53:
45:
20:
109:, allowed players who could not read standard musical notation to accompany hymns. As churches saved money for organs, however, psalmodikons became less common; by the late 20th century, they were rarely seen outside museums. In later years, however, the instrument was reintroduced by multi-instrumentalist folk musicians.
125:
that were not touched, but vibrated due to the sound waves around them. The measure of one
Swedish instrument from 1869 is 878 millimeter, which roughly corresponds with that of a cello. Over a sawtooth shaped fret board, it originally had three metal strings, of which two were removed to facilitate
102:
were not allowed. The psalmodikon, on the other hand, was inexpensive to build, was not used for dancing, took up little space, and could be played by people with little musical training. Its slow, melodic quality worked well with the hymns of the period. Examples of older printed music from these
162:
for hymns in 1830, and claimed that he could teach anyone to play in two hours. Notable players of the instrument include Ole H. Bremnes, Salmodikon, Forlaget Habet in 1998 (in
Norwegian), and Ardith K. Melloh from the Swedish Pioneer Historical Quarterly who wrote a book called "Grandfather's
314:– "The psalmodicon was also used in Finland, in Estonia, and by the Scandinavian immigrants in North America. Dillner's pupil and colleague, Lars Paul Esbjörn, who emigrated from Sweden to America in 1849, took with him both instruments"
163:
Songbook; Or, The
Psalmodikon in America" in October 1981. There is some scholarly consensus that the instrument first developed in Denmark around 1820, and spread from there. In the 1830s and 1840s, the Norwegian music educator
337:
The
Norwegian and Swedish Psalmodikon, of somewhat the same outline, was introduced by Johan Dillner (c. 1810) for accompanying the Church hymn-singing; it has one melody string of gut and eight sympathetic strings of
87:
for sacred music. The instrument could be plucked or bowed. Beginning in the early 19th century, it was adopted by many rural churches in
Scandinavia; later, immigrants brought the instrument to the
1653:
121:
fret board with up to around 25 semitone positions. It has one to three strings of metal or of gut (or in the modern day nylon); some earlier variants included metal
583:
24:
1673:
146:
103:
churches often have numbers written over the words, corresponding to numbers painted on the fret board of the psalmodikon. This system, known as
1322:
928:
1666:
733:
1648:
552:
1700:
1710:
411:
360:
290:
1715:
1720:
1315:
170:
In the United States, the instrument retains a small following among
Scandinavian-descended Americans, who have formed
156:(1785–1862) from Medelpad, others note that he promoted, rather than invented, the instrument. He published a book of
52:
708:
921:
522:
1369:
1275:
975:
133:
strings on both sides of the fret board, up to twelve strings that individually could be mechanically subdued.
1331:
1259:
403:
Origins and
Foundations of Music Education: Cross-Cultural Historical Studies of Music in Compulsory Schooling
1308:
545:
444:
167:
traveled widely in Norway popularising the instrument for training students and congregations in singing.
914:
1695:
579:
687:
1617:
1244:
538:
376:
698:
646:
664:
324:
1622:
1249:
350:
1586:
1213:
671:
642:
401:
280:
1627:
1254:
530:
44:
8:
1705:
1118:
890:
713:
600:
1632:
937:
676:
122:
76:
1505:
1364:
963:
659:
570:
407:
356:
286:
48:
Psalmodikon from Gagnef, Dalarna, Sweden, made in 1869, originally with three strings
1181:
778:
723:
703:
151:
1111:
1601:
1389:
1359:
1281:
1228:
1125:
958:
728:
654:
498:
487:
477:
427:
328:
307:
118:
105:
37:
1465:
1007:
1413:
1031:
766:
693:
617:
562:
330:
A Textbook of
European Musical Instruments: Their Origin, History and Character
73:
1038:
1689:
1476:
1139:
1075:
875:
813:
718:
622:
254:
95:
88:
1540:
429:
Proceedings of the
Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR.: Social sciences
83:
for simplifying music in churches and schools, and as an alternative to the
1576:
1554:
1420:
1203:
1167:
1064:
1057:
895:
200:; a two-string variant developed within Latvian folk music, and became the
164:
1174:
174:
to promote and preserve the instrument, produce recordings and tutorials.
98:. Dance instruments were considered inappropriate for sacred settings, so
1596:
1591:
1581:
1512:
1401:
1288:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1146:
969:
828:
783:
748:
632:
612:
595:
80:
1353:
1300:
952:
808:
803:
798:
627:
605:
566:
1132:
141:
Though some books attribute the instrument's invention to the
Swedish
1526:
1519:
1498:
1492:
1346:
1152:
1104:
1091:
906:
850:
788:
743:
681:
249:
201:
79:; the most common variants have a single string. It was developed in
28:
19:
1533:
1446:
995:
865:
818:
761:
650:
142:
56:
Psalmodikon, played at the School Museum in Djurmo, Dalarna, Sweden
1432:
1025:
885:
860:
843:
838:
771:
756:
1560:
1187:
1097:
855:
833:
823:
793:
99:
84:
32:
1654:
Norwegian National Association for Traditional Music and Dance
514:
1453:
1395:
1045:
1019:
1001:
880:
305:
1659:
1439:
637:
560:
479:
Grandfather's Songbooks, Or, The Psalmodikon in America
399:
117:
The instrument consists of a long box, upon which is a
323:
406:. Continuum International Publishing. pp. 87–.
355:. University of California Press. pp. 258–.
94:At the time, many congregations could not afford
1687:
475:
183:
278:
229:
223:
496:
348:
217:
211:
1316:
922:
546:
400:Gordon Cox; Robin Stevens (3 November 2011).
393:
235:
205:
195:
189:
182:The instrument is also known in Lithuania as
157:
445:"Sukututkijan loppuvuosi: Virsikanteleesta"
274:
272:
270:
1323:
1309:
929:
915:
553:
539:
1649:Norwegian Folk Music Research Association
442:
342:
317:
1330:
299:
267:
234:. In Finland the instrument is known as
51:
43:
18:
1688:
936:
432:. Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus. p. 21.
306:Svenskt musikhistoriskt arkiv (1974).
23:Psalmodicon from a farm on the island
1304:
910:
534:
482:. Swedish Pioneer Historical Society.
129:Advanced models could be fitted with
515:Nordic-American Psalmodikonforbundet
172:Nordic-American Psalmodikonforbundet
449:sukututkijanloppuvuosi.blogspot.com
13:
459:
333:. Williams & Norgate, Limited.
14:
1732:
508:
349:Charles Seeger (1 January 1977).
279:Ralph Lee Smith (19 March 2010).
352:Studies in Musicology, 1935-1975
210:. In Estonia it is known as the
282:Appalachian Dulcimer Traditions
177:
112:
1701:Lithuanian musical instruments
1370:Traditional Nordic dance music
1276:List of Swedish folk musicians
976:Traditional Nordic dance music
500:Psalmodikon: byggkursidé skiss
436:
420:
369:
1:
1711:Norwegian musical instruments
523:Nordiska Psalmodikonförbundet
260:
35:, with bow and music book in
7:
1716:Swedish musical instruments
381:www.maineswedishcolony.info
243:
16:Stringed musical instrument
10:
1737:
1721:Sacred musical instruments
136:
1641:
1610:
1569:
1485:
1378:
1338:
1268:
1237:
1196:
1084:
984:
944:
742:
688:Music On A Long Thin Wire
591:
577:
476:Ardith K. Melloh (1981).
443:Kyläkoski, Kaisa (2013).
377:"MaineSwedishColony.info"
584:Hornbostel–Sachs numbers
497:Rodney Sjöberg (1986).
469:. Forlaget Habet, 1998
665:Long-string instrument
325:Francis William Galpin
236:
230:
224:
218:
212:
206:
196:
190:
184:
158:
126:the learning process.
57:
49:
41:
222:and in Norway as the
55:
47:
22:
1628:Icelandic folk music
1332:Norwegian folk music
1260:Norwegian folk music
1255:Icelandic folk music
1440:Pols and Springleik
285:. Scarecrow Press.
123:sympathetic strings
1633:Swedish folk music
1623:Finnish folk music
1250:Finnish folk music
938:Swedish folk music
672:Melde's experiment
77:musical instrument
58:
50:
42:
1696:Bowed box zithers
1683:
1682:
1618:Danish folk music
1409:2/4 or 6/8 Dances
1365:Nordic folk music
1298:
1297:
1245:Danish folk music
1002:Polka and Polkett
964:Nordic folk music
904:
903:
660:Longitudinal wave
413:978-1-4411-5593-1
362:978-0-520-02000-9
292:978-0-8108-7412-1
1728:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1301:
931:
924:
917:
908:
907:
724:String vibration
555:
548:
541:
532:
531:
527:
519:
504:
493:
483:
472:
465:Ole H. Bremnes.
453:
452:
440:
434:
433:
424:
418:
417:
397:
391:
390:
388:
387:
373:
367:
366:
346:
340:
334:
321:
315:
313:
303:
297:
296:
276:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
209:
199:
193:
188:or in Latvia as
187:
161:
155:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1637:
1606:
1602:Mixolydian mode
1565:
1481:
1374:
1360:Music of Norway
1334:
1329:
1299:
1294:
1264:
1233:
1229:Mixolydian mode
1192:
1182:Svensk säckpipa
1080:
980:
959:Music of Sweden
940:
935:
905:
900:
809:Japanese fiddle
747:
738:
729:Transverse wave
677:Mersenne's laws
655:String harmonic
587:
573:
559:
525:
517:
511:
486:
470:
462:
460:Further reading
457:
456:
441:
437:
426:
425:
421:
414:
398:
394:
385:
383:
375:
374:
370:
363:
347:
343:
322:
318:
304:
300:
293:
277:
268:
263:
246:
180:
159:siffernotskrift
149:
139:
115:
106:siffernotskrift
38:siffernotskrift
17:
12:
11:
5:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1587:Harmonic minor
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1214:Harmonic minor
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1004:
999:
992:
988:
986:
982:
981:
979:
978:
973:
966:
961:
956:
948:
946:
942:
941:
934:
933:
926:
919:
911:
902:
901:
899:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
775:
774:
767:Bladder fiddle
764:
759:
753:
751:
740:
739:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
684:
679:
674:
669:
668:
667:
657:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
609:
608:
598:
592:
589:
588:
578:
575:
574:
558:
557:
550:
543:
535:
529:
528:
520:
510:
509:External links
507:
506:
505:
494:
484:
473:
471:(in Norwegian)
461:
458:
455:
454:
435:
419:
412:
392:
368:
361:
341:
316:
298:
291:
265:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
252:
245:
242:
179:
176:
138:
135:
114:
111:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1733:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1675:
1674:Spelemannslag
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:Miscellaneous
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1477:Wedding march
1475:
1473:Miscellaneous
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:Miscellaneous
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
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1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1112:Härjedalspipa
1109:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1076:Wedding march
1074:
1072:Miscellaneous
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:
993:
990:
989:
987:
983:
977:
974:
972:
971:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
954:
950:
949:
947:
943:
939:
932:
927:
925:
920:
918:
913:
912:
909:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
876:Tromba marina
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
773:
770:
769:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
752:
750:
745:
741:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
719:Standing wave
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
666:
663:
662:
661:
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656:
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648:
644:
641:
639:
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634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
597:
594:
593:
590:
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
556:
551:
549:
544:
542:
537:
536:
533:
524:
521:
516:
513:
512:
503:. R. Sjöberg.
502:
501:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
480:
474:
468:
464:
463:
450:
446:
439:
431:
430:
423:
415:
409:
405:
404:
396:
382:
378:
372:
364:
358:
354:
353:
345:
339:
332:
331:
326:
320:
311:
310:
302:
294:
288:
284:
283:
275:
273:
271:
266:
256:
255:Tromba marina
253:
251:
248:
247:
241:
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
208:
203:
198:
192:
186:
175:
173:
168:
166:
160:
153:
148:
147:Johan Dillner
144:
134:
132:
127:
124:
120:
110:
108:
107:
101:
97:
92:
90:
89:United States
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
54:
46:
40:
39:
34:
30:
26:
21:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1577:Aeolian mode
1553:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1464:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1421:Rudl or Rull
1419:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1352:
1345:
1287:
1280:
1204:Aeolian mode
1180:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1063:
1056:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1018:
1006:
994:
968:
951:
896:Washtub bass
870:
749:musical bows
709:Scale length
686:
606:Third bridge
526:(in Swedish)
518:(in English)
499:
488:
478:
466:
448:
438:
428:
422:
402:
395:
384:. Retrieved
380:
371:
351:
344:
336:
329:
319:
312:. p. 6.
308:
301:
281:
237:virsikantele
181:
178:Distribution
171:
169:
165:Lars Roverud
140:
130:
128:
116:
113:Construction
104:
93:
69:
65:
61:
59:
36:
1597:Lydian mode
1592:Ionian mode
1582:Dorian mode
1555:Seljefløyte
1548:Psalmodicon
1513:Hardingfele
1486:Instruments
1289:Riksspelman
1224:Lydian mode
1219:Ionian mode
1209:Dorian mode
1161:Psalmodicon
1147:Nyckelharpa
1085:Instruments
1039:Slängpolska
970:Spelmanslag
871:Psalmodicon
784:Diddley bow
643:Fundamental
633:Fingerboard
613:Chordophone
571:instruments
489:Psalmodikon
231:salmedunken
191:vienstīdzis
150: [
81:Scandinavia
66:psalmodikon
62:psalmodicon
1706:Monochords
1690:Categories
1541:Oterfløyte
1466:Reinlender
1428:3/4 Dances
1385:2/4 Dances
1379:Tune Types
1354:Gammaldans
1015:3/4 Dances
991:2/4 Dances
985:Tune Types
953:Gammaldans
804:Ichigenkin
799:Ground bow
744:Monochords
734:Tuning peg
714:Soundboard
628:Enharmonic
467:Salmodikon
386:2018-07-09
261:References
225:salmodikon
207:divstīdzis
70:salmodikon
1667:Spelemann
1611:Relations
1527:Langeleik
1520:Krogharpe
1499:Bukkehorn
1493:Accordion
1461:4/4 Dance
1347:Bygdedans
1238:Relations
1175:Spilåpipa
1168:Sälgflöjt
1153:Moraharpa
1105:Drejelire
1092:Accordion
1053:4/4 Dance
851:Langeleik
789:Duxianqin
682:Monochord
651:Overtones
647:Harmonics
250:Monochord
197:manihorka
185:manikarka
119:chromatic
29:Helgeland
1534:Neverlur
1447:Springar
1402:Schottis
1140:Näverlur
1008:Schottis
996:Engelska
866:Onavillu
819:Genggong
814:Jaw harp
762:Berimbau
704:Re-entry
561:Musical
327:(1937).
309:Bulletin
244:See also
219:mollpill
213:moldpill
143:Lutheran
74:stringed
1433:Masurka
1390:Halling
1339:General
1282:Spelman
1133:Låtfiol
1058:Gånglåt
1026:Mazurka
945:General
886:Umuduri
861:Masenqo
844:Mukkuri
839:Morsing
779:Đàn bầu
772:Boom-ba
757:Ahardin
563:strings
492:. 1830.
145:priest
137:History
131:bourdon
100:violins
72:) is a
1570:Scales
1561:Violin
1414:Gangar
1197:Scales
1188:Violin
1126:Kohorn
1119:Hummel
1098:Cittra
1032:Polska
891:Unitar
856:Lesiba
834:Kubing
829:Khomuz
824:Gogona
794:Ektara
618:Course
601:Bridge
569:, and
410:
359:
338:metal.
289:
96:organs
85:fiddle
33:Norway
25:Skorpa
1396:Polka
1020:Hambo
881:Tumbi
623:Drone
567:wires
154:]
1660:Stev
1506:Giga
1454:Vals
1065:Snoa
1046:Vals
694:Node
638:Fret
580:List
408:ISBN
357:ISBN
287:ISBN
202:ģīga
60:The
746:and
699:Nut
596:Bow
228:or
216:or
204:or
194:or
68:or
27:in
1692::
565:,
447:.
379:.
335:-
269:^
240:.
152:sv
91:.
31:,
1324:e
1317:t
1310:v
930:e
923:t
916:v
653:/
649:/
645:/
586:)
582:(
554:e
547:t
540:v
451:.
416:.
389:.
365:.
295:.
64:(
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