127:
159:
187:
478:). This is particularly useful for extinct seed plant groups whose systematic relationships remain speculative, as they can be classified as pteridosperms with no valid implications being made as to their systematic affinities. Also, from a purely curatorial perspective the term pteridosperms is a useful shorthand for describing the fern-like fronds that were probably produced by seed plants, which are commonly found in many Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossil floras.
487:
652:
3285:
568:" intermediate between the ferns and cycads, and especially in the English-speaking world they were referred to as "seed ferns" or "pteridosperms". Today, despite being regarded by most palaeobotanists as only distantly related to ferns, these spurious names have nonetheless established themselves. Nowadays, four orders of Palaeozoic seed plants tend to be referred to as pteridosperms:
599:
Their discovery attracted considerable attention at the time, as the pteridosperms were the first extinct group of vascular plants to be identified solely from the fossil record. In the 19th century the
Carboniferous Period was often referred to as the "Age of Ferns" but these discoveries during the
615:, which was stretching the concept. In the context of modern phylogenetic models, the groups often referred to as pteridosperms appear to be liberally spread across a range of clades, and many palaeobotanists today would regard pteridosperms as little more than a
548:) that had identical and very distinctive glandular hairs, and concluded that both fronds and seeds belonged to the same plant. Soon, additional evidence came to light suggesting that seeds were also attached to the Carboniferous fern-like fronds
638:
analysis techniques have surpassed the hard data needed to formulate meaningful phylogenetic hypotheses" regarding the relationships of "seed ferns" to living plant groups.
2996:
1167:
2984:
1213:
1158:
1052:
1033:
2990:
1024:
908:
839:
603:
During the 20th century the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various
Mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern-like fronds, such as the
1867:"10.—Triradioxylon—a New Genus of Lower Carboniferous Petrified Stems and Petioles together with a Review of the Classification of Early Pterophytina"
1235:
1042:
2800:
975:
827:
818:
508:
came to realise that many
Carboniferous fossils resembling fern fronds had anatomical features more reminiscent of the modern-day seed plants, the
3002:
1135:
1088:
1079:
1010:
3132:
1965:
1456:
1285:
1254:
746:
585:
307:
1121:
950:
918:
2812:
1296:
999:
934:
896:
1274:
1110:
926:
2928:
1177:
942:
1820:"4.—On the Structure of a Petrified Stem and some Associated Seeds from the Lower Carboniferous Rocks of East Lothian, Scotland"
673:
1866:
1819:
3440:
1933:
454:, many palaeobotanists still use the pteridosperm grouping in an informal sense to refer to the seed plants that are not
1958:
699:
681:
2008:
520:" ("cycad-ferns") for such fossils, suggesting that they were a group of non-seed plants intermediate between the
2003:
1324:"Relictual Lepidopteris (Peltaspermales) from the Early Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Patagonia, Argentina"
600:
first decade of the 20th century made it clear that the "Age of
Pteridosperms" was perhaps a better description.
186:
3348:
1622:
677:
3405:
3385:
2087:
2077:
2060:
1951:
1905:
3450:
17:
1938:
3445:
3395:
1692:"Nystroemiaceae, a new family of Permian gymnosperms from China with an unusual combination of features"
3425:
1797:"Heyday of the gymnosperms: systematics and biodiversity of the Late Triassic Molteno fructifications"
3430:
619:'grade-group' with no common lineage. One of the few characters that may unify the group is that the
3420:
3415:
3400:
3390:
1943:
662:
1644:
1609:
Hilton, J. & Bateman, R. M. (2006), "Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny",
3410:
2092:
666:
627:, a group of enclosing branches, but this has not been confirmed for all "pteridosperm" groups.
3435:
3362:
3310:
529:
1796:
3357:
2055:
3293:
1906:"Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology"
1748:
3288:
1645:"Seed ferns from the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic: Any angiosperm ancestors lurking there?"
8:
2453:
2436:
2346:
2194:
565:
525:
2729:
2480:
2463:
2305:
2189:
2184:
2072:
2050:
2038:
2013:
1847:
1768:
1724:
1691:
1626:
1592:
1450:
1401:
1382:
1323:
607:. Some palaeobotanists also included seed plant groups with entire leaves such as the
375:
181:
3195:
3096:
3084:
2907:
2621:
2441:
2372:
2362:
2292:
2082:
2045:
2033:
2023:
1886:
1851:
1839:
1772:
1729:
1711:
1672:
1664:
1423:
1343:
848:
764:
612:
604:
550:
451:
270:
1630:
1386:
126:
3108:
3102:
3066:
2749:
2611:
2496:
2397:
1997:
1878:
1831:
1760:
1719:
1703:
1656:
1618:
1543:
1491:
1413:
1374:
1335:
1070:
809:
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737:
728:
631:
608:
589:
577:
569:
497:
410:
300:
282:
276:
258:
1764:
630:
It has been speculated that some seed fern groups may be close to the ancestry of
513:
3200:
3183:
3090:
2616:
2599:
2382:
2341:
2209:
2199:
2179:
360:
324:
1583:
Taylor, Edith L., et al. “Mesozoic Seed Ferns: Old
Paradigms, New Discoveries.”
158:
3333:
3120:
3060:
2934:
2901:
2859:
2772:
2700:
2695:
2643:
2113:
2028:
1975:
1399:
876:
857:
755:
719:
581:
294:
252:
211:
173:
1882:
1835:
624:
3379:
3210:
3054:
3017:
2974:
2887:
2863:
2680:
2402:
2377:
2259:
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1890:
1843:
1715:
1668:
1347:
1061:
635:
475:
418:
406:
354:
145:
75:
1360:
3271:
3126:
3114:
2854:
2685:
2675:
2475:
2427:
2300:
1733:
1707:
1676:
1547:
1496:
1471:
1427:
1144:
800:
773:
616:
573:
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533:
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402:
288:
168:
141:
3342:
3078:
3072:
2867:
2848:
2806:
2756:
2563:
2506:
2447:
2392:
2325:
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2245:
2227:
2219:
1418:
1224:
832:
791:
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556:
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467:
435:
366:
264:
136:
50:
1660:
1596:
486:
3278:
3205:
3173:
3159:
3142:
2690:
2367:
2156:
2147:
492:
455:
430:
348:
336:
224:
95:
60:
2943:
2839:
2705:
2589:
2387:
2167:
2136:
1322:
Elgorriaga, Andrés; Escapa, Ignacio H.; Cúneo, N. Rubén (July 2019).
504:
The concept of pteridosperms goes back to the late 19th century when
342:
330:
100:
44:
3304:
1973:
1402:"Seed ferns survived the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in Tasmania"
651:
3327:
3215:
2648:
2631:
2067:
1536:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
1378:
1339:
463:
444:
426:
414:
112:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
29:
Several distinct polyphyletic groups of extinct seed-bearing plants
3168:
2871:
2670:
2127:
459:
422:
105:
80:
1476:, with a statement of the evidence upon which it is referred to
1904:
Anderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M.; Cleal, Chris J. (2007).
536:) made the critical discovery that some of these fronds (genus
509:
440:
409:. The earliest fossil evidence for plants of this type are the
116:
2562:
1400:
McLoughlin S.; Carpenter R.J.; Jordan G.J.; Hill R.S. (2008).
1184:(otherwise placed as incetae sedis regarding family and order)
3154:
2567:
2265:
1979:
1365:
gen. nov., a Late
Devonian gymnosperm with cupulate ovules".
1151:
620:
524:
and cycads. Shortly afterwards, the
British palaeobotanists
471:
198:
741:
Rothwell (1981) emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007)
2939:
2658:
852:
Potonie (1900) emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007)
521:
149:
2267:
1623:
10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[119:PATBOS]2.0.CO;2
1361:
Rothwell G. W.; Scheckler S. E.; Gillespie W. H. (1989). "
861:
Němejc (1963) emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007)
1749:"Austrocalyxaeae, a new pteridoserm family from Gondwana"
1484:
1028:
Meyen (1984) emend. Anderson, Anderson & Cleal (2007)
1608:
1696:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1511:
Grand'Eury C (1904). "Sur les graines Neuropteridées".
1469:
500:, top right), in an Early Triassic Australian landscape
1981:
1747:
Vega, Juan Carlos; Archangelsky, Sergio (2001-04-25).
532:(with the assistance of Oliver's student at the time,
1903:
1321:
1643:
Taylor, Edith L.; Taylor, Thomas N. (January 2009).
2789:
1513:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris
564:. Initially it was still thought that they were "
2738:
2462:
1690:Wang, Jun; Pfefferkorn, Hermann W. (2010-01-22).
1602:
1567:Smithsonian Institution, Miscellaneous Collection
1393:
429:Era and had mostly disappeared by the end of the
3377:
2291:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1746:
1510:
1037:Němejc (1959) ex Archangelsky & Cúneo (1990)
2970:
1689:
2920:
2569:
1871:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1824:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1795:Anderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M. (2003).
1463:
1354:
2111:
1959:
1779:
954:(Archangelsky) emend. Coturel et CĂ©sari, 2017
417:age. They flourished particularly during the
1642:
1530:Kidston R (1904). "On the fructification of
1504:
634:(angiosperms). A 2009 study concluded that "
481:
450:With regard to the enduring utility of this
425:periods. Pteridosperms declined during the
1864:
1817:
1585:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
680:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
584:, with "Mesozoic seed ferns" including the
3284:
1966:
1952:
1523:
1455:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1434:
157:
125:
2838:
2587:
1723:
1529:
1495:
1472:"On the structure of the Palaeozoic seed
1417:
700:Learn how and when to remove this message
1554:
485:
1865:Barnard, P. D. W.; Long, A. G. (1975).
1818:Barnard, P. D. W.; Long, A. G. (1973).
1611:Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
1560:
1440:
1328:International Journal of Plant Sciences
14:
3378:
3309:
3308:
2561:
1947:
868:
1587:, vol. 133, no. 1, 2006, pp. 62–82.
1269:Incertae sedis to order and family:
678:adding citations to reliable sources
645:
542:) were associated with seeds (genus
512:. In 1899 the German palaeobotanist
24:
1470:Oliver, F.W.; Scott, D.H. (1904).
1443:Lehrbuch der Pflanzenpaläontologie
490:Life restoration of the seed fern
303:(also referred to as Umkomasiales)
25:
3462:
1927:
3283:
650:
443:times, based on fossil finds in
185:
48:
1897:
1858:
1811:
1740:
1683:
1636:
712:
3294:Current definitions of Plantae
1577:
1561:White D (1904). "The seeds of
1315:
1248:Anderson & Anderson (2007)
1207:Anderson & Anderson (2007)
1201:Anderson & Anderson (2007)
1195:Anderson & Anderson (2007)
1139:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1126:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1115:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1104:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1098:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1092:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
1083:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
980:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
969:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
963:Anderson & Anderson (2003)
912:Vega & Archangelsky (2001)
813:(Corsin (1960)) Havlena (1961)
13:
1:
1753:Palaeontographica Abteilung B
1308:
1058:Archangelsky and CĂşneo (1990)
890:Wang & Pfefferkorn (2009)
888:Family ?†Nystroemiaceae
498:Corystospermales/Umkomasiales
777:Pilger & Melchior (1954)
7:
641:
439:seem to have survived into
134:Fossil seed fern leaves of
10:
3467:
3441:Devonian first appearances
1649:American Journal of Botany
1406:American Journal of Botany
3317:
3266:
3182:
3141:
3030:
3015:
2966:
2957:
2916:
2896:
2885:
2834:
2825:
2785:
2770:
2766:
2726:
2722:
2657:
2630:
2598:
2583:
2579:
2557:
2505:
2489:
2471:
2425:
2421:
2355:
2334:
2322:
2318:
2287:
2258:
2236:
2218:
2166:
2146:
2126:
2122:
2107:
1991:
1883:10.1017/S0080456800015179
1836:10.1017/S008045680001499X
1599:. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.
1290:Rothwell and Wight (1989)
1279:Renault et Zeiller (1884)
1074:Friis and Pedersen (1996)
1015:Barnard & Long (1975)
1004:Barnard & Long (1973)
993:Barnard & Long (1973)
482:History of classification
381:
374:
320:
315:
248:
243:
182:Scientific classification
180:
165:
156:
133:
124:
36:
1532:Neuropteris heterophylla
1445:(in German). Berlin, DE.
991:Family †Buteoxylonaceae
1765:10.1127/palb/257/2001/1
1246:Family †Zamiostrobacea
961:Order ?†Alexiales
1934:Seed fern paleontology
1708:10.1098/rspb.2009.0913
1548:10.1098/rstb.1905.0001
1497:10.1098/rstb.1905.0008
1205:Family †Axelrodiaceae
1193:Class †Axelrodiopsida
1102:Family †Hlatimbiaceae
988:Order †Buteoxylonales
530:Dukinfield Henry Scott
501:
3358:Paleobiology Database
489:
407:seed-producing plants
383:Pteridospermatopsida
3406:Carboniferous plants
3386:Pteridospermatophyta
3349:Pteridospermatophyta
3319:Pteridospermatophyta
3289:List of plant orders
3169:Pinopsida (conifers)
3155:Cycadopsida (cycads)
3147:(living gymnosperms)
2644:Leiosporocerotopsida
2363:Nephroselmidophyceae
1490:(225–238): 193–247.
1441:Potonié, H. (1899).
1419:10.3732/ajb.95.4.465
1199:Order †Axelrodiales
1182:Lesquereux (1879-80)
1096:Order †Hlatimbiales
750:Taylor et al. (1994)
674:improve this section
566:transitional fossils
405:grouping of extinct
391:Pteridospermatophyta
238:Pteridospermatophyta
166:Life restoration of
37:Pteridospermatophyta
3451:Paraphyletic groups
2997:Archaeopteridopsida
2730:Polysporangiophytes
2454:Klebsormidiophyceae
2437:Mesostigmatophyceae
2383:Chlorodendrophyceae
2347:Pyramimonadophyceae
2301:Prasinodermophyceae
2195:Compsopogonophyceae
1661:10.3732/ajb.0800202
967:Family †Alexiaceae
768:Li & Yao (1983)
3446:Eocene extinctions
3396:Prehistoric plants
3188:(flowering plants)
3109:Lyginopteridopsida
2902:Eophyllophytopsida
2855:Zosterophyllopsida
2793:Paratracheophytes*
2571:sensu strictissimo
2481:Coleochaetophyceae
2464:Phragmoplastophyta
2306:Palmophyllophyceae
2228:Glaucocystophyceae
2190:Stylonematophyceae
2185:Porphyridiophyceae
1974:Classification of
1474:Lagenostoma Lomaxi
1168:Phasmatocycadaceae
869:Other minor groups
502:
3426:Cretaceous plants
3373:
3372:
3311:Taxon identifiers
3302:
3301:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3196:Basal angiosperms
3097:Gigantopteridales
3046:seed plant groups
3044:and other extinct
3011:
3010:
2985:Noeggerathiopsida
2953:
2952:
2908:Trimerophytopsida
2881:
2880:
2821:
2820:
2777:(vascular plants)
2742:Protracheophytes*
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2681:Andreaeobryopsida
2622:Jungermanniopsida
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2442:Chlorokybophyceae
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2373:Chloropicophyceae
2314:
2313:
2293:Prasinodermophyta
2254:
2253:
1702:(1679): 301–309.
1486:. Series B.
1367:Botanical Gazette
1302:
1291:
1280:
1260:
1249:
1241:
1230:
1219:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1159:Phasmatocycadales
1149:
1140:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1059:
1053:Polyspermophyllum
1047:
1038:
1034:Dicranophyllaceae
1029:
1016:
1005:
994:
981:
970:
964:
913:
902:
891:
862:
853:
849:Lyginopteridaceae
844:
835:
823:
822:Naugolnykh (2012)
814:
805:
796:
787:
778:
769:
765:Gigantopteridales
760:
751:
742:
733:
724:
710:
709:
702:
613:Gigantopteridales
605:Corystospermaceae
516:coined the term "
388:
387:
271:Gigantopteridales
119:
16:(Redirected from
3458:
3431:Paleocene plants
3366:
3365:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3306:
3305:
3287:
3286:
3201:Core angiosperms
3189:
3148:
3143:Acrogymnospermae
3121:Peltaspermopsida
3103:Glossopteridales
3085:Corystospermales
3067:Callistophytales
3047:
3039:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
2991:Aneurophytopsida
2973:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2918:
2917:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2849:Barinophytopsida
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2750:Horneophytopsida
2741:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2724:
2723:
2664:
2649:Anthocerotopsida
2637:
2632:Anthocerotophyta
2612:Haplomitriopsida
2605:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2559:
2558:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2497:Zygnematophyceae
2487:
2486:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2459:
2430:
2423:
2422:
2398:Trebouxiophyceae
2368:Picocystophyceae
2332:
2331:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2271:
2173:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2020:
2000:
1985:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1792:
1777:
1776:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1606:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1542:(225–238): 1–5.
1527:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1319:
1301:Dolianiti (1954)
1300:
1289:
1278:
1259:Endlicher (1836)
1258:
1247:
1239:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1181:
1170:
1161:
1147:
1138:
1125:
1114:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1071:Erdtmanithecales
1057:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1025:Dicranophyllales
1014:
1003:
992:
979:
968:
962:
911:
909:Austrocalyxaceae
900:
889:
860:
851:
842:
840:Physostomataceae
830:
821:
812:
810:Lyginopteridales
803:
794:
785:
783:Glossopteridales
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
738:Callistophytales
732:Petriella (1981)
731:
729:Corystospermales
722:
705:
698:
694:
691:
685:
654:
646:
632:flowering plants
623:were borne in a
609:Glossopteridales
590:Corystospermales
578:Callistophytales
570:Lyginopteridales
325:flowering plants
301:Corystospermales
283:Lyginopteridales
277:Glossopteridales
259:Callistophytales
244:Groups included
236:
190:
189:
161:
148:of northeastern
144:) from the Late
129:
110:
47:
40:Temporal range:
39:
34:
33:
21:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3421:Jurassic plants
3416:Triassic plants
3401:Devonian plants
3391:Plant divisions
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3313:
3303:
3298:
3222:
3187:
3186:
3178:
3146:
3145:
3137:
3091:Czekanowskiales
3045:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3007:
2971:
2958:
2949:
2921:Moniliformopses
2912:
2886:
2877:
2827:Eutracheophytes
2826:
2817:
2790:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2762:
2739:
2727:
2710:
2701:Polytrichopsida
2696:Tetraphidopsida
2662:
2661:
2653:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2617:Marchantiopsida
2603:
2602:
2600:Marchantiophyta
2588:
2575:
2521:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2485:
2458:
2426:
2409:
2351:
2342:Mamiellophyceae
2323:
2310:
2279:
2273:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2232:
2214:
2210:Florideophyceae
2200:Rhodellophyceae
2180:Cyanidiophyceae
2171:
2170:
2162:
2142:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2018:
1996:
1987:
1972:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1877:(10): 231–249.
1863:
1859:
1816:
1812:
1793:
1780:
1745:
1741:
1688:
1684:
1641:
1637:
1607:
1603:
1582:
1578:
1559:
1555:
1534:, Brongniart".
1528:
1524:
1509:
1505:
1468:
1464:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1398:
1394:
1359:
1355:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1236:Synangispadixis
1043:Trichopityaceae
871:
786:Plumstead, 1956
715:
706:
695:
689:
686:
671:
655:
644:
506:palaeobotanists
484:
458:, coniferoids (
433:Period, though
393:, also called "
361:Czekanowskiales
323:Magnoliopsida (
234:
184:
120:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
42:
41:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3464:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:Permian plants
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3354:
3339:
3323:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3281:
3275:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3127:Pentoxylopsida
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3061:Calamopityales
3057:
3050:
3048:
3025:
3018:Spermatophytes
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2975:Progymnosperms
2961:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2940:Polypodiopsida
2937:
2935:Cladoxylopsida
2931:
2924:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2888:Euphyllophytes
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2860:Lycopodiopsida
2857:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2801:Cooksoniopsida
2796:
2794:
2780:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2745:
2743:
2733:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Oedipodiopsida
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2593:
2577:
2576:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2335:Prasinophytina
2329:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2282:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2238:incertae sedis
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2117:
2114:Archaeplastida
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:Mesomycetozoea
2090:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2029:Diaphoretickes
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1976:Archaeplastida
1971:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1928:External links
1926:
1923:
1922:
1896:
1857:
1810:
1778:
1739:
1682:
1655:(1): 237–251.
1635:
1601:
1576:
1553:
1522:
1503:
1462:
1433:
1412:(4): 465–471.
1392:
1379:10.1086/337763
1373:(2): 170–189.
1353:
1340:10.1086/703461
1334:(6): 578–596.
1313:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1281:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1231:
1220:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1155:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1048:
1046:Němejc (1968)
1039:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1006:
986:
985:
984:
983:
982:
959:
958:
957:
956:
955:
946:
938:
930:
922:
905:
904:
903:
884:incertae sedis
877:incertae sedis
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
863:
858:Moresnetiaceae
854:
845:
836:
831:Němejc (1950)
828:Heterangiaceae
824:
819:Angaranthaceae
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
756:Peltaspermales
752:
743:
734:
725:
720:Calamopityales
714:
711:
708:
707:
658:
656:
649:
643:
640:
582:Peltaspermales
483:
480:
386:
385:
379:
378:
372:
371:
370:
369:
363:
357:
351:
346:
340:
334:
328:
318:
317:
313:
312:
311:
310:
304:
297:
295:Peltaspermales
291:
285:
279:
273:
267:
261:
255:
253:Calamopityales
246:
245:
241:
240:
232:
228:
227:
225:Spermatophytes
222:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
178:
177:
174:Peltaspermales
163:
162:
154:
153:
131:
130:
122:
121:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
38:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3463:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Eocene plants
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:Bennettitales
3052:
3051:
3049:
3036:
3035:Pteridosperms
3029:
3026:
3022:(seed plants)
3019:
3014:
3004:
3003:Protopityales
3000:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2774:
2773:Tracheophytes
2769:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2686:Andreaeopsida
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2511:(land plants)
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2404:
2403:Chlorophyceae
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Pedinophyceae
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:Chlorophytina
2354:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2260:Viridiplantae
2257:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Bangiophyceae
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Stramenopiles
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:(major groups
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:(4): 91–108.
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:(1–6): 1–16.
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1478:Lyginodendron
1475:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:Cornet (1986)
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1218:Cornet (1986)
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1171:Doweld (2001)
1169:
1165:
1164:
1162:Doweld (2001)
1160:
1156:
1153:
1148:Darrah (1960)
1146:
1142:
1137:
1136:Matatiellales
1133:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:Hamshawviales
1086:
1081:
1080:Fredlindiales
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1062:coniferophyte
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1012:
1011:Triradioxylon
1007:
1002:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
989:
987:
978:
977:
972:
971:
966:
965:
960:
953:
952:
947:
945:
944:
939:
937:
936:
931:
929:
928:
923:
921:
920:
915:
914:
910:
906:
899:
898:
893:
892:
887:
886:
885:
881:
880:
879:
878:
873:
872:
859:
855:
850:
846:
841:
837:
834:
829:
825:
820:
816:
815:
811:
807:
804:Corsin (1960)
802:
798:
795:Gothan (1932)
793:
789:
784:
780:
775:
771:
766:
762:
759:Taylor (1981)
757:
753:
748:
744:
739:
735:
730:
726:
723:Němejc (1963)
721:
717:
716:
704:
701:
693:
683:
679:
675:
669:
668:
664:
659:This section
657:
653:
648:
647:
639:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
552:
547:
546:
541:
540:
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531:
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518:Cycadofilices
515:
514:Henry Potonié
511:
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419:Carboniferous
416:
412:
411:lyginopterids
408:
404:
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396:
395:pteridosperms
392:
384:
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373:
368:
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355:Bennettitales
352:
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146:Carboniferous
143:
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107:
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97:
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77:
72:
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62:
57:
52:
46:
43:376 –50
35:
32:
27:
19:
3318:
3272:paraphyletic
3184:Angiospermae
3161:
3160:Ginkgoales (
3133:Petriellales
3115:Medullosales
3042:(seed ferns)
3034:
2755:
2676:Sphagnopsida
2671:Takakiopsida
2604:(liverworts)
2570:
2564:Embryophytes
2518:(see below↓)
2476:Charophyceae
2446:
2428:Streptophyta
2280:land plants)
2268:
2237:
2155:
2148:Rhodelphidia
2135:
2078:Opisthokonta
1982:
1916:
1912:
1899:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1699:
1695:
1685:
1652:
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1638:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1588:
1584:
1579:
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1566:
1562:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1442:
1436:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1295:
1286:Pullaritheca
1284:
1273:
1255:Zamiostrobus
1253:
1234:
1229:Brown (1956)
1223:
1212:
1176:
1145:Nilssoniales
1120:
1109:
1060:(possibly a
1051:
1009:
998:
974:
949:
941:
933:
925:
917:
901:Halle (1927)
895:
883:
875:
801:Medullosales
774:Pentoxylales
747:Petriellales
713:Major groups
696:
687:
672:Please help
660:
636:phylogenetic
629:
617:paraphyletic
602:
598:
586:Petriellales
574:Medullosales
561:
555:
549:
543:
539:Lyginopteris
537:
534:Marie Stopes
526:Frank Oliver
517:
503:
491:
472:cycadophytes
468:ginkgophytes
449:
434:
403:polyphyletic
398:
394:
390:
389:
382:
308:Petriellales
289:Medullosales
237:
218:
205:
169:Lepidopteris
167:
142:Medullosales
135:
31:
26:
18:Pteridosperm
3343:Wikispecies
3079:Cordaitales
3073:Caytoniales
2959:Lignophytes
2942:(ferns and
2868:spikemosses
2807:Rhyniopsida
2757:Aglaophyton
2636:(hornworts)
2507:Embryophyta
2490:Anydrophyta
2448:Spirotaenia
2393:Ulvophyceae
2326:Chlorophyta
2276:green algae
2246:Algospongia
2220:Glaucophyta
2172:(red algae)
1617:: 119–168,
1225:Sanmiguelia
1152:cycadopsids
1122:Batiopteris
951:Fedekurtzia
919:Austrocalyx
843:Long (1975)
792:Caytoniales
594:Caytoniales
557:Neuropteris
551:Dicksonites
545:Lagenostoma
476:bennettites
474:(cycads or
456:angiosperms
436:Komlopteris
367:Cordaitales
265:Caytoniales
137:Neuropteris
3380:Categories
3206:Magnoliids
3174:Gnetopsida
2944:horsetails
2872:quillworts
2864:clubmosses
2840:Lycophytes
2813:Renaliales
2590:Bryophytes
2168:Rhodophyta
2157:Rhodelphis
1939:Seed ferns
1913:Strelitzia
1801:Strelitzia
1573:: 322–331.
1519:: 782–786.
1309:References
1297:Kegelidium
1150:(possibly
1000:Buteoxylon
935:Rinconadia
897:Nystroemia
493:Dicroidium
431:Cretaceous
399:seed ferns
349:Gnetophyta
345:(conifers)
337:Ginkgoales
231:Division:
2706:Bryopsida
2659:Bryophyta
2388:UTC clade
2137:Picomonas
2073:Amoebozoa
2051:Alveolata
2039:Cryptista
2014:Eukaryota
1891:0080-4568
1852:129792299
1844:0080-4568
1773:248282839
1716:0962-8452
1669:0002-9122
1563:Aneimites
1451:cite book
1348:1058-5893
1275:Gnetopsis
1214:Axelrodia
1111:Hlatimbia
927:Polycalyx
833:nom. nud.
690:June 2021
661:does not
562:Aneimites
464:cordaites
343:Pinophyta
339:(ginkgos)
331:Cycadales
316:Excluded
195:Kingdom:
3334:Q1130372
3328:Wikidata
3216:Eudicots
3211:Monocots
2929:Ibykales
2663:(mosses)
2568:Plantae
2266:Plantae
2068:Amorphea
2046:Rhizaria
2034:Hacrobia
2024:Excavata
2009:Bacteria
1980:Plantae
1919:: 1–280.
1807:: 1–308.
1734:19656793
1677:21628187
1631:86395036
1597:20063823
1428:21632371
1387:84303226
1363:Elkinsia
1166:Family â€
1041:Family â€
1032:Family â€
907:Family â€
856:Family â€
847:Family â€
838:Family â€
826:Family â€
817:Family â€
642:Taxonomy
460:conifers
452:division
445:Tasmania
427:Mesozoic
415:Devonian
413:of late
401:" are a
376:Synonyms
333:(cycads)
115:– Early
113:Devonian
3279:extinct
2128:Picozoa
2083:Animals
2004:Archaea
1725:2842674
1178:Lesleya
1157:Order â€
1143:Order â€
1134:Order â€
1087:Order â€
1078:Order â€
1069:Order â€
1023:Order â€
943:Jejenia
808:Order â€
799:Order â€
790:Order â€
781:Order â€
772:Order â€
763:Order â€
754:Order â€
745:Order â€
736:Order â€
727:Order â€
718:Order â€
682:removed
667:sources
423:Permian
199:Plantae
3274:groups
3162:Ginkgo
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2061:Plants
1998:Domain
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976:Alexia
882:Order
874:Class
625:cupule
621:ovules
510:cycads
441:Eocene
397:" or "
117:Eocene
3363:56130
2278:&
2088:Fungi
1909:(PDF)
1848:S2CID
1769:S2CID
1627:S2CID
1593:JSTOR
1589:JSTOR
1383:S2CID
522:ferns
219:Clade
206:Clade
111:Late
3277:†=
2269:s.s.
1983:s.l.
1887:ISSN
1840:ISSN
1730:PMID
1712:ISSN
1673:PMID
1665:ISSN
1457:link
1424:PMID
1344:ISSN
665:any
663:cite
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150:Ohio
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