Psychoanalysis - Knowledge

3906:"Psychoanalysis continues to be an important paradigm organizing the way many psychiatrists think about patients and treatment. However, its limitations are more widely recognized and it is assumed that many important advances in the future will come from other areas, particularly biologic psychiatry. As yet unresolved is the appropriate role of psychoanalytic thinking in organizing the treatment of patients and the training of psychiatrists after that biologic revolution has born fruit. Will treatments aimed at biologic defects or abnormalities become technical steps in a program organized in a psychoanalytic framework? Will psychoanalysis serve to explain and guide supportive intervention for individuals whose lives are deformed by biologic defect and therapeutic interventions, much as it now does for patients with chronic physical illness, with the psychoanalyst on the psychiatric dialysis program? Or will we look back on the role of psychoanalysis in the treatment of the seriously mentally ill as the last and most scientifically enlightened phase of the humanistic tradition in psychiatry, a tradition that became extinct when advances in biology allowed us to cure those we had so long only comforted?" 2301:

problem, the person requesting help must demonstrate a desire to start an analysis. The person wishing to start an analysis must have some capacity for speech and communication. As well, they need to be able to have or develop trust and insight within the psychoanalytic session. Potential patients must undergo a preliminary stage of treatment to assess their amenability to psychoanalysis at that time, and also to enable the analyst to form a working psychological model, which the analyst will use to direct the treatment. Psychoanalysts mainly work with neurosis and hysteria in particular; however, adapted forms of psychoanalysis are used in working with schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis or mental disorder. Finally, if a prospective patient is severely suicidal a longer preliminary stage may be employed, sometimes with sessions which have a twenty-minute break in the middle. There are numerous modifications in technique under the heading of psychoanalysis due to the individualistic nature of personality in both analyst and patient.

1756:(1975), include the capacities to control oral, sexual, and destructive impulses; to tolerate painful affects without falling apart; and to prevent the eruption into consciousness of bizarre symbolic fantasy. Synthetic functions, in contrast to autonomous functions, arise from the development of the ego and serve the purpose of managing conflict processes. Defenses are synthetic functions that protect the conscious mind from awareness of forbidden impulses and thoughts. One purpose of ego psychology has been to emphasize that some mental functions can be considered to be basic, rather than derivatives of wishes, affects, or defenses. However, autonomous ego functions can be secondarily affected because of unconscious conflict. For example, a patient may have an hysterical amnesia (memory being an autonomous function) because of intrapsychic conflict (wishing not to remember because it is too painful). 1746:, Loewenstein, and Kris in a series of papers and books from 1939 through the late 1960s. Leo Bellak was a later contributor. This series of constructs, paralleling some of the later developments of cognitive theory, includes the notions of autonomous ego functions: mental functions not dependent, at least in origin, on intrapsychic conflict. Such functions include: sensory perception, motor control, symbolic thought, logical thought, speech, abstraction, integration (synthesis), orientation, concentration, judgment about danger, reality testing, adaptive ability, executive decision-making, hygiene, and self-preservation. Freud noted that inhibition is one method that the mind may utilize to interfere with any of these functions in order to avoid painful emotions. Hartmann (1950s) pointed out that there may be delays or deficits in such functions. 2718:(APA) was established in the early 1980s by several psychologists. Until the establishment of the Division of Psychoanalysis, psychologists who had trained in independent institutes had no national organization. The Division of Psychoanalysis now has approximately 4,000 members and approximately 30 local chapters in the United States. The Division of Psychoanalysis holds two annual meetings or conferences and offers continuing education in theory, research and clinical technique, as do their affiliated local chapters. The European Psychoanalytical Federation (EPF) is the organization which consolidates all European psychoanalytic societies. This organization is affiliated with the IPA. In 2002, there were approximately 3,900 individual members in 22 countries, speaking 18 different languages. There are also 25 psychoanalytic societies. 253: 2711:

11,500 members. In the US, there are 77 psychoanalytical organizations, institutes and associations, which are spread across the states. APsaA has 38 affiliated societies which have 10 or more active members who practice in a given geographical area. The aims of APsaA and other psychoanalytical organizations are: provide ongoing educational opportunities for its members, stimulate the development and research of psychoanalysis, provide training and organize conferences. There are eight affiliated study groups in the United States. A study group is the first level of integration of a psychoanalytical body within the IPA, followed by a provisional society and finally a member society.

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analysis are called) are asked to report whatever comes to mind without fear of reprisal. Freud called this the "fundamental rule". Analysands are asked to talk about their lives, including their early life, current life and hopes and aspirations for the future. They are encouraged to report their fantasies, "flash thoughts" and dreams. In fact, Freud believed that dreams were, "the royal road to the unconscious"; he devoted an entire volume to the interpretation of dreams. Freud had his patients lay on a couch in a dimly lit room and would sit out of sight, usually directly behind them, as to not influence the patient's thoughts by his gestures or expressions.

2558:. Psychoanalysis also applies because Freud used techniques that allowed him to get the subjective perceptions of his patients. He takes an objective approach by not facing his clients during his talk therapy sessions. He met with his patients wherever they were, such as when he used free association—where clients would say whatever came to mind without self-censorship. His treatments had little to no structure for most cultures, especially Asian cultures. Therefore, it is more likely that Freudian constructs will be used in structured therapy. In addition, Corey postulates that it will be necessary for a therapist to help clients develop a 2514:, Edith Schulhofer, and Gilbert Kliman. Psychoanalytically based couples therapy has been promulgated and explicated by Fred Sander. Techniques and tools developed in the first decade of the 21st century have made psychoanalysis available to patients who were not treatable by earlier techniques. This meant that the analytic situation was modified so that it would be more suitable and more likely to be helpful for these patients. Eagle (2007) believes that psychoanalysis cannot be a self-contained discipline but instead must be open to influence from and integration with findings and theory from other disciplines. 3847:"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might be considered an unfortunately abbreviated description, Freud said that anyone who recognizes transference and resistance is a psychoanalyst, even if he comes to conclusions other than his own.… I prefer to think of the analytic situation more broadly, as one in which someone seeking help tries to speak as freely as he can to someone who listens as carefully as he can with the aim of articulating what is going on between them and why. 2579:

Since, in most locations in the United States, unlike in Ontario and Germany, classical analysis (which usually requires sessions three to five times per week) is not covered by health insurance, many analysts may negotiate their fees with patients whom they feel they can help, but who have financial difficulties. The modifications of analysis, which include psychodynamic therapy, brief therapies, and certain types of group therapy, are carried out on a less frequent basis—usually once, twice, or three times a week – and usually the patient sits facing the therapist. As a result of the

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another contributing factor for the indication and contraindication for psychoanalytic treatment. The analyst decides whether the patient is suitable for psychoanalysis. This decision made by the analyst, besides made on the usual indications and pathology, is also based to a certain degree by the "fit" between analyst and patient. A person's suitability for analysis at any particular time is based on their desire to know something about where their illness has come from. Someone who is not suitable for analysis expresses no desire to know more about the root causes of their illness.

322: 3889:"Psychoanalysis has existed before the turn of the 20th century and, in that span of years, has established itself as one of the fundamental disciplines within psychiatry. The science of psychoanalysis is the bedrock of psychodynamic understanding and forms the fundamental theoretical frame of reference for a variety of forms of therapeutic intervention, embracing not only psychoanalysis itself but also various forms of psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and related forms of therapy using psychodynamic concepts." Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. 2007. 2149:). Later, Freud came to believe that, although child abuse occurs, neurotic symptoms were not associated with this. He believed that neurotic people often had unconscious conflicts that involved incestuous fantasies deriving from different stages of development. He found the stage from about three to six years of age (preschool years, today called the "first genital stage") to be filled with fantasies of having romantic relationships with both parents. Arguments were quickly generated in early 20th-century Vienna about whether adult seduction of children, i.e. 7378: 2534:

to the aim of free association in adults. Psychoanalytic play therapy allows the child and analyst to understand children's conflicts, particularly defenses such as disobedience and withdrawal, that have been guarding against various unpleasant feelings and hostile wishes. In art therapy, the counselor may have a child draw a portrait and then tell a story about the portrait. The counselor watches for recurring themes—regardless of whether it is with art or toys.

2222:"Positive" and "negative" oedipal conflicts have been attached to the heterosexual and homosexual aspects, respectively. Both seem to occur in development of most children. Eventually, the developing child's concessions to reality (that they will neither marry one parent nor eliminate the other) lead to identifications with parental values. These identifications generally create a new set of mental operations regarding values and guilt, subsumed under the term 2122:. Relational psychoanalysis stresses how the individual's personality is shaped by both real and imagined relationships with others, and how these relationship patterns are re-enacted in the interactions between analyst and patient. Relational psychoanalysts have propounded their view of the necessity of helping certain detached, isolated patients, develop the capacity for "mentalization" associated with thinking about relationships and themselves. 2951: 2746: 2630: 2244: 1917: 79: 2472:" is a concept that does not mean the analyst is silent. It refers to the analyst's position of not taking sides in the internal struggles of the patient. For example, if a patient feels guilty, the analyst might explore what the patient has been doing or thinking that causes the guilt, but not reassure the patient not to feel guilty. The analyst might also explore the identifications with parents and others that led to the guilt. 1249:, which theorised that unacceptable sexual wishes were repressed into the "System Unconscious". These wishes were made unconscious due to society's condemnation of premarital sexual activity, and this repression created anxiety. This "topographic theory" is still popular in much of Europe, although it has fallen out of favour in much of North America, where it has been largely supplanted by structural theory. In addition, 38: 1585:. Bowlby was trained psychoanalytically but was concerned about some properties of psychoanalysis; he was troubled by the dogmatism of psychoanalysis at the time, its arcane terminology, the lack of attention to environment in child behaviour, and the concepts derived from talking therapy to child behaviour. In response, he developed an alternative conceptualization of child behaviour based on principles on 1552:, a psychiatrist trained in a psychoanalytic tradition, set out to test the psychoanalytic models of depression empirically and found that conscious ruminations of loss and personal failing were correlated with depression. He suggested that distorted and biased beliefs were a causal factor of depression, publishing an influential paper in 1967 after a decade of research using the construct of 3052:). Criticisms come from those who object to the notion that there are mechanisms, thoughts or feelings in the mind that could be unconscious. Criticisms also have been leveled against the idea of "infantile sexuality" (the recognition that children between ages two and six imagine things about procreation). Criticisms of theory have led to variations in analytic theories, such as the work of 3264: 181: 2686:

review in which the psychoanalyst's work is vetted by psychoanalysts outside of their local community. After earning certification, these psychoanalysts undergo another hurdle in which they are specially vetted by senior members of their own institute and held to the highest ethical and moral standards. Moreover, they are required to have extensive experience conducting psychoanalyses.

2219:(1982)—refers to the powerful attachments that children make to their parents in the preschool years. These attachments involve fantasies of sexual relationships with either (or both) parent, and, therefore, competitive fantasies toward either (or both) parents. Humberto Nagera (1975) has been particularly helpful in clarifying many of the complexities of the child through these years. 1397:. In the book, he revised the whole theory of mental functioning, now considering that repression was only one of many defense mechanisms, and that it occurred to reduce anxiety. Hence, Freud characterised repression as both a cause and a result of anxiety. In 1926, in "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety", Freud characterised how intrapsychic conflict among drive and superego caused 2722:

Psychoanalysis. The organization was founded because although social workers represented the larger number of people who were training to be psychoanalysts, they were underrepresented as supervisors and teachers at the institutes they attended. AAPCSW now has over 1000 members and has over 20 chapters. It holds a bi-annual national conference and numerous annual local conferences.

2698:, and the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis. At most psychoanalytic institutes in the United States, qualifications for entry include a terminal degree in a mental health field, such as Ph.D., Psy.D., M.S.W., or M.D. A few institutes restrict applicants to those already holding an M.D. or Ph.D., and most institutes in Southern California confer a Ph.D. or 1803:, and instead posits conscious and unconscious conflict among wishes (dependent, controlling, sexual, and aggressive), guilt and shame, emotions (especially anxiety and depressive affect), and defensive operations that shut off from consciousness some aspect of the others. Moreover, healthy functioning (adaptive) is also determined, to a great extent, by resolutions of conflict. 1700:" ("drives"). Unorganized and unconscious, it operates merely on the 'pleasure principle', without realism or foresight. The ego develops slowly and gradually, being concerned with mediating between the urging of the id and the realities of the external world; it thus operates on the 'reality principle'. The super-ego is held to be the part of the ego in which self-observation, 911: 1492:(IPA), and there are over 3000 graduated psychoanalysts practicing in the United States. The IPA accredits psychoanalytic training centers through such "component organisations" throughout the rest of the world, including countries such as Serbia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, and many others, as well as about six institutes directly in the United States. 2332:, a wide variety of relationship problems (such as dating and marital strife), and a wide variety of character problems (for example, painful shyness, meanness, obnoxiousness, workaholism, hyperseductiveness, hyperemotionality, hyperfastidiousness). The fact that many of such patients also demonstrate deficits above makes diagnosis and treatment selection difficult. 3381:....those "clinical observations" which analysts naively believe confirm their theory cannot do this any more than the daily confirmations which astrologers find in their practice. And as for Freud's epic of the Ego, the Super-ego, and the Id, no substantially stronger claim to scientific status can be made for it than for Homer's collected stories from the Olympus. 3687:

form. Psychodynamic theory and therapy have evolved considerably since 1939 when Freud's bearded countenance was last sighted in earnest. Contemporary psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists no longer write much about ids and egos, nor do they conceive of treatment for psychological disorders as an archaeological expedition in search of lost memories.

1888:, Fine, and Bergman (1975) describe distinct phases and subphases of child development leading to "separation-individuation" during the first three years of life, stressing the importance of constancy of parental figures in the face of the child's destructive aggression, internalizations, stability of affect management, and ability to develop healthy 2600:

sessions. On average, classical analysis may last 5.7 years , but for phobias and depressions uncomplicated by ego deficits or object relations deficits, analysis may run for a shorter period of time. Longer analyses are indicated for those with more serious disturbances in object relations, more symptoms, and more ingrained character pathology.

2831:(IPA) a body with members on all five continents which safeguards professional and ethical practice. The Society is a member of the British Psychoanalytic Council (BPC); the BPC publishes a register of British psychoanalysts and psychoanalytical psychotherapists. All members of the British Psychoanalytic Council are required to undertake 2592:

to experience the same conflicts with his analyst that he experiences with key figures in his life such as his parents, his boss, his significant other, etc. It is the psychoanalyst's role to point out these conflicts and to interpret them. The transferring of these internal conflicts onto the analyst is called "

3139:, but these meta-analyses have been subjected to various criticisms. In particular, the inclusion of pre/post studies rather than randomized controlled trials, and the absence of adequate comparisons with control treatments, is a serious limitation in interpreting the results. A French 2004 report from 3454:

Psychoanalysis, is it a science? It does not meet the criteria (unified science, defined domain and methodology). It corresponds to the traits of a philosophical sect (closed organisation, highly personal initiation, a doctrine which is changeable but defined by its official adoption, cult and legend

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comparisons between psychodynamic treatment and a non-dynamic competitor, which had been published between 1974 and 2010, and among which 63 were deemed of adequate quality. Out of 39 comparisons with an active competitor, they found that 6 psychodynamic treatments were superior, 5 were inferior, and

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to indicate the analyst inevitably interacts with the analysand, and suggested the detailed inquiry as an alternative to interpretation. The detailed inquiry involves noting where the analysand is leaving out important elements of an account and noting when the story is obfuscated, and asking careful

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The notion of the "silent analyst" has been criticized. Actually, the analyst listens using Arlow's approach as set out in "The Genesis of Interpretation", using active intervention to interpret resistances, defenses creating pathology, and fantasies. Silence is not a technique of psychoanalysis (see

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A survey of scientific research suggested that while personality traits corresponding to Freud's oral, anal, Oedipal, and genital phases can be observed, they do not necessarily manifest as stages in the development of children. These studies also have not confirmed that such traits in adults result

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Psychoanalytic theory has, from its inception, been the subject of criticism and controversy. Freud remarked on this early in his career, when other physicians in Vienna ostracized him for his findings that hysterical conversion symptoms were not limited to women. Challenges to analytic theory began

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problems. Psychoanalysis modified by object relations techniques has been shown to be effective in many cases of ingrained problems of intimacy and relationship (cf. the many books of Otto Kernberg). Psychoanalytic treatment, in other situations, may run from about a year to many years, depending on

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Typically, this psychoanalysis must be conducted by a Supervising and Training Analyst. Most institutes (but not all) within the American Psychoanalytic Association, require that Supervising and Training Analysts become certified by the American Board of Psychoanalysts. Certification entails a blind

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The psychoanalyst uses various methods to help the patient to become more self-aware, insightful and uncover meanings of symptoms. Firstly, the psychoanalyst attempts to develop a safe and confidential atmosphere where the patient can report feelings, thoughts and fantasies. Analysands (as people in

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adapted psychoanalysis for children through play. This is still used today for children, especially those who are preadolescent. Using toys and games, children are able to symbolically demonstrate their fears, fantasies, and defenses; although not identical, this technique, in children, is analogous

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Ego psychological concepts of deficit in functioning led to refinements in supportive therapy. These techniques are particularly applicable to psychotic and near-psychotic (cf., Eric Marcus, "Psychosis and Near-psychosis") patients. These supportive therapy techniques include discussions of reality;

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Though a major influence on psychoanalysis in France and parts of Latin America, Lacan and his ideas have taken longer to be translated into English and he has thus had a lesser impact on psychoanalysis and psychotherapy in the English-speaking world. In the United Kingdom and the United States, his

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If you look at all of the complicated ideas that they have developed in an infinitesimal amount of time, if you compare to any other of the sciences how long it takes to get one idea after the other, if you consider all the structures and inventions and complicated things, the ids and the egos, the

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in psychoanalysis upon graduation, which involves completion of the necessary requirements for the state boards that confer that doctoral degree. The first training institute in America to educate non-medical psychoanalysts was The National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis (1978) in New

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The psychoanalyst's task, in collaboration with the analysand, is to help deepen the analysand's understanding of those factors, outside of his awareness, that drive his behaviors. In the safe environment psychoanalysis offers, the analysand becomes attached to the analyst and pretty soon he begins

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and the lack of access to the unfathomable elements of the unconscious, psychoanalysis can be an expansive process that involves 2 to 5 sessions per week for several years. This type of therapy relies on the belief that reducing the symptoms will not actually help with the root causes or irrational

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later called the "frame" of the therapy—the setup that included times of the sessions, payment of fees, and necessity of talking. In patients who made mistakes, forgot, or showed other peculiarities regarding time, fees, and talking, the analyst can usually find various unconscious "resistances" to

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mental problems, some believe that there are particular constellations of problems that are especially suited for analytic treatment (see below) whereas other problems might respond better to medicines and other interpersonal interventions. To be treated with psychoanalysis, whatever the presenting

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attempts to explain human relationships through a study of how mental representations of the self and others are organized. The clinical symptoms that suggest object relations problems (typically developmental delays throughout life) include disturbances in an individual's capacity to feel: warmth,

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The predominant psychoanalytic theories can be organised into several theoretical schools. Although these perspectives differ, most of them emphasize the influence of unconscious elements on the conscious. There has also been considerable work done on consolidating elements of conflicting theories.

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in infancy. Though in 1896 he had reported that his patients "had no feeling of remembering the scenes", and assured him "emphatically of their unbelief", in later accounts he claimed that they had told him that they had been sexually abused in infancy. By 1898 he had privately acknowledged to his

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Many aspects of Freudian theory are indeed out of date, and they should be: Freud died in 1939, and he has been slow to undertake further revisions. His critics, however, are equally behind the times, attacking Freudian views of the 1920s as if they continue to have some currency in their original

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in 2019 found psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapy effective at improving psychosocial wellbeing, reducing suicidality, as well as self harm behavior in patients at a 6 month interval. There has also been evidence for psychoanalytic psychotherapy as an effective treatment for Attention Deficit

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Some psychoanalytic training has been set up as a post-doctoral fellowship in university settings, such as at Duke University, Yale University, New York University, Adelphi University and Columbia University. Other psychoanalytic institutes may not be directly associated with universities, but the

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priest in particular was badly damaged. The empty void that this institution left behind was swiftly occupied by the newborn psychoanalysis. In his writings, Kalo claims that psychoanalysis basic approach is erroneous. It represents the mainline wrong assumptions that happiness is unreachable and

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and social psychology, though a Freudian interpretation of unconscious mental activity is not held by the majority of cognitive psychologists. Recent developments in neuroscience have resulted in one side arguing that it has provided a biological basis for unconscious emotional processing in line

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Many psychoanalytic training centers in the United States have been accredited by special committees of the APsaA or the IPA. Because of theoretical differences, there are independent institutes, usually founded by psychologists, who until 1987 were not permitted access to psychoanalytic training

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A major objective of modern conflict-theory psychoanalysis is to change the balance of conflict in a patient by making aspects of the less adaptive solutions (also called "compromise formations") conscious so that they can be rethought, and more adaptive solutions found. Current theoreticians who

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assumptions. Therefore, the inclusive group of the different classical theories provides a cross-sectional view of human mental processes. There are six "points of view", five described by Freud and a sixth added by Hartmann. Unconscious processes can therefore be evaluated from each of these six

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The IPA is the world's primary accrediting and regulatory body for psychoanalysis. Their mission is to assure the continued vigor and development of psychoanalysis for the benefit of psychoanalytic patients. It works in partnership with its 70 constituent organizations in 33 countries to support

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The cost to the patient of psychoanalytic treatment ranges widely from place to place and between practitioners. Low-fee analysis is often available in a psychoanalytic training clinic and graduate schools. Otherwise, the fee set by each analyst varies with the analyst's training and experience.

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Analytical organizations such as the IPA, APsaA and the European Federation for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy have established procedures and models for the indication and practice of psychoanalytical therapy for trainees in analysis. The match between the analyst and the patient can be viewed as

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A meta-analysis of Long Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy in 2012 found an overall effect size of 0.33, which is modest. This study concluded the recovery rate following LTPP was equal to control treatments, including treatment as usual, and found the evidence for the effectiveness of LTPP to be

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Many psychoanalysts who work with children have studied the actual effects of child abuse, which include ego and object relations deficits and severe neurotic conflicts. Much research has been done on these types of trauma in childhood, and the adult sequelae of those. In studying the childhood

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By 1899, Freud had theorised that dreams had symbolic significance and generally were specific to the dreamer. Freud formulated his second psychological theory—that the unconscious has or is a "primary process" consisting of symbolic and condensed thoughts, and a "secondary process" of logical,

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and others. Freud developed and refined the theory and practice of psychoanalysis until his death in 1939. In an encyclopedic article, he identified the cornerstones of psychoanalysis as "the assumption that there are unconscious mental processes, the recognition of the theory of repression and

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Thirty years ago, the cognitive revolution in psychology overthrew both Freud and the behaviorists, at least in academia.… The imperialistic Freudian view claims that emotion always drives thought, while the imperialistic cognitive view claims that thought always drives emotion. The evidence,

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in 1919. Soon after, the Institute of Psychoanalysis was established to administer the Society's activities. These include: the training of psychoanalysts, the development of the theory and practice of psychoanalysis, the provision of treatment through The London Clinic of Psychoanalysis, the

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When the patient reclines on a couch with the analyst out of view, the patient tends to remember more experiences, more resistance and transference, and is able to reorganize thoughts after the development of insight – through the interpretive work of the analyst. Although fantasy life can be

1799:, is a revised version of structural theory, most notably different by altering concepts related to where repressed thoughts were stored. Modern conflict theory addresses emotional symptoms and character traits as complex solutions to mental conflict. It dispenses with the concepts of a fixed 3398:

rejects Popper's arguments pointing to the theory of repression as an example of a Freudian theory that does have testable consequences. Scruton nevertheless concluded that psychoanalysis is not genuinely scientific, on the grounds that it involves an unacceptable dependence on metaphor. The

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Many studies have also been done on briefer "dynamic" treatments; these are more expedient to measure, and shed light on the therapeutic process to some extent. Brief Relational Therapy (BRT), Brief Psychodynamic Therapy (BPT), and Time-Limited Dynamic Therapy (TLDP) limit treatment to 20–30

1413:. Freud's theories, however, characterized no such phase. According to Freud, the Oedipus complex was at the centre of neurosis, and was the foundational source of all art, myth, religion, philosophy, therapy—indeed of all human culture and civilization. It was the first time that anyone in 2721:

The American Association of Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work (AAPCSW) was established by Crayton Rowe in 1980 as a division of the Federation of Clinical Societies of Social Work and became an independent entity in 1990. Until 2007 it was known as the National Membership Committee on

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Candidates generally have an hour of supervision each week per psychoanalytic case. The minimum number of cases varies between institutes. Candidates often have two to four cases; both male and female cases are required. Supervision extends at least a few years on one or more cases. During

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meet the developing self's needs for mirroring, idealization, and twinship, and thereby strengthen the developing self. The process of treatment proceeds through "transmuting internalizations" in which the patient gradually internalizes the selfobject functions provided by the therapist.

2066:. Due to his increasingly critical stance towards the deviation from Freud's thought, often singling out particular texts and readings from his colleagues, Lacan was excluded from acting as a training analyst in the IPA, thus leading him to create his own school in order to maintain an 2105:(id, ego, and super-ego), including the former's emphasis on trauma (though Langs looks to death-related traumas rather than sexual traumas). At the same time, Langs' model of the mind differs from Freud's in that it understands the mind in terms of evolutionary biological principles. 1328:

His early formulation included the idea that because of societal restrictions, sexual wishes were repressed into an unconscious state, and that the energy of these unconscious wishes could be result in anxiety or physical symptoms. Early treatment techniques, including hypnotism and

3752:'. Derrida also turns some of these ideas against Freud, to reveal tensions and contradictions in his work. For example, although Freud defines religion and metaphysics as displacements of the identification with the father in the resolution of the Oedipal complex, Derrida ( 1631:. Though most mainstream psychoanalysts subscribe to modern strains of psychoanalytical thought, there are groups who follow the precepts of a single psychoanalyst and their school of thought. Psychoanalytic ideas also play roles in some types of literary analysis such as 3705:

The idea of "unconscious" is contested because human behavior can be observed while human mental activity has to be inferred. However, the unconscious is now a popular topic of study in the fields of experimental and social psychology (e.g., implicit attitude measures,

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in Paris, where he followed the clinical presentations of Charcot, particularly in the areas of hysteria, paralyses and the anaesthesias. Charcot had introduced hypnotism as an experimental research tool and developed photographic representation of clinical symptoms.

3556:, blames the child for the abusive sexual behavior of adults. Psychologist Joel Kupfersmid investigated the validity of the Oedipus complex, examining its nature and origins. He concluded that there is little evidence to support the existence of the Oedipus complex. 2929:, a therapeutic approach which widens "the accessibility of psychoanalytic theory and clinical practices that had evolved over 100 plus years to a larger number of individuals." Other examples of well known therapies which also use insights of psychoanalysis are 2352:(1936) stressed that figuring out ways the patient distorted perceptions about the analyst led to understanding what may have been forgotten. In particular, unconscious hostile feelings toward the analyst could be found in symbolic, negative reactions to what 2703:

York City. It was founded by the analyst Theodor Reik. The Contemporary Freudian (originally the New York Freudian Society) an offshoot of the National Psychological Association has a branch in Washington, DC. It is a component society/institute or the IPA.

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Psychoanalytic training in the United States tends to vary according to the program, but it involves a personal psychoanalysis for the trainee, approximately 300 to 600 hours of class instruction, with a standard curriculum, over a two to five year period.

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Building on his claims that the patients reported infantile sexual abuse experiences, Freud subsequently contended that his clinical findings in the mid-1890s provided evidence of the occurrence of unconscious fantasies, supposedly to cover up memories of

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encouragement to stay alive (including hospitalization); psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming depressive affect or overwhelming fantasies (hallucinations and delusions); and advice about the meanings of things (to counter abstraction failures).

1869:", for example, hypothesized that unresolved grief was caused by the survivor's internalized image of the deceased becoming fused with that of the survivor, and then the survivor shifting unacceptable anger toward the deceased onto the now complex 1452:'s power grew, the Freud family and many of their colleagues fled to London. Within a year, Sigmund Freud died. In the United States, also following the death of Freud, a new group of psychoanalysts began to explore the function of the ego. Led by 2226:. Besides superego development, children "resolve" their preschool oedipal conflicts through channeling wishes into something their parents approve of ("sublimation") and the development, during the school-age years ("latency") of age-appropriate 1606:

There are some persistent conflicts among psychoanalysts regarding specific causes of certain syndromes, and some disputes regarding the ideal treatment techniques. In the 21st century, psychoanalytic ideas have found influence in fields such as

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The foundation of psychoanalysis is interpretation of the patient's unconscious conflicts that are interfering with current-day functioning – conflicts that are causing painful symptoms such as phobias, anxiety, depression, and compulsions.

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from childhood experiences. However, these stages should not be viewed as crucial to modern psychoanalysis. What is crucial to modern psychoanalytic theory and practice is the power of the unconscious and the transference phenomenon.

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supervision the trainee presents material from the psychoanalytic work that week. With the supervisor, the trainee then explores the patient's unconscious conflicts with examination of transference-countertransference constellations.

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ego functions (e.g. memory and intellect). These "ego psychologists" of the 1950s paved a way to focus analytic work by attending to the defenses (mediated by the ego) before exploring the deeper roots to the unconscious conflicts.

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desires. In the latter part of the 20th century, several Freud scholars challenged Freud's perception of the patients who informed him of childhood sexual abuse, arguing that he had imposed his preconceived notions on his patients.

4668: 1368:, Freud became dissatisfied with considering only oral and sexual motivations for behavior. By 1920, Freud addressed the power of identification (with the leader and with other members) in groups as a motivation for behavior in 2143:, caused by fantasy, stemming from their own drives. Freud, based on the data gathered from his patients early in his career, suspected that neurotic disturbances occurred when children were sexually abused in childhood (i.e. 1476:

were challenged; this challenge led to the development of a variety of understandings of female sexual development, many of which modified the timing and normality of several of Freud's theories. Several researchers followed

3389:

wrote that "Freudians have been nonplussed by Popper's basic challenge concerning scientific honesty. Indeed, they have refused to specify experimental conditions under which they would give up their basic assumptions." In

3180:

meta-analysis of Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) found effect sizes ranging from 0.84 for interpersonal problems to 1.51 for depression. Overall ISTDP had an effect size of 1.18 compared to no treatment.

3075:

were challenged; this challenge led to major research in the 1970s and 80s, and then to a reformulation of female sexual development that corrected some of Freud's concepts. Also see the various works of Eleanor Galenson,

2584:

drives. The analyst typically is a 'blank screen', disclosing very little about themselves in order that the client can use the space in the relationship to work on their unconscious without interference from outside.

1593:

based on the Oedipal model. For his work, Bowlby was shunned from psychoanalytical circles who did not accept his theories. Nonetheless, his conceptualization was adopted widely by mother-infant research in the 1970s.

3231:

concluded that no data exist demonstrating that psychodynamic psychotherapy is effective in treating schizophrenia and severe mental illness, and cautioned that medication should always be used alongside any type of

2037:

frequently used the phrase "retourner à Freud" ("return to Freud") in his seminars and writings, as he claimed that his theories were an extension of Freud's own, contrary to those of Anna Freud, the Ego Psychology,

1064:, and dreams, from which the analyst infers the unconscious conflicts causing the patient's symptoms and character problems. Through the analysis of these conflicts, which includes interpreting the transference and 9527:

Morley S, Eccleston C, Williams A (1999). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache".

2096:

interprets psychic conflict primarily in terms of conscious and unconscious adaptation to reality. Langs' recent work in some measure returns to the earlier Freud, in that Langs prefers a modified version of the

1333:, were designed to make the unconscious conscious in order to relieve the pressure and the apparently resulting symptoms. This method would later on be left aside by Freud, giving free association a bigger role. 3064:. In the past 30 years or so, the criticisms have centered on the issue of empirical verification. With it being difficult to substantiate the efficacy of psychoanalytic treatments in a psychiatric context. 2172:

about the narcissistic, the oral, the anal and the phallic phases and translates them into a two-couples-relationship model, with respect to dysfunctions in the relationship resulting from childhood trauma.

2608:

Psychoanalysis continues to be practiced by psychiatrists, social workers, and other mental health professionals; however, its practice has declined. It has been largely replaced by the similar but broader

1472:. Psychoanalysis has been used as a research tool into childhood development, and is still used to treat certain mental disturbances. In the 1960s, Freud's early thoughts on the childhood development of 1183:

Around the same time, Freud attempted to develop a neuro-physiological theory of unconscious mental mechanisms, which he soon gave up. It remained unpublished in his lifetime. The term 'psychoanalysis'

2407:

As well, the analyst can also use confrontation to bringing an aspect of functioning, usually a defense, to the patient's attention. The analyst then uses a variety of interpretation methods, such as:

3309:

Both Freud and psychoanalysis have been criticized in extreme terms. Exchanges between critics and defenders of psychoanalysis have often been so heated that they have come to be characterized as the

2369:, masturbation fantasies are also important. The analyst is interested in how the patient reacts to and avoids such fantasies. Various memories of early life are generally distorted—what Freud called 6950: 11066: 5390: 4868: 4828: 4798: 4728: 4676: 4634: 4593: 4567: 4383: 4357: 4323: 4254: 4227: 1041:. Psychoanalytic therapy, or simply analytical therapy, developed as a means to improve mental health by bringing unconscious material into consciousness. Psychoanalysts place a large emphasis on 3474:. Others have speculated that patients had conditions that are now easily identifiable and unrelated to psychoanalysis; for instance, Anna O. is thought to have had an organic impairment such as 2725:

Experiences of psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic psychotherapists and research into infant and child development have led to new insights. Theories have been further developed and the results of

3605:

criticized the emphasis of some American and British psychoanalytical traditions on what he has viewed as the suggestion of imaginary "causes" for symptoms, and recommended the return to Freud.

994:(Jung), although Freud himself wrote a number of criticisms of them and emphatically denied that they were forms of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis was later developed in different directions by 2909:, will soon publish a new, revised and expanded Standard Edition. With the New Library of Psychoanalysis the Institute continues to publish the books of leading theorists and practitioners. 2816:, maintains a library, furthers research, and holds public lectures. The society has a Code of Ethics and an Ethical Committee. The society, the institute and the clinic are all located at 1124:

symptoms. Freud realised that there were mental processes that were not conscious whilst he was employed as a neurological consultant at the Children's Hospital, where he noticed that many

7720:

Smit Y, Huibers J, Ioannidis J, van Dyck R, van Tilburg W, Arntz A (2012). "The effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy — A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

4665: 4850: 2694:

institutes of the APsaA. Currently there are between 75 and 100 independent institutes in the United States. As well, other institutes are affiliated to other organizations such as the

841: 3170:) ranging from 0.34 to 0.71 compared to no treatment and was found to be slightly better than other therapies in follow up. Other reviews have found an effect size of 0.78 to 0.91 for 8130:

And as for Freud's epic of the Ego, the Super-ego, and the Id, no substantially stronger claim to scientific status can be made for it than for Homer's collected stories from Olympus.

2494:

Although single-client sessions remain the norm, psychoanalytic theory has been used to develop other types of psychological treatment. Psychoanalytic group therapy was pioneered by

7065:"[Psychoanalytic Treatments without Medication and Behavioral Therapy Treatments with and without Medication in Children with the Diagnosis of ADHD and/or Conduct Disorder]" 3872:"All psychoanalytic theories include the idea that unconscious thoughts and feelings are central in mental functioning." Milton, Jane, Caroline Polmear, and Julia Fabricius. 2011. 2153:, was the basis of neurotic illness. There still is no complete agreement, although nowadays professionals recognize the negative effects of child sexual abuse on mental health. 3159:

28 showed no difference. The study found these results promising but explicited the necessity of further good quality trials replicating positive results on specific disorders.

1180:; while Freud contended that at the root of hysterical symptoms were repressed memories of distressing occurrences, almost always having direct or indirect sexual associations. 3532:(1986), agreed that psychoanalytic theories have no more scientific basis than the theories of traditional native healers, "witchdoctors" or modern "cult" alternatives such as 1356:", he suggested that certain depressions were caused by turning guilt-ridden anger on the self. In 1919, through "A Child is Being Beaten", he began to address the problems of 3363:

cites false claims of a sound scientific verification of the theory and its elements as the strongest basis for classifying the work of Freud and his school as pseudoscience.

3127:. Meta-analysis in 2012 and 2013 found support or evidence for the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy. Other meta-analyses published in recent years showed psychoanalysis and 2546:, as long as the therapist or counselor understands the client's culture. For example, Tori and Blimes found that defense mechanisms were valid in a normative sample of 2,624 3520:

tensions and the forces, and the pushes and the pulls, I tell you they can't all be there. It's too much for one brain or a few brains to have cooked up in such a short time.

1899:(1950–1960s) described the 'identity crisis', that involves identity-diffusion anxiety. In order for an adult to be able to experience "Warm-ETHICS: (warmth, Empathy, Trust, 7507:

Gerber AJ, Kocsis JH, Milrod BL, Roose SP, Barber JP, Thase ME, et al. (2011). "A Quality-Based Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy".

3108:

The psychoanalytic profession has been resistant to researching efficacy. Evaluations of effectiveness based on the interpretation of the therapist alone cannot be proven.

1417:

had characterised something other than the Oedipus complex as contributing to intrapsychic development, a notion that was rejected by Freud and his followers at the time.

1056:

During psychoanalytic sessions a patient traditionally lies on a couch, and an analyst sits just behind and out of sight. The patient expresses their thoughts, including

5799: 2033:

philosophy, is especially popular in France and parts of Latin America. Lacanian psychoanalysis is a departure from the traditional British and American psychoanalysis.

8873: 3756:) insists that the prominence of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since 3071:), and has developed into a flexible, effective treatment for certain mental disturbances. In the 1960s, Freud's early (1905) thoughts on the childhood development of 1855:

Concepts regarding internal representation (aka 'introspect', 'self and object representation', or 'internalization of self and other'), although often attributed to

2695: 2707:

faculty at those institutes usually hold contemporaneous faculty positions with psychology Ph.D. programs and/or with medical school psychiatry residency programs.

10558: 3714:, and other indirect tests). The idea of unconscious, and the transference phenomenon, have been widely researched and, it is claimed, validated in the fields of 4652: 4626: 1033:, and that conflicts between conscious and unconscious material can result in mental disturbances. He also postulated that unconscious material can be found in 7571:

Abbass A, Kisely S, Kroenke K (2009). "Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Somatic Disorders. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials".

6115: 10824: 8091: 2430:

Analysts can also use reconstruction to estimate what may have happened in the past that created some current issue. These techniques are primarily based on

1205:, claiming to have uncovered repressed memories of incidents of sexual abuse for all his current patients, from which he proposed that the preconditions for 1068:(the analyst's feelings for the patient), the analyst confronts the patient's pathological defence mechanisms to help patients understand themselves better. 6960: 3439:(1993) that psychoanalytic based theories are falsifiable, but that the causal claims of psychoanalysis are unsupported by the available clinical evidence. 2339:

An evaluation may include one or more other analysts' independent opinions and will include discussion of the patient's financial situation and insurances.

7119: 1876:

Melanie Klein's hypotheses regarding internalization during the first year of life, leading to paranoid and depressive positions, were later challenged by

1176:". Breuer wrote that many factors could result in such symptoms, including various types of emotional trauma, and he also credited work by others such as 9674: 4720: 2118:

combines interpersonal psychoanalysis with object-relations theory and with inter-subjective theory as critical for mental health. It was introduced by

10563: 8720:

Drew Westen, "The Scientific Legacy of Sigmund Freud Toward a Psychodynamically Informed Psychological Science". November 1998 Vol. 124, No. 3, 333–371

7444:

Anestis, Michael D., Joye C. Anestis, and Scott O. Lilienfeld. 2011. "When it comes to evaluating psychodynamic therapy, the devil is in the details."

4432: 3019: 8285: 1903:, Identity, Closeness, and Stability) in relationships, the teenager must resolve the problems with identity and redevelop self and object constancy. 4164: 1884:, 1965), who divided the first year of life into a coenesthetic phase of the first six months, and then a diacritic phase for the second six months. 1257:, which asserted that young boys are sexually attracted to their mothers and envious of their fathers for being able to have sex with their mothers. 10553: 3851:(1967a) once defined the analytic situation as carrying the method of interpersonal relationship to its last consequences." Gill, Merton M. 1999. " 1484:

In the first decade of the 21st century, there were approximately 35 training institutes for psychoanalysis in the United States accredited by the

199: 7016:"The effectiveness of psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapy for reducing suicide attempts and self-harm: systematic review and meta-analysis" 1384:, to try to begin to explain human destructiveness. Also, it was the first appearance of his "structural theory" consisting of three new concepts 10568: 707: 342: 1852:

of projections in the mother-child relationship where a mother understands an infants projections, modifies them and returns them to the child.

1672:

structures of the brain but, rather, mental processes. Although Freud retained this theory throughout his life, he largely replaced it with the

268: 5716: 5072: 2570:

Psychodynamic therapies refer therapies that draw from psychoanalytic approaches but are designed to be shorter in duration or less intensive.

1833:

empathy, trust, sense of security, identity stability, consistent emotional closeness, and stability in relationships with significant others.

7667:

Abbass A, Town J, Driessen E (2012). "Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcome Research".

5853: 3236:

in schizophrenia cases. A French review from 2004 found the same. The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team advises against the use of

3096:, and others. Most recently, psychoanalytic researchers who have integrated attachment theory into their work, including Alicia Lieberman and 1749:

Frosch (1964) described differences in those people who demonstrated damage to their relationship to reality, but who seemed able to test it.

6006: 5209: 2042:

and "self" theories and also claims the necessity of reading Freud's complete works, not only a part of them. Lacan's concepts concern the "

1071:

Psychoanalysis is a controversial discipline, and its effectiveness as a treatment has been contested, although it retains influence within

10801: 10711: 9353:. Part I of this volume, entitled "The Freudian Temptation," includes five essays critical of psychoanalysis written between 1975 and 1986. 2913:

is published by the Institute of Psychoanalysis. For over 100 years, it has one of the largest circulations of any psychoanalytic journal.

1370: 2456:(see the works of Augusta Alpert) led to new techniques with adults. These have sometimes been called interpersonal, intersubjective (cf. 1556:

to explain the depression. Beck developed this empirically supported hypothesis for the cause of depression into a talking therapy called

1424:. He widened the formulation that psychological symptoms were caused by and relieved conflict simultaneously. Moreover, symptoms (such as 10679: 5647: 5558: 2812: 2550:. The use of certain defense mechanisms was related to cultural values. For example, Thais value calmness and collectiveness (because of 2510:, and Wolfe. Child-centered counseling for parents was instituted early in analytic history by Freud, and was later further developed by 9639:

Ollinheimo, Ari — Vuorinen, Risto (1999): Metapsychology and the Suggestion Argument: A Reply to Grünbaum's Critique of Psychoanalysis.

4445:

Esterson, Allen. 1998. "Jeffrey Masson and Freud's seduction theory: A new fable based on old myths (synopsis in Human Nature Review)."

10817: 10703: 3669: 2828: 1489: 849: 8074: 7896:"Patterns of Usual Care for Schizophrenia: Initial Results from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) Client Survey" 7413:

Thombs, Brett D., Lisa R. Jewett, and Marielle Bassel. 2011. "Is there room for criticism of studies of psychodynamic psychotherapy?"

3100:, have explored the role of parental traumatization in the development of young children's mental representations of self and others. 2905:

was conceived, translated, and produced under the direction of the British Psychoanalytical Society. The Society, in conjunction with

11120: 10785: 11095: 8196:

originated by Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) are relegated to the realm of pseudoscience where most of Freud's work justifiably belongs.

3911: 3852: 2810:

publication of books in The New Library of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Ideas. The Institute of Psychoanalysis also publishes

1704:

and other reflective and judgmental faculties develop. The ego and the super-ego are both partly conscious and partly unconscious.

1432:) each represented elements of some drive wish (sexual and/or aggressive), superego, anxiety, reality, and defenses. Also in 1936, 1308:, which categorised early childhood development into five stages depending on what sexual affinity a child possessed at the stage: 941: 822: 7959: 2182:

factors that start neurotic symptom development, Freud found a constellation of factors that, for literary reasons, he termed the

1346:. Freud characterized the difference between energy directed at the self versus energy directed at others using a system known as 10831: 10777: 10616: 9754: 8057: 4562: 1861: 1298: 644: 10573: 7624:

Abass, Allen A., et al. (2010). "The efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: A meta-analysis".

1527:

as president for life. A third congress was held in Weimar in 1911. The London Psychoanalytical Society was founded in 1913 by

9295: 9246: 8708: 8663: 8611: 8579: 8537: 8429: 8360: 8161: 8123: 8037: 7983: 7944: 6570: 6436: 6349: 5880: 5692: 5541: 5366: 5240: 5184: 5114: 4992: 4918: 4546: 3933: 143: 4782: 4094: 3733:

that flourished in the 19th century severely harmed religion and rejected whatever called spiritual. The institution of the

11125: 10671: 633: 115: 3116:

Numerous studies have shown that the efficacy of therapy is primarily related to the quality of the therapeutic alliance.

2426:

Dream interpretation: obtaining the patient's thoughts about their dreams and connecting this with their current problems.

2423:

interpretation: showing the patient ways old conflicts arise in current relationships, including that with the analyst; or

2387:, although Freud throughout his writings deviated from this considerably, depending on the problems of any given patient. 1268:

argues that Freud's biological theories like libido were rooted in the biological hypothesis that accompanied the work of

9858: 9486:

Grünbaum Adolf (1979). "Is Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory Pseudo-Scientific by Karl Popper's Criterion of Demarcation?".

6176: 2832: 1485: 1013:

Freud distinguished between the conscious and the unconscious mind, arguing that the unconscious mind largely determines

854: 3411:

inherent to science. According to Bunge, most psychoanalytic theories are either untestable or unsupported by evidence.

11088: 10578: 9806: 9238: 8917: 8082: 5919: 5832: 4180: 3151: 3123:

Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Conduct Disorder when compared with behavioral management treatments with or without

2934: 2715: 2119: 252: 6672: 6200:"Cultural adaptations of psychotherapy: Therapists' applications of conceptual models with Asians and Asian Americans" 1409:, which analysed culture and philosophy in relation to separation anxiety which occurred before the development of an 1137: 122: 10793: 9863: 9836: 9831: 9662: 9648: 9634: 9607: 9590: 9573: 9521: 9507: 9480: 9452: 9438: 9424: 9410: 9396: 9382: 9368: 9350: 9333: 9277: 9263: 9219: 9205: 9181: 9147: 9123: 9109: 9092: 9075: 9058: 9037: 9020: 8999: 8982: 8965: 8948: 8931: 8903: 8849: 8625: 8461: 5315: 5149: 5035: 4623: 4589: 3919: 3860: 3774: 2990: 2784: 2668: 2283: 1964: 1076: 859: 235: 217: 162: 65: 1946: 10743: 9959: 9578: 9050: 9012: 8473: 8421: 8255: 6112: 4509: 4200: 3894: 3504:

states that psychoanalytic circles have tried to stop historians from accessing documents about the life of Freud.

2937:(TFP). There is also a continuing influence of psychoanalytic thinking in mental health care and psychiatric care. 2898: 2836: 2806: 835: 687: 17: 8095:(13/14/15th ed.), edited by R. Atkinson, R. C. Atkinson, E. E. Smith, D. J. Bem, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema. New York: 4379: 4355:

Freud, Sigmund. 1953 . "My Views on the Part Played by Sexuality in the Aetiology of the Neuroses." Pp. 269–79 in

10583: 10527: 9692: 2968: 2762: 2646: 2261: 1938: 96: 51: 7168: 3274: 129: 10695: 10083: 7845:

Kreyenbuhl J, Buchanan RW, Dickerson FB, Dixon LB, Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) (2009).

7509: 6772: 5614: 5579: 3341:

The theoretical foundations of psychoanalysis lie in the same philosophical currents that lead to interpretive

2972: 2766: 2650: 2265: 2212: 2156:

The theory on origins of pathologically dysfunctional relationships was further developed by the specialist in

2051: 1942: 1808: 1401:, and how that anxiety could lead to an inhibition of mental functions, such as intellect and speech. In 1924, 830: 776: 727: 697: 100: 9623:

Anti-Freud-Literatur von ihren Anfängen bis heute. Zur wissenschaftlichen Fundierung von Psychoanalyse-Kritik.

8970: 11110: 11078: 10981: 10847: 10204: 10073: 9796: 7544:

Anderson EM, Lambert MJ (1995). "Short-term dynamically oriented psychotherapy: A review and meta-analysis".

7338: 6171: 5782: 4794: 4717: 4447: 4418: 3549: 3450:, argued that psychoanalysis was not scientific on the grounds of both its methodology and social structure: 3209: 2930: 2358: 1632: 1509: 1414: 1380: 1057: 667: 657: 4249: 10727: 10655: 10532: 10145: 10032: 9853: 9843: 8387:

Bunge M (2001). "Philosophy in Crisis: The Need for Reconstruction". Prometheus Lectures. pp. 229–235.

5584: 4938: 4487: 4136: 3711: 3645: 3583: 3176: 3144: 1652: 1557: 1548:. Behavioural models of psychotherapy started to assume a more central role in psychotherapy in the 1960s. 1237: 934: 771: 623: 111: 8862: 1512:

in 1908 in the same year as the first international congress of psychoanalysis held in Salzburg, Austria.

11045: 10974: 10609: 10382: 9883: 9778: 9747: 9724:– world's primary regulatory body for psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud (archived 18 January 1998) 9138:(2006). "Beyond Oedipus. Feminist Thought, Psychoanalysis, and Mythical Figurations of the Feminine." In 8525: 8242: 8237: 3537: 3237: 3155: 3128: 3049: 2610: 2469: 1200: 1030: 1022: 407: 9711: 8275: 4276: 3738:

that the natural desire of a human being is to exploit his fellow men for his own pleasure and benefit.

2805:

with the expansion of psychoanalysis in the United Kingdom, the Society was reconstituted and named the

1712:

During the twentieth century, many different clinical and theoretical models of psychoanalysis emerged.

11061: 10154: 9826: 8331: 8323: 7798:"Individual psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis for schizophrenia and severe mental illness" 7359: 6902:"Caregiver traumatization adversely impacts young children's mental representations of self and others" 5986: 5753: 4648: 4607: 4397: 3907: 3769: 3492:

argue that Freud and his followers created an inaccurate legend of Freud to popularize psychoanalysis.

3342: 1505: 1160:, which was generally seen as the birth of psychoanalysis. The work was based on Breuer's treatment of 1021:

owing to unconscious drives. Freud observed that attempts to bring such drives into awareness triggers

8867: 5933: 5176:

The Organizational Life of Psychoanalysis : Conflicts, Dilemmas, and the Future of the Profession

11144: 10770: 10735: 10209: 10192: 9979: 5900: 5757: 4473: 4318: 4080: 3723:, while the other side argues that such findings make psychoanalytic theory obsolete and irrelevant. 3672:), to suggest that, traditionally, psychoanalysis had always enthusiastically enjoyed and embraced a 3665: 3355:

Early critics of psychoanalysis believed that its theories were based too little on quantitative and

2925:

in which psychoanalytic thinking is practiced. Besides classical psychoanalysis there is for example

2840: 2411:

Dynamic interpretation: explaining how being too nice guards against guilt (e.g. defense vs. affect);

2114: 1364:. Based on his experience with depressed and self-destructive patients, and pondering the carnage of 1357: 796: 9721: 7681: 7251: 5078: 4846: 2196:, in which the protagonist unwittingly kills his father and marries his mother. The validity of the 1569: 347: 10991: 10861: 10839: 10078: 9893: 9816: 8029: 5857: 4340: 3779: 3627:

criticized the Oedipal and schizophrenic power structure of psychoanalysis and its connivance with

3533: 3009: 2835:, CPD. Members of the Society teach and hold posts on other approved psychoanalytic courses, e.g.: 2297: 1927: 1866: 1841: 1590: 1353: 1303: 1273: 1050: 377: 337: 275: 9198:

The First Year of Life: Psychoanalytic Study of Normal and Deviant Development of Object Relations

6372:"The four basic components of psychoanalytic technique and derived psychoanalytic psychotherapies" 3620:

to describe the exclusion of the woman both from Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalytical theories.

2475:

Interpersonal–relational psychoanalysts emphasize the notion that it is impossible to be neutral.

1519:

The second congress of psychoanalysis took place in Nuremberg, Germany in 1910. At this congress,

11270: 11184: 10187: 9969: 9908: 7847:"The Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT): Updated Treatment Recommendations 2009" 7014:

Briggs S, Netuveli G, Gould N, Gkaravella A, Gluckman NS, Kangogyere P, et al. (June 2019).

6992: 4769: 3749: 2961: 2755: 2639: 2614: 2555: 2499: 2481: 2370: 2254: 1931: 1828: 1034: 927: 786: 305: 89: 9302:

Brockmeier Jens (1997). "Autobiography, narrative and the Freudian conception of life history".

8418:

Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis: A Study in the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis

4294: 11073: 10602: 10517: 10118: 9997: 9987: 9964: 9740: 8974: 7676: 7246: 6586: 6341: 5257: 3730: 3569: 3479: 3475: 3240:

in cases of schizophrenia, arguing that more trials are necessary to verify its effectiveness.

3228: 3072: 2165: 2102: 2098: 2026: 1685: 1223: 1075:. Psychoanalytic concepts are also widely used outside the therapeutic arena, in areas such as 8376:

Bunge M (1984). "What is pseudoscience?". Vol. 9. The Skeptical Inquirer. pp. 36–46.

8335: 7757:"Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis" 5655: 4908: 3352:, making the theory largely incompatible with positivist approaches to the study of the mind. 3143:

concluded that psychoanalytic therapy is less effective than other psychotherapies (including

2397:

Instructions: telling the patient to try to say what's on their mind, including interferences;

10219: 10068: 10022: 9875: 9791: 9251: 8832: 8799: 8449: 7477: 7446: 7415: 7384: 7188:

de Maat S, de Jonghe F, de Kraker R, Leichsenring F, Abbass A, Luyten P, et al. (2013).

4336: 3734: 3591: 3493: 3356: 3322: 3201: 3197: 2730: 2317: 1689: 1385: 991: 987: 894: 761: 751: 9047:

Analysis of the Self: Systematic Approach to Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders

8898:, and J. B. Pontalis (1974). "The Language of Psycho-Analysis". W. W. Norton & Company. 8837:

An introduction that explains psychoanalytic theory with interpretations of major theorists.

7334:

Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in complex mental disorders: update of a meta-analysis

3067:

Psychoanalysis has been used as a research tool into childhood development (cf. the journal

1218:

that he no longer believed in his theory, though he did not state this publicly until 1906.

136: 10954: 10931: 10751: 10497: 10332: 10257: 10123: 10058: 8096: 8086: 6793: 4765: 4492: 3715: 3136: 2507: 2476: 2453: 2227: 1987: 1800: 1469: 1061: 1007: 879: 592: 367: 9188:

Worlds of Experience: Interweaving Philosophical and Clinical Dimensions in Psychoanalysis

8179: 7912: 7895: 7190:"The Current State of the Empirical Evidence for Psychoanalysis: A meta-analytic approach" 4793:. London: International Psycho-Analytic Press. – via Library of Social Science. — 1955 . " 2517:

Psychoanalytic constructs have been adapted for use with children with treatments such as

1656:(1899). The theory hypothesizes that the mental apparatus can be divided into the systems 1190:) was first introduced by Freud in his essay titled "Heredity and etiology of neuroses" (" 8: 11160: 10900: 10648: 10229: 10140: 10017: 9888: 7964: 5774: 4703: 4221: 3720: 3639: 3420: 3171: 2313: 2309: 1986:

through empathic contacts with other humans, primary significant others conceived of as '

1553: 1429: 1406: 1146: 1133: 1065: 402: 57: 6198:

Hall GC, Kim-Mozeleski JE, Zane NW, Sato H, Huang ER, Tuan M, et al. (March 2019).

3281: 3028: 1859:, were actually first mentioned by Sigmund Freud in his early concepts of drive theory ( 1780:

Genetic (i.e. propositions concerning origin and development of psychological functions)

195: 11168: 11152: 11035: 10719: 10357: 10172: 10063: 9992: 9553: 8936: 8651: 7871: 7846: 7822: 7797: 7702: 7649: 7606: 7314: 7272: 7158: 7100: 6926: 6901: 6868: 6821: 6637: 6538: 6513: 6494: 6404: 6371: 6311: 6251: 6224: 6199: 5840: 5820: 5778: 5710: 5486: 5141:

The discovery of the unconscious : the history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry

4890: 4824: 4281: 3668:, prominent members of the most respected psychoanalytical associations (including the 3541: 3167: 2726: 2329: 2150: 1732: 1696:. The id is present at birth as the repository of basic instincts, which Freud called " 1616: 1393: 677: 372: 10302: 9541: 6951:"Here's what psychoanalysis really is, and what research says about its effectiveness" 6900:

Schechter DS, Zygmunt A, Coates SW, Davies M, Trabka KA, McCaw J, et al. (2007).

6856: 4430:

Schimek, J. G. 1987. "Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review."

3446:, who researched the history of Freud, Jung, Adler, and Janet, while writing his book 3085: 1520: 482: 11176: 11040: 10911: 10879: 10502: 10472: 10432: 10312: 10100: 10027: 9944: 9848: 9658: 9644: 9630: 9626: 9603: 9586: 9569: 9545: 9517: 9503: 9476: 9448: 9434: 9420: 9406: 9392: 9378: 9364: 9346: 9329: 9291: 9273: 9259: 9242: 9215: 9201: 9177: 9160: 9143: 9119: 9105: 9088: 9071: 9054: 9033: 9016: 8995: 8978: 8961: 8944: 8927: 8913: 8899: 8845: 8704: 8669: 8659: 8607: 8575: 8533: 8457: 8433: 8425: 8356: 8167: 8157: 8119: 8033: 8022: 8017: 7960:"washingtonpost.com: Dispatches from the Freud Wars: Psychoanalysis and Its Passions" 7940: 7917: 7876: 7827: 7778: 7737: 7694: 7641: 7598: 7557: 7526: 7490: 7459: 7428: 7397: 7351: 7306: 7264: 7219: 7211: 7150: 7142: 7104: 7092: 7084: 7045: 7037: 6931: 6860: 6825: 6813: 6629: 6621: 6566: 6543: 6498: 6432: 6409: 6391: 6345: 6303: 6295: 6229: 6153: 6094: 5998: 5961: 5953: 5876: 5698: 5688: 5563: 5537: 5533: 5478: 5470: 5372: 5362: 5321: 5311: 5277: 5236: 5190: 5180: 5155: 5145: 5120: 5110: 5041: 5031: 4988: 4914: 4894: 4698:

Freud, Sigmund. 1922 . "Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego," translated by

4542: 4176: 4114: 4110: 3784: 3501: 3485: 3443: 3412: 3408: 3318: 3317:

has criticized psychoanalysis for lacking a scientific basis. Evolutionary biologist

2879: 2580: 2559: 2431: 2325: 2208: 2067: 1983: 1574: 1440:, outlining numerous ways the mind could shut upsetting things out of consciousness. 1161: 1026: 915: 602: 362: 321: 263: 9557: 8694: 8597: 8413: 7653: 7610: 7372: 7319: 7163: 6872: 6693: 6641: 5228: 3826: 3624: 3432: 2417:

Resistance interpretation: showing the patient how they are avoiding their problems;

2139:

problems can be traced to unresolved conflicts from certain phases of childhood and

502: 10923: 10854: 10507: 10477: 10347: 10149: 10128: 10108: 9934: 9706: 9595: 9537: 9152: 9135: 8885: 8641: 8210: 8175: 8149: 7907: 7866: 7858: 7817: 7809: 7768: 7729: 7706: 7686: 7633: 7588: 7580: 7553: 7522: 7518: 7482: 7451: 7420: 7389: 7343: 7298: 7289:

Leichsenring F (2005), "Are psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapies effective",

7276: 7256: 7201: 7134: 7076: 7027: 6997: 6978: 6955: 6921: 6913: 6852: 6805: 6613: 6533: 6525: 6490: 6486: 6399: 6383: 6337: 6315: 6285: 6277: 6219: 6211: 6181: 6149: 6145: 6086: 5949: 5945: 5529: 5503: 5490: 5462: 5269: 4947: 4943: 4936:. 1936. "The Principles of Multiple Function: Observations on Over-Determination." 4886: 4882: 4757: 4748: 4712: 4707: 4452: 4106: 3617: 3525: 3097: 3053: 2891: 2887: 2859: 2613:

in the mid-20th century. Psychoanalytic approaches continue to be listed by the UK

2145: 2039: 1900: 1753: 1665: 1620: 1473: 1460:

function of the ego as a mediator in psychic functioning, distinguishing such from

958: 884: 791: 597: 577: 477: 7995: 7475:

Tryon, Warren W., and Georgiana S. Tryon. 2011. "No ownership of common factors."

3810: 3657: 1508:

argues was the beginning of psychoanalysis as a movement. This society became the

11115: 11023: 10687: 10522: 10452: 10437: 10392: 10242: 10197: 9954: 9898: 9668: 9356: 9338: 9283: 9063: 8789: 8490: 8397: 8292:

The black book of psychoanalysis: living, thinking and doing better without Freud

8143: 7991: 7690: 7206: 7189: 6133: 6119: 5729: 5453:

Frosch J (1964). "The psychotic character: Clinical psychiatric considerations".

5230: 4753: 4724: 4672: 4630: 4536: 4169:

History of Countertransference: From Freud to the British Object Relations School

3741: 3661: 3613: 3575: 3565: 3512: 3497: 3448:

The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry

3416: 3373:

because its claims are not testable and cannot be refuted; that is, they are not

3213: 3124: 2922: 2457: 2321: 2183: 2063: 2003: 1978: 1885: 1410: 1254: 1227: 1097: 1042: 995: 975: 962: 801: 562: 281: 7302: 7080: 6840: 6051: 2375:—and in any case, very early experiences (before age two)—cannot be remembered. 1391:

Three years later, in 1923, he summarised the ideas of id, ego, and superego in

1079:

and film criticism, analysis of fairy tales, philosophical perspectives such as

11244: 11214: 11204: 11105: 11028: 10492: 10487: 10462: 10447: 10422: 10412: 10407: 10277: 10247: 10182: 9169: 9097: 9080: 9004: 8953: 8895: 8690: 8593: 8327: 8070: 7138: 7001: 6453: 6266:"A cost-utility analysis of psychoanalysis versus psychoanalytic psychotherapy" 5856:. National Center for PTSD, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. Archived from 5396: 5273: 4933: 4874: 4842: 4834: 4804: 4699: 4682: 4640: 4599: 4572: 4456: 4389: 4362: 4328: 4259: 4232: 3848: 3803: 3745: 3579: 3553: 3489: 3330: 3193: 3093: 3077: 3057: 2875: 2847: 2503: 2495: 2445: 2414:

Genetic interpretation: explaining how a past event is influencing the present;

2403:

Clarification: rephrasing and summarizing what the patient has been describing.

2349: 1796: 1783:

Adaptational (i.e. psychological phenomena as it relates to the external world)

1760: 1743: 1720: 1701: 1582: 1453: 1421: 1285: 1277: 1269: 1261: 1215: 1210: 1080: 1045:

in an individual's development. During therapy, a psychoanalyst aims to induce

1014: 889: 781: 756: 587: 582: 557: 542: 517: 467: 452: 412: 8287:

Le livre noir de la psychanalyse: Vivre, penser et aller mieux sans Freud]

8171: 7813: 7773: 7756: 7733: 7637: 7347: 6917: 6281: 6185: 6090: 6009: 5702: 5556:

Rapaport, Gill. 1959. "The Points of View and Assumptions of Metapsychology."

4030:

Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis

3946:"By the 1960s it would assume a more central place in the psychotherapy arena" 3185:

limited and at best conflicting. Others have found effect sizes of 0.44–0.68.

11264: 11219: 11100: 11016: 11011: 11006: 10887: 10809: 10625: 10512: 10397: 10377: 10362: 10352: 10317: 10287: 10133: 10042: 9939: 9929: 9763: 9431:

A Final Accounting: Philosophical and Empirical Issues in Freudian Psychology

9025: 9009:

Depression; Comparative Studies of Normal, Neurotic, and Psychotic Conditions

8987: 8794: 8673: 8655: 8557: 8549: 8348: 7215: 7146: 7088: 7041: 6817: 6809: 6625: 6529: 6395: 6299: 6157: 6098: 5957: 5794: 5745: 5511: 5474: 5425: 5400: 5376: 5281: 5194: 5045: 4970: 4878: 4838: 4808: 4734: 4686: 4644: 4603: 4576: 4393: 4366: 4332: 4263: 4236: 4033: 3753: 3609: 3602: 3395: 3370: 3233: 3205: 3132: 3119: 3089: 2871: 2867: 2169: 2034: 2011: 2007: 1856: 1657: 1647: 1628: 1624: 1549: 1545: 1361: 1338: 1281: 1105: 1038: 966: 572: 547: 537: 512: 492: 357: 9193: 7862: 7064: 6074: 5325: 5124: 4401: 3916:

The Challenge for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Solutions for the Future

3857:

The Challenge for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Solutions for the Future

3131:

to be effective, with outcomes comparable to or greater than other kinds of

1877: 1523:

called for the creation of an International Psychoanalytic Association with

11234: 11229: 11224: 11196: 11083: 10986: 10964: 10892: 10537: 10482: 10457: 10417: 10402: 10367: 10327: 10297: 10292: 10282: 10214: 9949: 9727: 9549: 9321: 8698: 8602: 8315: 8271: 8052: 7979: 7880: 7831: 7782: 7741: 7698: 7645: 7602: 7530: 7494: 7463: 7432: 7401: 7355: 7310: 7268: 7223: 7154: 7096: 7049: 6935: 6678: 6633: 6547: 6413: 6307: 6233: 6021: 6002: 5965: 5812: 5682: 5567: 5482: 5417: 4790: 4216: 3673: 3633: 3595: 3500:

argue that this legend has been adapted to different times and situations.

3386: 3360: 3326: 3314: 3249: 3081: 3045: 3041: 2906: 2851: 2798: 2593: 2526: 2518: 2511: 2449: 2420: 2353: 2089: 2079: 2055: 2043: 1896: 1845: 1837: 1661: 1528: 1513: 1478: 1449: 1177: 1173: 1157: 1128:

children had no apparent organic cause for their symptoms. He then wrote a

1046: 1003: 979: 970: 957:

is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques that deal in part with the

717: 522: 507: 472: 462: 457: 447: 442: 397: 392: 382: 352: 9102:

Dream-Life: A Re-Examination of the Psycho-Analytical Theory and Technique

8153: 8113: 7921: 6864: 5422:

Freud on a Precipice: How Freud's Fate pushed Psychoanalysis over the Edge

5174: 4118: 3321:

considered psychoanalysis influenced by pseudoscientific theories such as

3162:

Meta-analyses of Short Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (STPP) have found

2448:, techniques with patients who had more severe problems with basic trust ( 1481:'s studies of societal pressures that influence the development of women. 11239: 10467: 10442: 10372: 10337: 10252: 10177: 9924: 9903: 9164: 9042: 8773: 8734: 8646: 8437: 8229: 8109: 7063:

Laezer KL, Tischer I, Gaertner B, Leuzinger-Bohleber M (September 2021).

6431:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 45–46. 5610: 5307:

Attachment theory : social, developmental, and clinical perspectives

5305: 5159: 5104: 5012:

Forty-Two Lives in Treatment: A Study of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy

4148: 3726: 3693: 3400: 3374: 3366: 3253: 3163: 3061: 2883: 2855: 2821: 2802: 2547: 2522: 2441: 2192: 2140: 2070:

for the many candidates who desired to continue their analysis with him.

2022: 1999: 1816: 1578: 1365: 999: 766: 552: 532: 497: 7032: 7015: 6617: 11209: 11001: 10996: 10640: 10427: 10342: 10237: 9728:

Psychoanalysis – Division 39 – American Psychological Association (APA)

8677: 8089:

10 May 2013. — 2000/2003/2009. "Is Freud Still Alive? No, Not Really."

7593: 7062: 6794:"Otto Kernberg's Object Relations Theory: A Metapsychological Critique" 6215: 5466: 4962: 3989:

see Leon Hoffman, New York Psychoanalytic Institute Center for Children

3877: 3628: 3587: 3349: 2975: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2863: 2769: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2653: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2530: 2268: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2157: 1870: 1728: 1516:

was one of the most active members in this society in its early years.

1433: 1343: 1330: 1072: 974:

resistance, the appreciation of the importance of sexuality and of the

487: 9142:, edited by V. Zajko and M. Leonard. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8530:

Sexuality and its Discontents: Meanings, Myths, and Modern Sexualities

7584: 6899: 6601: 6387: 6290: 5139: 3403:

argued that psychoanalysis is a pseudoscience because it violates the

2901:

is the foremost publisher of psychoanalytic literature. The 24-volume

10969: 10387: 10322: 10307: 10037: 7486: 7455: 7424: 7393: 7373:

Methods and mechanisms in the efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy

7260: 7187: 6967: 5356: 5025: 4761: 4172: 3470:

Some have accused Freud of fabrication, most famously in the case of

3037: 2903:

Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud

2187: 1693: 1612: 1608: 1534: 1524: 1402: 1165: 1144:

Freud's first theory to explain hysterical symptoms was presented in

1129: 1113: 1018: 983: 567: 527: 417: 6778: 3955:

also see Freud's paper "Repeating, Remembering, and Working Through"

2950: 2745: 2629: 2243: 2161: 2058:, and the claim that "the unconscious is structured as a language." 1916: 291: 78: 10113: 9786: 9670:

The Freud Wars: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis

7118:

Leichsenring F, Abbass A, Luyten P, Hilsenroth M, Rabung S (2013).

6655: 5440:

Essays on Ego Psychology Selected Problems in Psychoanalytic Theory

3404: 3221: 3024: 2551: 2543: 2047: 1889: 1586: 1348: 1206: 1121: 1117: 422: 9466:

Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy

9403:

Tales From the Freudian Crypt: The Death Drive in Text and Context

8697:. 1984 . "The Disjunctive Synthesis of Recording." Section 2.4 in 7117: 5526:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

5258:"The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth" 3174:

compared to no treatment and 0.69 for treating depression. A 2012

1132:

about this subject. In 1885, Freud obtained a grant to study with

257:

The words "Die Psychoanalyse" in Sigmund Freud's handwriting, 1938

10918: 10905: 8624:

Lecercle JJ (October 2012). Ducange JN, Sibertin-Blanc G (eds.).

7377: 7237:

Shedler J (2010), "The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy",

5229:

John C. Norcross, Gary R. VandenBos, Donald K. Freedheim (2011).

3744:

incorporated aspects of psychoanalytic theory into his theory of

3623:

Together with Deleuze, the French psychoanalyst and psychiatrist

3471: 3346: 3217: 1669: 1398: 1226:. Only much later did he claim the same findings as evidence for 1169: 1125: 10594: 9732: 7844: 6460:, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US) 5524:

Hauser S (1 January 2001). "Ego Psychology and Psychoanalysis".

3003:

Over a hundred years of case reports and studies in the journal

2304:

The most common problems treatable with psychoanalysis include:

2101:

of the mind (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious) over the

1235:

conscious thoughts. This theory was published in his 1899 book,

10959: 9235:

The Syndetic Paradigm: The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung

8115:

Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge

5994: 5750:

The Function and Field of Speech and Language in Psychoanalysis

4867:

Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . "Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety." In

4302: 3980:

see the child studies of Eleanor Galenson on "evocative memory"

3189: 3140: 2699: 2305: 1752:

According to ego psychology, ego strengths, later described by

1425: 1109: 387: 9445:

Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud.

9288:

The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis

8874:

McWilliams Nancy. Psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Practice Guide

8232:. 1990. "Science: Conjectures and Refutations." Pp. 104–10 in 4538:

The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis

3359:, and too much on the clinical case study method. Philosopher 3333:, and others have also criticized the field as pseudoscience. 3192:, psychoanalysis was presumed or proven effective at treating 3044:(turn of the 20th century), continued with behaviorists (e.g. 1420:

By 1936 the "Principle of Multiple Function" was clarified by

1266:

Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend

9130:

Freud and beyond: a history of modern psychoanalytic thought.

8637: 8318:. 1978. "The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes." 7013: 6560: 6270:

International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care

4985:

Contemporary Psychoanalysis and the Legacy of the Third Reich

3757: 3582:

asserted that the institution of psychoanalysis has become a

3552:, including the Oedipus complex, which, according to her and 3204:, but did not find evidence of its effectiveness in treating 2366: 2136: 2030: 1342:(1914), Freud turned his attention to the titular subject of 9657:

Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.

8973:(2005). "Psychoanalysis: A Paradigm For Clinical Thinking". 8145:

Quantum Information and Consciousness: A Gentle Introduction

7719: 6248:

The Ethic of Honesty: The Fundamental Rule of Psychoanalysis

1840:, creating a mental representation of external objects; and 11249: 9500:

The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique

7120:"The Emerging Evidence for Long-Term Psychodynamic Therapy" 6458:

Brief Interventions and Brief Therapies for Substance Abuse

5889: 5800:

Television: A Challenge to the Psychoanalytic Establishment

3833: 3817: 3707: 2529:. Throughout her career, from the 1920s through the 1970s, 2296:

Using the various analytic and psychological techniques to

1156:), co-authored with his mentor the distinguished physician 9459:

The Scientific Credibility of Freud's Theories and Therapy

9186:

Stolorow, Robert, George Atwood, and Donna Orange (2002).

9030:

Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies

8731:

The Scientific Credibility of Freud's Theories and Therapy

6791: 6742: 5771:

The Literary Animal; Evolution and the Nature of Narrative

5358:

Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice

3227:

A 2001 systematic review of the medical literature by the

2460:), relational, or corrective object relations techniques. 27:

Set of therapeutic techniques established by Sigmund Freud

7200:(3). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 107–137. 6717: 6197: 5995:

Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale

5338: 4746:"Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego" (review). 3964: 3289: 2696:

American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry

1589:. Bowlby's theory of attachment rejects Freud's model of 1053:

onto the analyst feelings of love, dependence and anger.

10559:

Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback

9643:, 53. Helsinki: Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. 9316:

After Freud Left: A Century of Psychoanalysis in America

8512:

Thou shalt not be aware: society's betrayal of the child

8404:(The Free Press, Simon & Schuster, 2002), pp. 64–65. 6792:

Christopher JC, Bickhard MH, Lambeth GS (October 2001).

5897:

Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society's Betrayal of the Child

5224: 5222: 4534: 3285: 2125: 1727:(1926), while major steps forward would be made through 1116:

trying to find an effective treatment for patients with

986:

developed offshoots of psychoanalysis which they called

9526: 8856:

Shrink: A Cultural History of Psychoanalysis in America

7506: 6984: 6602:"Training at the American Institute for Psychoanalysis" 6263: 5210:"A Brief History of the British Psychoanalytic Society" 3548:. She scrutinized and rejected the validity of Freud's 1049:, whereby patients relive their infantile conflicts by 965:. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by 9226: 8760: 8758: 8495:

The Meaning of It All: Thoughts of a Citizen-Scientist

8467: 8249: 7795: 6565:(2nd ed.). New York: Elsevier. pp. 348–356. 6332:

Sharpless BA (2019). "The Process of Interpretation".

4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 3912:

Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry: A Changing Relationship

1982:

emphasizes the development of a stable and integrated

1759:

Taken together, the above theories present a group of

1707: 1544:

In the 1950s, psychoanalysis was the main modality of

1539: 1172:", treatment which Pappenheim herself had dubbed the " 969:, whose work stemmed partly from the clinical work of 10825:

Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work

9583:

Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science, and Psychoanalysis

9068:

Liberating Oedipus? Psychoanalysis as Critical Theory

8260:

Why Freud was Wrong: Sin, Science, and Psychoanalysis

5817:

Fundamentals of Adaptive Psychotherapy and Counseling

5341:

Dorpat, Theodore, B. Killingmo, and S. Akhtar. 1976.

5219: 5060:

Masochism, the Ego Ideal and the Psychology of Women.

4689:. – via The Institute of Contemporary Psychoanalysis. 4413:

Cioffi, F. 1998 . "Was Freud a Liar?" Pp. 199–204 in

2468:

also the studies and opinion papers of Owen Renik). "

1241:, which Freud thought of as his most significant work 1108:, who formulated his own theory of psychoanalysis in 9473:

The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason

8958:

The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason

8478:

Why Freud was Wrong. Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis

6264:

Berghout CC, Zevalkink J, Roijen LH (January 2010).

5343:

Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association

4069: 4022: 3048:) into the 1940s and '50s, and have persisted (e.g. 2211:

in "On the Concept Superego" (1960) and modified by

961:, and which together form a method of treatment for 8755: 7570: 6993:

Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training

6365: 6363: 6361: 6327: 6325: 5911: 5909: 5006: 5004: 4515: 4095:"Working against Dorian Gray: analysis and the old" 3823: 3807: 3437:

Validation in the Clinical Theory of Psychoanalysis

3336: 3023:have analyzed the efficacy of analysis in cases of 2797:The London Psychoanalytical Society was founded by 190:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 10564:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies 9212:Mind and Its Treatment: A Psychoanalytic Approach. 8148:(1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 4. 8021: 7754: 7666: 7069:Praxis der Kinderpsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie 4982: 4433:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 4155:. New York: Open Road. pp. 12–13. (points 1 to 6). 3643:(1980), the two volumes of their theoretical work 3515:wrote off psychoanalysts as mere "witch doctors": 3020:Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 1844:, applying this mental representation to reality. 1535:Developments of alternative forms of psychotherapy 1488:(APsaA), which is a component organization of the 1436:, Sigmund's daughter, published her seminal book, 6942: 6514:"Is Psychoanalysis Still Relevant to Psychiatry?" 5619:Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory 5508:Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism 4506:Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory 3540:charged psychoanalysis with being similar to the 2489: 1253:contained Freud's first conceptualisation of the 1104:) first began to receive serious attention under 1037:and unintentional acts, including mannerisms and 11262: 10554:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy 9722:International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) 9457:Fisher, Seymour, and Roger P. Greenberg (1977). 8795:The Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond 8499:Feynman was also speaking here of psychiatrists. 7893: 7183: 7181: 6561:Freedheim D, DiFilippo J, Klostermann S (2015). 6358: 6322: 5906: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5303: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5001: 4010:Feynman was also speaking here of psychiatrists. 3853:Psychoanalysis, Part 1: Proposals for the Future 3428:however, is that each drives the other at times. 2921:There are different forms of psychoanalysis and 10569:Association for Behavior Analysis International 9301: 9214:Madison, CT: International Universities Press. 9087:, edited by T. Moi. Columbia University Press. 8729:Fisher, Seymour, and Roger P. Greenberg. 1977. 8454:Remembering Anna O: A Century of Mystification. 8118:(4th ed.). London: Routledge. p. 38. 7623: 7543: 6426: 5769:Evans, Dylan. 2005. "From Lacan to Darwin." In 5684:A clinical guide to psychodynamic psychotherapy 5413: 5411: 5409: 5232:History of Psychotherapy: Continuity and Change 5098: 5096: 5094: 3188:According to a 2004 French review conducted by 2916: 2573: 2393:was summarized by Allan Compton as comprising: 2383:There is what is known among psychoanalysts as 2230:defensive maneuvers (rules, repetitive games). 2168:concept. The concept takes the observations of 2062:ideas are most widely used to analyze texts in 1495: 708:The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis 9566:Dire Mastery: Discipleship from Freud to Lacan 9485: 9375:Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend 9270:Remembering Anna O: A Century of Mystification 8780:. UK: D.A.T. Publications. pp. 16, back cover. 8749:Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 8617: 8347: 4063:On the History of the Psycho-Analytic Movement 3032:the severity and complexity of the pathology. 1684:Structural theory divides the psyche into the 10610: 9748: 9568:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 8746: 8135: 7934: 7789: 7178: 6026:Ground Rules in Psychotherapy and Counselling 5669: 5389:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . "The Unconscious." In 5288: 4958: 4956: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4819: 4817: 4618: 4616: 4351: 4349: 4313: 4311: 4211: 4209: 3482:, rather than Freud's diagnosis of hysteria. 3284:. Consider transferring direct quotations to 2088:of psychotherapy develops out of the work of 1456:, the group built upon understandings of the 1196:"), written and published in French in 1896. 935: 10802:Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood 10712:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 8941:The Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique 8778:The Trousers – Parables for the 21st Century 8353:Sexual Desire: A Philosophical Investigation 7332:Leichsenring, Falk, and Sven Rabung. 2011. " 7288: 6889:, New York: International Universities Press 6336:. Oxford University Press. p. 152–176. 5582:. 2006. "Psychoanalysis: Mind and Meaning." 5406: 5091: 4718:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 2827:The Society is a constituent society of the 2108: 1371:Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego 1191: 1185: 1151: 10680:Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious 8102: 7713: 6747:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 5985:INSERM Collective Expertise Centre. 2004. " 5734:The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant 5629: 5627: 5559:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 5137: 4906: 2911:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 2813:The International Journal of Psychoanalysis 2714:The Division of Psychoanalysis (39) of the 2542:Psychoanalysis can be adapted to different 1998:Self psychology was proposed originally by 1945:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1468:In addition, there was growing interest in 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 10818:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement 10704:The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement 10617: 10603: 9755: 9741: 9361:The Memory Wars: Freud's Legacy in Dispute 8890:International dictionary of psychoanalysis 8700:Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 8603:Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 8569: 8225: 8223: 8206: 8204: 6429:An Introduction to Theories of Personality 5715:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5599:Borderline Patients: Clinical Perspectives 5597:Abend, Sandor, Porder, and Willick. 1983. 5255: 4953: 4913:. Global Professional Publishing Limited. 4856: 4814: 4613: 4346: 4308: 4206: 4065:. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. p. 5. 3891:Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry 3612:also criticized psychoanalysis, employing 2829:International Psychoanalytical Association 2378: 2017: 1822: 1490:International Psychoanalytical Association 1302:in which he laid out his discovery of the 942: 928: 850:International Psychoanalytical Association 251: 9614: 9128:Mitchell, S. A., and M. J. Black (1995). 8924:Hypothesis and Evidence in Psychoanalysis 8844:(expanded ed.). Northvale: Jason Aronson. 8645: 8407: 7911: 7870: 7821: 7796:Malmberg L, Fenton M, Rathbone J (2001). 7772: 7680: 7592: 7318: 7250: 7205: 7162: 7031: 6925: 6838: 6537: 6451: 6403: 6331: 6289: 6223: 6075:"Analytic neutrality—a historical review" 5987:Psychotherapy: Three approaches evaluated 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5635:101 Defenses: How the Mind Shields Itself 5304:Goldberg S, Muir R, Kerr J, eds. (1995). 3748:in order to question what he called the ' 3608:Belgian psycholinguist and psychoanalyst 2991:Learn how and when to remove this message 2785:Learn how and when to remove this message 2669:Learn how and when to remove this message 2284:Learn how and when to remove this message 1965:Learn how and when to remove this message 1787: 1374:. In that same year, Freud suggested his 236:Learn how and when to remove this message 218:Learn how and when to remove this message 202:, without removing the technical details. 163:Learn how and when to remove this message 9585:, New York: Basic Books, HarperCollins. 9304:Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 8960:, . A critical view of Freudian theory. 8822:An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis 8623: 8141: 7937:Freud and the politics of psychoanalysis 7928: 6599: 6470: 6369: 6342:10.1093/med-psych/9780190676278.003.0013 6240: 5837:Influence and Autonomy in Psychoanalysis 5680: 5624: 5354: 4086: 4045: 3559: 2603: 2565: 10832:Thoughts for the Times on War and Death 10778:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 9600:Freud: A Collection of Critical Essays. 9419:, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 9405:, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 9326:Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience 9258:, Stanford: Stanford University Press. 8858:. University of Nebraska Press. 253 pp. 8489: 8380: 8220: 8201: 8058:Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire 7978: 7802:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7500: 7291:International Journal of Psychoanalysis 7236: 6948: 6884: 6774:Nederlands Psychoanalytisch Genootschap 6667: 6665: 6454:"Chapter 7—Brief Psychodynamic Therapy" 5931: 5102: 4733:18, translated by J. Strachey. London: 4563:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 4535:Borch-Jacobsen M, Shamdasani S (2012). 4415:Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience 3969:Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence 3415:, in particular, have also weighed in. 3015:International Journal of Psychoanalysis 2025:, which integrates psychoanalysis with 1862:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 1570:Attachment theory § Psychoanalysis 1318:Phallic-oedipal or First genital (3–6); 1299:Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality 14: 11263: 10786:Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva 10574:European Association for Psychotherapy 9475:. A critical view of Freudian theory. 9363:, New York: New York Review of Books. 8829:Psychoanalytic Theory: An Introduction 8776:. 1997. "Powerlessness as a Parable." 8508: 8369: 8108: 6606:The American Journal of Psychoanalysis 6554: 6072: 5972: 5523: 5452: 5235:. American Psychological Association. 5172: 5023: 4277:L'hérédité et l'étiologie des névroses 3874:A Short Introduction to Psychoanalysis 2846:Members of the Society have included: 2537: 2365:understood through the examination of 1193:L'hérédité et l'étiologie des névroses 10598: 9736: 9345:, New York: Oxford University Press. 8926:. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 8386: 8375: 8283: 8236:, edited by P. Grim. Albany, p. 109, 8016: 7913:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033303 7133:(3). Guilford Publications: 361–384. 6674:Nederlands Psychoanalytisch Instituut 6511: 6131: 5938:The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 5870: 5361:. Pearson Longman. pp. 123–142. 5109:. New York: Oxford University Press. 5106:A historical dictionary of psychiatry 5074:IPA Component Organisations in Europe 4967:The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence 4787:International Psycho-Analytic Library 4404:via Michigan Mental Health Networker. 4285:4(6):161–69. via Psychanalyste Paris. 4060: 3934:The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 3275:too many or overly lengthy quotations 3069:The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 2440:evolved, supplemented by the work of 2200:is now widely disputed and rejected. 2126:Psychopathology (mental disturbances) 1737:The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence 1638: 1438:The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense 1164:, referred to in case studies by the 200:make it understandable to non-experts 10672:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 9641:Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium 9200:. International Universities Press. 9132:New York: Basic Books. pp. xviii–xx. 8626:"Machinations deleuzo-guattariennes" 8554:Ecrits: A Selection and The Seminars 8234:Philosophy of Science and the Occult 8092:Hilgard's Introduction to Psychology 8075:Is Freud Still Alive? No, Not Really 6975:Psychology: Tenth edition in modules 6662: 6204:Asian American Journal of Psychology 6134:"Sullivan's Participant Observation" 5437: 5207: 4092: 4000:A Textbook in Analytic Group Therapy 3257: 2973:adding citations to reliable sources 2944: 2767:adding citations to reliable sources 2740: 2651:adding citations to reliable sources 2624: 2617:as possibly helpful for depression. 2266:adding citations to reliable sources 2237: 2176: 2130: 2073: 2002:, and has been further developed by 1943:adding citations to reliable sources 1910: 1774:Economic (the theory of energy flow) 1723:was initially suggested by Freud in 1679: 1563: 844:Psychoanalytic Training and Research 634:The Psychopathology of Everyday Life 174: 101:adding citations to reliable sources 72: 31: 9859:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 9227:Analyses, discussions and critiques 8284:Meyer C, et al., eds. (2005). 5215:. British Psychoanalytical Society. 4785:," translated by C. J. M. Hubback. 4250:Project for a Scientific Psychology 3111: 2833:continuing professional development 2486:questions to open up the dialogue. 1708:Theoretical and clinical approaches 1540:Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) 1486:American Psychoanalytic Association 855:World Association of Psychoanalysis 24: 10579:Society for Psychotherapy Research 9807:Transference focused psychotherapy 9514:Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc 9239:State University of New York Press 9118:(new ed.). Karnac Books; reprint: 8892:1,2,&3. Detroit: Thomson/Gale. 8879: 8808: 8497:. London: Penguin. pp. 114–5. 8083:University of California, Berkeley 6990:Horvath, A. 2001. "The Alliance." 6906:Attachment & Human Development 6691: 6113:The Problem of Analytic Neutrality 5920:American Psychological Association 4137:State University of New York Press 3679: 3544:, which she described in her book 3345:rather than in those that lead to 3152:American Psychological Association 2935:transference focused psychotherapy 2716:American Psychological Association 2400:Exploration: asking questions; and 1906: 1199:In 1896, Freud also published his 343:Psychosocial development (Erikson) 25: 11282: 10794:Creative Writers and Day-Dreaming 10624: 9864:Rational emotive behavior therapy 9837:Functional analytic psychotherapy 9832:Acceptance and commitment therapy 9762: 9686: 9328:, Open Court Publishing Company. 7894:Lehman AF, Steinwachs DM (1998). 7761:The British Journal of Psychiatry 7755:Leichsenring F, Rabung S (2011). 7020:The British Journal of Psychiatry 6740: 6587:"Clinical depression – Treatment" 6485:(5713): 1197a. 25 February 2005. 5991:INSERM Collective Expert Reports. 5687:. Poul Rohleder. Abingdon, Oxon. 5310:. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. 3967:Marcus, I. and J. Francis. 1975. 3920:American Mental Health Foundation 3895:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 3861:American Mental Health Foundation 3775:List of schools of psychoanalysis 3719:with psychoanalytic theory i.e., 3574:Contemporary French philosophers 2839:and in academic departments, e.g. 2736: 1725:Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety 1715: 1646:was named and first described by 1077:psychoanalytic literary criticism 860:List of schools of psychoanalysis 47:This article has multiple issues. 10744:Civilization and Its Discontents 9488:American Philosophical Quarterly 9417:Against Freud: Critics Talk Back 9389:Freud: The Making of an Illusion 9157:Destruction as cause of becoming 9051:International Universities Press 9013:International Universities Press 8814: 8783: 8767: 8740: 8723: 8714: 8684: 8587: 8563: 8543: 8519: 8502: 8483: 8443: 8422:International Universities Press 8391: 8341: 8309: 8265: 8064: 8046: 8010: 7972: 7952: 7887: 7838: 7748: 7660: 7617: 7573:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 7564: 7537: 7469: 7438: 7407: 7376: 7365: 7326: 7282: 7230: 7111: 7056: 7007: 6893: 6878: 6832: 6785: 6765: 6759: 6734: 6710: 6685: 6648: 6593: 6579: 6505: 6445: 6334:Psychodynamic Therapy Techniques 6122:. Contemp. Psychoanal., 22:76-86 4510:International Universities Press 4201:International Universities Press 4111:10.1111/j.1465-5922.1983.00051.x 4004: 3507: 3369:argued that psychoanalysis is a 3337:Debate over status as scientific 3262: 3103: 2949: 2837:British Psychotherapy Foundation 2807:British Psychoanalytical Society 2744: 2628: 2620: 2242: 2160:Jürg Willi (* 16. March 1934 in 1915: 1771:Dynamic (the theory of conflict) 1443: 1324:Mature genital (puberty–onward). 1083:, and other cultural phenomena. 909: 836:British Psychoanalytical Society 688:Civilization and Its Discontents 320: 179: 77: 36: 10584:World Council for Psychotherapy 9268:Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel (1996). 6420: 6257: 6191: 6164: 6125: 6105: 6066: 6044: 6039:The Ego and Analysis of Defense 6031: 6015: 5925: 5917:Does the Oedipus complex exist? 5864: 5846: 5826: 5806: 5788: 5763: 5739: 5723: 5640: 5604: 5591: 5573: 5550: 5517: 5497: 5446: 5431: 5383: 5348: 5332: 5249: 5201: 5166: 5131: 5065: 5052: 5017: 4976: 4927: 4900: 4775: 4740: 4692: 4658: 4582: 4555: 4498: 4479: 4462: 4439: 4424: 4407: 4372: 4299:Dictionnaire de la psychanalyse 4288: 4269: 4242: 4186: 4158: 4142: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3925: 3900: 3883: 2960:needs additional citations for 2754:needs additional citations for 2729:are now more integrated in the 2638:needs additional citations for 2253:needs additional citations for 1836:Klein discusses the concept of 1577:was developed theoretically by 1502:Psychological Wednesday Society 1378:of sexuality and aggression in 88:needs additional citations for 55:or discuss these issues on the 10696:Introduction to Psychoanalysis 9373:Crews, Frederick, ed. (1998). 9318:, University of Chicago Press. 9290:, Cambridge University Press. 8842:The History of Psychoanalysis. 8355:. Phoenix Books. p. 201. 8282:. Translated and published in 8215:Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists 7984:"The Professorial Provocateur" 7523:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.08060843 7510:American Journal of Psychiatry 6518:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 6491:10.1126/science.307.5713.1197a 6427:Hergenhahn B, Olson M (2007). 6172:Psychoanalysis and its critics 6150:10.1080/00107530.1977.10745493 5950:10.1080/00797308.1960.11822572 5534:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00393-4 4948:10.1080/21674086.1936.11925272 4887:10.1080/21674086.1936.11925270 4541:. Cambridge University Press. 4153:The Revision of Psychoanalysis 4125: 4077:Neo-Freudian Social Philosophy 4054: 4039: 3866: 3841: 3796: 3530:Witchdoctors and Psychiatrists 2554:beliefs), so they were low on 2490:Group therapy and play therapy 1815:(1982), include Sandor Abend, 1735:, first published in her book 1581:and formalized empirically by 1136:, a famed neurologist, at the 842:Columbia University Center for 831:British Psychoanalytic Council 728:The Sublime Object of Ideology 698:The Mass Psychology of Fascism 13: 1: 10848:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 9797:Mentalization-based treatment 9542:10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00255-3 7339:British Journal of Psychiatry 6949:Vickers CB (15 August 2016). 6857:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91210-6 6563:Encyclopedia of Mental Health 5934:"On the Concept of Superego1" 5783:Northwestern University Press 4853:via University of Notre Dame. 4795:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 4783:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 4448:History of the Human Sciences 4050:. Pelican Books. p. 343. 4016: 3210:obsessive compulsive disorder 2931:mentalization-based treatment 2342: 2014:, Marian Tolpin, and others. 1865:, 1905). Freud's 1917 paper " 1633:archetypal literary criticism 1510:Vienna Psychoanalytic Society 1381:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 1291: 668:Beyond the Pleasure Principle 658:Psychology of the Unconscious 10728:The Question of Lay Analysis 10657:The Interpretation of Dreams 9854:Dialectical behavior therapy 9844:Cognitive behavioral therapy 9712:Resources in other libraries 8910:An Outline of Psychoanalysis 8854:Samuel, Lawrence R. (2013). 8276:Was Freud a Pseudoscientist? 8192:that are frequently used in 7990:(Interview). Interviewed by 7939:, Transaction, p. xxi, 7691:10.3109/10673229.2012.677347 7669:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 7558:10.1016/0272-7358(95)00027-m 7207:10.1097/hrp.0b013e318294f5fd 7194:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 6370:Kernberg OF (October 2016). 4939:The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 4488:The Interpretation of Dreams 4133:The Future of Psychoanalysis 3834: 3818: 3646:Capitalism and Schizophrenia 3243: 3177:Harvard Review of Psychiatry 3145:cognitive behavioral therapy 2927:psychoanalytic psychotherapy 2917:Psychoanalytic psychotherapy 2574:Cost and length of treatment 2562:as well as an ego identity. 2233: 2164:; † 8. April 2019) into the 2135:Freudian theories hold that 1653:The Interpretation of Dreams 1558:cognitive behavioral therapy 1496:Psychoanalysis as a movement 1251:The Interpretation of Dreams 1238:The Interpretation of Dreams 1096:The idea of psychoanalysis ( 624:The Interpretation of Dreams 7: 9884:Emotionally focused therapy 9681:14(1):108–111. Feb., 2008. 9564:Roustang, Francois (1982). 9512:Macmillan, Malcolm (1997), 9314:Burnham, John, ed. (2012). 9282:Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel and 8243:Conjectures and Refutations 7303:10.1516/rfee-lkpn-b7tf-kpdu 7081:10.13109/prkk.2021.70.6.499 6138:Contemporary Psychoanalysis 6052:"Psychoanalytic Techniques" 5732:, Fine, and Bergman. 1975. 4983:Kuriloff, Emily A. (2013). 4131:Chessick, Richard D. 2007. 4048:Psychoanalysis and Feminism 3763: 3592:those included and utilized 2940: 2899:Institute of Psychoanalysis 2611:psychodynamic psychotherapy 1597: 10: 11287: 10155:Systematic desensitization 10084:Practitioner–scholar model 9827:Clinical behavior analysis 9256:Lacan: The Absolute Master 8922:Edelson, Marshall (1984). 8332:Cambridge University Press 8142:Georgiev DD (2017-12-06). 7722:Clinical Psychology Review 7626:Clinical Psychology Review 7546:Clinical Psychology Review 7360:Cambridge University Press 7139:10.1521/pdps.2013.41.3.361 7002:10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.365 5932:Sandler J (January 1960). 5274:10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759 4649:University of Pennsylvania 4608:University of Pennsylvania 4470:Freud: A Life for Our Time 4457:10.1177/095269519801100101 4398:University of Pennsylvania 4297:, and Michel Plon. 2011 . 3824: 3808: 3770:Glossary of psychoanalysis 3563: 3419:, a prominent academic in 3399:philosopher and physicist 3247: 2801:on 30 October 1913. After 2357:the flow of thoughts (aka 2077: 1848:introduced the concept of 1742:The theory was refined by 1567: 1560:(CBT) in the early 1970s. 1112:in the 1890s. Freud was a 1086: 645:Three Essays on the Theory 11195: 11145:Freud: The Secret Passion 11134: 11054: 10940: 10872: 10771:The Aetiology of Hysteria 10762: 10736:The Future of an Illusion 10632: 10546: 10270: 10228: 10165: 10099: 10092: 10051: 10010: 9978: 9917: 9874: 9815: 9777: 9770: 9707:Resources in your library 9387:Crews, Frederick (2017). 9176:. Yale University Press. 9032:. Yale University Press. 8943:(new ed.). Karnac Books. 8861:Freud, Sigmund (2014) . " 8827:Elliott, Anthony (2002). 8820:Brenner, Charles (1954). 8480:. London: Harper Collins. 8322:1, edited by I. Lakatos, 8262:. London: Harper Collins. 8097:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 8006:– via chomsky.info. 7814:10.1002/14651858.CD001360 7774:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082776 7734:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.11.003 7638:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.010 7348:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.082776 6918:10.1080/14616730701453762 6600:Winarick K (2010-03-01). 6282:10.1017/S0266462309990791 6186:10.1037/0736-9735.24.1.10 6177:Psychoanalytic Psychology 6091:10.1080/07351698309533520 5648:"Object Relations Theory" 5455:The Psychiatric Quarterly 5144:. New York: Basic Books. 4987:. Routledge. p. 45. 4923:– via Google Books. 4380:An Autobiographical Study 4319:The Aetiology of Hysteria 4081:Stanford University Press 3825: 3809: 3666:Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel 2841:University College London 2452:, 1950) and a history of 2115:Relational psychoanalysis 2109:Relational psychoanalysis 1358:self-destructive behavior 1296:In 1905, Freud published 823:Boston Graduate School of 288: 274: 262: 250: 11220:Clement Freud (grandson) 10992:Psychosexual development 10862:Dostoevsky and Parricide 10840:Mourning and Melancholia 10166:Other individual therapy 9602:New York: Anchor Books. 9471:Gellner, Ernest (1993), 9461:. New York: Basic Books. 9443:Esterson, Allen (1993). 9190:. New York: Basic Books. 9116:The Kleinian Development 8792:, and Bass, Alan. 1987. 8764:Westen and Gabbard, 2002 8280:Butterflies & Wheels 8030:Harvard University Press 7127:Psychodynamic Psychiatry 6810:10.1177/0959354301115006 6656:"What is Certification?" 6530:10.1177/0706743717692306 6246:Thompson, M. Guy. 2004. 6170:Eagle, Morris N. 2007. " 6073:Leider RJ (1983-01-01). 5915:Kupfersmid, Joel. 1995. 5901:Farrar Straus and Giroux 5633:Blackman, Jerome. 2003. 5585:Psychoanalytic Quarterly 5262:Developmental Psychology 4910:Organisational Behaviour 4823:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . " 4664:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . " 4624:Mourning and Melancholia 4622:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . " 4588:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . " 4561:Freud, Sigmund. 1955 . " 4378:Freud, Sigmund. 1959 . " 4341:University of Washington 4317:Freud, Sigmund. 1953 . " 4248:Freud, Sigmund. 1966 . " 4194:Sigmund Freud on Aphasia 4075:Birnbach, Martin. 1961. 4028:Mitchell, Juliet. 2000. 3863:. Archived 10 June 2009. 3838:, 'investigate'. 3790: 3780:Psychoanalytic sociology 3676:throughout its history. 3652:Deleuze and Guattari in 3465: 3282:summarize the quotations 3147:) for certain diseases. 3010:Psychoanalytic Quarterly 1867:Mourning and Melancholia 1668:. These systems are not 1591:psychosexual development 1354:Mourning and Melancholia 1321:Latency (6–puberty); and 1091: 338:Psychosexual development 11230:Walter Freud (grandson) 11225:Lucian Freud (grandson) 10188:Cognitive restructuring 9909:Person-centered therapy 9653:Robinson, Paul (1993). 9468:. New York: John Wiley. 9401:Dufresne, Todd (2000). 9174:Presentations of Gender 8908:Freud, Sigmund (1940). 8868:Encyclopædia Britannica 8532:. New York: Routledge. 8515:. NY: Meridan Printing. 6798:Theory & Psychology 6132:Green MR (1977-07-01). 5138:Ellenberger HF (1970). 4969:(revised ed.). London: 4781:Freud, Sigmund. 1920. " 4754:Nature Publishing Group 4713:2027/mdp.39015003802348 4666:A Child is Being Beaten 4485:Freud, Sigmund. 1913 . 4275:Freud, Sigmund. 1896. " 3922:. Archived 6 June 2009. 3750:metaphysics of presence 3588:confessional techniques 3524:Likewise, psychiatrist 2615:National Health Service 2556:regressive emotionality 2438:object relations theory 2379:Variations in technique 2186:, based on the play by 2068:institutional structure 2023:Lacanian psychoanalysis 2018:Lacanian psychoanalysis 1829:Object relations theory 1823:Object relations theory 1819:, and Jerome Blackman. 11245:Edward Bernay (nephew) 11121:Views on homosexuality 11084:London home and museum 11079:Vienna home and museum 10119:Contingency management 9998:Transtheoretical model 9988:Eclectic psychotherapy 9965:Transactional analysis 9679:Psychodynamic Practice 9655:Freud and his Critics. 9615:Responses to critiques 9429:Erwin, Edward (1996), 9391:, Metropolitan Books. 9252:Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel 9210:Tähkä, Veikko (1993). 8975:Free Association Books 8747:Milton, Jane. (2000). 8450:Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel 8024:Ontogeny and Phylogeny 7935:Brunner, José (2001), 7900:Schizophrenia Bulletin 7851:Schizophrenia Bulletin 6079:Psychoanalytic Inquiry 5875:(in German). rowolth. 5528:. pp. 4365–4369. 4847:JSTOR Daily Roundtable 4504:Arlow, Brenner. 1964. 3731:scientific materialism 3689: 3570:Deinstitutionalisation 3522: 3480:temporal lobe epilepsy 3476:tuberculous meningitis 3463: 3430: 3383: 3229:Cochrane Collaboration 2166:Collusion (psychology) 2027:structural linguistics 1882:The First Year of Life 1793:Modern conflict theory 1788:Modern conflict theory 1288:as influencing Freud. 1224:infantile masturbation 1192: 1186: 1152: 1101: 978:." Freud's colleagues 11235:Amalia Freud (mother) 11210:Anna Freud (daughter) 11205:Martha Bernays (wife) 10069:Common factors theory 10033:Residential treatment 9621:Köhler, Thomas 1996: 9447:Chicago: Open Court. 9343:Skeptical Engagements 9272:, London: Routledge. 9233:Aziz, Robert (2007). 8840:Fine, Reuben (1990). 8833:Duke University Press 8800:University of Chicago 8154:10.1201/9780203732519 7863:10.1093/schbul/sbp130 7478:American Psychologist 7447:American Psychologist 7416:American Psychologist 7385:American Psychologist 7239:American Psychologist 6973:Myers, D. G. (2014). 6885:Blum HP, ed. (1977), 6781:on September 16, 2009 6477:"French Psychoflap". 6452:Treatment Cf (1999), 6111:Greenberg, J. (1986) 5895:Miller, Alice. 1984. 5256:Bretherton I (1992). 4651:. Also available via 4295:Roudinesco, Élisabeth 3684: 3601:French psychoanalyst 3564:Further information: 3560:Critical perspectives 3517: 3494:Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen 3452: 3425: 3379: 3357:experimental research 3323:recapitulation theory 3238:psychodynamic therapy 3202:personality disorders 3198:post-traumatic stress 3129:psychodynamic therapy 3005:Modern Psychoanalysis 2731:psychoanalytic theory 2604:Training and research 2566:Psychodynamic therapy 2207:—later explicated by 1386:id, ego, and superego 1272:, citing theories of 1245:Freud outlined a new 1214:friend and colleague 1153:Studien über Hysterie 992:analytical psychology 988:individual psychology 916:Psychology portal 895:Psychoanalytic theory 11240:Jacob Freud (father) 11215:Ernst L. Freud (son) 11185:Freud's Last Session 10955:Id, ego and superego 10932:Daniel Paul Schreber 10752:Moses and Monotheism 10498:Lorna Smith Benjamin 10333:Harry Stack Sullivan 10258:Sensitivity training 10059:Clinical formulation 9377:, New York: Viking. 9140:Laughing with Medusa 8912:. ePenguin.;General 8647:10.3917/amx.052.0108 8560:. London: Tavistock. 8320:Philosophical Papers 8238:Preview Google Books 8085:. Archived from the 7998:on 23 September 2015 7371:McKay, Dean. 2011. " 5854:"Child Sexual Abuse" 5355:Bressler CE (2011). 4907:Mustafa, A. (2013). 4841:. Lay summaries via 4704:Boni & Liveright 4358:The Standard Edition 4324:The Standard Edition 4215:Freud, Sigmund, and 3998:cf. Slavson, S. R., 3716:cognitive psychology 3542:poisonous pedagogies 3413:Cognitive scientists 3394:(1986), philosopher 3172:somatoform disorders 3137:antidepressant drugs 2969:improve this article 2763:improve this article 2647:improve this article 2508:Harry Stack Sullivan 2482:participant-observer 2479:introduced the term 2454:maternal deprivation 2262:improve this article 2228:obsessive-compulsive 2217:The Mind in Conflict 2203:The shorthand term, 1939:improve this section 1895:During adolescence, 1813:The Mind in Conflict 1801:id, ego and superego 1470:child psychoanalysis 1415:Freud's inner circle 1008:Harry Stack Sullivan 880:Child psychoanalysis 368:Id, ego and superego 306:a series of articles 97:improve this article 11161:Mahler on the Couch 10649:Studies on Hysteria 10230:Group psychotherapy 10141:Counterconditioning 10018:Brief psychotherapy 9889:Existential therapy 9673:. Routledge, 2005. 9085:The Kristeva Reader 9070:. Lexington Books. 8937:Etchegoyen, Horacio 8703:. London: Athlone. 8640:: P.U.F.: 108–120. 8606:. London: Athlone. 8570:Irigaray L (1974), 8456:London: Routledge. 8402:Authentic Happiness 8298:. Paris: Les Arènes 7982:(2 November 2003). 7965:The Washington Post 7033:10.1192/bjp.2019.33 6618:10.1057/ajp.2009.43 5873:Die Zweierbeziehung 5681:Abrahams D (2021). 5027:Feminine psychology 5010:Wallerstein. 2000. 4770:1923Natur.111T.321. 4402:Transcribed version 4222:Studies on Hysteria 4046:Mitchell J (1975). 3822:, 'soul' + 3721:neuropsychoanalysis 3640:A Thousand Plateaus 3421:positive psychology 2538:Cultural variations 2470:Analytic neutrality 2391:Classical technique 2385:classical technique 2330:sexual dysfunctions 1901:Holding environment 1807:follow the work of 1627:, and particularly 1407:The Trauma of Birth 1305:psychosexual phases 1147:Studies on Hysteria 1134:Jean-Martin Charcot 1066:countertransference 403:Countertransference 11169:A Dangerous Method 11036:Deferred obedience 10720:The Ego and the Id 10358:Milton H. Erickson 10193:Emotion regulation 10173:Autogenic training 10064:Clinical pluralism 9993:Multimodal therapy 9792:Analytical therapy 9598:, editor. (1974). 8071:Kihlstrom, John F. 7988:The New York Times 6839:Tallis RC (1996), 6216:10.1037/aap0000122 6118:2022-06-08 at the 6037:Gray, Paul. 1994. 5841:The Analytic Press 5821:Palgrave-MacMillan 5467:10.1007/bf01573368 5103:Shorter E (2005). 4825:The Ego and the Id 4803:18, translated by 4723:2021-01-08 at the 4675:." Pp. 175–204 in 4671:2020-08-06 at the 4629:2015-05-01 at the 4468:Gay, Peter. 1988. 4321:." Pp. 191–221 in 4282:Revue neurologique 4252:." Pp. 347–445 in 4192:Stengel, E. 1953. 3937:, academic journal 3729:explains that the 3656:take the cases of 3596:Christian religion 2727:empirical research 2581:defense mechanisms 2151:child sexual abuse 2006:, Frank Lachmann, 1733:defense mechanisms 1644:Topographic theory 1639:Topographic theory 1617:literary criticism 1500:Freud founded the 1394:The Ego and the Id 1247:topographic theory 1211:sexual excitations 1027:defense mechanisms 998:thinkers, such as 745:Schools of thought 678:The Ego and the Id 11258: 11257: 11041:Reality principle 10924:Sergei Pankejeff 10912:Bertha Pappenheim 10592: 10591: 10518:William R. Miller 10503:Marsha M. Linehan 10473:Jean Baker Miller 10433:Salvador Minuchin 10313:Ludwig Binswanger 10266: 10265: 10101:Behaviour therapy 10028:Online counseling 10006: 10005: 9945:Narrative therapy 9849:Cognitive therapy 9693:Library resources 9627:Kohlhammer Verlag 9596:Wollheim, Richard 9296:978-0-521-72978-9 9247:978-0-7914-6982-8 9153:Spielrein, Sabina 9136:Pollock, Griselda 8886:de Mijolla, Alain 8709:978-0-485-30018-5 8665:978-2-13-059331-7 8612:978-0-485-30018-5 8581:978-2-7073-0024-9 8574:, Paris: Minuit, 8538:978-0-415-04503-2 8509:Miller A (1984). 8430:978-0-8236-6722-2 8362:978-1-85799-100-0 8211:Torrey, E. Fuller 8163:978-1-138-10448-8 8125:978-0-415-28594-0 8079:John F. Kihlstrom 8077:" (updated ed.). 8039:978-0-674-63940-9 7946:978-0-7658-0672-7 7585:10.1159/000228247 6963:on 19 March 2022. 6887:Female Psychology 6851:(9002): 669–671, 6572:978-0-12-397753-3 6438:978-0-13-194228-8 6388:10.1002/wps.20368 6351:978-0-19-067627-8 6028:. London: Karnac. 5882:978-3-499-62758-3 5833:Mitchell, Stephen 5694:978-1-351-13858-1 5543:978-0-08-043076-8 5368:978-0-205-79169-9 5242:978-1-4338-0762-6 5186:978-1-315-39006-2 5173:Eisold K (2017). 5116:978-0-19-803923-5 5024:Horney K (1973). 4994:978-1-136-93041-6 4920:978-1-908287-36-6 4843:Simply Psychology 4727:." Pp. 65–144 in 4633:." Pp. 243–58 in 4592:." Pp. 73–102 in 4568:Standard Editions 4548:978-0-521-72978-9 4255:Standard Editions 4228:Standard Editions 3785:Training analysis 3546:For Your Own Good 3502:Isabelle Stengers 3486:Henri Ellenberger 3460:Henri Ellenberger 3444:Henri Ellenberger 3331:John F. Kihlstrom 3319:Stephen Jay Gould 3307: 3306: 3027:and character or 3001: 3000: 2993: 2880:Joseph J. Sandler 2795: 2794: 2787: 2679: 2678: 2671: 2560:cultural identity 2504:Samuel R. Slavson 2294: 2293: 2286: 2209:Joseph J. Sandler 2177:Oedipal conflicts 2131:Childhood origins 2099:topographic model 2094:adaptive paradigm 2086:adaptive paradigm 2074:Adaptive paradigm 1975: 1974: 1967: 1795:, a variation of 1761:metapsychological 1680:Structural theory 1674:structural theory 1575:Attachment theory 1564:Attachment theory 1376:dual drive theory 1162:Bertha Pappenheim 1058:free associations 952: 951: 436:Important figures 363:Psychic apparatus 299: 298: 246: 245: 238: 228: 227: 220: 173: 172: 165: 147: 70: 16:(Redirected from 11278: 11180:(2020 TV series) 11046:Seduction theory 10982:Free association 10927: 10915: 10901:Irma's injection 10896: 10883: 10665: 10619: 10612: 10605: 10596: 10595: 10508:Vittorio Guidano 10478:Otto F. Kernberg 10348:Donald Winnicott 10205:Free association 10150:Exposure therapy 10129:Stimulus control 10109:Aversion therapy 10097: 10096: 9960:Systemic therapy 9935:Feminist therapy 9787:Adlerian therapy 9775: 9774: 9757: 9750: 9743: 9734: 9733: 9667:Gomez, Lavinia: 9579:Webster, Richard 9561: 9495: 9357:Crews, Frederick 9339:Crews, Frederick 9311: 9284:Shamdasani, Sonu 9104:. Karnac Books. 9064:Kovacevic, Filip 8803: 8790:Derrida, Jacques 8787: 8781: 8771: 8765: 8762: 8753: 8752: 8744: 8738: 8727: 8721: 8718: 8712: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8649: 8621: 8615: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8567: 8561: 8556:, translated by 8547: 8541: 8523: 8517: 8516: 8506: 8500: 8498: 8487: 8481: 8474:Webster, Richard 8471: 8465: 8447: 8441: 8411: 8405: 8398:Seligman, Martin 8395: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8345: 8339: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8297: 8269: 8263: 8256:Webster, Richard 8253: 8247: 8227: 8218: 8208: 8199: 8198: 8186:subconsciousness 8139: 8133: 8132: 8106: 8100: 8068: 8062: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8027: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7994:. 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Archived from 5644: 5638: 5631: 5622: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5589: 5580:Brenner, Charles 5577: 5571: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5521: 5515: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5415: 5404: 5392:Standard Edition 5387: 5381: 5380: 5352: 5346: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5301: 5286: 5285: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5100: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5077:, archived from 5069: 5063: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5021: 5015: 5008: 4999: 4998: 4980: 4974: 4960: 4951: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4904: 4898: 4870:Standard Edition 4865: 4854: 4830:Standard Edition 4821: 4812: 4800:Standard Edition 4779: 4773: 4762:10.1038/111321d0 4744: 4738: 4730:Standard Edition 4715: 4696: 4690: 4678:Standard Edition 4662: 4656: 4653:Internet Archive 4636:Standard Edition 4620: 4611: 4595:Standard Edition 4586: 4580: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4532: 4513: 4502: 4496: 4483: 4477: 4466: 4460: 4443: 4437: 4428: 4422: 4411: 4405: 4385:Standard Edition 4376: 4370: 4353: 4344: 4315: 4306: 4292: 4286: 4273: 4267: 4246: 4240: 4213: 4204: 4190: 4184: 4165:Stefana, Alberto 4162: 4156: 4146: 4140: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4090: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4061:Freud S (1966). 4058: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4037: 4026: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3929: 3923: 3904: 3898: 3887: 3881: 3870: 3864: 3845: 3839: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3800: 3697: 3618:phallogocentrism 3526:E. Fuller Torrey 3461: 3455:of the founder). 3325:. Psychologists 3302: 3299: 3293: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3112:Research results 3098:Daniel Schechter 3073:female sexuality 3054:Ronald Fairbairn 2996: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2953: 2945: 2892:Donald Winnicott 2888:J. D. Sutherland 2860:Ronald Fairbairn 2790: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2748: 2741: 2674: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2632: 2625: 2500:Paul F. Schilder 2498:, Joseph Pratt, 2436:(see above). As 2359:free association 2289: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2269: 2246: 2238: 2146:seduction theory 2120:Stephen Mitchell 2103:structural model 2040:object relations 1970: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1919: 1911: 1764:points of view: 1754:Otto F. Kernberg 1621:cultural studies 1474:female sexuality 1362:sexual masochism 1312:Oral (ages 0–2); 1202:seduction theory 1195: 1189: 1155: 984:Carl Gustav Jung 963:mental disorders 959:unconscious mind 944: 937: 930: 914: 913: 912: 885:Depth psychology 787:Object relations 733: 723: 713: 703: 693: 683: 673: 663: 652: 639: 629: 324: 301: 300: 292:edit on Wikidata 284: 255: 248: 247: 241: 234: 223: 216: 212: 209: 203: 183: 182: 175: 168: 161: 157: 154: 148: 146: 112:"Psychoanalysis" 105: 81: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 18:Psychoanalytical 11286: 11285: 11281: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11275: 11261: 11260: 11259: 11254: 11191: 11136: 11130: 11126:Religious views 11116:Neo-Freudianism 11050: 11024:Oedipus complex 10942: 10936: 10925: 10909: 10895:("Little Hans") 10894: 10881: 10868: 10758: 10688:Totem and Taboo 10659: 10628: 10623: 10593: 10588: 10542: 10523:Steven C. Hayes 10453:Paul Watzlawick 10438:Paul Watzlawick 10393:Virginia Axline 10303:Sándor Ferenczi 10262: 10243:Couples therapy 10224: 10198:Affect labeling 10161: 10146:Desensitization 10088: 10074:Discontinuation 10047: 10002: 9974: 9955:Reality therapy 9913: 9899:Gestalt therapy 9870: 9818: 9811: 9766: 9761: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9701: 9700: 9696: 9689: 9684: 9617: 9612: 9229: 9224: 9170:Stoller, Robert 9098:Meltzer, Donald 9081:Kristeva, Julia 9005:Jacobson, Edith 8954:Gellner, Ernest 8896:Laplanche, Jean 8882: 8880:Reference works 8836: 8817: 8811: 8809:Further reading 8806: 8788: 8784: 8772: 8768: 8763: 8756: 8745: 8741: 8728: 8724: 8719: 8715: 8691:Deleuze, Gilles 8689: 8685: 8666: 8622: 8618: 8594:Deleuze, Gilles 8592: 8588: 8582: 8568: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8524: 8520: 8507: 8503: 8488: 8484: 8472: 8468: 8448: 8444: 8420:. Madison, CT: 8414:Grünbaum, Adolf 8412: 8408: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8381: 8374: 8370: 8363: 8346: 8342: 8314: 8310: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8270: 8266: 8254: 8250: 8228: 8221: 8209: 8202: 8164: 8140: 8136: 8126: 8107: 8103: 8069: 8065: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7977: 7973: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7933: 7929: 7892: 7888: 7843: 7839: 7808:(3): CD001360. 7794: 7790: 7753: 7749: 7718: 7714: 7682:10.1.1.668.6311 7665: 7661: 7622: 7618: 7569: 7565: 7542: 7538: 7505: 7501: 7474: 7470: 7443: 7439: 7412: 7408: 7375: 7370: 7366: 7331: 7327: 7287: 7283: 7252:10.1.1.607.2980 7235: 7231: 7186: 7179: 7171: 7122: 7116: 7112: 7061: 7057: 7012: 7008: 6989: 6985: 6972: 6968: 6947: 6943: 6898: 6894: 6883: 6879: 6841:"Burying Freud" 6837: 6833: 6790: 6786: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6751: 6749: 6739: 6735: 6726: 6724: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6702: 6700: 6690: 6686: 6671: 6670: 6663: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6598: 6594: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6559: 6555: 6510: 6506: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6461: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6425: 6421: 6368: 6359: 6352: 6330: 6323: 6262: 6258: 6245: 6241: 6196: 6192: 6169: 6165: 6130: 6126: 6120:Wayback Machine 6110: 6106: 6071: 6067: 6057: 6055: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6036: 6032: 6020: 6016: 5984: 5973: 5930: 5926: 5914: 5907: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5869: 5865: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5811: 5807: 5793: 5789: 5768: 5764: 5744: 5740: 5728: 5724: 5708: 5707: 5695: 5679: 5670: 5661: 5659: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5632: 5625: 5615:Charles Brenner 5609: 5605: 5596: 5592: 5578: 5574: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5522: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5451: 5447: 5436: 5432: 5416: 5407: 5388: 5384: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5337: 5333: 5318: 5302: 5289: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5187: 5171: 5167: 5152: 5136: 5132: 5117: 5101: 5092: 5084: 5082: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5058:Blum, H. 1979. 5057: 5053: 5038: 5022: 5018: 5009: 5002: 4995: 4981: 4977: 4961: 4954: 4934:Waelder, Robert 4932: 4928: 4921: 4905: 4901: 4866: 4857: 4822: 4815: 4780: 4776: 4745: 4741: 4725:Wayback Machine 4711: 4697: 4693: 4673:Wayback Machine 4663: 4659: 4631:Wayback Machine 4621: 4614: 4587: 4583: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4533: 4516: 4503: 4499: 4484: 4480: 4476:. pp. 3–4, 103. 4467: 4463: 4444: 4440: 4429: 4425: 4412: 4408: 4382:." Pp. 7–74 in 4377: 4373: 4354: 4347: 4316: 4309: 4293: 4289: 4274: 4270: 4247: 4243: 4214: 4207: 4191: 4187: 4163: 4159: 4147: 4143: 4130: 4126: 4093:Zoja L (1983). 4091: 4087: 4074: 4070: 4059: 4055: 4044: 4040: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3930: 3926: 3908:Michels, Robert 3905: 3901: 3888: 3884: 3871: 3867: 3846: 3842: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3766: 3742:Jacques Derrida 3699: 3691: 3682: 3680:Freudian theory 3662:Bela Grunberger 3614:Jacques Derrida 3586:, and that its 3584:center of power 3576:Michel Foucault 3572: 3566:Anti-psychiatry 3562: 3536:. Psychologist 3513:Richard Feynman 3510: 3498:Sonu Shamdasani 3468: 3462: 3459: 3417:Martin Seligman 3339: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3288:or excerpts to 3279: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3246: 3214:specific phobia 3125:methylphenidate 3114: 3106: 3086:Françoise Dolto 2997: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2966: 2954: 2943: 2923:psychotherapies 2919: 2791: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2760: 2739: 2675: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2644: 2623: 2606: 2576: 2568: 2540: 2492: 2433:conflict theory 2381: 2372:screen memories 2345: 2322:anxiety attacks 2290: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2259: 2247: 2236: 2213:Charles Brenner 2198:Oedipus complex 2184:Oedipus complex 2179: 2133: 2128: 2111: 2082: 2076: 2064:literary theory 2052:the "Imaginary" 2020: 2004:Arnold Goldberg 1979:Self psychology 1971: 1960: 1954: 1951: 1936: 1920: 1909: 1907:Self psychology 1825: 1809:Charles Brenner 1790: 1718: 1710: 1682: 1641: 1600: 1572: 1566: 1542: 1537: 1504:in 1902, which 1498: 1446: 1411:Oedipal complex 1352:. By 1917, in " 1294: 1255:Oedipal complex 1094: 1089: 1043:early childhood 1029:, particularly 1025:in the form of 976:Oedipus complex 948: 910: 908: 901: 900: 899: 874: 866: 865: 864: 846: 843: 827: 824: 816: 808: 807: 806: 802:Self psychology 777:Intersubjective 746: 738: 737: 736: 731: 721: 711: 701: 691: 681: 671: 661: 653: 650: 646: 637: 627: 617: 616:Important works 609: 608: 607: 493:Freud (Sigmund) 437: 429: 428: 427: 332: 295: 280: 258: 242: 231: 230: 229: 224: 213: 207: 204: 196:help improve it 193: 184: 180: 169: 158: 152: 149: 106: 104: 94: 82: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11284: 11274: 11273: 11271:Psychoanalysis 11256: 11255: 11253: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11201: 11199: 11193: 11192: 11190: 11189: 11181: 11173: 11165: 11157: 11149: 11140: 11138: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11092: 11091: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11070: 11069: 11067:complete works 11058: 11056: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11029:Father complex 11021: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10978: 10977: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10950:Psychoanalysis 10946: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10934: 10929: 10921: 10916: 10903: 10898: 10890: 10885: 10876: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10858: 10852: 10844: 10836: 10828: 10822: 10814: 10806: 10798: 10790: 10782: 10774: 10766: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10756: 10748: 10740: 10732: 10724: 10716: 10708: 10700: 10692: 10684: 10676: 10668: 10653: 10645: 10636: 10634: 10630: 10629: 10622: 10621: 10614: 10607: 10599: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10550: 10548: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10493:Arnold Lazarus 10490: 10488:Irvin D. Yalom 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10463:Eugene Gendlin 10460: 10455: 10450: 10448:Ogden Lindsley 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10423:Virginia Satir 10420: 10415: 10413:James Bugental 10410: 10408:Silvano Arieti 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10278:Philippe Pinel 10274: 10272: 10268: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10261: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10248:Family therapy 10245: 10240: 10234: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10190: 10185: 10183:Clean language 10180: 10175: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10158: 10157: 10143: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10116: 10111: 10105: 10103: 10094: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10045: 10043:Support groups 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9984: 9982: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9880: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9823: 9821: 9817:Cognitive and 9813: 9812: 9810: 9809: 9804: 9802:Psychoanalysis 9799: 9794: 9789: 9783: 9781: 9772: 9768: 9767: 9760: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9725: 9715: 9714: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9698:Psychoanalysis 9691: 9690: 9688: 9687:External links 9685: 9683: 9682: 9665: 9651: 9637: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9593: 9576: 9562: 9524: 9510: 9496: 9483: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9441: 9427: 9413: 9399: 9385: 9371: 9354: 9336: 9319: 9312: 9299: 9280: 9266: 9249: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9208: 9191: 9184: 9167: 9150: 9133: 9126: 9112: 9095: 9078: 9061: 9040: 9026:Kernberg, Otto 9023: 9002: 8988:Irigaray, Luce 8985: 8968: 8951: 8934: 8920: 8918:978-0393001518 8906: 8893: 8888:, ed. (2005). 8881: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8863:Psychoanalysis 8859: 8852: 8838: 8825: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8782: 8766: 8754: 8751:. p. 440. 8739: 8722: 8713: 8695:Félix Guattari 8683: 8664: 8616: 8598:Félix Guattari 8586: 8580: 8562: 8550:Lacan, Jacques 8542: 8526:Weeks, Jeffrey 8518: 8501: 8482: 8466: 8442: 8406: 8390: 8379: 8368: 8361: 8349:Scruton, Roger 8340: 8308: 8264: 8248: 8230:Popper, Karl R 8219: 8200: 8194:psychoanalysis 8184:Terms such as 8162: 8134: 8124: 8101: 8063: 8045: 8038: 8009: 7971: 7951: 7945: 7927: 7886: 7837: 7788: 7747: 7712: 7659: 7616: 7563: 7552:(6): 503–514. 7536: 7499: 7481:66(2):151–52. 7468: 7450:66(2):149–51. 7437: 7419:66(2):148–49. 7406: 7364: 7342:199(1):15–22. 7325: 7281: 7229: 7177: 7174:on 2019-02-26. 7110: 7075:(6): 499–519. 7055: 7026:(6): 320–328. 7006: 6996:38(4):365–72. 6983: 6966: 6941: 6892: 6877: 6831: 6804:(5): 687–711. 6784: 6764: 6758: 6733: 6709: 6684: 6661: 6647: 6592: 6578: 6571: 6553: 6524:(5): 308–312. 6504: 6469: 6444: 6437: 6419: 6382:(3): 287–288. 6357: 6350: 6321: 6256: 6239: 6190: 6163: 6144:(3): 358–360. 6124: 6104: 6085:(4): 665–674. 6065: 6043: 6030: 6014: 5971: 5944:(1): 128–162. 5924: 5905: 5903:. pp. 105–227. 5888: 5881: 5863: 5860:on 2013-07-28. 5845: 5825: 5805: 5795:Lacan, Jacques 5787: 5762: 5746:Lacan, Jacques 5738: 5722: 5693: 5668: 5652:web.sonoma.edu 5639: 5623: 5603: 5590: 5572: 5549: 5542: 5516: 5504:Kernberg, Otto 5496: 5461:(1–4): 81–96. 5445: 5430: 5424:. Lanham, MD: 5405: 5395:14, edited by 5382: 5367: 5347: 5331: 5316: 5287: 5268:(5): 759–775. 5248: 5241: 5218: 5200: 5185: 5165: 5150: 5130: 5115: 5090: 5064: 5051: 5036: 5016: 5000: 4993: 4975: 4952: 4926: 4919: 4899: 4873:20, edited by 4855: 4833:19, edited by 4813: 4774: 4739: 4691: 4681:17, edited by 4657: 4639:17, edited by 4612: 4598:14, edited by 4581: 4554: 4547: 4514: 4497: 4478: 4461: 4438: 4423: 4406: 4388:20, edited by 4371: 4345: 4307: 4287: 4268: 4241: 4205: 4185: 4181:978-1138214613 4157: 4141: 4124: 4099:J Anal Psychol 4085: 4068: 4053: 4038: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4003: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3924: 3899: 3882: 3865: 3849:David Rapaport 3840: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3762: 3746:deconstruction 3683: 3681: 3678: 3625:Félix Guattari 3616:'s concept of 3580:Gilles Deleuze 3561: 3558: 3554:Jeffrey Masson 3509: 3506: 3490:Frank Sulloway 3467: 3464: 3457: 3433:Adolf Grünbaum 3338: 3335: 3305: 3304: 3270: 3268: 3261: 3245: 3242: 3194:panic disorder 3113: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3094:Selma Fraiberg 3078:Nancy Chodorow 3058:Michael Balint 2999: 2998: 2957: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2918: 2915: 2876:Donald Meltzer 2848:Michael Balint 2793: 2792: 2751: 2749: 2738: 2737:United Kingdom 2735: 2677: 2676: 2635: 2633: 2622: 2619: 2605: 2602: 2575: 2572: 2567: 2564: 2539: 2536: 2496:Trigant Burrow 2491: 2488: 2446:Mary Ainsworth 2428: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2380: 2377: 2344: 2341: 2292: 2291: 2250: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2232: 2178: 2175: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2110: 2107: 2078:Main article: 2075: 2072: 2056:the "Symbolic" 2019: 2016: 1973: 1972: 1923: 1921: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1824: 1821: 1797:ego psychology 1789: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1721:Ego psychology 1717: 1716:Ego psychology 1714: 1709: 1706: 1702:self-criticism 1681: 1678: 1640: 1637: 1599: 1596: 1583:Mary Ainsworth 1565: 1562: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1506:Edward Shorter 1497: 1494: 1454:Heinz Hartmann 1445: 1442: 1422:Robert Waelder 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1293: 1290: 1286:Wilhelm Fliess 1278:Havelock Ellis 1270:Charles Darwin 1262:Frank Sulloway 1216:Wilhelm Fliess 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1081:Freudo-Marxism 1039:Freudian slips 955:Psychoanalysis 950: 949: 947: 946: 939: 932: 924: 921: 920: 919: 918: 903: 902: 898: 897: 892: 890:Psychodynamics 887: 882: 876: 875: 872: 871: 868: 867: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 840: 838: 833: 828: 825:Psychoanalysis 821: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 805: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 757:Ego psychology 754: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 735: 734: 724: 714: 704: 694: 684: 674: 664: 654: 642: 640: 630: 619: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 606: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 439: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 426: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 317: 316: 314:Psychoanalysis 310: 309: 297: 296: 289: 286: 285: 278: 272: 271: 266: 260: 259: 256: 244: 243: 226: 225: 187: 185: 178: 171: 170: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11283: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11194: 11187: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11170: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11150: 11147: 11146: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11101:Freudian slip 11099: 11097: 11094: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11057: 11053: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11025: 11022: 11018: 11017:Genital stage 11015: 11013: 11012:Latency stage 11010: 11008: 11007:Phallic stage 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10893:Herbert Graf 10891: 10889: 10888:Emma Eckstein 10886: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10864: 10863: 10859: 10856: 10855:Medusa's Head 10853: 10850: 10849: 10845: 10842: 10841: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10823: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10810:On Narcissism 10807: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10796: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10787: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10761: 10754: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10677: 10674: 10673: 10669: 10666: 10663: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10626:Sigmund Freud 10620: 10615: 10613: 10608: 10606: 10601: 10600: 10597: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10545: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10533:Jeffrey Young 10531: 10529: 10528:Michael White 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10513:Les Greenberg 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10398:Carl Whitaker 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10378:Viktor Frankl 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10363:Jacques Lacan 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10353:Wilhelm Reich 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10318:Melanie Klein 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10288:Sigmund Freud 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10156: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10135: 10134:Token economy 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10098: 10095: 10091: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10009: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9977: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9940:Music therapy 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9930:Dance therapy 9928: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9916: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9873: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9779:Psychodynamic 9776: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9764:Psychotherapy 9758: 9753: 9751: 9746: 9744: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9671: 9666: 9664: 9663:0-520-08029-7 9660: 9656: 9652: 9650: 9649:951-653-297-7 9646: 9642: 9638: 9636: 9635:3-17-014207-0 9632: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9609: 9608:0-385-07970-2 9605: 9601: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9591:0-465-09128-8 9588: 9584: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9574:0-88048-259-1 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9536:(1–2): 1–13. 9535: 9531: 9525: 9523: 9522:0-262-63171-7 9519: 9515: 9511: 9509: 9508:0-520-05017-7 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9484: 9482: 9481:0-8101-1370-8 9478: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9460: 9456: 9454: 9453:0-8126-9230-6 9450: 9446: 9442: 9440: 9439:0-262-05050-1 9436: 9432: 9428: 9426: 9425:0-8047-5548-5 9422: 9418: 9414: 9412: 9411:0-8047-3885-8 9408: 9404: 9400: 9398: 9397:9781627797177 9394: 9390: 9386: 9384: 9383:0-14-028017-0 9380: 9376: 9372: 9370: 9369:1-86207-010-5 9366: 9362: 9358: 9355: 9352: 9351:0-19-503950-5 9348: 9344: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9334:0-8126-9385-X 9331: 9327: 9323: 9322:Cioffi, Frank 9320: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9279: 9278:0-415-91777-8 9275: 9271: 9267: 9265: 9264:0-8047-1556-4 9261: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9231: 9221: 9220:0-8236-3367-5 9217: 9213: 9209: 9207: 9206:0-8236-8056-8 9203: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9183: 9182:0-300-05474-2 9179: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9148:0-19-927438-X 9145: 9141: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9125: 9124:1-85575-194-1 9121: 9117: 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Continuum. 8993: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8983:1-85343-773-5 8980: 8976: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8966:0-8101-1370-8 8963: 8959: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8949:1-85575-455-X 8946: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8932:0-226-18432-3 8929: 8925: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8905: 8904:0-393-01105-4 8901: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8853: 8851: 8850:0-8264-0452-9 8847: 8843: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8815:Introductions 8801: 8797: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8761: 8759: 8750: 8743: 8736: 8732: 8726: 8717: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8599: 8595: 8590: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8558:Alan Sheridan 8555: 8551: 8546: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8522: 8514: 8511: 8505: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8479: 8475: 8470: 8463: 8462:0-415-91777-8 8459: 8455: 8451: 8446: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8403: 8399: 8394: 8383: 8372: 8364: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8344: 8337: 8333: 8330:. Cambridge: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8316:Lakatos, Imre 8312: 8293: 8289: 8288: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8272:Cioffi, Frank 8268: 8261: 8257: 8252: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8226: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8205: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8138: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8105: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8053:Eysneck, Hans 8049: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8026: 8025: 8019: 8013: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7975: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7955: 7948: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7857:(1): 94–103. 7856: 7852: 7848: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7751: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7675:(2): 97–108. 7674: 7670: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7579:(5): 265–74. 7578: 7574: 7567: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7503: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7472: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7388:66(2):147–8. 7387: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7368: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7329: 7321: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7300: 7297:(3): 841–68, 7296: 7292: 7285: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7245:(2): 98–109, 7244: 7240: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7182: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6994: 6987: 6980: 6976: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6912:(3): 187–20. 6911: 6907: 6903: 6896: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6775: 6768: 6762: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6723: 6722:www.ipa.world 6719: 6713: 6699: 6695: 6694:"Our history" 6688: 6681:on 2008-10-14 6680: 6676: 6675: 6668: 6666: 6658:. 2017-06-09. 6657: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6589:. 2017-10-24. 6588: 6582: 6574: 6568: 6564: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6353: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6328: 6326: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6108: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6053: 6047: 6041:. J. Aronson. 6040: 6034: 6027: 6023: 6022:Langs, Robert 6018: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5884: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5813:Langs, Robert 5809: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5775:J. Gottschall 5772: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5718: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5658:on 2020-09-27 5657: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5560: 5553: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5512:Jason Aronson 5509: 5505: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5426:Jason Aronson 5423: 5419: 5418:Langs, Robert 5414: 5412: 5410: 5402: 5401:Hogarth Press 5398: 5394: 5393: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5351: 5344: 5340: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5317:0-88163-184-1 5313: 5309: 5308: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5225: 5223: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5179:. Routledge. 5178: 5177: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5151:0-465-01672-3 5147: 5143: 5142: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5081:on 2015-10-23 5080: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5061: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5037:0-393-00686-7 5033: 5029: 5028: 5020: 5013: 5007: 5005: 4996: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4971:Hogarth Press 4968: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4879:Hogarth Press 4876: 4872: 4871: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4839:Hogarth Press 4836: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4810: 4809:Hogarth Press 4806: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4789:4, edited by 4788: 4784: 4778: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4752:3(2784):321. 4751: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4735:Hogarth Press 4732: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4695: 4688: 4687:Hogarth Press 4684: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4661: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4645:Hogarth Press 4642: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4604:Hogarth Press 4601: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4590:On Narcissism 4585: 4578: 4577:Hogarth Press 4574: 4571:7, edited by 4570: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4449: 4442: 4435: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4394:Hogarth Press 4391: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4368: 4367:Hogarth Press 4364: 4361:7, edited by 4360: 4359: 4352: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4333:Hogarth Press 4330: 4327:3, edited by 4326: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4265: 4264:Hogarth Press 4261: 4258:3, edited by 4257: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4238: 4237:Hogarth Press 4234: 4231:2, edited by 4230: 4229: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4064: 4057: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4034:Penguin Books 4031: 4025: 4021: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3986: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3936: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3844: 3836: 3828: 3820: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3688: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3658:Gérard Mendel 3655: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610:Luce Irigaray 3606: 3604: 3603:Jacques Lacan 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3508:Witch doctors 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3423:, wrote that: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3396:Roger Scruton 3393: 3392:Sexual Desire 3388: 3385:In addition, 3382: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3371:pseudoscience 3368: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3343:phenomenology 3334: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3301: 3298:November 2022 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3271:This section 3269: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206:schizophrenia 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3154:reviewed 103 3153: 3150:In 2011, the 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133:psychotherapy 3130: 3126: 3121: 3120:Meta-analyses 3117: 3109: 3104:Effectiveness 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090:Melanie Klein 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3006: 2995: 2992: 2984: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2958:This section 2956: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2872:Melanie Klein 2869: 2868:Harry Guntrip 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2789: 2786: 2778: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2752:This section 2750: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2670: 2662: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2636:This section 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621:United States 2618: 2616: 2612: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2571: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2288: 2285: 2277: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2251:This section 2249: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2174: 2171: 2170:Sigmund Freud 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2035:Jacques Lacan 2032: 2028: 2024: 2015: 2013: 2012:Anna Ornstein 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:sense of self 1981: 1980: 1969: 1966: 1958: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1924:This section 1922: 1918: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857:Melanie Klein 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1811:, especially 1810: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1648:Sigmund Freud 1645: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1629:psychotherapy 1626: 1625:mental health 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1550:Aaron T. Beck 1547: 1546:psychotherapy 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1444:1940s–present 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1339:On Narcissism 1334: 1332: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1300: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1260:Psychologist 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1209:symptoms are 1208: 1204: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1188: 1187:psychoanalyse 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:Sigmund Freud 1103: 1102:Psychoanalyse 1099: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 968: 967:Sigmund Freud 964: 960: 956: 945: 940: 938: 933: 931: 926: 925: 923: 922: 917: 907: 906: 905: 904: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 870: 869: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 845: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 826: 820: 819: 812: 811: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 772:Interpersonal 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 742: 741: 730: 729: 725: 720: 719: 715: 710: 709: 705: 700: 699: 695: 690: 689: 685: 680: 679: 675: 670: 669: 665: 660: 659: 655: 649: 648: 641: 636: 635: 631: 626: 625: 621: 620: 613: 612: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 433: 432: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 358:Consciousness 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 335: 328: 327: 323: 319: 318: 315: 312: 311: 307: 303: 302: 293: 287: 283: 279: 277: 273: 270: 267: 265: 261: 254: 249: 240: 237: 222: 219: 211: 208:November 2022 201: 197: 191: 188:This article 186: 177: 176: 167: 164: 156: 145: 142: 138: 135: 131: 128: 124: 121: 117: 114: – 113: 109: 108:Find sources: 102: 98: 92: 91: 86:This article 84: 80: 75: 74: 69: 67: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 11183: 11175: 11167: 11159: 11151: 11143: 11111:Inner circle 11062:Bibliography 10987:Transference 10965:Preconscious 10949: 10873:Case studies 10860: 10846: 10838: 10830: 10816: 10808: 10800: 10792: 10784: 10776: 10750: 10742: 10734: 10726: 10718: 10710: 10702: 10694: 10686: 10678: 10670: 10661: 10656: 10647: 10639: 10547:Associations 10538:Peter Fonagy 10483:Nathan Azrin 10458:Arthur Janov 10418:Joseph Wolpe 10403:Albert Ellis 10383:George Kelly 10368:Erik Erikson 10328:Karen Horney 10298:Alfred Adler 10293:Pierre Janet 10283:Josef Breuer 10215:Hypnotherapy 9950:Play therapy 9801: 9697: 9678: 9669: 9654: 9640: 9622: 9599: 9582: 9565: 9533: 9529: 9513: 9499: 9491: 9487: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9444: 9430: 9416: 9402: 9388: 9374: 9360: 9342: 9325: 9315: 9307: 9303: 9287: 9269: 9255: 9234: 9211: 9197: 9187: 9173: 9156: 9139: 9129: 9115: 9101: 9084: 9067: 9046: 9043:Kohut, Heinz 9029: 9008: 8992:Key Writings 8991: 8971:Green, André 8957: 8940: 8923: 8909: 8889: 8866: 8855: 8841: 8828: 8821: 8793: 8785: 8777: 8774:Kalo, Shlomo 8769: 8748: 8742: 8733:. 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