742:
80:
2920:
3493:
56:
2143:
3926:
3363:
596:
2915:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\alpha _{{\ce {H2A}}}&={\frac {{\ce {^2}}}{{\ce {^2}}+K_{1}+K_{1}K_{2}}}={\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {{}}}++}}\\\alpha _{{\ce {HA^-}}}&={\frac {K_{1}}{{\ce {^2}}+K_{1}+K_{1}K_{2}}}={\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {}}+{}+{}}}\\\alpha _{{\ce {A^{2-}}}}&={\frac {K_{1}K_{2}}{{\ce {^2}}+K_{1}+K_{1}K_{2}}}={\frac {{\ce {}}}{{\ce {{}}}+{}+{}}}\end{aligned}}}
1015:
1068:. Organic Brønsted acids, such as acetic, citric, or oxalic acid, are not Lewis acids. They dissociate in water to produce a Lewis acid, H, but at the same time, they also yield an equal amount of a Lewis base (acetate, citrate, or oxalate, respectively, for the acids mentioned). This article deals mostly with Brønsted acids rather than Lewis acids.
3599:, which mainly serve as materials for the synthesis of proteins. Other weak acids serve as buffers with their conjugate bases to keep the body's pH from undergoing large scale changes that would be harmful to cells. The rest of the dicarboxylic acids also participate in the synthesis of various biologically important compounds in human bodies.
3185:
3206:
3587:
Acids play important roles in the human body. The hydrochloric acid present in the stomach aids digestion by breaking down large and complex food molecules. Amino acids are required for synthesis of proteins required for growth and repair of body tissues. Fatty acids are also required for growth and
1747:
Polyprotic acids, also known as polybasic acids, are able to donate more than one proton per acid molecule, in contrast to monoprotic acids that only donate one proton per molecule. Specific types of polyprotic acids have more specific names, such as diprotic (or dibasic) acid (two potential protons
1008:
is a species that accepts a pair of electrons from another species; in other words, it is an electron pair acceptor. Brønsted acidâbase reactions are proton transfer reactions while Lewis acidâbase reactions are electron pair transfers. Many Lewis acids are not BrønstedâLowry acids. Contrast how the
1590:
measures the strength of an acid compound, the strength of an aqueous acid solution is measured by pH, which is an indication of the concentration of hydronium in the solution. The pH of a simple solution of an acid compound in water is determined by the dilution of the compound and the compound's
1052:
The second reaction can be described using either theory. A proton is transferred from an unspecified Brønsted acid to ammonia, a Brønsted base; alternatively, ammonia acts as a Lewis base and transfers a lone pair of electrons to form a bond with a hydrogen ion. The species that gains the electron
977:
As with the acetic acid reactions, both definitions work for the first example, where water is the solvent and hydronium ion is formed by the HCl solute. The next two reactions do not involve the formation of ions but are still proton-transfer reactions. In the second reaction hydrogen chloride and
3429:
Acids are fundamental reagents in treating almost all processes in modern industry. Sulfuric acid, a diprotic acid, is the most widely used acid in industry, and is also the most-produced industrial chemical in the world. It is mainly used in producing fertilizer, detergent, batteries and dyes, as
3331:
of the acid. The decreased concentration of H in that basic solution shifts the equilibrium towards the conjugate base form (the deprotonated form of the acid). In lower-pH (more acidic) solutions, there is a high enough H concentration in the solution to cause the acid to remain in its protonated
3946:
fatty acyl chains comprising their interior. Many biologically important molecules, including a number of pharmaceutical agents, are organic weak acids that can cross the membrane in their protonated, uncharged form but not in their charged form (i.e., as the conjugate base). For this reason the
3353:
To determine the concentration of an acid in an aqueous solution, an acidâbase titration is commonly performed. A strong base solution with a known concentration, usually NaOH or KOH, is added to neutralize the acid solution according to the color change of the indicator with the amount of base
3382:
Due to the successive dissociation processes, there are two equivalence points in the titration curve of a diprotic acid. The first equivalence point occurs when all first hydrogen ions from the first ionization are titrated. In other words, the amount of OH added equals the original amount of
3391:
A at this time. For a weak diprotic acid titrated by a strong base, the second equivalence point must occur at pH above 7 due to the hydrolysis of the resulted salts in the solution. At either equivalence point, adding a drop of base will cause the steepest rise of the pH value in the system.
551:
by releasing protons (H) into the solution, which then accept electron pairs. Hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, and most other BrønstedâLowry acids cannot form a covalent bond with an electron pair, however, and are therefore not Lewis acids. Conversely, many Lewis acids are not
Arrhenius or
3722:, the simplest amino acid, the R group is a hydrogen atom, but in all other amino acids it is contains one or more carbon atoms bonded to hydrogens, and may contain other elements such as sulfur, oxygen or nitrogen. With the exception of glycine, naturally occurring amino acids are
3951:, both aqueous environments. When the extracellular environment is more acidic than the neutral pH within the cell, certain acids will exist in their neutral form and will be membrane soluble, allowing them to cross the phospholipid bilayer. Acids that lose a proton at the
1462:
of a strong acid HA dissolves in water yielding one mole of H and one mole of the conjugate base, A, and none of the protonated acid HA. In contrast, a weak acid only partially dissociates and at equilibrium both the acid and the conjugate base are in solution. Examples of
719:
Due to this equilibrium, any increase in the concentration of hydronium is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of hydroxide. Thus, an
Arrhenius acid could also be said to be one that decreases hydroxide concentration, while an Arrhenius base increases it.
3282:
shows equivalence point when the equivalent number of moles of a base have been added to an acid. It is often wrongly assumed that neutralization should result in a solution with pH 7.0, which is only the case with similar acid and base strengths during a reaction.
3430:
well as used in processing many products such like removing impurities. According to the statistics data in 2011, the annual production of sulfuric acid was around 200 million tonnes in the world. For example, phosphate minerals react with sulfuric acid to produce
3769:
Fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives are another group of carboxylic acids that play a significant role in biology. These contain long hydrocarbon chains and a carboxylic acid group on one end. The cell membrane of nearly all organisms is primarily made up of a
2957:
3416:. Each segment of the curve that contains a midpoint at its center is called the buffer region. Because the buffer regions consist of the acid and its conjugate base, it can resist pH changes when base is added until the next equivalent points.
1302:. In the classical naming system, the ionic suffix is dropped and replaced with a new suffix, according to the table following. The prefix "hydro-" is used when the acid is made up of just hydrogen and one other element. For example, HCl has
3354:
added. The titration curve of an acid titrated by a base has two axes, with the base volume on the x-axis and the solution's pH value on the y-axis. The pH of the solution always goes up as the base is added to the solution.
3588:
repair of body tissues. Nucleic acids are important for the manufacturing of DNA and RNA and transmitting of traits to offspring through genes. Carbonic acid is important for maintenance of pH equilibrium in the body.
659:). Thus, an Arrhenius acid can also be described as a substance that increases the concentration of hydronium ions when added to water. Examples include molecular substances such as hydrogen chloride and acetic acid.
500:(found in citrus fruits). As these examples show, acids (in the colloquial sense) can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from acids (in the strict sense) that are solids, liquids, or gases.
79:
776:(or simply Brønsted acid) is a species that donates a proton to a BrønstedâLowry base. BrønstedâLowry acidâbase theory has several advantages over Arrhenius theory. Consider the following reactions of
1245:
than the weaker acid; the ratio of hydrogen ions to acid will be higher for the stronger acid as the stronger acid has a greater tendency to lose its proton. Because the range of possible values for
3673:. Nucleic acids contain the genetic code that determines many of an organism's characteristics, and is passed from parents to offspring. DNA contains the chemical blueprint for the synthesis of
2148:
1233:
2137:
A, HA, and A. The fractional concentrations can be calculated as below when given either the pH (which can be converted to the ) or the concentrations of the acid with all its conjugate bases:
580:
The BrønstedâLowry definition is the most widely used definition; unless otherwise specified, acidâbase reactions are assumed to involve the transfer of a proton (H) from an acid to a base.
3745:-amino acids. At physiological pH, typically around 7, free amino acids exist in a charged form, where the acidic carboxyl group (-COOH) loses a proton (-COO) and the basic amine group (-NH
1613:
and it has been shown that there is no one order of acid strengths. The relative acceptor strength of Lewis acids toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by
3180:{\displaystyle \alpha _{{\ce {H}}_{n-i}A^{i-}}={{^{n-i}\displaystyle \prod _{j=0}^{i}K_{j}} \over {\displaystyle \sum _{i=0}^{n}{\Big ^{n-i}\displaystyle \prod _{j=0}^{i}K_{j}}{\Big ]}}}
1748:
to donate), and triprotic (or tribasic) acid (three potential protons to donate). Some macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids can have a very large number of acidic protons.
1147:(multiplication) of the concentrations of the products divided by the concentration of the reactants, where the reactant is the acid (HA) and the products are the conjugate base and H.
3718:
group, a hydrogen atom and a variable group. The variable group, also called the R group or side chain, determines the identity and many of the properties of a specific amino acid. In
1507:). In water each of these essentially ionizes 100%. The stronger an acid is, the more easily it loses a proton, H. Two key factors that contribute to the ease of deprotonation are the
1511:
of the HâA bond and the size of atom A, which determines the strength of the HâA bond. Acid strengths are also often discussed in terms of the stability of the conjugate base.
3646:
1444:
naming system, "aqueous" is simply added to the name of the ionic compound. Thus, for hydrogen chloride, as an acid solution, the IUPAC name is aqueous hydrogen chloride.
3387:
A at the first equivalence point. The second equivalence point occurs when all hydrogen ions are titrated. Therefore, the amount of OH added equals twice the amount of H
4972:
1049:
is a Lewis acid because it accepts the electron pair from fluoride. This reaction cannot be described in terms of Brønsted theory because there is no proton transfer.
416:
Aqueous
Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties that provide a practical description of an acid. Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue
4617:
Lias, S. G.; Liebman, J. F.; Levin, R. D. (1984). "Evaluated Gas Phase
Basicities and Proton Affinities of Molecules; Heats of Formation of Protonated Molecules".
1103:, respectively). The acid can be the charged species and the conjugate base can be neutral in which case the generalized reaction scheme could be written as
1458:
The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton. A strong acid is one that completely dissociates in water; in other words, one
3947:
activity of many drugs can be enhanced or inhibited by the use of antacids or acidic foods. The charged form, however, is often more soluble in blood and
5011:
2129:
Although the subsequent loss of each hydrogen ion is less favorable, all of the conjugate bases are present in solution. The fractional concentration,
413:. A Brønsted or Arrhenius acid usually contains a hydrogen atom bonded to a chemical structure that is still energetically favorable after loss of H.
3568:
at room temperature and pressure. Therefore, when bottles or cans of these kinds of soft drinks are opened, the soft drinks fizz and effervesce as CO
3564:
is usually pressurized to dissolve in these drinks to generate carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is very unstable and tends to decompose into water and CO
3370:, a diprotic amino acid. Point 2 is the first equivalent point where the amount of NaOH added equals the amount of alanine in the original solution.
547:
considered this as a generalization of the Brønsted definition, so that an acid is a chemical species that accepts electron pairs either directly
727:
per liter. Since pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydronium ions, acidic solutions thus have a pH of less than 7.
583:
Hydronium ions are acids according to all three definitions. Although alcohols and amines can be BrønstedâLowry acids, they can also function as
1118:
is an expression of the equilibrium concentrations of the molecules or the ions in solution. Brackets indicate concentration, such that means
3511:
is an important component of some commonly used foods like unripened mangoes and tamarind. Natural fruits and vegetables also contain acids.
1617:. It has been shown that to define the order of Lewis acid strength at least two properties must be considered. For Pearson's qualitative
4811:
449:
less than 7 and is colloquially also referred to as "acid" (as in "dissolved in acid"), while the strict definition refers only to the
736:
382:
363:
272:
213:
3374:
For each diprotic acid titration curve, from left to right, there are two midpoints, two equivalence points, and two buffer regions.
333:
4686:
Laurence, C. and Gal, J-F. Lewis
Basicity and Affinity Scales, Data and Measurement, (Wiley 2010) pp 50-51 ISBN 978-0-470-74957-9
1057:
O gains a pair of electrons when one of the HâO bonds is broken and the electrons shared in the bond become localized on oxygen.
3766:, for example, possesses one protonated amine and two deprotonated carboxyl groups, for a net charge of â1 at physiological pH.
4951:
Method of and apparatus for making and dispensing a carbonated beverage utilizing propellant carbon dioxide gas for carbonating
855:), but does not relate to the Arrhenius definition of an acid because the reaction does not produce hydronium. Nevertheless, CH
5071:
764:
While the
Arrhenius concept is useful for describing many reactions, it is also quite limited in its scope. In 1923, chemists
5058:
4583:
2114:
values differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose a proton if the conjugate base is more negatively charged. An
4996:
4761:
Jameson, Reginald F. (1978). "Assignment of the proton-association constants for 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine (L-dopa)".
556:
is implicitly a Brønsted acid and not a Lewis acid, since chemists almost always refer to a Lewis acid explicitly as such.
4571:
3727:
2107:. Even though the positions of the three protons on the original phosphoric acid molecule are equivalent, the successive
882:
and exists as hydronium and chloride ions. The following reactions illustrate the limitations of
Arrhenius's definition:
535:
that can form a covalent bond by sharing a lone pair of electrons on an atom in a base, for example the nitrogen atom in
4696:
Cramer, R. E.; Bopp, T. T. (1977). "Graphical display of the enthalpies of adduct formation for Lewis acids and bases".
2133:(alpha), for each species can be calculated. For example, a generic diprotic acid will generate 3 species in solution: H
1742:
1643:
1153:
4520:
3319:
5086:
4990:
4882:
4855:
4795:
4554:
4474:
3538:
Many acids can be found in various kinds of food as additives, as they alter their taste and serve as preservatives.
623:
is a substance that, when added to water, increases the concentration of H ions in the water. Chemists often write H(
5153:
1755:
A) can undergo one or two dissociations depending on the pH. Each dissociation has its own dissociation constant, K
1095:
Acidâbase conjugate pairs differ by one proton, and can be interconverted by the addition or removal of a proton (
4728:
Wyman, Jeffries; Tileston Edsall, John. "Chapter 9: Polybasic Acids, Bases, and
Ampholytes, Including Proteins".
3286:
Neutralization with a base weaker than the acid results in a weakly acidic salt. An example is the weakly acidic
847:
O when dissolved in water, and it acts as a Brønsted acid by donating a proton to water. In the second example CH
670:(OH) ions when dissolved in water. This decreases the concentration of hydronium because the ions react to form H
398:
5105:
3782:"head" groups. Membranes contain additional components, some of which can participate in acidâbase reactions.
5019:
4898:
4238:
326:
3955:
will exist in their soluble, charged form and are thus able to diffuse through the cytosol to their target.
3625:
process to produce gasoline. Some acids, such as sulfuric, phosphoric, and hydrochloric acids, also effect
765:
402:
17:
4923:
752:, donates a proton (hydrogen ion, highlighted in green) to water in an equilibrium reaction to give the
4276:
has the general formula R-C(O)OH, where R is an organic radical. The carboxyl group -C(O)OH contains a
3228:
1515:
1127:
1041:
because the electrons shared in the BâF bond are located in the region of space between the two atomic
577:, or can be dissolved in water, so the Arrhenius and BrønstedâLowry definitions are the most relevant.
4252:
4110:
3914:
It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO
104:
3550:
is used in day-to-day life as vinegar. Citric acid is used as a preservative in sauces and pickles.
3438:
is produced by dissolving zinc oxide into sulfuric acid, purifying the solution and electrowinning.
3857:
1653:
1045:
and are therefore more distant from the fluoride nucleus than they are in the lone fluoride ion. BF
1004:, which includes reactions with acidâbase characteristics that do not involve a proton transfer. A
319:
169:
154:
149:
4948:
McMillin, John R.; Tracy, Gene A.; Harvill, William A.; Credle, William S. Jr. (8 December 1981),
3441:
In the chemical industry, acids react in neutralization reactions to produce salts. For example,
3348:
1546:
functionalized into polystyrene sulfonate is a solid strongly acidic plastic that is filterable.
174:
4599:
3527:; rhubarb leaves and unripe carambolas are toxic because of high concentrations of oxalic acid.
1885:
for the first dissociation makes sulfuric a strong acid. In a similar manner, the weak unstable
982:) react to form solid ammonium chloride in a benzene solvent and in the third gaseous HCl and NH
292:
4714:
The plots shown in this paper used older parameters. Improved E&C parameters are listed in
4216:
565:
99:
4819:
570:
Modern definitions are concerned with the fundamental chemical reactions common to all acids.
4365:
3723:
3700:
3630:
3531:(Vitamin C) is an essential vitamin for the human body and is present in such foods as amla (
1648:
Monoprotic acids, also known as monobasic acids, are those acids that are able to donate one
1306:
as its anion, so the hydro- prefix is used, and the -ide suffix makes the name take the form
1144:
995:
520:
302:
277:
218:
184:
144:
134:
30:
5050:
1958:
A) can undergo one, two, or three dissociations and has three dissociation constants, where
4661:
4626:
4403:
Normal carboxylic acids are the direct union of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group. In
4392:
4377:
4198:
4166:
4090:
3837:
3771:
3626:
3576:
3324:
In order for a protonated acid to lose a proton, the pH of the system must rise above the p
3298:. Conversely, neutralizing a weak acid with a strong base gives a weakly basic salt (e.g.,
1553:
1539:
1112:
1108:
179:
4407:
carboxylic acids, a carbon-carbon double bond separates the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups.
3468:
Acids are often used to remove rust and other corrosion from metals in a process known as
8:
4387:
4180:
4056:
3532:
769:
505:
406:
37:
4665:
4630:
4368:
increases acid strength, so that the following acids are all stronger than acetic acid.
1290:
at 25 °C in aqueous solution are often quoted in textbooks and reference material.
3213:
1565:
616:
461:
in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be
458:
1572:
of 177.8kJ/mol. Superacids can permanently protonate water to give ionic, crystalline
772:
independently recognized that acidâbase reactions involve the transfer of a proton. A
5101:
5082:
5054:
4986:
4878:
4851:
4844:
Kotz, John C.; Treichel, Paul M.; Townsend, John; Treichel, David (24 January 2014).
4791:
4579:
4550:
4516:
4470:
4382:
4372:
4034:
4004:
3989:
3985:
3786:
3592:
3303:
3291:
3287:
3236:
3221:
3209:
1686:
1508:
1468:
1431:
1412:
1307:
1034:
1030:
879:
871:
867:
851:
COOH undergoes the same transformation, in this case donating a proton to ammonia (NH
574:
524:
481:
473:
469:
189:
63:
5121:
1542:(tosylic acid). Unlike sulfuric acid itself, sulfonic acids can be solids. In fact,
741:
5043:
4978:
4766:
4705:
4669:
4634:
4100:
3993:
3981:
3952:
3841:
3829:
3810:
3473:
3469:
3450:
3307:
3240:
3232:
2115:
1476:
1038:
1001:
663:
604:
544:
429:
421:
386:
262:
124:
114:
2943:. A pattern is observed in the above equations and can be expanded to the general
4872:
4845:
4785:
4743:
4544:
4489:
4273:
4076:
4024:
3997:
3933:
3711:
3539:
3454:
3431:
3336:
3299:
3244:
2069:
1702:
1569:
1561:
1480:
1472:
1350:
1061:
164:
129:
89:
1136:
is generally used in the context of acidâbase reactions. The numerical value of
5148:
4974:
8 - Biological roles of amino acids and peptides - University
Publishing Online
3845:
3802:
3608:
3591:
Human bodies contain a variety of organic and inorganic compounds, among those
3458:
1538:, which are organic oxyacids, are a class of strong acids. A common example is
1081:
1042:
532:
4949:
3942:
are generally impermeable to charged or large, polar molecules because of the
3860:. For example, during periods of exertion the body rapidly breaks down stored
1705:
group and sometimes these acids are known as monocarboxylic acid. Examples in
723:
In an acidic solution, the concentration of hydronium ions is greater than 10
5142:
4982:
4411:
4352:
4322:
4155:
4042:
4008:
3943:
3939:
3873:
3763:
3734:
3693:
3682:
3618:
3595:
play an essential role in many biological behaviors. Many of those acids are
3553:
3528:
3508:
3477:
1886:
1827:
1706:
1698:
1535:
1496:
1453:
1388:
1100:
501:
489:
390:
371:
367:
109:
44:
3856:, and the body responds to changing energy demands by adjusting the rate of
3205:
1812:
The first dissociation constant is typically greater than the second (i.e.,
612:
4120:
4016:
3861:
3790:
3658:
3504:
aqueous solution) is commonly added to soft drinks to make them effervesce.
3492:
3279:
2940:
1722:
1682:
1366:
1088:. The protonated form (HA) of an acid is also sometimes referred to as the
1065:
785:
628:
608:
477:
282:
233:
228:
223:
139:
4871:
Lehninger, Albert L.; Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M. (1 January 2005).
4770:
4346:
4336:
4316:
4298:
4288:
4256:
4066:
3877:
3818:
3596:
3547:
3516:
3512:
3481:
3442:
2119:
1901:
1714:
1710:
1690:
1622:
1618:
1606:
1577:
1543:
1488:
1464:
1459:
1096:
777:
745:
724:
497:
493:
485:
287:
238:
119:
4453:
3400:
A titration curve for a diprotic acid contains two midpoints where pH=pK
666:, on the other hand, is a substance that increases the concentration of
4404:
4134:
3964:
3806:
3759:
3686:
3678:
3650:
3622:
3557:
3197:= 1 and the other K-terms are the dissociation constants for the acid.
1557:
1552:
are acids stronger than 100% sulfuric acid. Examples of superacids are
587:
due to the lone pairs of electrons on their oxygen and nitrogen atoms.
584:
513:
375:
253:
55:
4709:
4673:
3817:. Some organisms produce acids for defense; for example, ants produce
3762:, with the exception of amino acids with basic or acidic side chains.
5129:
4715:
4638:
3956:
3779:
3738:
3662:
3520:
3275:
2104:
2057:
1918:
1839:
1626:
1614:
1610:
1573:
1549:
1026:
870:(HCl) and ammonia combine under several different conditions to form
757:
749:
667:
631:
when describing acidâbase reactions but the free hydrogen nucleus, a
509:
307:
297:
248:
243:
194:
3362:
5133:
4281:
4277:
3925:
3707:
3614:
1303:
1060:
Depending on the context, a Lewis acid may also be described as an
1022:
1009:
following reactions are described in terms of acidâbase chemistry:
863:
351:
3556:
is one of the most common acid additives that are widely added in
523:, which form a covalent bond with an electron pair. An example is
3960:
3948:
3929:
3852:) as a byproduct. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the
3798:
3794:
3775:
3719:
3674:
3579:(Aspirin) is used as a pain killer and for bringing down fevers.
3524:
3446:
3367:
3295:
3217:
2123:
1859:
1656:(sometimes called ionization) as shown below (symbolized by HA):
1000:
A third, only marginally related concept was proposed in 1923 by
979:
753:
536:
425:
410:
4576:
3335:
Solutions of weak acids and salts of their conjugate bases form
2925:
A plot of these fractional concentrations against pH, for given
2122:, which can successively lose three protons to finally form the
3825:
3814:
3634:
1649:
1601:
843:
COOH acts as an Arrhenius acid because it acts as a source of H
632:
450:
417:
359:
50:
Chemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair
1858:
is very large; then it can donate a second proton to form the
29:
This article is about acids in chemistry. For other uses, see
3853:
3715:
3689:
3462:
1441:
1299:
1252:
spans many orders of magnitude, a more manageable constant, p
595:
437:
36:"Acidity" and "acidic" redirect here. For the novelette, see
4843:
3868:
into the blood stream. In aqueous solutions such as blood CO
3645:
1014:
5040:
3543:
3435:
862:
BrønstedâLowry theory can be used to describe reactions of
59:
4947:
3824:
Acidâbase equilibrium plays a critical role in regulating
4429:
4423:
3778:
of hydrophobic fatty acid esters with polar, hydrophilic
3758:). The entire molecule has a net neutral charge and is a
3670:
3666:
2845:
2590:
2345:
2317:
2167:
1053:
pair is the Lewis acid; for example, the oxygen atom in H
355:
4695:
4465:
Petrucci, R. H.; Harwood, R. S.; Herring, F. G. (2002).
3231:
is the reaction between an acid and a base, producing a
409:
generalized the Arrhenius theory to include non-aqueous
5125:
4651:
2072:. All three protons can be successively lost to yield H
488:(vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid),
446:
445:, meaning 'sour'. An aqueous solution of an acid has a
159:
4464:
3515:
is present in oranges, lemon and other citrus fruits.
2060:
example of a triprotic acid is orthophosphoric acid (H
381:
The first category of acids are the proton donors, or
4543:
Ebbing, Darrell; Gammon, Steven D. (1 January 2016).
4467:
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications
3132:
3072:
3036:
2960:
2146:
1156:
1076:
Reactions of acids are often generalized in the form
859:
COOH is both an Arrhenius and a BrønstedâLowry acid.
4763:
Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions
4511:
Otoxby, D. W.; Gillis, H. P.; Butler, L. J. (2015).
4031:), and corresponding analogs for bromine and iodine
3840:, the process by which animals release the chemical
839:
Both theories easily describe the first reaction: CH
4652:Vogel G. C.; Drago, R. S. (1996). "The ECW Model".
3519:is present in tomatoes, spinach, and especially in
1629:the two properties are electrostatic and covalent.
1228:{\displaystyle K_{a}={\frac {{\ce { }}}{{\ce {}}}}}
5096:Pavia, D. L.; Lampman, G. M.; Kriz, G. S. (2004).
5042:
4870:
4510:
3975:
3617:in industrial and organic chemistry; for example,
3313:
3179:
2914:
1743:Acid dissociation constant § Polyprotic acids
1644:Acid dissociation constant § Monoprotic acids
1227:
635:, does not exist alone in water, it exists as the
3805:, as well as converting the inactive pro-enzyme,
3657:Many biologically important molecules are acids.
3434:for the production of phosphate fertilizers, and
3169:
3096:
760:ion. Red: oxygen, black: carbon, white: hydrogen.
5140:
5095:
4727:
4616:
4604:Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI)
1576:"salts". They can also quantitatively stabilize
552:BrønstedâLowry acids. In modern terminology, an
4899:"The Top 10 Industrial Chemicals - For Dummies"
4619:Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
4359:
3699:An Îą-amino acid has a central carbon (the Îą or
3395:
1071:
5072:Listing of strengths of common acids and bases
4398:
2103:, the orthophosphate ion, usually just called
1701:the term mainly indicates the presence of one
1283:than weaker acids. Experimentally determined p
5034:
4970:
1298:Arrhenius acids are named according to their
1238:The stronger of two acids will have a higher
1111:between the acid and its conjugate base. The
788:that gives vinegar its characteristic taste:
327:
4542:
4469:(8th ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 146.
4449:
4447:
4445:
1625:and strength while for Drago's quantitative
1602:Lewis acid strength in non-aqueous solutions
1080:, where HA represents the acid and A is the
573:Most acids encountered in everyday life are
5018:. University of Connecticut. Archived from
4971:Barrett, G. C.; Elmore, D. T. (June 2012).
4839:
4837:
4784:Helfferich, Friedrich G. (1 January 1962).
4748:Aqueous AcidâBase Equilibria and Titrations
4569:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4037:(HFO), the only known oxoacid for fluorine.
3967:are examples of drugs that are weak acids.
1632:
559:
440:
5081:(4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
5049:. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. pp.
4783:
4515:(8th ed.). Brooks Cole. p. 617.
3472:. They may be used as an electrolyte in a
3408:values, the first midpoint occurs at pH=pK
334:
320:
4592:
4572:"Pharmaceutical Aspects of the Salt Form"
4442:
3357:
3290:, which is produced from the strong acid
2815:
2670:
866:in nonaqueous solution or the gas phase.
4834:
4742:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4497:
3924:
3644:
3640:
3621:is used in very large quantities in the
3491:
3419:
3361:
3204:
2947:-protic acid that has been deprotonated
740:
607:attributed the properties of acidity to
594:
54:
5076:
4760:
4578:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. pp. 92â94.
1681:Common examples of monoprotic acids in
878:Cl. In aqueous solution HCl behaves as
730:
14:
5141:
5041:Voet, Judith G.; Voet, Donald (2004).
5009:
3560:. During the manufacturing process, CO
4529:
4490:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary:
3377:
3366:This is an ideal titration curve for
1751:A diprotic acid (here symbolized by H
504:and some concentrated weak acids are
457:, and thus a higher concentration of
4874:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
4750:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4606:. European Bioinformatics Institute.
4162:âOH, where R is an organic radical.
3535:), lemon, citrus fruits, and guava.
1878:is intermediate strength. The large
1838:) can donate one proton to form the
4847:Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
4549:(11th ed.). Cengage Learning.
4267:
3726:and almost invariably occur in the
3235:and neutralized base; for example,
1736:
1652:per molecule during the process of
1637:
508:, but there are exceptions such as
362:(i.e. hydrogen ion, H), known as a
24:
4610:
3785:In humans and many other animals,
3582:
3412:and the second one occurs at pH=pK
1084:. This reaction is referred to as
590:
25:
5165:
5132:curves simulation and analysis â
5124:: AcidâBase equilibria diagrams,
5115:
4574:. In Stahl PH, Warmth CG (eds.).
4149:
3706:) that is covalently bonded to a
3602:
3575:Certain acids are used as drugs.
3542:, for example, is a component of
3404:. Since there are two different K
3200:
1276:. Stronger acids have a smaller p
531:), whose boron atom has a vacant
519:The second category of acids are
62:, a typical metal, reacting with
4730:Biophysical Chemistry - Volume 1
4417:
3918:and resupplying the cells with O
1447:
1259:is more frequently used, where p
1013:
78:
5100:. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
5003:
4964:
4941:
4916:
4891:
4864:
4804:
4777:
4754:
4736:
4721:
4689:
4680:
3976:Mineral acids (inorganic acids)
3970:
3314:Weak acidâweak base equilibrium
3274:Neutralization is the basis of
2118:example of a triprotic acid is
1293:
737:BrønstedâLowry acidâbase theory
4645:
4563:
4513:Principles of Modern Chemistry
4483:
4458:
4158:has the general formula RS(=O)
3453:, a fertilizer. Additionally,
3424:
3320:HendersonâHasselbalch equation
3117:
3101:
3021:
3005:
2901:
2885:
2877:
2861:
2851:
2832:
2823:
2804:
2758:
2743:
2729:
2716:
2645:
2629:
2621:
2605:
2596:
2577:
2569:
2558:
2512:
2497:
2483:
2470:
2452:
2437:
2398:
2382:
2376:
2360:
2351:
2332:
2323:
2304:
2258:
2243:
2229:
2216:
2201:
2188:
1564:. The strongest known acid is
1218:
1212:
1205:
1192:
1187:
1174:
1107:. In solution there exists an
989:
13:
1:
4928:essentialchemicalindustry.org
4698:Journal of Chemical Education
4654:Journal of Chemical Education
4600:"Hydridohelium (CHEBI:33689)"
4436:
4239:Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid
1514:Stronger acids have a larger
1037:. Fluoride "loses" a pair of
480:in the stomach and activates
468:Common aqueous acids include
358:capable of either donating a
4812:"Titration of Diprotic Acid"
4360:Halogenated carboxylic acids
3932:(acetylsalicylic acid) is a
3396:Buffer regions and midpoints
3342:
1900:can lose one proton to form
1609:have been classified in the
1072:Dissociation and equilibrium
453:. A lower pH means a higher
7:
5077:Zumdahl, Steven S. (1997).
4570:Stahl PH, Nakamo M (2008).
4399:Vinylogous carboxylic acids
3872:exists in equilibrium with
986:combine to form the solid.
10:
5170:
5098:Organic Chemistry Volume I
3844:stored in food, producing
3737:, found in some bacterial
3606:
3487:
3461:with alcohols, to produce
3346:
3317:
1917:and lose a second to form
1802:
1740:
1697:). On the other hand, for
1641:
1516:acid dissociation constant
1451:
1128:acid dissociation constant
993:
766:Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted
734:
563:
35:
28:
5016:Acid Base Online Tutorial
4253:Polystyrene sulfonic acid
4111:Hexafluorophosphoric acid
2002:
1671:
1346:
1340:
424:and certain metals (like
389:, proton donors form the
385:. In the special case of
4983:10.1017/CBO9781139163828
3633:. In biochemistry, many
1633:Chemical characteristics
1314:Classical naming system:
1021:In the first reaction a
611:(H), later described as
560:Definitions and concepts
170:Self-ionization of water
155:Hammett acidity function
4790:. Courier Corporation.
3677:, which are made up of
3661:, which contain acidic
3637:employ acid catalysis.
2068:), usually just called
1621:the two properties are
5010:Graham, Timur (2006).
4454:IUPAC Gold Book - acid
4217:p-Toluenesulfonic acid
3936:
3654:
3649:Basic structure of an
3631:condensation reactions
3505:
3371:
3358:Example: Diprotic acid
3225:
3181:
3153:
3093:
3057:
2916:
1937:values are small, but
1229:
1120:the concentration of H
978:ammonia (dissolved in
761:
600:
459:positive hydrogen ions
441:
67:
4424:Deoxyribonucleic acid
4355:(HOOC-CHOH-CHOH-COOH)
3984:and their solutions:
3928:
3864:and fat, releasing CO
3749:) gains a proton (-NH
3710:group (thus they are
3648:
3641:Biological occurrence
3495:
3420:Applications of acids
3365:
3208:
3182:
3133:
3073:
3037:
2917:
2026:
1230:
996:Lewis acids and bases
744:
598:
185:Frustrated Lewis pair
145:Equilibrium chemistry
135:Dissociation constant
105:Acidâbase homeostasis
58:
31:Acid (disambiguation)
4850:. Cengage Learning.
4771:10.1039/DT9780000043
4393:Trichloroacetic acid
4378:Trifluoroacetic acid
4241:(or triflic acid, CF
4219:(or tosylic acid, CH
4199:Benzenesulfonic acid
4169:(or mesylic acid, CH
4167:Methanesulfonic acid
4091:Fluoroantimonic acid
3838:cellular respiration
3793:secreted within the
3772:phospholipid bilayer
3577:Acetylsalicylic acid
2958:
2144:
2046:
1554:fluoroantimonic acid
1540:toluenesulfonic acid
1154:
1113:equilibrium constant
1033:to form the product
731:BrønstedâLowry acids
643:O) or other forms (H
436:is derived from the
420:red, and react with
383:BrønstedâLowry acids
180:Lewis acid catalysis
43:. For the band, see
5154:Acidâbase chemistry
5022:on 13 February 2016
4666:1996JChEd..73..701V
4631:1984JPCRD..13..695L
4388:Dichloroacetic acid
4201:(or besylic acid, C
4183:(or esylic acid, CH
4181:Ethanesulfonic acid
4057:Fluorosulfuric acid
3496:Carbonated water (H
3349:Acidâbase titration
2847:
2592:
2347:
2319:
2169:
1954:A triprotic acid (H
1782:
1532:than weaker acids.
864:molecular compounds
774:BrønstedâLowry acid
770:Thomas Martin Lowry
627:) and refer to the
397:O and are known as
364:BrønstedâLowry acid
4822:on 7 February 2016
4280:group, C=O, and a
4003:Halogen oxoacids:
3937:
3797:to help hydrolyze
3655:
3613:Acids are used as
3593:dicarboxylic acids
3572:bubbles come out.
3506:
3378:Equivalence points
3372:
3294:and the weak base
3226:
3177:
3165:
3164:
3068:
2912:
2910:
2835:
2580:
2335:
2307:
2157:
1566:helium hydride ion
1225:
762:
601:
566:Acidâbase reaction
100:Acidâbase reaction
68:
5060:978-0-471-19350-0
4710:10.1021/ed054p612
4674:10.1021/ed073p701
4585:978-3-906390-58-1
4546:General Chemistry
4383:Chloroacetic acid
4373:Fluoroacetic acid
4035:Hypofluorous acid
4005:hypochlorous acid
3990:hydrochloric acid
3986:hydrofluoric acid
3789:is a part of the
3787:hydrochloric acid
3744:
3730:
3533:Indian gooseberry
3304:hydrogen fluoride
3292:hydrogen chloride
3288:ammonium chloride
3237:hydrochloric acid
3222:ammonium chloride
3220:fumes to produce
3210:Hydrochloric acid
3175:
3108:
3012:
2970:
2906:
2850:
2838:
2810:
2795:
2750:
2722:
2665:
2650:
2595:
2583:
2563:
2549:
2504:
2476:
2444:
2417:
2402:
2350:
2338:
2322:
2310:
2295:
2250:
2222:
2194:
2172:
2160:
1687:hydrochloric acid
1469:hydrochloric acid
1438:
1437:
1432:hydrochloric acid
1413:hypochlorous acid
1308:hydrochloric acid
1223:
1217:
1198:
1180:
1039:valence electrons
1035:tetrafluoroborate
1031:boron trifluoride
1025:, F, gives up an
880:hydrochloric acid
872:ammonium chloride
868:Hydrogen chloride
575:aqueous solutions
525:boron trifluoride
482:digestive enzymes
476:that is found in
474:hydrogen chloride
470:hydrochloric acid
387:aqueous solutions
344:
343:
190:Chiral Lewis acid
64:hydrochloric acid
16:(Redirected from
5161:
5128:calculation and
5111:
5092:
5065:
5064:
5048:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5012:"Acid Buffering"
5007:
5001:
5000:
4999:on 2 March 2016.
4995:. Archived from
4968:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4818:. Archived from
4808:
4802:
4801:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4744:de Levie, Robert
4740:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4639:10.1063/1.555719
4614:
4608:
4607:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4540:
4527:
4526:
4508:
4495:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4462:
4456:
4451:
4430:Ribonucleic acid
4364:Halogenation at
4268:Carboxylic acids
4101:Fluoroboric acid
3994:hydrobromic acid
3982:Hydrogen halides
3953:intracellular pH
3910:
3909:
3908:
3905:
3842:potential energy
3757:
3756:
3742:
3728:
3712:carboxylic acids
3663:phosphate groups
3474:wet cell battery
3455:carboxylic acids
3451:ammonium nitrate
3337:buffer solutions
3308:sodium hydroxide
3241:sodium hydroxide
3216:) reacting with
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3131:
3130:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3051:
3035:
3034:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2983:
2982:
2971:
2968:
2939:, is known as a
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2769:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2375:
2374:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2158:
2102:
2101:
2094:, and finally PO
2093:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2045:
2025:
2024:O (aq) + HA (aq)
2001:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1899:
1870:
1869:
1850:
1849:
1826:). For example,
1801:
1781:
1780:O (aq) + HA (aq)
1737:Polyprotic acids
1670:
1638:Monoprotic acids
1477:hydrobromic acid
1318:
1317:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1143:is equal to the
1106:
1079:
1017:
1002:Gilbert N. Lewis
929:
928:
920:
919:
907:
906:
898:
897:
835:
834:
833:
830:
810:
699:
698:
690:
689:
605:Svante Arrhenius
599:Svante Arrhenius
444:
336:
329:
322:
303:Non-nucleophilic
130:Buffer solutions
115:Acidity function
82:
70:
69:
66:, a typical acid
21:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5139:
5138:
5118:
5108:
5089:
5068:
5061:
5039:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5008:
5004:
4993:
4969:
4965:
4956:
4954:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4930:
4924:"Sulfuric acid"
4922:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4869:
4865:
4858:
4842:
4835:
4825:
4823:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4798:
4782:
4778:
4759:
4755:
4741:
4737:
4726:
4722:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4650:
4646:
4615:
4611:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4586:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4541:
4530:
4523:
4509:
4498:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4443:
4439:
4420:
4401:
4362:
4342:
4332:
4328:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4274:carboxylic acid
4270:
4262:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4172:
4161:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4130:
4126:
4116:
4106:
4096:
4086:
4082:
4077:Phosphoric acid
4072:
4062:
4052:
4048:
4030:
4025:perchloric acid
4022:
4014:
3998:hydroiodic acid
3978:
3973:
3934:carboxylic acid
3921:
3917:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3871:
3867:
3851:
3835:
3803:polysaccharides
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3643:
3611:
3605:
3585:
3583:In human bodies
3571:
3567:
3563:
3540:Phosphoric acid
3503:
3499:
3490:
3432:phosphoric acid
3427:
3422:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3360:
3351:
3345:
3330:
3322:
3316:
3300:sodium fluoride
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3245:sodium chloride
3203:
3196:
3168:
3167:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3137:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3041:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2988:
2984:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2938:
2931:
2909:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2733:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2487:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2389:
2385:
2370:
2366:
2344:
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2329:
2328:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2233:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2113:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2070:phosphoric acid
2067:
2063:
2052:
2044:O (aq) + A (aq)
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1871:), wherein the
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1818:
1808:
1800:O (aq) + A (aq)
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1703:carboxylic acid
1696:
1677:
1669:O (aq) + A (aq)
1668:
1664:
1660:
1646:
1640:
1635:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1570:proton affinity
1562:perchloric acid
1531:
1524:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1481:perchloric acid
1473:hydroiodic acid
1456:
1450:
1394:
1372:
1356:
1351:perchloric acid
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1211:
1210:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1135:
1123:
1104:
1077:
1074:
1056:
1048:
998:
992:
985:
973:
969:
965:
961:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
932:
927:
924:
923:
922:
918:
915:
914:
913:
911:
905:
902:
901:
900:
896:
893:
892:
891:
889:
877:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
831:
828:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
783:
739:
733:
715:
711:
707:
703:
697:
694:
693:
692:
688:
685:
684:
683:
681:
673:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
593:
591:Arrhenius acids
568:
562:
542:
530:
472:(a solution of
399:Arrhenius acids
396:
366:, or forming a
340:
165:Proton affinity
90:Acceptor number
73:Acids and bases
51:
48:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5167:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5137:
5136:
5117:
5116:External links
5114:
5113:
5112:
5106:
5093:
5087:
5074:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5033:
5002:
4991:
4963:
4940:
4915:
4890:
4883:
4863:
4856:
4833:
4803:
4796:
4776:
4753:
4735:
4732:. p. 477.
4720:
4688:
4679:
4660:(8): 701â707.
4644:
4609:
4591:
4584:
4562:
4555:
4528:
4522:978-1305079113
4521:
4496:
4482:
4475:
4457:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4366:alpha position
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4159:
4151:
4150:Sulfonic acids
4148:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4104:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4020:
4012:
4001:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3940:Cell membranes
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3869:
3865:
3849:
3846:carbon dioxide
3833:
3753:
3746:
3741:contains some
3731:-configuration
3683:Cell membranes
3642:
3639:
3609:Acid catalysis
3607:Main article:
3604:
3603:Acid catalysis
3601:
3584:
3581:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3486:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3359:
3356:
3347:Main article:
3344:
3341:
3328:
3318:Main article:
3315:
3312:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3229:Neutralization
3224:(white smoke).
3202:
3201:Neutralization
3199:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3171:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2964:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2842:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2718:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2499:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2342:
2334:
2325:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2164:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2134:
2111:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1910:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1875:
1866:
1855:
1846:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1694:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1536:Sulfonic acids
1529:
1522:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1452:Main article:
1449:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1140:
1133:
1121:
1082:conjugate base
1073:
1070:
1054:
1046:
1019:
1018:
994:Main article:
991:
988:
983:
975:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
956:
953:
949:
945:
941:
938:
934:
930:
925:
916:
909:
903:
894:
887:
875:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
837:
836:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
781:
735:Main article:
732:
729:
717:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
695:
686:
679:
671:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
621:Arrhenius acid
592:
589:
564:Main article:
561:
558:
540:
528:
394:
342:
341:
339:
338:
331:
324:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
273:BrønstedâLowry
267:
266:
259:
258:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
214:BrønstedâLowry
208:
207:
200:
199:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
84:
83:
75:
74:
49:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5166:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5088:9780669417944
5084:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5062:
5056:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5037:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4992:9780521462921
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4953:
4952:
4944:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4886:
4884:9780716743392
4880:
4877:. Macmillan.
4876:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4857:9781305176461
4853:
4849:
4848:
4840:
4838:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4799:
4797:9780486687841
4793:
4789:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4683:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4595:
4587:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4558:
4556:9781305887299
4552:
4548:
4547:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4524:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4494:
4493:
4486:
4478:
4476:0-13-014329-4
4472:
4468:
4461:
4455:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4418:Nucleic acids
4413:
4412:Ascorbic acid
4410:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4354:
4353:Tartaric acid
4351:
4348:
4345:
4338:
4335:
4324:
4323:Gluconic acid
4321:
4318:
4315:
4300:
4297:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4240:
4237:
4218:
4215:
4200:
4197:
4182:
4179:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4157:
4156:sulfonic acid
4136:
4133:
4122:
4119:
4112:
4109:
4102:
4099:
4092:
4089:
4078:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4058:
4055:
4044:
4043:Sulfuric acid
4041:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4009:chlorous acid
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3874:carbonic acid
3863:
3862:carbohydrates
3859:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3764:Aspartic acid
3761:
3740:
3736:
3735:Peptidoglycan
3732:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3694:phospholipids
3691:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3659:Nucleic acids
3652:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3619:sulfuric acid
3616:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3559:
3555:
3554:Carbonic acid
3551:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3529:Ascorbic acid
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3509:Tartaric acid
3494:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:sulfuric acid
3475:
3471:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3417:
3393:
3375:
3369:
3364:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3198:
3193:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3110:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3014:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2840:
2817:
2812:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2740:
2734:
2724:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2585:
2565:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2494:
2488:
2478:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2431:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2340:
2312:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2224:
2206:
2196:
2180:
2178:
2162:
2152:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2106:
2071:
2059:
2049:
2034:
2029:
2010:
2005:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1920:
1903:
1888:
1887:carbonic acid
1881:
1874:
1861:
1854:
1851:), for which
1841:
1829:
1828:sulfuric acid
1822:
1815:
1805:
1790:
1785:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:organic acids
1704:
1700:
1699:organic acids
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:mineral acids
1674:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:and a lower p
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1498:
1497:sulfuric acid
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1454:Acid strength
1448:Acid strength
1445:
1443:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:chlorous acid
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:Anion suffix
1323:
1321:Anion prefix
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1200:
1182:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1101:deprotonation
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:electron pair
1024:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1003:
997:
987:
981:
957:
939:
885:
884:
883:
881:
873:
869:
865:
860:
812:
791:
790:
789:
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
728:
726:
721:
677:
676:
675:
674:O molecules:
669:
665:
662:An Arrhenius
660:
638:
637:hydronium ion
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:hydrogen ions
606:
597:
588:
586:
581:
578:
576:
571:
567:
557:
555:
550:
546:
538:
534:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:car batteries
491:
490:sulfuric acid
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
392:
391:hydronium ion
388:
384:
379:
377:
374:, known as a
373:
372:electron pair
369:
368:covalent bond
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
337:
332:
330:
325:
323:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
269:
268:
264:
261:
260:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
210:
209:
205:
202:
201:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
110:Acid strength
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
45:Acidic (band)
42:
40:
32:
27:
19:
5097:
5078:
5045:Biochemistry
5044:
5036:
5024:. Retrieved
5020:the original
5015:
5005:
4997:the original
4973:
4966:
4955:, retrieved
4950:
4943:
4931:. Retrieved
4927:
4918:
4906:. Retrieved
4902:
4893:
4873:
4866:
4846:
4824:. Retrieved
4820:the original
4815:
4806:
4787:Ion Exchange
4786:
4779:
4765:(1): 43â45.
4762:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4723:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4682:
4657:
4653:
4647:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4603:
4594:
4575:
4565:
4545:
4512:
4491:
4485:
4466:
4460:
4402:
4363:
4284:group, O-H.
4271:
4255:(sulfonated
4153:
4121:Chromic acid
4017:chloric acid
3971:Common acids
3938:
3913:
3823:
3791:gastric acid
3784:
3768:
3701:
3698:
3656:
3612:
3590:
3586:
3574:
3552:
3537:
3507:
3467:
3445:reacts with
3440:
3428:
3399:
3381:
3373:
3352:
3334:
3325:
3323:
3285:
3280:pH indicator
3273:
3227:
3191:
3189:
2948:
2944:
2941:Bjerrum plot
2933:
2926:
2924:
2130:
2128:
2108:
2055:
2047:
2027:
2003:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1879:
1872:
1852:
1820:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1783:
1750:
1746:
1723:benzoic acid
1680:
1672:
1654:dissociation
1647:
1605:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1578:carbocations
1548:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1465:strong acids
1457:
1439:
1367:chloric acid
1330:Acid suffix
1327:Acid prefix
1313:
1312:
1297:
1294:Nomenclature
1284:
1277:
1270:
1266:= −log
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1137:
1130:
1119:
1115:
1105:HA â H + A
1094:
1089:
1085:
1078:HA â H + A
1075:
1066:electrophile
1059:
1051:
1023:fluoride ion
1020:
1005:
999:
976:
861:
838:
786:organic acid
773:
763:
756:ion and the
722:
718:
661:
636:
629:hydrogen ion
624:
620:
602:
582:
579:
572:
569:
553:
548:
518:
502:Strong acids
478:gastric acid
467:
462:
454:
433:
415:
380:
347:
345:
203:
140:Donor number
94:
52:
38:
26:
4903:dummies.com
4816:dwb.unl.edu
4704:: 612â613.
4349:(HOOC-COOH)
4347:Oxalic acid
4343:-CHOH-COOH)
4337:Lactic acid
4317:Formic acid
4299:Citric acid
4289:Acetic acid
4257:polystyrene
4067:Nitric acid
3878:bicarbonate
3858:ventilation
3828:breathing.
3819:formic acid
3627:dehydration
3597:amino acids
3558:soft drinks
3548:Acetic acid
3517:Oxalic acid
3513:Citric acid
3482:car battery
3449:to produce
3443:nitric acid
3425:In industry
3247:and water:
2120:citric acid
2040:O (l) â H
2036:HA (aq) + H
2020:O (l) â H
1992:O (l) â H
1902:bicarbonate
1796:O (l) â H
1792:HA (aq) + H
1776:O (l) â H
1715:acetic acid
1711:formic acid
1691:nitric acid
1665:O (l) â H
1661:HA (aq) + H
1619:HSAB theory
1607:Lewis acids
1544:polystyrene
1489:nitric acid
1109:equilibrium
1097:protonation
990:Lewis acids
784:COOH), the
778:acetic acid
746:Acetic acid
585:Lewis bases
521:Lewis acids
498:citric acid
486:acetic acid
432:. The word
120:Amphoterism
41:(novelette)
18:Protic acid
5143:Categories
5107:0759347271
5026:6 February
4957:6 February
4933:6 February
4908:5 February
4826:24 January
4625:(3): 695.
4437:References
4405:vinylogous
4135:Boric acid
3965:penicillin
3944:lipophilic
3901:â H + HCO
3807:pepsinogen
3760:zwitterion
3739:cell walls
3687:fatty acid
3681:subunits.
3679:amino acid
3665:, include
3651:amino acid
3623:alkylation
3476:, such as
3459:esterified
3278:, where a
2085:, then HPO
2016:A (aq) + H
1996:O (aq) + H
1988:A (aq) + H
1842:anion (HSO
1772:A (aq) + H
1741:See also:
1721:COOH) and
1689:(HCl) and
1642:See also:
1558:magic acid
1550:Superacids
1086:protolysis
1006:Lewis acid
946:3(benzene)
514:boric acid
510:carboranes
428:) to form
376:Lewis acid
298:Superbases
244:Superacids
150:Extraction
5130:titration
5079:Chemistry
4716:ECW model
3957:Ibuprofen
3836:) drives
3826:mammalian
3809:into the
3780:phosphate
3615:catalysts
3521:carambola
3343:Titration
3276:titration
3135:∏
3125:−
3075:∑
3039:∏
3029:−
2993:−
2977:−
2963:α
2897:−
2873:−
2818:−
2673:−
2658:α
2641:−
2617:−
2566:−
2420:−
2410:α
2394:−
2372:−
2153:α
2105:phosphate
2058:inorganic
1921:anion (CO
1919:carbonate
1862:anion (SO
1840:bisulfate
1713:(HCOOH),
1627:ECW model
1615:C-B plots
1611:ECW model
1574:hydronium
1568:, with a
1409:ous acid
1385:ous acid
1201:−
1090:free acid
942:(benzene)
818:COOH + NH
758:hydronium
750:weak acid
668:hydroxide
603:In 1884,
506:corrosive
492:(used in
195:ECW model
175:Titration
5134:freeware
5122:Curtipot
4746:(1999).
4282:hydroxyl
4278:carbonyl
4007:(HClO),
3799:proteins
3708:carboxyl
3692:such as
3685:contain
3675:proteins
3546:drinks.
3470:pickling
2951:-times:
1930:). Both
1709:include
1685:include
1623:hardness
1509:polarity
1428:ic acid
1347:ic acid
1333:Example
1304:chloride
1062:oxidizer
826:COO + NH
801:O â CH
797:COOH + H
411:solvents
403:Brønsted
370:with an
352:molecule
5051:496â500
4662:Bibcode
4627:Bibcode
4329:-(CHOH)
4319:(HCOOH)
3996:(HBr),
3992:(HCl),
3961:aspirin
3949:cytosol
3930:Aspirin
3893:O â H
3795:stomach
3776:micelle
3720:glycine
3635:enzymes
3525:rhubarb
3488:In food
3457:can be
3447:ammonia
3368:alanine
3296:ammonia
3218:ammonia
2124:citrate
2116:organic
1860:sulfate
1733:COOH).
1479:(HBr),
1471:(HCl),
1440:In the
1415:(HClO)
1145:product
980:benzene
805:COO + H
754:acetate
617:hydrons
613:protons
537:ammonia
533:orbital
496:), and
455:acidity
426:calcium
283:Organic
229:Organic
224:Mineral
39:Acidity
5104:
5085:
5057:
4989:
4881:
4854:
4794:
4582:
4553:
4519:
4473:
3988:(HF),
3832:gas (O
3830:Oxygen
3815:pepsin
3811:enzyme
3724:chiral
3714:), an
3704:carbon
3690:esters
3463:esters
3332:form.
3267:+ NaCl
3255:+ NaOH
3214:beaker
3190:where
2000:A (aq)
1904:anion
1650:proton
1583:While
1495:) and
1475:(HI),
1434:(HCl)
1425:hydro
1300:anions
1126:. The
1064:or an
1043:nuclei
633:proton
463:acidic
451:solute
442:acidus
418:litmus
360:proton
293:Strong
239:Strong
5149:Acids
4432:(RNA)
4426:(DNA)
4333:-COOH
4295:COOH)
4093:(HSbF
4027:(HClO
4019:(HClO
4011:(HClO
3880:ion.
3854:lungs
3716:amino
3702:alpha
3480:in a
3302:from
3243:form
2126:ion.
1972:>
1965:>
1944:>
1819:>
1759:and K
1483:(HClO
1442:IUPAC
1406:hypo
1400:hypo
1391:(HClO
1369:(HClO
1353:(HClO
822:â CH
725:moles
714:(liq)
706:(liq)
619:. An
545:Lewis
438:Latin
430:salts
422:bases
407:Lowry
350:is a
288:Oxide
278:Lewis
265:types
254:Solid
234:Oxide
219:Lewis
206:types
5102:ISBN
5083:ISBN
5055:ISBN
5028:2016
4987:ISBN
4959:2016
4935:2016
4910:2016
4879:ISBN
4852:ISBN
4828:2016
4792:ISBN
4580:ISBN
4551:ISBN
4517:ISBN
4492:acid
4471:ISBN
4325:HOCH
4113:(HPF
4103:(HBF
4069:(HNO
4059:(HSO
4000:(HI)
3963:and
3876:and
3801:and
3774:, a
3669:and
3629:and
3544:cola
3523:and
3436:zinc
3306:and
3269:(aq)
3257:(aq)
3253:(aq)
3239:and
3233:salt
3212:(in
2932:and
1906:(HCO
1693:(HNO
1560:and
1491:(HNO
1467:are
1460:mole
1422:ide
1403:ite
1380:ite
1344:per
1341:ate
1338:per
1099:and
966:â NH
964:3(g)
962:+ NH
948:â NH
944:+ NH
931:(aq)
921:+ NH
917:(aq)
912:â Cl
908:+ NH
904:(aq)
899:+ Cl
895:(aq)
874:, NH
768:and
748:, a
696:(aq)
691:+ OH
687:(aq)
664:base
554:acid
512:and
434:acid
405:and
348:acid
308:Weak
263:Base
249:Weak
204:Acid
125:Base
95:Acid
60:Zinc
4979:doi
4767:doi
4706:doi
4670:doi
4635:doi
4339:(CH
4291:(CH
4127:CrO
4023:),
4015:),
3889:+ H
3848:(CO
3671:RNA
3667:DNA
3310:).
3265:(l)
3259:â H
3251:HCl
2056:An
1717:(CH
1487:),
1029:to
972:(s)
960:(g)
958:HCl
954:(s)
940:HCl
933:+ H
780:(CH
708:+ H
700:â H
651:, H
615:or
543:).
539:(NH
527:(BF
484:),
356:ion
354:or
346:An
5145::
5126:pH
5053:.
5014:.
4985:.
4977:.
4926:.
4901:.
4836:^
4814:.
4702:54
4700:.
4668:.
4658:73
4656:.
4633:.
4623:13
4621:.
4602:.
4531:^
4499:^
4444:^
4301:(C
4272:A
4259:,
4249:H)
4245:SO
4235:H)
4231:SO
4213:H)
4209:SO
4195:H)
4191:SO
4187:CH
4177:H)
4173:SO
4154:A
4141:BO
4137:(H
4123:(H
4083:PO
4079:(H
4063:F)
4049:SO
4045:(H
3959:,
3922:.
3897:CO
3885:CO
3821:.
3813:,
3733:.
3696:.
3500:CO
3484:.
3465:.
3414:a2
3410:a1
3339:.
2562:HA
2416:HA
2076:PO
2064:PO
2051:a3
2031:a2
2007:a1
1979:.
1977:a3
1970:a2
1963:a1
1951:.
1949:a2
1942:a1
1894:CO
1890:(H
1883:a1
1876:a2
1856:a1
1834:SO
1830:(H
1824:a2
1817:a1
1807:a2
1787:a1
1763:.
1761:a2
1757:a1
1725:(C
1598:.
1580:.
1556:,
1518:,
1503:SO
1499:(H
1395:)
1373:)
1357:)
1310:.
1268:10
1216:HA
1092:.
970:Cl
952:Cl
814:CH
793:CH
639:(H
625:aq
549:or
516:.
465:.
447:pH
401:.
378:.
160:pH
5110:.
5091:.
5063:.
5030:.
4981::
4937:.
4912:.
4887:.
4860:.
4830:.
4800:.
4773:.
4769::
4718:.
4712:.
4708::
4676:.
4672::
4664::
4641:.
4637::
4629::
4588:.
4559:.
4525:.
4479:.
4341:3
4331:4
4327:2
4313:)
4311:7
4309:O
4307:8
4305:H
4303:6
4293:3
4263:)
4261:n
4247:3
4243:3
4233:3
4229:4
4227:H
4225:6
4223:C
4221:3
4211:3
4207:5
4205:H
4203:6
4193:3
4189:2
4185:3
4175:3
4171:3
4160:2
4145:)
4143:3
4139:3
4131:)
4129:4
4125:2
4117:)
4115:6
4107:)
4105:4
4097:)
4095:6
4087:)
4085:4
4081:3
4073:)
4071:3
4061:3
4053:)
4051:4
4047:2
4029:4
4021:3
4013:2
3920:2
3916:2
3907:3
3904:â
3899:3
3895:2
3891:2
3887:2
3870:2
3866:2
3850:2
3834:2
3754:3
3747:2
3743:D
3729:L
3653:.
3570:2
3566:2
3562:2
3502:3
3498:2
3406:a
3402:a
3389:2
3385:2
3383:H
3329:a
3326:K
3263:O
3261:2
3195:0
3192:K
3170:]
3160:j
3156:K
3150:i
3145:0
3142:=
3139:j
3128:i
3122:n
3118:]
3111:+
3107:H
3102:[
3097:[
3090:n
3085:0
3082:=
3079:i
3064:j
3060:K
3054:i
3049:0
3046:=
3043:j
3032:i
3026:n
3022:]
3015:+
3011:H
3006:[
3000:=
2990:i
2986:A
2980:i
2974:n
2969:H
2949:i
2945:n
2937:2
2934:K
2930:1
2927:K
2902:]
2894:2
2890:A
2886:[
2882:+
2878:]
2869:A
2865:H
2862:[
2858:+
2852:]
2849:A
2841:2
2837:H
2833:[
2824:]
2813:2
2809:A
2805:[
2798:=
2790:2
2786:K
2780:1
2776:K
2772:+
2767:1
2763:K
2759:]
2753:+
2749:H
2744:[
2741:+
2735:2
2730:]
2725:+
2721:H
2717:[
2707:2
2703:K
2697:1
2693:K
2686:=
2668:2
2664:A
2646:]
2638:2
2634:A
2630:[
2626:+
2622:]
2613:A
2609:H
2606:[
2602:+
2597:]
2594:A
2586:2
2582:H
2578:[
2570:]
2559:[
2552:=
2544:2
2540:K
2534:1
2530:K
2526:+
2521:1
2517:K
2513:]
2507:+
2503:H
2498:[
2495:+
2489:2
2484:]
2479:+
2475:H
2471:[
2461:1
2457:K
2453:]
2447:+
2443:H
2438:[
2432:=
2399:]
2391:2
2387:A
2383:[
2380:+
2377:]
2368:A
2364:H
2361:[
2358:+
2352:]
2349:A
2341:2
2337:H
2333:[
2324:]
2321:A
2313:2
2309:H
2305:[
2298:=
2290:2
2286:K
2280:1
2276:K
2272:+
2267:1
2263:K
2259:]
2253:+
2249:H
2244:[
2241:+
2235:2
2230:]
2225:+
2221:H
2217:[
2207:2
2202:]
2197:+
2193:H
2189:[
2181:=
2171:A
2163:2
2159:H
2135:2
2131:Îą
2112:a
2109:K
2099:4
2090:4
2081:4
2074:2
2066:4
2062:3
2048:K
2042:3
2038:2
2028:K
2022:3
2018:2
2014:2
2012:H
2004:K
1998:2
1994:3
1990:2
1986:3
1984:H
1974:K
1967:K
1960:K
1956:3
1946:K
1939:K
1935:a
1932:K
1926:3
1915:)
1911:3
1898:)
1896:3
1892:2
1880:K
1873:K
1867:4
1853:K
1847:4
1836:4
1832:2
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1814:K
1804:K
1798:3
1794:2
1784:K
1778:3
1774:2
1770:2
1768:H
1753:2
1731:5
1729:H
1727:6
1719:3
1695:3
1676:a
1673:K
1667:3
1663:2
1596:a
1593:K
1588:a
1585:K
1530:a
1527:K
1523:a
1520:K
1505:4
1501:2
1493:3
1485:4
1393:2
1371:3
1355:4
1288:a
1285:K
1281:a
1278:K
1274:a
1271:K
1264:a
1261:K
1257:a
1254:K
1250:a
1247:K
1243:a
1240:K
1219:]
1213:[
1206:]
1197:A
1193:[
1188:]
1183:+
1179:H
1175:[
1168:=
1163:a
1159:K
1141:a
1138:K
1134:a
1131:K
1124:O
1122:2
1116:K
1055:3
1047:3
984:3
968:4
950:4
937:O
935:2
926:4
910:3
890:O
888:3
886:H
876:4
857:3
853:3
849:3
845:3
841:3
832:4
829:+
824:3
820:3
816:3
809:O
807:3
803:3
799:2
795:3
782:3
712:O
710:2
704:O
702:2
682:O
680:3
678:H
672:2
657:4
655:O
653:9
649:2
647:O
645:5
641:3
541:3
529:3
395:3
393:H
335:e
328:t
321:v
47:.
33:.
20:)
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