1071:(ECT) has been used in treating somatic symptom disorder among the elderly; however, the results were still debatable with some concerns around the side effects of using ECT. Overall, psychologists recommend addressing a common difficulty in patients with somatic symptom disorder in the reading of their own emotions. This may be a central feature of treatment; as well as developing a close collaboration between the GP, the patient and the mental health practitioner.
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somatic symptom disorder are common during adolescence. A community study of adolescents found that 5% had persistent distressing physical symptoms paired with psychological concerns. In the primary care patient population, the rate rises to around 17%. Patients with functional illnesses such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, and
674:
activity have been shown to be linked in those who experienced stressful life events for an extended period of time. It is further claimed that increased activity of the anterior cingulate cortex, which acts as a bridge between attention and emotion, leads to increased sensitivity of unwanted stimuli
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to be more threatening and, therefore, exhibit stronger cognitive, emotional, and behavioral awareness of such symptoms. In addition, evidence suggests that negative psychological factors have a significant impact on the impairments and behaviors of people suffering from somatic symptom disorder, as
311:
The cause of somatic symptom disorder is unknown. Symptoms may result from a heightened awareness of specific physical sensations paired with a tendency to interpret these experiences as signs of a medical ailment. The diagnosis is controversial, as people with a medical illness can be mislabeled as
268:
Manifestations of somatic symptom disorder are variable; symptoms can be widespread, specific, and often fluctuate. Somatic symptom disorder corresponds to the way an individual views and reacts to symptoms rather than the symptoms themselves. Somatic symptom disorder may develop in those who suffer
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reported respondents who had been unwell for most of their lives and complained of a variety of symptoms from various organ systems. Despite many appointments, hospitalizations, and tests, symptoms continue. Somatic symptom disorder was later dubbed "Briquet
Syndrome" in his honor. Over time, the
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Somatic symptom disorder is typically persistent, with symptoms that wax and wane. Chronic limitations in general function, substantial psychological impairment, and a reduction in quality of life are all common. Some investigations suggest people can recover; the natural history of the illnesses
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has been linked to significant improvements in patient-reported function and somatic symptoms, a reduction in health-care expenses, and a reduction in symptoms of depression. CBT aims to help patients realize their ailments are not catastrophic and to enable them to gradually return to activities
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or medical condition. When a somatic symptom disorder coexists with another medical ailment, people overreact to the ailment's adverse effects. They may be unresponsive toward treatment or unusually sensitive to drug side effects. Those with somatic symptom disorder who also have another physical
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Somatic symptom disorder affects 5% to 7% of the general population, with a higher female representation, and can arise throughout childhood, adolescence, or adulthood. Evidence suggests that the emergence of prodromal symptoms often begins in childhood and that symptoms fitting the criteria for
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Those suffering from somatic symptom disorder experience recurring and obsessive feelings and thoughts concerning their well-being. Common examples include severe anxiety regarding potential ailments, misinterpreting normal sensations as indications of severe illness, believing that symptoms are
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Manifestations of somatic symptom disorder are highly variable. Recurrent ailments usually begin before the age of 30; most patients have many somatic symptoms, while others only experience one. The severity may fluctuate, but symptoms rarely go away completely for long periods of time. Symptoms
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classifies somatic symptoms as "Bodily distress disorder". Bodily distress disorder is characterized by the presence of distressing bodily symptoms and excessive attention devoted to those symptoms. The ICD-11 further specifies that if another health condition is causing or contributing to the
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or result in substantial impairment of daily life". Additional criteria, often known as B criteria, include "excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors regarding somatic symptoms or corresponding health concerns manifested by disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the severity of one's
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Somatic symptom disorder has long been a contentious diagnosis because it was based solely on negative criteria, namely the absence of a medical explanation for the presenting physical problems. As a result, any person suffering from a poorly understood illness may meet the criteria for this
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patterns; and abnormal limb posture. The presenting symptom in conversion disorder is loss of function, but in somatic symptom disorder, the emphasis is on the discomfort that specific symptoms produce. Conversion disorder often lacks the overwhelming thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that
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Sattel, H.; Lahmann, C.; GĂĽndel, H.; Guthrie, E.; Kruse, J.; Noll-Hussong, M.; Ohmann, C.; Ronel, J.; Sack, M.; Sauer, N.; Schneider, G.; Henningsen, P. (2012). "Brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with multisomatoform disorder: randomised controlled trial".
971:. Illness anxiety disorder is characterized by an obsession with having or developing a dangerous, undetected medical ailment, despite the absence of bodily symptoms. Conversion disorder may present with one or more symptoms of various sorts. Motor symptoms involve
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indicators. A strong, positive relationship between the physician and the patient is crucial, and it should be accompanied by frequent, supportive visits to avoid the temptation to medicate or test when these interventions are not obviously necessary.
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Liu, Jing; Gill, Neeraj S.; Teodorczuk, Andrew; Li, Zhan-jiang; Sun, Jing (2019). "The efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy in somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
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The DSM includes five distinct descriptions for somatic symptom disorder. These include somatic symptom disorder with predominant pain, formally referred to as pain disorder, as well as classifications for mild, moderate, and severe symptoms.
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activity and can occur in the absence of nociception. Those with somatic symptoms are thought to exaggerate their somatic symptoms through choice perception and perceive them in accordance with an ailment. This idea has been identified as a
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Klaus, Kristina; Rief, Winfried; Brähler, Elmar; Martin, Alexandra; Glaesmer, Heide; Mewes, Ricarda (November 2015). "Validating psychological classification criteria in the context of somatoform disorders: A one- and four-year follow-up".
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Somatic symptom disorder can be detected by an ambiguous and often inconsistent history of symptoms that are rarely relieved by medical treatments. Additional signs of somatic symptom disorder include interpreting normal sensations for
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Häuser, Winfried; Bialas, Patric; Welsch, Katja; Wolfe, Frederick (June 2015). "Construct validity and clinical utility of current research criteria of DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder diagnosis in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome".
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system, in particular, may be relevant while a shared genetic source remains unknown. Researchers take into account the various processes involved in the development of somatic symptoms as well as the interactions between various
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in patients with somatic symptom disorders tends to present a greater vulnerability to pain. The relevant brain regions include the dorsolateral prefrontal, insular, rostral anterior cingulate, premotor, and parietal cortices.
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Gierk, Benjamin; Kohlmann, Sebastian; Kroenke, Kurt; Spangenberg, Lena; Zenger, Markus; Brähler, Elmar; Löwe, Bernd (1 March 2014). "The
Somatic Symptom Scale–8 (SSS-8): A Brief Measure of Somatic Symptom Burden".
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Millions of people could be mislabeled, with the burden falling disproportionately on women, because they are more likely to be casually dismissed as 'catastrophizers' when presenting with physical symptoms.
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Stein, Dan J.; Muller, Jacqueline (2008). "Cognitive-Affective
Neuroscience of Somatization Disorder and Functional Somatic Syndromes: Reconceptualizing The Triad of Depression-Anxiety-Somatic Symptoms".
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have a significant impact on the shift from unproblematic somatic symptoms to a severely debilitating somatic symptom disorder. Those who experience more negative psychological characteristics may regard
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Somatic symptoms disorder pertains to how an individual interprets and responds to symptoms as opposed to the symptoms themselves. Somatic symptom disorder can occur even in those who have an underlying
2796:
GarcĂa-Campayo, Javier; Fayed, Nicolas; Serrano-Blanco, Antoni; Roca, Miquel (2009). "Brain dysfunction behind functional symptoms: neuroimaging and somatoform, conversive, and dissociative disorders".
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Guidi, Jenny; Rafanelli, Chiara; Roncuzzi, Renzo; Sirri, Laura; Fava, Giovanni A. (March 2013). "Assessing psychological factors affecting medical conditions: comparison between different proposals".
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implies that around 50% to 75% of patients with medically unexplained symptoms improve, whereas 10% to 30% deteriorate. Fewer physical symptoms and better baseline functioning are stronger
1042:(PIT) for patients with somatic symptom disorder has been proven to improve the physical quality of life in patients with many, difficult-to-treat, medically unexplained symptoms over time
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Löwe, Bernd; Levenson, James; Depping, Miriam; Hüsing, Paul; Kohlmann, Sebastian; Lehmann, Marco; Shedden-Mora, Meike; Toussaint, Anne; Uhlenbusch, Natalie; Weigel, Angelika (March 2022).
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Rief, Winfried; Mewes, Ricarda; Martin, Alexandra; Glaesmer, Heide; Braehler, Elmar (September 2010). "Are psychological features useful in classifying patients with somatic symptoms?".
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Noyes, Russell; Stuart, Scott; Watson, David B.; Langbehn, Douglas R. (2006). "Distinguishing between
Hypochondriasis and Somatization Disorder: A Review of the Existing Literature".
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symptoms". It continues: "Although any one somatic symptom might not be consistently present, one's state of being symptomatic is continuous (typically lasting more than 6 months)."
1911:
Calabrò, Pasquale Fabio; Ceccarini, Giovanni; Calderone, Alba; Lippi, Chita; Piaggi, Paolo; Ferrari, Federica; Magno, Silvia; Pedrinelli, Roberto; Santini, Ferruccio (August 2020).
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have a greater prevalence of somatic symptom disorder. The reported frequency of somatic symptom disorder, as defined by DSM-5 criteria, ranges from 25 to 60% among these patients.
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There are cultural differences in the prevalence of somatic symptom disorder. For example, somatic symptom disorder and symptoms were found to be significantly more common in
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Lieb, Roselind; Meinlschmidt, Gunther; Araya, Ricardo (2007). "Epidemiology of the
Association Between Somatoform Disorders and Anxiety and Depressive Disorders: An Update".
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Somatic syndrome disorder's widespread, non-specific symptoms may conceal and mimic the manifestations of other medical disorders, making diagnosis and therapy challenging.
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patients met the somatic symptom disorder criteria exhibited higher depression rates than those who did not. In one study, 28.8% of those with somatic symptom disorder had
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results, which may result in further interventions, associated risks, and greater expenses. While some practitioners order tests to reassure patients, research shows that
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and treatment have been inadequate, fearing that engaging in physical activity will harm the body, and spending a disproportionate amount of time thinking about symptoms.
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1256:, chair of the DSM-IV task force, the DSM-5's somatic symptom disorder brings with it a risk of mislabeling a sizable proportion of the population as mentally ill.
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Martin, Alexandra; Rief, Winfried (September 2011). "Relevance of cognitive and behavioral factors in medically unexplained syndromes and somatoform disorders".
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context. It was discovered that Korean participants used more body-related phrases while discussing their connections with stressful events and experienced more
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About 10-20 percent of female first degree relatives also have somatic symptom disorder and male relatives have increased rates of alcoholism and sociopathy.
892:
1868:
Gan, Joanna J.; Lin, Andrew; Samimi, Mersal S.; Mendez, Mario F. (November 2016). "Somatic
Symptom Disorder in Semantic Dementia: The Role of Alexisomia".
1105:. In addition the diagnosis is also more prevalent among African Americans and those with less than a high school education or lower socioeconomic status.
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contributed significantly to the belief that hysteria and hypochondria are mental rather than physical illnesses. The term "English Malady" was used by
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Rost, K. M.; Akins, R. N.; Brown, F. W.; Smith, G. R. (September 1992). "The comorbidity of DSM-III-R personality disorders in somatization disorder".
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N, van Dessel; M, den Boeft; Jc, van der Wouden; M, Kleinstäuber; Ss, Leone; B, Terluin; Me, Numans; He, van der Horst; H, van
Marwijk (2014-11-01).
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is a short self-report questionnaire that is used to evaluate somatic symptoms. It examines the perceived severity of common somatic symptoms. The
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Rief, Winfried; Hennings, Anika; Riemer, Sabine; Euteneuer, Frank (May 2010). "Psychobiological differences between depression and somatization".
899:) modified the entry titled "somatoform disorders" to "somatic symptom and related disorders", and modified other diagnostic labels and criteria.
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219:
2997:"How to Use the New DSM-5 Somatic Symptom Disorder Diagnosis in Research and Practice: A Critical Evaluation and a Proposal for Modifications"
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Those raised in environments where expressing emotions during stages of development is discouraged face the highest risk of somatization. In
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Bornstein, Robert F.; Gold, Stephanie H. (2008). "Comorbidity of
Personality Disorders and Somatization Disorder: A Meta-analytic Review".
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Canino, G.; Bird, H.; Rubio-Stipec, M.; Bravo, M. (1997). "The epidemiology of mental disorders in the adult population of Puerto Rico".
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Somatic symptoms can stem from a heightened awareness of sensations in the body, alongside the tendency to interpret those sensations as
329:, being disproportionately sensitive to medication side effects, and seeking medical care from several physicians for the same concerns.
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processes may have a role in somatic symptom disorder, such as an increase of non-specific somatic symptoms and sensitivity to painful
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Traumatic life events may cause the development of somatic symptom disorder. Most people with somatic symptom disorder originate from
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Somashekar, Bettahalasoor; Jainer, Ashok; Wuntakal, Balaji (February 2013). "Psychopharmacotherapy of somatic symptoms disorders".
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concept of hysteria was used in place of a personality or character type, conversion responses, phobia, and anxiety to accompany
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and psychosocial factors. Given the high occurrence of trauma, particularly throughout childhood, it has been suggested that the
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2011:"DSM-5 illness anxiety disorder and somatic symptom disorder: Comorbidity, correlates, and overlap with DSM-IV hypochondriasis"
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impacted them in the preceding seven days. Ratings are added together to provide a sum score that ranges from 0 to 32 points.
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with symptoms, including both physical symptoms and psychological/behavioral (such as health anxiety and harmful behaviors).
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Harrison, Neil A.; Brydon, Lena; Walker, Cicely; Gray, Marcus A.; Steptoe, Andrew; Critchley, Hugo D. (1 September 2009).
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3887:
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Zorumski, Charles F.; Rubin, Eugene H.; Burke, William J. (1988). "Electroconvulsive
Therapy for the Elderly: A Review".
3132:"Non-pharmacological Interventions for Somatoform Disorders and Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms (MUPS) in Adults"
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Brown, F. W.; Golding, J. M.; Smith, G. R. (July 1990). "Psychiatric comorbidity in primary care somatization disorder".
793:
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Smith, G. Richard; Monson, Roberta A.; Ray, Debby C. (1986-05-29). "Psychiatric
Consultation in Somatization Disorder".
2010:
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mentally ill. This is especially true for women, who are more often dismissed when they present with physical symptoms.
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or self-reported psychopathological symptoms among those with somatic symptom disorder identified significant rates of
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may all exhibit excessive and exaggerated emotional and behavioral responses. Other functional diseases with unknown
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Kroenke, Kurt (2007). "Efficacy of Treatment for Somatoform Disorders: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials".
2648:"Inflammation causes mood changes through alterations in subgenual cingulate activity and mesolimbic connectivity"
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symptoms, the level of attention must be clearly excessive in relation to the nature and course of the condition.
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they previously engaged in, without fear of "worsening their symptoms". Consultation and collaboration with the
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Frances A (2013). "The new somatic symptom disorder in DSM-5 risks mislabeling many people as mentally ill".
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Sauer, Karoline S.; Witthöft, Michael; Rief, Winfried (2023). "Somatic Symptom Disorder and Health Anxiety".
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twins found that genetic components contributed 7% to 21% of somatic symptoms, with the remainder related to
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stressors, such as unemployment and reduced job performance, may also be risk factors. There could also be a
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thoughts, emotions, and behaviors connected to those symptoms. The symptoms are not deliberately produced or
17:
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settings, studies indicated that somaticizing patients had much greater rates of unemployment and decreased
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psychological diagnosis, regardless of whether they exhibit psychiatric symptoms in the traditional sense.
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Newby, Jill M.; Hobbs, Megan J.; Mahoney, Alison E. J.; Wong, Shiu Kelvin; Andrews, Gavin (October 2017).
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2293:"Recent developments on psychological factors in medically unexplained symptoms and somatoform disorders"
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Somatization is an idea that physicians have been attempting to comprehend since the dawn of time. The
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Some literature reviews of cognitive–affective neuroscience on somatic symptom disorder suggested that
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88:
1235:, and its incorporation in everyday English as a negative word led to a distancing from this concept.
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in somatization. In somatic disorder, there is a negative connection between elevated pain scores and
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Because those with somatic syndrome disorder typically have comprehensive previous workups, minimal
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grew, giving rise to the notion that numerous inexplicable illnesses could be linked to the brain.
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The DSM-5 criteria for somatic symptom disorder includes "one or more somatic symptoms which are
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1023:, medication should be started at the lowest possible dose and gradually increased to produce a
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Rather than focusing on treating the symptoms, the key objective is to support the patient in
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Heightened awareness of bodily sensations and the tendency to misinterpret bodily sensations.
2547:"Dysfunction of stress responsive systems as a risk factor for functional somatic syndromes"
2236:"Latent class analysis of functional somatic symptoms in a population-based sample of twins"
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are frequently observed, and sometimes used to alleviate symptoms, increasing the risk of
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2071:"Somatic symptom disorder: a scoping review on the empirical evidence of a new diagnosis"
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as early as 2600 BC. For many years, somatization was used in conjunction with the terms
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can lower pain perception. Because the somatic symptomatic may have a low threshold for
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3049:(11 ed.). Geneva, Switerzland: World Health Organization. 25 May 2019. p. 449
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2942:"The PHQ-15: Validity of a New Measure for Evaluating the Severity of Somatic Symptoms"
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1419:(5 ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 354–372.
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ailment may experience significant impairment that is not expected from the condition.
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might be specific, such as regional pain and localized sensations, or general, such as
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or problems at work, and financial strain as a result of excessive health-care visits.
257:, is defined by one or more chronic physical symptoms that coincide with excessive and
62:
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2704:
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Harris, Ashley M.; Orav, E. John; Bates, David W.; Barsky, Arthur J. (February 2009).
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Hasin, Deborah; Katz, Hila (December 2007). "Somatoform and substance use disorders".
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revealed a connection between sexual abuse and functional gastrointestinal syndromes,
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1913:"Psychopathological and psychiatric evaluation of patients affected by lipodystrophy"
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Kurlansik, Stuart L.; Maffei, Mario S. (1 January 2016). "Somatic Symptom Disorder".
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to denote that hysteria and hypochondriasis are brain and/or mind-related disorders.
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when asked to read texts using somatic expressions when discussing their emotions.
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or difficulties at work, and financial stress due to excessive hospital visits.
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There is usually co-morbidity with other psychological disorders, particularly
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1987:
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was the first to characterize what is now known as Somatic symptom disorder.
1204:, recognized hysteria in women and hypochondria in males as brain disorders.
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481:
464:. Other complications include poor functioning, problems with relationships,
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137:
125:
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1912:
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D'Souza, Ryan S.; Hooten, W. M. (January 2023). "Somatic Symptom Disorder".
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3579:. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1800–1828.
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Stern, T.A.; Rosenbaum, J.F.; Fava, M.; Biederman, J.; Rauch, S.L. (2008).
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2513:"Somatic Symptom Disorder: Historical Process and Biopsychosocial Approach"
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141:
84:
70:
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in response to chronic physical symptoms.
3407:
3311:
3239:
2738:
1751:
1514:
4702:
4433:
4164:
3914:
3548:. Sandoz Lectures in Gerontology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 323.
1179:
1164:
1102:
903:
765:
723:
682:
620:
570:
375:
129:
120:
3295:
3091:
2531:
1116:. Research also showed comorbidity between somatic symptom disorder and
401:
In studies evaluating different physical ailments, 41.5% of people with
5019:
4712:
4617:
4318:
4043:
4038:
3834:
2940:
Kroenke, Kurt; Spitzer, Robert L.; Williams, Janet B. W. (March 2002).
2842:"Do (epi)genetics impact the brain in functional neurologic disorders?"
2520:
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar — Current Approaches in Psychiatry
2364:
1008:
864:
856:
815:, may be conducted to rule out somatization because of medical issues.
789:
714:
notion that those predisposed to somatization have an overly sensitive
652:
597:
210:
55:
51:
3674:
3434:
3061:
3044:
1838:
4972:
4904:
4722:
4181:
3919:
3844:
3747:
2795:
1201:
1156:
1081:
976:
872:
852:
808:
780:
in those with somatic symptom disorder and in those with depression.
755:
Genetic investigations have suggested modifications connected to the
703:
574:
488:, a chaotic lifestyle, and a history of substance and alcohol abuse.
227:
3575:
Sadock, Benjamin J.; Sadock, Virginia A.; Kaplan, Harold I. (2005).
967:
Somatic symptom disorder overlaps with illness anxiety disorder and
4707:
4377:
4344:
4270:
2848:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 139. pp. 157–165.
1232:
1173:
1168:
984:
972:
949:
880:
860:
586:
520:
Evidence suggests that along with more broad factors such as early
493:
349:
dangerous and serious despite lacking medical basis, claiming that
3363:"Somatic symptom disorder: Epidemiology and clinical presentation"
2234:
Kato, Kenji; Sullivan, Patrick F.; Pedersen, Nancy L. (May 2010).
386:, but other psychiatric comorbidities were not usually looked at.
876:
761:
582:
477:
383:
342:
338:
334:
322:
3601:"Briquet's Syndrome (somatization disorder, DSM-IV- TR #300.81)"
3545:
Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry
480:. Studies suggest that risk factors of somatic symptoms include
300:. Somatic symptom disorder typically leads to poor functioning,
265:, and they may or may not coexist with a known medical ailment.
4425:
4240:
3686:
2895:
1285:
1001:
980:
920:
422:
395:
285:
2179:"Somatization increases disability independent of comorbidity"
1910:
792:
is encouraged. Excessive testing increases the possibility of
4862:
4203:
1160:
896:
690:
643:
may become more active with depression, there is evidence of
2696:
1058:
Learn to deal with depression and other psychological issues
960:, tend not to present with excessive thoughts, feelings, or
4376:
3541:
3385:
2705:"Amplification, somatization, and the somatoform disorders"
2602:
1965:
914:
768:
changes could be explanatory. Another study found that the
678:
501:
497:
430:
276:
Several studies have found a high rate of comorbidity with
232:
Often chronic but can be managed with the proper treatment.
3648:
Is It All in Your Head?: True Stories of Imaginary Illness
3577:
Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry
1626:
1588:
706:
style known as "somatosensorial amplification". The term "
681:
is a multifaceted experience, not just a sensation. While
3420:
2068:
1038:
also demonstrated some effectiveness. Furthermore, brief
288:. Somatic symptom disorder is frequently associated with
2645:
1534:
1222:, was the first to introduce the term somatization, and
4649:
2436:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1775:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1328:"Somatic Symptom Disorder — Psychiatric Disorders"
417:
fulfilled somatic symptom disorder criteria. 25.6% of
2939:
2349:
577:. American and Koreans engaged in a study to measure
3794:
3463:
3327:"Somatization disorder: What clinicians need to know"
2545:
Tak, Lineke M.; Rosmalen, Judith G. M. (1 May 2010).
2430:
2176:
2008:
1696:"Somatic symptom disorder — Symptoms and causes"
1417:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
893:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3664:
3509:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
2233:
2064:
2062:
1813:
1521:
3067:
2995:Rief, Winfried; Martin, Alexandra (28 March 2014).
1484:
3812:
3574:
3281:
1867:
558:well as the long-term stability of such symptoms.
2511:Çetin, Şahabettin; Varma, Gülfizar Sözer (2021).
2059:
1721:
1632:
1381:
847:On a five-point scale, respondents rate how much
5036:
4221:
1771:
1769:
3254:"Somatic symptom disorder Treatments and drugs"
2596:
2002:
1446:
1388:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
203:brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy
4994:
3325:Egan, Jonathan; Kenny, Maeve (February 2011).
3209:
1163:were reported to have utilized the notions of
3780:
3506:
2506:
2504:
2284:
1904:
1766:
1480:
1478:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
3568:
3414:
2789:
2745:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2387:
1598:(1). Royal College of Psychiatrists: 60–67.
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1045:CBT can help in some of the following ways:
818:
398:were the most common concurrent conditions.
220:serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
3357:
3355:
3275:
3203:
3136:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2833:
2751:
2544:
1717:
1715:
697:, pain is a conscious experience requiring
528:, negative psychological factors including
4684:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
3951:
3787:
3773:
3610:
2994:
2510:
2393:
2170:
2119:
1475:
1192:During the 17th century, knowledge of the
830:The Somatic Symptom Scale – 8 (SSS-8)
41:Somatoform disorder, somatization disorder
3324:
3151:
3090:
3012:
2988:
2933:
2720:
2679:
2639:
2481:
2326:
2308:
2267:
2210:
2125:
2102:
2034:
1824:
1344:
1040:psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy
927:
836:is a condensed version of the well-known
4947:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
4543:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
3616:
3352:
3046:International Classification of Diseases
2396:The Psychiatric Clinics of North America
2343:
1861:
1712:
915:International Classification of Diseases
811:, restricted blood studies, and minimal
737:
573:influence how patients present to their
409:, 25% of female patients suffering from
370:Most research that looked at additional
3174:
2891:
2889:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
992:characterize somatic symptom disorder.
240:About 13–23% of the general population.
216:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
99:Often, not always, begins in childhood.
14:
5037:
2702:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
693:in response to stimuli that may cause
4993:
4861:
4796:
4648:
4375:
4220:
4130:
3950:
3811:
3768:
3318:
3129:
3014:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153745
2839:
2290:
2227:
1959:
1584:
1582:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
800:fails to alleviate somatic symptoms.
315:
4131:
3168:
3001:Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
2886:
2183:Journal of General Internal Medicine
1313:
1055:Learn to cope with physical symptoms
4650:Physiological and physical behavior
3621:. New York: Guilford Publications.
3388:Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal
3037:
2538:
1677:
1200:, widely regarded as the father of
1011:is advised. Evidence suggests that
710:" has been created to describe the
24:
4596:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
3990:Emotional and behavioral disorders
3639:
3246:
2854:10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00014-X
1980:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.09.007
1579:
1537:International Review of Psychiatry
1433:
1400:
1332:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
877:feeling tired or having low energy
633:hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis
25:
5061:
4776:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
2605:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
2554:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
2240:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
2015:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
1779:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
1064:Reduce preoccupation with symptom
512:were linked to somatic symptoms.
4076:X-linked intellectual disability
3423:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
2958:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008
2911:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179
2617:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.02.001
2566:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.12.004
2252:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.01.010
2027:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.010
1917:Eating and Weight Disorders: EWD
1791:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.03.151
1736:10.1097/00006842-199007000-00006
1301:Functional neurological disorder
626:
600:than non-somaticizing patients.
515:
444:
365:
132:, chaotic lifestyle, history of
3905:Intermittent explosive disorder
3830:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
3593:
3535:
3500:
3457:
3379:
3264:from the original on 2017-04-19
3212:New England Journal of Medicine
3123:
2846:Functional Neurologic Disorders
1247:
1088:
979:; aberrant movements including
838:Patient Health Questionnaire-15
561:
510:single nucleotide polymorphisms
4548:Dissociative identity disorder
3813:Adult personality and behavior
3617:Morrison, James (2023-03-08).
3144:10.1002/14651858.CD011142.pub2
3071:Journal of Affective Disorders
2664:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.015
2353:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1238:
819:Somatic Symptom Scale – 8
555:medically unexplained symptoms
13:
1:
2799:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
2722:10.1016/S0033-3182(92)72018-0
1592:British Journal of Psychiatry
1306:
942:obsessive-compulsive disorder
855:, pain in the legs, arms, or
413:, and 18.5% of patients with
176:obsessive-compulsive disorder
4952:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
4489:Generalized anxiety disorder
4222:Neurological and symptomatic
3867:Sexual relationship disorder
3478:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815b0103
3189:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815b00c4
2811:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283252d43
2451:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d73fce
2140:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815b00d7
1549:10.3109/09540261.2012.729758
1499:10.1016/0163-8343(92)90066-j
1031:Cognitive-behavioral therapy
995:
783:
635:(HPA) has a crucial role in
508:. In another study, various
392:generalized anxiety disorder
282:generalized anxiety disorder
195:Cognitive-behavioral therapy
7:
4728:REM sleep behavior disorder
4197:Seasonal affective disorder
3995:Separation anxiety disorder
3646:Suzanne O'Sullivan (2017).
3224:10.1056/NEJM198605293142203
1968:General Hospital Psychiatry
1641:(4). Elsevier BV: 745–758.
1487:General Hospital Psychiatry
1264:
849:stomach or digestive issues
658:It has been suggested that
649:5-hydroxy indol acetic acid
10:
5066:
4995:Symptoms and uncategorized
4096:developmental disabilities
3862:Sexual maturation disorder
2310:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1033203
2297:Frontiers in Public Health
1929:10.1007/s40519-019-00716-6
1882:10.1016/j.psym.2016.08.002
1385:Somatic Syndrome Disorders
1150:
1074:
822:
750:
5045:Somatic symptom disorders
5000:
4989:
4965:
4957:Simple-type schizophrenia
4934:
4926:Schizophreniform disorder
4903:
4882:
4878:
4857:
4810:
4792:
4761:
4738:
4692:
4659:
4655:
4644:
4566:
4533:
4481:
4424:
4415:
4396:
4392:
4371:
4337:
4304:Mild cognitive impairment
4289:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
4269:
4231:
4227:
4216:
4187:Major depressive disorder
4140:
4126:
4092:Psychological development
4091:
4066:
3963:
3959:
3946:
3875:
3822:
3818:
3807:
3738:
3668:
3521:10.1007/s10862-007-9052-2
3083:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.114
2767:10.1017/S1092852900016540
2408:10.1016/j.psc.2011.05.007
2195:10.1007/s11606-008-0845-0
2087:10.1017/S0033291721004177
1647:10.1016/j.ncl.2023.02.009
1604:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093526
1449:American Family Physician
1069:Electroconvulsive therapy
891:The fifth edition of the
825:Somatic Symptom Scale - 8
672:anterior cingulate cortex
471:
405:, 11.2% of subjects with
290:functional pain syndromes
278:major depressive disorder
236:
226:
209:
190:
161:
148:
119:
111:
103:
95:
74:
61:
45:
37:
32:
5005:Impulse-control disorder
4921:Schizoaffective disorder
4916:Brief reactive psychosis
4613:Mass psychogenic illness
4576:Body dysmorphic disorder
4355:Post-concussion syndrome
3965:Emotional and behavioral
1096:chronic fatigue syndrome
958:irritable bowel syndrome
946:illness anxiety disorder
938:body dysmorphic disorder
886:
803:Specific tests, such as
598:occupational functioning
415:congestive heart failure
247:Somatic symptom disorder
184:illness anxiety disorder
172:body dysmorphic disorder
87:, financial stress, and
33:Somatic symptom disorder
4942:Childhood schizophrenia
4294:Frontotemporal dementia
4251:High-functioning autism
4068:Intellectual disability
3077:. Elsevier BV: 98–112.
2291:Mewes, Ricarda (2022).
1061:Improve quality of life
770:glucocorticoid receptor
675:and bodily sensations.
4459:Specific social phobia
4350:Organic brain syndrome
4192:Melancholic depression
3953:Childhood and learning
3466:Psychosomatic Medicine
3334:The Irish Psychologist
3177:Psychosomatic Medicine
2946:Psychosomatic Medicine
2899:JAMA Internal Medicine
2703:Barsky, A. J. (1992).
2439:Psychosomatic Medicine
2128:Psychosomatic Medicine
2075:Psychological Medicine
1724:Psychosomatic Medicine
1291:Psychosomatic medicine
1262:
1194:central nervous system
1144:personality disorder.
1036:primary care physician
928:Differential diagnosis
617:non-epileptic seizures
273:or medical condition.
199:psychiatric medication
163:Differential diagnosis
155:Psychiatric assessment
5015:Psychomotor agitation
4805:and substance-related
4748:Postpartum depression
4628:Somatization disorder
4514:Acute stress reaction
4279:AIDS dementia complex
2652:Biological Psychiatry
2036:1959.4/unsworks_51677
1296:Psychoneuroimmunology
1258:
1118:personality disorders
1009:psychiatric treatment
738:Neuroimaging evidence
732:central sensitization
708:central sensitization
550:physical self-concept
506:environmental factors
462:controlled substances
411:non-HIV lipodystrophy
255:somatization disorder
5010:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
4840:Substance dependence
4753:Postpartum psychosis
4299:Huntington's disease
4081:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
3930:Personality disorder
3284:Psychiatric Services
813:radiological imaging
718:. Harmless and mild
534:negative affectivity
496:element. A study of
435:rheumatoid arthritis
107:At least six months.
4890:Delusional disorder
4835:Stimulant psychosis
4825:Physical dependence
4679:Rumination syndrome
4581:Conversion disorder
4558:Psychogenic amnesia
4408:with depressed mood
4406:Adjustment disorder
4309:Parkinson's disease
4284:Alzheimer's disease
4177:Atypical depression
4013:Social functioning
3888:Munchausen syndrome
3883:Factitious disorder
3619:DSM-5-TR® Made Easy
3296:10.1176/ps.39.6.643
2532:10.18863/pgy.882929
1396:– via PubMed.
1281:Munchausen syndrome
1276:Jurosomatic illness
1271:Conversion Disorder
969:conversion disorder
934:Adjustment disorder
869:shortness of breath
691:sensory information
685:refers to afferent
621:chronic pelvic pain
609:meta-analysis study
526:insecure attachment
407:Alzheimer's disease
351:medical evaluations
251:somatoform disorder
180:conversion disorder
168:Adjustment disorder
81:Reduced functioning
5050:Somatic psychology
4909:schizophrenia-like
4553:Dissociative fugue
4002:Movement disorders
3739:External resources
2840:Frodl, T. (2016).
2365:10.1037/abn0000085
1635:Neurologic Clinics
1252:In the opinion of
1025:therapeutic effect
985:dystonic movements
809:urine drug screens
798:diagnostic testing
790:laboratory testing
316:Signs and symptoms
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4853:
4852:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4529:
4528:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4324:Vascular dementia
4246:Asperger syndrome
4212:
4211:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4056:Tourette syndrome
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3762:
3761:
3628:978-1-4625-5134-7
3555:978-0-323-07691-3
3435:10.1159/000093948
3218:(22): 1407–1413.
1839:10.1136/bmj.f1580
1426:978-0-89042-555-8
1114:anxiety disorders
1021:adverse reactions
744:catastrophization
728:dorsal horn cells
482:childhood neglect
403:semantic dementia
327:physical activity
269:from an existing
244:
243:
150:Diagnostic method
126:Childhood neglect
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5057:
4991:
4990:
4880:
4879:
4859:
4858:
4794:
4793:
4669:Anorexia nervosa
4657:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4623:Psychogenic pain
4591:Globus pharyngis
4439:Childhood phobia
4422:
4421:
4394:
4393:
4373:
4372:
4229:
4228:
4218:
4217:
4128:
4127:
4027:Selective mutism
3978:Conduct disorder
3961:
3960:
3948:
3947:
3925:Trichotillomania
3900:Gender dysphoria
3895:Fear of intimacy
3852:Sexual anhedonia
3820:
3819:
3809:
3808:
3796:Mental disorders
3789:
3782:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3633:
3632:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3331:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3155:
3138:(11): CD011142.
3127:
3121:
3120:
3094:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3016:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2893:
2884:
2883:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2724:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2551:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2517:
2508:
2479:
2478:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2359:(4): 1092–1101.
2347:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2312:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1692:
1675:
1674:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1532:
1519:
1518:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1324:
1049:Learn to reduce
881:trouble sleeping
805:thyroid function
522:childhood trauma
429:, and 13.5% had
388:Major depression
372:mental illnesses
323:medical ailments
249:, also known as
30:
29:
21:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5024:
4996:
4977:
4961:
4930:
4908:
4899:
4874:
4849:
4806:
4803:substance abuse
4780:
4757:
4734:
4688:
4674:Bulimia nervosa
4651:
4632:
4608:Hypochondriasis
4603:False pregnancy
4586:Ganser syndrome
4568:Somatic symptom
4562:
4525:
4477:
4466:Specific phobia
4411:
4388:
4359:
4333:
4265:
4261:Savant syndrome
4233:Autism spectrum
4223:
4208:
4136:
4114:
4093:
4087:
4062:
3955:
3934:
3910:Dermatillomania
3871:
3857:Sexual anorexia
3814:
3803:
3793:
3763:
3758:
3757:
3734:
3733:
3677:
3658:
3650:. Other Press.
3645:
3642:
3640:Further reading
3637:
3636:
3629:
3615:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3573:
3569:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3540:
3536:
3505:
3501:
3462:
3458:
3419:
3415:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3280:
3276:
3267:
3265:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3208:
3204:
3173:
3169:
3128:
3124:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3038:
2993:
2989:
2938:
2934:
2894:
2887:
2864:
2838:
2834:
2794:
2790:
2750:
2746:
2701:
2697:
2644:
2640:
2601:
2597:
2549:
2543:
2539:
2515:
2509:
2482:
2435:
2431:
2392:
2388:
2348:
2344:
2289:
2285:
2232:
2228:
2175:
2171:
2124:
2120:
2067:
2060:
2007:
2003:
1964:
1960:
1909:
1905:
1866:
1862:
1823:
1814:
1774:
1767:
1720:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1678:
1631:
1627:
1587:
1580:
1533:
1522:
1483:
1476:
1445:
1434:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1401:
1380:
1345:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1314:
1309:
1267:
1250:
1241:
1206:Thomas Sydenham
1186:hypochondriasis
1153:
1091:
1077:
998:
930:
917:
889:
853:back discomfort
827:
821:
786:
753:
740:
712:neurobiological
689:that transmits
687:neural activity
670:activation and
668:Proinflammatory
660:proinflammatory
645:hypocortisolism
637:stress response
629:
564:
530:catastrophizing
518:
474:
447:
427:heart condition
368:
359:chronic illness
318:
271:chronic illness
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4910:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4830:Rebound effect
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4771:Hypersexuality
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4653:
4652:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4504:Panic disorder
4501:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4471:Claustrophobia
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4454:Anthropophobia
4446:
4444:Social anxiety
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4400:
4390:
4389:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4314:Pick's disease
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3957:
3956:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3800:Classification
3792:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3769:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3720:
3709:
3694:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:Classification
3663:
3662:
3657:978-1590517956
3656:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3609:
3592:
3585:
3567:
3554:
3534:
3515:(2): 154–161.
3499:
3472:(9): 860–863.
3456:
3429:(5): 270–281.
3413:
3394:(2): 117–124.
3378:
3351:
3317:
3290:(6): 643–647.
3274:
3245:
3202:
3183:(9): 881–888.
3167:
3122:
3060:
3036:
3007:(1): 339–367.
2987:
2952:(2): 258–266.
2932:
2905:(3): 399–407.
2885:
2862:
2832:
2805:(2): 224–231.
2788:
2761:(5): 379–384.
2744:
2709:Psychosomatics
2695:
2658:(5): 407–414.
2638:
2611:(5): 495–502.
2595:
2560:(5): 461–468.
2537:
2526:(4): 790–804.
2480:
2445:(7): 648–655.
2429:
2402:(3): 565–578.
2386:
2342:
2283:
2246:(5): 447–453.
2226:
2189:(2): 155–161.
2169:
2134:(9): 870–875.
2118:
2081:(4): 632–648.
2058:
2001:
1974:(2): 141–146.
1958:
1923:(4): 991–998.
1903:
1876:(6): 598–604.
1870:Psychosomatics
1860:
1812:
1785:(6): 546–552.
1765:
1730:(4): 445–451.
1711:
1676:
1625:
1578:
1543:(1): 107–115.
1520:
1493:(5): 322–326.
1474:
1432:
1425:
1399:
1343:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1233:psychoneuroses
1216:Wilhelm Stekel
1152:
1149:
1110:mood disorders
1090:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
997:
994:
929:
926:
916:
913:
888:
885:
823:Main article:
820:
817:
794:false-positive
785:
782:
778:hypomethylated
752:
749:
739:
736:
722:stimulate the
716:neural network
628:
625:
571:cultural norms
563:
560:
546:health anxiety
517:
514:
473:
470:
446:
443:
439:osteoarthritis
425:, 23.1% had a
367:
364:
317:
314:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
224:
223:
213:
207:
206:
192:
188:
187:
165:
159:
158:
152:
146:
145:
123:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
78:
72:
71:
65:
59:
58:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5062:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4999:
4992:
4988:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:Schizophrenia
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4864:Schizophrenia
4860:
4856:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:Drug overdose
4813:
4812:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4763:Sexual desire
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4643:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4449:Social phobia
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4384:-related and
4383:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3659:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3602:
3596:
3588:
3586:0-7817-3434-7
3582:
3578:
3571:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2863:9780128017722
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:CNS Spectrums
2748:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
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1254:Allen Frances
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1220:psychoanalyst
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1213:
1211:
1210:George Cheyne
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1198:Thomas Willis
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669:
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651:(5-HIAA) and
650:
646:
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627:Physiological
624:
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618:
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605:dysfunctional
601:
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580:
576:
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569:stresses and
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516:Psychological
513:
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445:Complications
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366:Comorbidities
363:
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302:interpersonal
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138:alcohol abuse
135:
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91:difficulties.
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89:interpersonal
86:
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76:Complications
73:
69:
66:
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50:
48:
44:
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36:
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19:
18:Psychosomatic
4895:Folie Ă deux
4820:Intoxication
4801:substances,
4799:Psychoactive
4718:Night terror
4567:
4535:Dissociative
4499:Panic attack
4385:
4051:Tic disorder
3746:
3722:
3711:
3696:
3681:
3647:
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3612:
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3559:. Retrieved
3544:
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3051:. Retrieved
3045:
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1699:
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1331:
1259:
1251:
1248:Misdiagnosis
1242:
1224:Paul Briquet
1214:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1154:
1146:
1130:narcissistic
1107:
1100:
1092:
1089:Epidemiology
1078:
1067:
1044:
1029:
1006:
999:
966:
954:fibromyalgia
931:
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909:
901:
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828:
802:
787:
754:
741:
677:
657:
639:. While the
630:
613:chronic pain
602:
594:primary care
591:
579:somatization
567:Psychosocial
565:
562:Psychosocial
548:, or a poor
519:
490:Psychosocial
486:sexual abuse
475:
466:unemployment
448:
419:fibromyalgia
400:
369:
355:
347:
339:muscle aches
331:
319:
310:
306:unemployment
294:fibromyalgia
275:
267:
254:
250:
246:
245:
142:psychosocial
121:Risk factors
85:unemployment
4868:schizotypal
4703:Hypersomnia
4693:Nonorganic
4434:Agoraphobia
4165:Cyclothymia
4160:Bipolar NOS
4135:(affective)
4007:Stereotypic
3915:Kleptomania
3258:Mayo Clinic
1700:Mayo Clinic
1239:Controversy
1218:, a German
1180:melancholia
1165:melancholia
1103:Puerto Rico
962:maladaptive
904:distressing
724:nociceptive
683:nociception
581:within the
498:monozygotic
376:comorbidity
325:, avoiding
259:maladaptive
96:Usual onset
68:Maladaptive
38:Other names
5039:Categories
5020:Stereotypy
4883:Delusional
4872:delusional
4845:Withdrawal
4713:Parasomnia
4618:Nosophobia
4398:Adjustment
4386:somatoform
4319:Sundowning
4172:Depression
4155:Bipolar II
4044:Stuttering
4039:Cluttering
3835:Paraphilia
3724:DiseasesDB
3561:2024-07-14
3372:2023-08-05
3344:9 December
3340:(4): 93–96
3268:2017-04-19
1705:2023-08-01
1337:2023-08-01
1307:References
1134:histrionic
1126:borderline
1122:antisocial
1082:prognostic
964:behavior.
952:, such as
865:chest pain
766:epigenetic
762:biological
653:tryptophan
575:physicians
538:rumination
458:dependence
454:drug abuse
380:depression
211:Medication
144:stressors.
56:psychology
52:Psychiatry
4973:Catatonia
4905:Psychosis
4740:Postnatal
4723:Nightmare
4329:Wandering
4182:Dysthymia
4150:Bipolar I
4105:Pervasive
3920:Pyromania
3845:Voyeurism
3840:Fetishism
3748:eMedicine
3529:0882-2689
3486:0033-3174
3443:0033-3190
3400:0738-0658
3304:1075-2730
3232:0028-4793
3197:0033-3174
3101:0165-0327
3023:1548-5943
2966:0033-3174
2919:2168-6106
2872:0072-9752
2819:0951-7367
2775:1092-8529
2731:0033-3182
2672:1873-2402
2625:1879-1360
2574:0022-3999
2459:1534-7796
2416:1558-3147
2373:1939-1846
2319:2296-2565
2260:1879-1360
2203:1525-1497
2148:1534-7796
2095:0033-2917
2045:1879-1360
2021:: 31–37.
1988:1873-7714
1953:169040646
1937:1590-1262
1890:1545-7206
1855:206897269
1833:: f1580.
1799:1879-1360
1744:0033-3174
1671:258266448
1655:0733-8619
1612:0007-1250
1557:0954-0261
1507:0163-8343
1461:1532-0650
1202:neurology
1161:Sumerians
1157:Egyptians
1142:dependent
996:Treatment
977:paralysis
873:dizziness
861:headaches
784:Diagnosis
726:specific
704:cognitive
607:homes. A
542:avoidance
502:dizygotic
237:Frequency
228:Prognosis
191:Treatment
134:substance
47:Specialty
4708:Insomnia
4378:Neurotic
4345:Delirium
4271:Dementia
4110:Specific
3753:med/3527
3494:18040095
3451:16899963
3367:UpToDate
3262:Archived
3162:25362239
3153:10984143
3117:53113252
3109:30368076
3031:24387234
2982:28701848
2974:11914441
2927:24276929
2880:27719836
2827:19553880
2783:18496475
2690:19423079
2633:20403510
2582:20403505
2467:20368474
2424:21889679
2381:26280303
2337:36408051
2278:20403503
2221:19031038
2156:18040097
2113:34776017
2053:28867421
1996:23122485
1945:31144218
1898:27647568
1847:23511949
1807:25864805
1760:30954374
1663:37775202
1620:22075651
1573:25646632
1565:23383672
1469:26760840
1394:30335286
1265:See also
1174:hysteria
1169:hysteria
1138:avoidant
973:weakness
950:etiology
699:cortical
655:levels.
641:HPA axis
587:sympathy
583:cultural
478:ailments
304:issues,
104:Duration
63:Symptoms
4417:Anxiety
4256:PDD-NOS
4145:Bipolar
3798: (
3718:D013001
3408:9285988
3312:3042587
3240:3084975
2739:1539100
2681:2885494
2590:7334435
2328:9672811
2269:2858068
2212:2629001
2164:1280316
2104:8961337
1752:2399295
1515:1521787
1228:Briquet
1151:History
1075:Outlook
751:Genetic
720:stimuli
664:stimuli
494:genetic
450:Alcohol
396:phobias
384:anxiety
343:malaise
335:fatigue
286:phobias
263:feigned
4661:Eating
4509:Stress
4426:Phobia
4382:stress
4241:Autism
4034:Speech
3823:Sexual
3654:
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1183:, and
1140:, and
1051:stress
1007:Early
1002:coping
981:tremor
944:, and
921:ICD-11
879:, and
857:joints
842:PHQ-15
772:gene (
730:after
619:, and
472:Causes
423:asthma
394:, and
341:, and
284:, and
201:, and
182:, and
140:, and
112:Causes
4966:Other
4695:sleep
4482:Other
4338:Other
4204:Mania
3876:Other
3707:300.8
3604:(PDF)
3330:(PDF)
3113:S2CID
2978:S2CID
2586:S2CID
2550:(PDF)
2516:(PDF)
2475:86067
2471:S2CID
2160:S2CID
1949:S2CID
1851:S2CID
1756:S2CID
1667:S2CID
1569:S2CID
1017:SNRIs
1013:SSRIs
897:DSM-5
887:DSM-5
834:SSS-8
776:) is
774:NR3C1
437:, or
378:with
292:like
253:, or
130:abuse
4870:and
4519:PTSD
4133:Mood
3973:ADHD
3729:1645
3713:MeSH
3702:9-CM
3652:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3581:ISBN
3550:ISBN
3525:ISSN
3490:PMID
3482:ISSN
3447:PMID
3439:ISSN
3404:PMID
3396:ISSN
3346:2011
3308:PMID
3300:ISSN
3236:PMID
3228:ISSN
3193:ISSN
3158:PMID
3105:PMID
3097:ISSN
3055:2023
3027:PMID
3019:ISSN
2970:PMID
2962:ISSN
2923:PMID
2915:ISSN
2876:PMID
2868:ISSN
2858:ISBN
2823:PMID
2815:ISSN
2779:PMID
2771:ISSN
2735:PMID
2727:ISSN
2686:PMID
2668:ISSN
2629:PMID
2621:ISSN
2578:PMID
2570:ISSN
2463:PMID
2455:ISSN
2420:PMID
2412:ISSN
2377:PMID
2369:ISSN
2333:PMID
2315:ISSN
2274:PMID
2256:ISSN
2217:PMID
2199:ISSN
2152:PMID
2144:ISSN
2109:PMID
2091:ISSN
2049:PMID
2041:ISSN
1992:PMID
1984:ISSN
1941:PMID
1933:ISSN
1894:PMID
1886:ISSN
1843:PMID
1803:PMID
1795:ISSN
1748:PMID
1740:ISSN
1659:PMID
1651:ISSN
1616:PMID
1608:ISSN
1561:PMID
1553:ISSN
1511:PMID
1503:ISSN
1465:PMID
1457:ISSN
1421:ISBN
1390:PMID
1167:and
1159:and
1015:and
956:and
919:The
679:Pain
631:The
500:and
452:and
431:gout
382:and
296:and
218:and
136:and
128:and
4907:and
4494:OCD
4022:RAD
4017:DAD
3983:ODD
3698:ICD
3692:F45
3683:ICD
3517:doi
3474:doi
3431:doi
3292:doi
3220:doi
3216:314
3185:doi
3148:PMC
3140:doi
3087:hdl
3079:doi
3075:245
3009:doi
2954:doi
2907:doi
2903:174
2850:doi
2807:doi
2763:doi
2717:doi
2676:PMC
2660:doi
2613:doi
2562:doi
2528:doi
2447:doi
2404:doi
2361:doi
2357:124
2323:PMC
2305:doi
2264:PMC
2248:doi
2207:PMC
2191:doi
2136:doi
2099:PMC
2083:doi
2031:hdl
2023:doi
2019:101
1976:doi
1925:doi
1878:doi
1835:doi
1831:346
1827:BMJ
1787:doi
1732:doi
1643:doi
1600:doi
1596:200
1545:doi
1495:doi
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983:or
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460:on
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