bo Diddley
4890:Bill Evans
4739:Lena Horne
4439:Neil Peart
4373:Ann Wilson
4343:Performers
4181:Give It Up
3795:. Urbana.
3733:0312425791
3489:October 4,
3464:October 5,
3253:October 4,
2762:October 8,
2733:October 8,
2723:Yoshis.com
2631:October 4,
2443:Lee, Spike
2142:. New York
2014:References
1995:Nominated
1975:Nominated
1955:Nominated
1912:Nominated
1892:Nominated
1872:Nominated
1852:Nominated
1832:Nominated
1771:with Paris
1612:Gary G-Wiz
1577:percussion
1498:percussion
1465:Khari Wynn
1300:Aphex Twin
1296:Amon Tobin
1288:Jeff Mills
1276:Ben Harper
1254:(included
1250:credits),
1230:in 2003),
1086:Chaka Khan
1074:Third Bass
1046:Blue Magic
985:Kool Thing
977:Funny Vibe
975:in 1988 ("
935:Gang Starr
481:, and the
440:Rick Rubin
407:Run–D.M.C.
5969:Ma Rainey
5764:Sly Stone
5669:Buddy Guy
5634:Kraftwerk
5489:2011–2020
5393:Max Roach
5383:Doris Day
5358:Bob Wills
5347:The Doors
5327:Joan Baez
5096:2001–2010
5055:Mel Tormé
5040:Sam Cooke
4915:Peggy Lee
4810:Bob Dylan
4795:1991–2000
4754:Art Tatum
4689:B.B. King
4654:Roy Acuff
4524:1963–1990
4467:Lou Adler
4431:Geddy Lee
3740:Chuck D:
3699:April 20,
3522:April 19,
3312:Billboard
3227:April 19,
3202:April 19,
3066:Billboard
2973:Billboard
2935:Billboard
2656:April 19,
2651:Bbc.co.uk
2584:April 19,
2558:April 19,
2428:April 19,
2373:April 19,
2108:USA Today
2010:in 2013.
1366:Analytixz
1219:in 1995.
1162:Poet and
1137:'s album
1005:Scott Ian
979:"), with
969:rap metal
891:free jazz
885:. Critic
760:Riot Fest
683:multiple
652:Las Vegas
602:Spike Lee
186:Sammy Sam
5878:Iggy Pop
5659:Bee Gees
5373:The Band
5151:Al Green
3817:AllMusic
3791:. 2011.
3664:MTV News
3404:Archived
3286:AllMusic
3196:AllMusic
3111:HipHopDX
2915:March 1,
2336:March 7,
2306:, p. 82.
2277:July 16,
2252:March 4,
2246:AllMusic
2224:June 11,
2146:June 11,
2114:March 6,
2055:March 1,
2030:(2005).
1539:Producer
1484:Davy DMX
1446:Hype man
1284:Mad Mike
1224:Autechre
1189:of whom
1135:Ice Cube
1034:Ice Cube
792:Bandcamp
776:InsPirEd
738:Brooklyn
687:finals.
528:Chuck D.
471:original
321:(2006).
289:(1990),
254:and the
153:Columbia
5964:Nirvana
5863:Chicago
5729:Run-DMC
5524:Ramones
5126:The Who
4405:Chuck D
4096:Singles
3896:DJ Lord
3875:Chuck D
2330:Discogs
2193:July 9,
2169:Reuters
1935:Result
1904:Anthrax
1816:Result
1744:(2020)
1567:guitars
1475:DJ Lord
1433:Chuck D
1258:in her
1232:Nirvana
1166:artist
1164:hip-hop
993:Anthrax
991:outfit
897:, even
893:, hard
850:Def Jam
810:in the
676:DJ Lord
660:Chuck D
656:DJ Lord
386:Chuck D
367:History
359:at the
330:DJ Lord
240:Chuck D
236:hip hop
216:Website
183:DJ Lord
175:Chuck D
171:Members
148:Def Jam
6144:(wife)
6122:(2001)
6114:(1998)
6106:(1992)
6098:(1991)
6090:(1990)
6079:Albums
5934:Selena
4285:PE 2.0
3827:Videos
3799:
3778:
3762:
3748:
3730:
2332:. 1987
2272:EW.com
2046:
1932:Award
1813:Award
1788:(1998)
1773:(2006)
1755:(2020)
1738:(2017)
1730:(2015)
1722:(2012)
1714:(2012)
1706:(2007)
1698:(2005)
1690:(2002)
1682:(1999)
1674:(1994)
1666:(1991)
1658:(1990)
1650:(1988)
1642:(1987)
1320:, and
1292:M.I.A.
1264:Tricky
1127:Poison
1100:, and
1084:, and
1023:Slayer
953:, and
939:X Clan
883:rhymes
877:Legacy
767:PE 2.0
680:Vestax
662:, and
419:battle
141:Labels
90:Genres
79:Origin
6018:N.W.A
5999:2024
5955:2023
5945:2022
5910:2021
5859:2020
5815:2019
5804:Queen
5775:2018
5735:2017
5695:2016
5655:2015
5615:2014
5575:2013
5535:2012
5495:2011
5444:2010
5404:2009
5364:2008
5323:2007
5292:Cream
5283:2006
5227:2005
5192:2004
5162:2003
5132:2002
5102:2001
5061:2000
5031:1999
5006:1998
4961:1997
4936:1996
4906:1995
4886:1994
4851:1993
4826:1992
4801:1991
4765:1990
4715:1989
4650:1987
4630:1986
4620:1985
4605:1984
4590:1972
4580:1971
4570:1968
4560:1967
4550:1966
4540:1965
4530:1963
4351:Heart
3023:. NME
2905:Yahoo
2876:. NME
1926:Year
1807:Year
1573:drums
1494:drums
1385:Ice-T
1252:Björk
903:Ice-T
678:at a
621:nigga
569:'
517:Malmö
427:scene
313:Paris
277:'
6142:Solé
5991:and
5826:and
5351:The
5240:The
4425:Rush
3797:ISBN
3776:ISBN
3760:ISBN
3746:ISBN
3728:ISBN
3701:2013
3676:2018
3645:2018
3598:2011
3566:2011
3524:2014
3491:2019
3466:2021
3438:2018
3412:2018
3379:2018
3346:2018
3320:2018
3294:2018
3255:2019
3229:2014
3204:2014
3173:2024
3146:2024
3119:2020
3073:2022
3029:2020
3000:Spin
2982:2020
2917:2020
2882:2020
2835:2023
2813:2023
2790:2018
2764:2015
2735:2015
2705:2023
2681:2023
2658:2014
2633:2019
2609:2023
2586:2014
2560:2014
2534:2012
2508:Vibe
2490:2021
2430:2014
2400:2023
2375:2014
2338:2023
2279:2018
2254:2017
2226:2013
2195:2020
2148:2013
2139:Time
2116:2020
2086:2019
2057:2021
2044:ISBN
1981:1992
1961:1991
1941:1989
1898:1995
1878:1993
1858:1992
1838:1991
1822:1990
1563:bass
1488:bass
1286:and
1193:and
1181:The
1082:EPMD
1017:(of
921:and
913:and
895:funk
865:and
728:and
546:rock
415:WBAU
409:and
242:and
223:.com
158:PIAS
39:For
3902:S1W
3815:at
3047:CNN
3020:NME
2873:NME
2698:BBC
2445:. "
1582:S1W
1503:S1W
1314:'s
1274:),
962:MP3
736:in
732:at
685:DMC
604:'s
453:by
396:on
246:on
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
