1978 California Proposition 13

7432:. These assessors were found rewarding friends and allies with artificially low assessments, with tax bills to match. These scandals led to the passage of Assembly Bill 80 (AB 80) in 1966, which imposed standards to hold assessments to market value. The return to market value in the wake of AB 80 could easily represent a mid-double-digit percentage increase in assessment for many homeowners. As a result, a large number of California homeowners experienced an immediate and drastic rise in valuation, simultaneous with rising tax rates on that assessed value, only to be told that the taxed monies would be redistributed to distant communities. Cynicism about the favoritism of the tax system towards the wealthy and well-connected persisted into the 1970s. The ensuing anger started to form into a backlash against property taxes which coalesced around 8124:, which extends Proposition 58 to grandparents, a 2017 report from California's Legislative Analyst's Office (LAO) found that roughly one out of 20 houses statewide received the exemption in the decade ending in 2015, at an average rate of one out of every 200 houses per year. They estimated total foregone yearly property tax revenue for all exemptions ever received at $ 1.5 billion in 2015, or about 2.5% of total statewide property tax revenue. The report said that while the exemption made it possible for some to live in their parents' house, it likely incentivized the conversion of inherited houses into rental property or other uses. The report said the exemption probably created downward pressure on rents while causing more Californians to be renters rather than homeowners. 7820:"There is no question that the voters knew exactly what they were doing. Indeed, The Los Angeles Times-Channel 2 News Survey, in which almost 2,500 voters filled out questionnaires as they left the polls Tuesday, revealed that Propositions 8 and 13 were seen by most voters as mutually exclusive alternatives, even though it was entirely possible for voters to play it safe by voting for both measures. Among those who voted for Proposition 13, only one in five also voted for Proposition 8, while Proposition 8 was endorsed by fully 91% of those who voted "no" on Proposition 13. Proposition 13 was advertised as a stronger tax relief measure than Proposition 8. That is exactly how the voters saw it, and that is exactly what they wanted." 7445: 7926:

developments, such as big box retailers and car dealerships instead of residential housing developments, because of commercial development's ability to generate revenue through sales tax and business licenses tax. This may discourage growth of other sectors and job types that may provide better opportunities for residents. In terms of public services, office and retail development are further incentivized because they do not cost the local governments as much as residential developments. Additionally, cities have decreased services and increased fees to compensate for the shortfall, with particularly high

7705:, not state or county-level property records) Wasi and White (2005) estimated that Proposition 13 caused homeowners to increase the duration of time spent in a given home by 9% (1.04 years), and renters to increase their tenure by 18% (0.79 years). They also estimated that this effect was more pronounced in the coastal cities, with the increase in tenancy by owner-occupiers in the Bay Area being predicted at 28% (3.0 years), Los Angeles 21% (2.3 years), and Fresno 7% (0.77 years). They speculate that renters may have longer tenure due to less turnover of owner-occupied housing to move into. 8074:, said: "The political realities are such that Democrats, not just Republicans and Independents, are overwhelmingly opposed to making adjustments in terms of the residential side of Prop. 13. On the commercial and industrial side, there seems to be a lot more openness to debate...Of course, it's a difficult time to do that...when you're trying to encourage manufacturing back into your state, and you already have a cost differential between states that border us, you don't want to now increase their burden in terms of property tax on that commercial and industrial space." 6835: 7985:

until 2010, in California there had been a steady growth of class sizes compared to the national average, "which have been decreasing since 1970." During the 1970s, school spending per student was almost equal to the national average. Using discount rate, "measured in 1997–1998 dollars, California spent about $ 100 more per capita on its public schools in 1969–1970 than did the rest of the country." From 1981 to 1982 up until 2000, California had consistently spent less per student than the rest of the U.S., as demonstrated by data collected by the

9244:

preferred to control for the changed buying power of money over time. This is because a dollar a few decades ago could buy the same amount of goods and services that it would take several dollars to buy today. The figure below shows that property taxes dropped sharply in 1978–79 after Proposition 13, and on an inflation-adjusted basis have grown in the decades since. In 2014–15 dollars, property taxes rose to $ 40.8 billion before Proposition 13, fell to $ 18.0 billion after the measure's passage, and reached $ 55.5 billion in 2014–15.

7534: 7377:

on the size and role of government to their views on Proposition 13. It is true that California's government had grown. Between 1973 and 1977, California state and local government expenditures per $ 1,000 of personal income were 8.2% higher than the national norm. From 1949 to 1979, public sector employment in California outstripped employment growth in the private sector. By 1978, 14.7% of California's civilian work force were state and local government employees, almost double the proportion of the early 1950s.

8004:), raising tax rates on income and capital gains over $ 250,000 for single filers and $ 500,000 for joint filers, with most of the resultant revenue going to schools. These measures significantly closed the K-12 spending gap between California and the national average. Pupil-teacher ratios decreased since the passage of Proposition 30, and according to a National Education Association survey, California had the second-highest starting teacher salary among the 50 states in 2018. In addition to the 7087: 7737:, construction of a median priced house results in a slight positive fiscal impact, as opposed to the position that housing does not "pay its own way". The trade association argues that this is because new homes are assessed at the value when they are first sold. Additionally, due to the higher cost of new homes, the trade association claims that new residents are more affluent and may provide more sales tax revenues and use less social services of the host community. 49: 7509: 7993:. This resulted in increased pupil-to-teacher ratios in K-12 public schools in California. Professor Betts observed in 2010 that "pupil-teacher ratios start to skyrocket in the years immediately after 1978, and a huge gap opens up between pupil-teacher ratios here and in the rest of the country, and we still haven't recovered from that." 8014:, providing greater resources to school districts with student populations having higher needs, being determined by the rate of children in poverty or foster care and the rate of English language learners in the district, and adding an additional 20% or more in "supplemental funding" to disadvantaged school districts. 8339:, writing the majority opinion, noted that California had a "legitimate interest in local neighborhood preservation, continuity, and stability" and that it was acceptable to treat owners who have invested for some time in property differently from new owners. One who objected to the rules could choose not to buy. 8208:, may impose, increase, or extend any local tax. It also constitutionally reserves to local voters the right to use the initiative power to reduce or repeal any local tax, assessment, fee or charge, including provision for a significantly reduced petition signature requirement to qualify a measure on the ballot. 7321:, which somewhat equalized California school funding by redistributing local property taxes from wealthy to poor school districts. According to this explanation, property owners in affluent districts perceived that the taxes they paid were no longer benefiting their local schools, and chose to cap their taxes. 8252:

sponsored another measure similar to their prior initiative. It appeared on the November 2020 ballot and was approved by voters by a narrow margin. This measure provides reassessment exemptions to all homeowners over the age of 55 moving within the state, for a total of three lifetime moves, financed

8200:

The proposition established constitutional limits on the ability of local governments to levy benefit assessments on real property and property-related fees and charges such as those for utility services to property. The assessment and property-related fee and charge reforms contained in Proposition

7948:

study. Some disputed the attribution of the decline to Proposition 13's role in the change to state financing of public schools, because schools financed mostly by property taxes were declared unconstitutional (the variances in funding between lower and higher income areas being deemed to violate the

7834:

Local governments in California now use imaginative strategies to maintain or increase revenue due to Proposition 13 and the attendant loss of property tax revenue (which formerly went to cities, counties, and other local agencies). For instance, many California local governments have recently sought

7650:

Proposition 13 sets the assessed value of properties at the time of purchase (known as an acquisition value system), with a possible 2% annual assessment increase. As a result, properties of equal value can have a great amount of variation in their assessed value, even if they are next to each other.

7355:

The study said pro-growth Kennedy-Johnson "Growth Liberals" cut federal income taxes in the highest brackets in the 1960s while local officials raised regressive state and local taxes, creating a "pocketbook squeeze" that made voters less likely to approve local levies and bonds, which eventually led

8452:) was an initiative constitutional amendment appearing on the November 2020 California statewide ballot that would have raised taxes by amending Proposition 13 to require the reassessment of commercial and industrial properties at market value, including commercial and industrial property owned by a 8030:

The survey also found that 40% of Californians, and 50% of likely voters said that Proposition 13's supermajority requirement for new special taxes has had a good effect on local government services provided to residents, while 20% of both Californians and likely voters said it had a bad effect, and

7980:

that a state spends on education. From a peak of about 4.5% for the nation overall, and 4.0% for California, both peaking in the early 1970s, the nation overall as well as California spent declining percentages on public education in the decade from 1975 to 1985. For the longer period of 1970–2008,

7972:

Prior to implementation of Proposition 13, the state of California saw significant increases in property tax revenue collection "with the share of state and local revenues derived from property taxes increasing from 34% at the turn of the decade to 44% in 1978 (Schwartz 1998)." Proposition 13 caused

7807:

have said the intent of Proposition 13 was to protect residential property taxes from spiking and say the broad application of Proposition 13 to commercial property is a loophole while opponents say voters deliberately sought to extend Proposition 13 protections to commercial property by rejecting a

7791:

Some businesses have exploited a property transfer loophole in Proposition 13 implementing statutes created by the California Legislature that define what constitutes a change in property ownership. To take advantage of this loophole, businesses only have to make sure that no partnership exceeds the

7778:

The application to commercial and rental property can lead to an advantage and profit margin for incumbent individuals or corporations who purchased property at a time when prices were low. This is in contrast to the initial campaign, where Jarvis argued that lowering property tax rates would cause

7479:

Under Proposition 13, the annual real estate tax on a parcel of property is limited to 1% of its assessed value. This "assessed value" may be increased only by a maximum of 2% per year until, and unless, the property has a change of ownership. At the time of the change in ownership the low assessed

7394:

which provided two-year teacher training programs at Chico, Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Francisco. In 1907, the American junior college movement was launched in California when the state legislature authorized high schools to offer lower-division college-level coursework, thereby enabling more

7376:

Another explanation that has been offered is that spending by California's government had increased dramatically during the years prior to 1978, and voters sought to limit further growth. The evidence supporting this explanation is limited, as there have been no studies relating Californians' views

7302:

Proposition 13 is not the only law in California designed to prevent tax-induced displacement. The California Tax Postponement Program, passed in 1977, ensures that “homeowners who are seniors, are blind, or have a disability to defer current-year property taxes on their principal residence if they

7178:

by assessing values at their 1976 value, limiting the rate of taxation to 1% of the assessed value, and restricting annual increases of assessed value to an inflation factor, not to exceed 2% per year. It prohibits reassessment of a new base year value except in cases of (a) change in ownership, or

9303:

For each state, we calculate the total amount paid by the residents in taxes, then divide those taxes by the state's total income to compute a "tax burden." ... The goal is to focus not on the tax collectors but on the taxpayers. That is, we answer the question: What percentage of their income are

8026:

found that 57% of Californians say that Proposition 13 is mostly a good thing, while 23% say it is mostly a bad thing. 65% of likely voters say it has been mostly a good thing, as do: 71% of Republicans, 55% of Democrats, and 61% of independents; 54% of people age 18 to 34, 52% of people age 35 to

7984:

UCSD Economics Professor Julian Betts stated in a 2010 interview: "What all this means for spending is that starting around 1978–1979 we saw a sharp reduction in spending on schools. We fell compared to other states dramatically, and we still haven't really caught up to other states." From 1977 up

7865:

sales tax to fund jail and courthouse construction was unconstitutional. The court ruled that because the tax money was targeted towards specific programs rather than general spending, it counted as a "special tax" under Proposition 13 and required approval by two-thirds of the voters, whereas the

7419:

levied a special tax on all property owners in the district which funded a comprehensive health care plan generous enough to amount to an overall 4% increase in compensation for all employees. By severely curtailing the ability of community college districts to levy property taxes, Proposition 13

7351:

challenged the idea that wealthy property owners' desire to cap their property taxes was the impetus for enacting Proposition 13, instead saying the "tax revolt" was rooted in lower and middle-income Americans' longstanding frustration with unfair and highly regressive tax distributions during the

7255:

In addition to decreasing property taxes and changing the role of the state, Proposition 13 also contained language requiring a two-thirds (2/3) majority in both legislative houses for future increases of any state tax rates or amounts of revenue collected, including income tax rates and sales tax

7292:

One explanation is that older Californians with fixed incomes had increasing difficulty paying property taxes, which were rising as a result of California's population growth, increasing housing demand, and inflation. Due to severe inflation during the 1970s, reassessments of residential property

7182:

Significantly, the initiative also requires a two-thirds majority in both legislative houses for future increases of any state tax rates or amounts of revenue collected, including income tax rates. It also requires a two-thirds majority in local elections for local governments wishing to increase

8088:

did after 13, it was what happened after 13 was passed" because the legislature reduced local authorities' power. In a later interview in 2014, he lamented that he hadn't built up a "war chest" with which to campaign for an alternative to Proposition 13. Governor Brown said he'd learned from his

7925:

for general revenue funds. Some maintain that this trend resulted in the "fiscalization of land use", meaning that land use decisions are influenced by the ability of a new development to generate revenue. Proposition 13 has increased the incentive for local governments to attract new commercial

7774:

Owners of commercial real estate benefited under the original rules of Proposition 13: If a corporation owning commercial property (such as a shopping mall) was sold or merged, but the property stayed technically deeded to the corporation, ownership of the property could effectively have changed

8319:

Stephanie Nordlinger had purchased a property in the Los Angeles area in 1988 and, under the provisions of Proposition 13, was required to have the property reassessed at a new value. The reassessed value of Nordlinger's property raised her tax rates by 36%, while her neighbors continued to pay

7761:

Proposition 13 reduces property tax revenue for municipalities in California. They are forced to rely more on state funding and therefore may lose autonomy and control. The amount of taxes available to the municipality in any given year largely depends on the number of property transfers taking

8089:

failure in the mid-1970s to build a war chest that he could have used to push an alternative to Proposition 13. Governor Brown was definitive that he would not seek to change the law, a third rail in California politics. "Prop. 13 is a sacred doctrine that should never be questioned," he said.

7765:

California also has high rates of migrants from other countries and states, which has contributed to more demand for housing, and it has low amounts of moderately priced housing. The different tax treatment can make real estate more valuable to the current owner than to any potential buyer, so

7483:

The property may be reassessed under certain conditions other than a change of ownership, such as when additions or new construction occur. The assessed value is also subject to reduction if the market value of the property declines below its assessed value, such as during a real estate slump.

7238:

Proposition 13 declared property taxes were to be assessed their 1976 value and restricted annual increases of the tax to an inflation factor, not to exceed 2% per year. A reassessment of the property tax can only be made a) when the property ownership changes or b) there is construction done.

7680:

to levy property taxes based on ability to pay; yet in 2018, ITEP ranked California's tax code as the most progressive in the United States, in part due to its high marginal income and capital gains rates. Since wealth is associated with ownership of "intangible" assets like stocks, bonds, or

7628:

reported that in 1978, Californians had the third highest tax burden as a proportion of state income (tax-per-capita divided by income-per-capita) of 12.4% ($ 3,300 tax per capita, inflation adjusted). By 2012, it had fallen slightly to the sixth highest rate, 10.9%, ($ 4,100 tax per capita,

9243:

In our recent Proposition 13 report (Figure 1), we showed the trend of all California local governments' property tax revenue in inflation-adjusted 2014–15 dollars, as shown below. For a series of financial data covering long periods of time, inflation-adjusted ("real") numbers generally are

8307:

was a California Supreme Court case in which the aforementioned school district challenged the constitutionality of Proposition 13. In the ruling, the state's high court confirmed that an initiative cannot "revise" the constitution; Proposition 13, however, was an amendment to the California

8061:

suggested that Proposition 13 be repealed or changed as a method of balancing the state's budget. Schwarzenegger, believing that such an act would be inadvisable politically and could end his gubernatorial career, said, "I told Warren that if he mentions Proposition 13 again he has to do 500

7147:

and limit property reassessments to when the property changes ownership, and to require a 2/3 majority for tax increases in the state legislature. The initiative was approved by California voters in a primary election on June 6, 1978, by a nearly two to one margin. It was upheld by the

8320:

significantly lower rates on their property. Disheartened by the disparity in taxation, Nordlinger viewed this reassessment as favoritism in the eyes of the law and elected to bring charges up on the Los Angeles County Tax Assessment office and its primary assessor, Kenneth Hahn.

8170:

by allowing grandparents to transfer to their grandchildren their primary residence and up to $ 1 million (not indexed to inflation) in other real property without a property tax re-assessment, when both parents of the grandchild are deceased. It passed with 67% of the vote.

8261:

to solely inherited primary residences or farms, with an inflation-adjusted exemption cap of $ 1 million in market value at the time of death, and requires the heir to continually live in the residence or face reassessment (this requirement does not apply to farm property).

7402:

provided that junior colleges would be established within commuting distance of nearly all California residents, which required the founding of twenty-two new colleges on top of the sixty-four colleges already operating as of 1960. In 1967, the junior colleges were renamed

7775:

without triggering Proposition 13's reassessment provisions. These rules were subsequently changed; under current law, a change of control or ownership of a legal entity causes a reassessment of its real property as well as the real property of entities that it controls.

7724:

found that property tax revenue to local governments was similarly volatile before and after the passage of Proposition 13. While Proposition 13 stabilized the base, prior to Proposition 13, governments would adjust the rate annually to counteract changes to the base.

7613:

In the year after Proposition 13 was passed, property tax revenue to local governments declined by roughly 60% statewide. However, by 2003, the inflation adjusted property tax collected by local governments exceeded the pre-1978 levels, and has continued to increase.

7395:

high school graduates to attempt such courses without having to move away for college. California was the proud leader of this movement, in that the United States went from zero junior colleges in 1900 to nineteen by 1915, of which eight were based in California.

7328:

decision and school finance equalization were popular among California voters. While Californians who voted for Proposition 13 were less likely than other voters to support school finance equalization, Proposition 13 supporters were not more likely to oppose the

7906:

Local governments have become more dependent on state funds, which has increased state power over local communities. The state provides "block grants" to cities to provide services, and bought out some facilities that locally administer state-mandated programs.

8467:, and the Chan Zuckerberg Advocacy Fund. The main opposition donors were corporate and business oriented groups including the California Business Roundtable, Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association, the Business Property Association, and the real estate industry. 7930:

levied on developers to impose the cost of the additional services and infrastructure that new developments will require. These costs are typically shifted to the building's buyer, who may be unaware of the thousands in fees included with the building's cost.

8822: 8116:

Proposition 58 allowed homeowners to transfer their principal residence to children without a property tax re-assessment, as well as the first $ 1 million (not indexed to inflation) in assessed value of other real property. It passed with 76% of the vote.

7757:

Proposition 13 alters the balance of the housing market because it provides disincentives for selling property, in favor of remaining at the current property and modifying or transferring to family members to avoid a new, higher property tax assessment.

8138:

Proposition 60 allows homeowners over the age of 55 to transfer the assessed value of their present home to a replacement home if the replacement home is located in the same county, is of equal or lesser value, and purchased within two years of sale.

7459:

were the most vocal and visible advocates of Proposition 13. Officially named the People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation, and known popularly as the Jarvis-Gann Amendment, Proposition 13 was listed on the ballot through the California ballot

7414:

Before Proposition 13, community college districts were able "to levy certain taxes for special purposes without a vote of the public". Among these purposes were community services, fringe benefits, and child care. For example, before 1978, the

7873:("Right to Vote on Taxes Act") which passed in 1996. It constitutionally requires voter approval for local government taxes and some nontax levies such as benefit assessments on real property and certain property-related fees and charges. 8157:

in that it allowed homeowners over the age of 55 to transfer the assessed value of their present home to a replacement home if the replacement home was located in a different county, provided the incoming county allowed the transfer.

7655:

shows prices in Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Francisco appreciated 170% from 1987 (the start of available data) to 2012 while the 2% cap only allowed a 67% increase in taxes on homes that were not sold during this 26-year period.

7668:

impact on the tax structure, based on income. It said that a revenue-neutral Los Angeles County reform which raises all assessments to true market value and lowers the property tax rate would harm elderly and low-income households.

7385:

One example of the massive expansion of government in California in the decades before Proposition 13 was the rapid growth of public postsecondary education. In 1900, California had only a single public university at Berkeley, the

7663:

and State of California research program, California Policy Seminar (now the California Policy Research Center), said that a property tax system based on acquisition value links property tax liability to ability to pay and has a

7965:, and Proposition 13 was then passed partially as a result of that case. California's spending per pupil was the same as the national average until about 1985, when it began decreasing, which resulted in another referendum, 7839:

for public services that used to be paid for entirely or partially from property taxes imposed before Proposition 13 became law. Provision for such taxes was made by the 1982 Community Facilities Act (more commonly known as

7641:

applied California's statewide effective property tax rate of 0.77% to the state median home market value of $ 443,400; the annual property taxes of $ 3,414 on the median home value was the 9th-highest in the United States.

7480:

value may be reassessed to complete current market value that will produce a new base year value for the property, but future assessments are likewise restricted to the 2% annual maximum increase of the new base year value.

7205:, as its acquisition value system (where the assessed value of property is based on the date of its acquisition rather than current market value) incentivizes long-time homeowners to hold onto their properties rather than 7636:

and is in the top ten highest corporate tax and sales tax rates nationally. In 2016, California had the 17th-highest per-capita (per-person) property tax revenue in the country at $ 1,559, up from 31st in 1996. In 2019,

7476:. Proposition 13 passed with roughly two-thirds of those who voted in favor and with the participation of around two-thirds of registered voters. After passage, it became article XIII A of the California Constitution. 8390:

was almost closed in 2014 by a bipartisan coalition in the state legislature but the effort died after progressive politicians, organized labor, and community groups refused to support the effort. In 2015 and 2018,

7227:

on real property shall not exceed one percent (1%) of the full cash value of such property. The one percent (1%) tax to be collected by the counties and apportioned according to law to the districts within the

8430:

California's Legislative Analyst's Office estimated that this would cost local governments about $ 100 million per year over the first few years, growing to $ 1 billion per year (in 2018 dollars) over time.

8299: 8027:

54, and 66% of people 55 and older; 65% of homeowners and 50% of renters. The only demographic group for which less than 50% said that Proposition 13 was mostly a good thing was African Americans, at 39%.

7996:

California's voters would approve higher income and capital gains tax rates on the state's wealthiest residents to increase K-12 school funding in subsequent years: voters approved tax increases with

7779:

landlords to pass savings onto renters, who were upset at their rapidly rising rents driven by the high inflation of the 1970's. Most landlords did not do this, which became a motivating factor for

7186:

Proposition 13 has been described as California's most famous and influential ballot measure; it received enormous publicity throughout the United States. Passage of the initiative presaged a "

7749:

are one means by which property owners have chosen to tax themselves for additional government services. Property owners find that these targeted levies are more palatable than general taxes.

11202: 8349:

Thirty years after purchasing her house, Nordlinger, now a senior citizen on a limited income, paid $ 3,400 a year in property taxes on the house, which had increased in value to $ 900,000.

7944:

California's K-12 public schools, which during the 1960s had been ranked nationally as among the best, deteriorated substantially in many surveys of student achievement, according to a 2005

9899: 11158: 8459:

Proponents of the measure were outspent by the opposition, with supporters having spent $ 69 million while opponents spent $ 74 million. The main donors to Yes on Prop. 15 were the

8424: 8249: 1350: 1337: 1325: 1320: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1280: 1253: 1231: 1211: 1206: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 2538: 2528: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 7201:

As a consequence of Proposition 13, homeowners in California receive a property subsidy that increases the longer that they own their home. It has been described as a contributor to

8270:

Since its passage in 1978, there have been many attempts to change Proposition 13 through legislation, legal challenges, and additional ballot measures. In 1992, a legal challenge (

1364: 1342: 1330: 1313: 1288: 1273: 1268: 1258: 1246: 1236: 1224: 1199: 8547: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 1219: 1154: 333: 9889: 8011: 7762:

place. Yet since existing property owners have an incentive to remain in their property and not sell, there are fewer property transfers under this type of property tax system.

3906: 3901: 3896: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 8201:

218 were in response to California local governments' use of revenue sources that circumvented the two-thirds vote requirement to raise local taxes under Proposition 13.

7913:

argued in 2011 that "for all its small government pretensions, Proposition 13 ended up centralizing California's finances, shifting them from local to state government."

4942: 4937: 9642: 8423:

by providing property tax savings to all homeowners who are over age 55 (or who meet other qualifications) when they move to a different home. It was sponsored by the

2551: 6801: 6766: 6402: 6273: 5739: 5246: 5152: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4723: 4636: 3970: 2783: 1418: 1385: 1378: 1371: 1357: 1044: 8726: 7488:(Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 67) during 1978 that amended Proposition 13. Such a real estate slump and downward reassessments occurred during 2009 when the 9177: 8476: 2426: 692: 622: 522: 512: 502: 487: 467: 447: 437: 427: 5709: 7954: 7293:

increased property taxes so much, that some retired people could no longer afford to remain in homes they had purchased long before. A 2006 study published in

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Proposition 26 added a constitutional definition of "tax" for purposes of the two-thirds legislative vote requirement for state taxes under Proposition 13.

10726: 9869:

Proposition 13 implementing statutes were adopted by the California Legislature and are not part of the actual constitutional provisions of Proposition 13.

8404: 8366: 7183:

special taxes. (A "special tax" is a tax devoted specifically to a purpose: e.g. homelessness or road repair; money that does not go into a general fund.)

7179:(b) completion of new construction. These rules apply equally to all real estate, residential and commercial—whether owned by individuals or corporations. 5967: 2296: 2291: 408: 10428: 9398: 5294: 8222:

Proposition 39 lowered the required supermajority necessary for voters to impose local school bond acts from two-thirds (2/3) of the votes cast to 55%.

11026: 7812:, Proposition 8, in 1978 (on the same ballot as Proposition 13), by a vote of 53–47%, and instead passed Proposition 13 with nearly 65% of the vote. A 71: 8034:

At the same time, a majority of both Californians (55%) and likely voters (56%) opposed lowering the supermajority threshold for local special taxes.

7299:

supported this explanation, reporting that older voters, homeowners, and voters expecting a tax increase were more likely to vote for Proposition 13.

8587: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 760: 753: 747: 742: 607: 602: 422: 417: 8278:, which subsequently ruled 8–1 that Proposition 13 didn't violate the Equal Protection clause, and found Nordlinger didn't have standing to raise a 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 767: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 617: 612: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 517: 507: 497: 492: 482: 477: 472: 462: 457: 452: 442: 432: 9589: 9291: 9949: 6959: 3299: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 389: 384: 372: 367: 355: 350: 338: 321: 316: 304: 299: 287: 282: 270: 265: 11505: 7416: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6104: 5562: 7745:

Others argue that the real reason for the claimed negative effects is lack of trust for elected officials to spend the public's money wisely.

9552: 6794: 6759: 6395: 6266: 5977: 5962: 5732: 5239: 5145: 4928: 4629: 3963: 2776: 1706: 1681: 1411: 10554: 7898:, more research would show whether benefits of Proposition 13 outweigh the redistribution of tax base and overall cost in lost tax revenue. 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 11475: 7624:

Other estimates show that Proposition 13 may not have reduced California's overall per-capita tax burden or State spending. The think tank

6241: 6233: 6226: 6213: 6206: 6193: 6186: 6176: 6161: 6148: 6141: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 9381:"Senator Peace: Cure Prop. 13 'Sickness' by Reassessing Commercial Property, Boosting the Homeowners' Exemption and Cutting the Sales Tax" 8279: 7399: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6675: 5953: 5926: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 9452: 8022:

Proposition 13 is consistently popular among California's likely voters, 64% of whom were homeowners as of 2017. A 2018 survey from the

11449: 10895: 10840: 9585: 9327: 7721: 5876: 31: 11182: 10379: 7264:

Proposition 13 also requires two-thirds (2/3) voter approval for cities, counties, and special districts to impose special taxes. In

11203:"California Proposition 15, Tax on Commercial and Industrial Properties for Education and Local Government Funding Initiative (2020)" 9380: 7673: 7198:" (meaning "untouchable subject") of California politics, and it has generally been unpopular for lawmakers to attempt to change it. 6136: 4234: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 8612: 11294:

Mound, Josh (2020). "Stirrings of Revolt: Regressive Levies, the Pocketbook Squeeze, and the 1960s Roots of the 1970s Tax Revolt".

9920: 9500: 7793: 7734: 7489: 7485: 6916: 6787: 6752: 6388: 6259: 6221: 6201: 6181: 6156: 5725: 5232: 5181: 5138: 4622: 4562: 3956: 2769: 2282: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 1404: 10983: 10804: 10675: 10650: 11500: 11114: 9704:

Mullins, D.R. (2003). "Popular Processes and the Transformation of State and Local Government Finance". In Sjoquist, D.L. (ed.).

5547: 5517: 5507: 4430: 4009: 2545: 2534: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 58: 11434: 10123: 10110: 9803: 6856: 6302: 3946: 3304: 1717: 1711: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 11444: 10699: 9967: 9427: 8346:

argument—however, justices found that she lacked standing, as she wasn't impeded from moving to California by Proposition 13.

7792:

50% mark in control in order to avoid a reassessment. The Legislature could close this loophole with a 2/3 vote. In 2018, the

6844: 3450: 3440: 3430: 11417:

California Tax Reform Association Collection, 1976–1979. Collection guide, California State Library, California History Room.

11089: 10964: 10550: 9646: 8464: 8362: 8023: 7990: 7115: 7073: 6996: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5285: 4747: 2420: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 11040: 9668: 11495: 11439: 10946: 10214: 9613: 8683: 7895: 7356:

to the passage of Proposition 13. The study said the tax revolt was not limited to white voters nor associated with rising

6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 5704: 5699: 5689: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 11462:

a few weeks before the 1978 election in this sound recording from the Commonwealth Club records at the Hoover Institution.

10767:

Doerr, David (February 1997). "The Genesis of Proposition 218: A History of Local Taxing Authority." Cal-Tax Digest: p. 3.

9995: 9119: 8482: 7796:

estimated that closing this loophole would raise up to $ 269 million annually in new tax revenue. There have been several

7484:

Reductions of property valuation were not provided for by Proposition 13 itself, but were made possible by the passage of

8194: 7618: 7269: 7194:

to the presidency during 1980. Of 30 anti-tax ballot measures that year, 13 passed. The proposition has been called the "

6991: 6946: 6891: 6168: 5936: 5931: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 9184: 8399:

state legislators in legislative committee. Another Republican attempt to close the loophole was made in 2020. Democrat

6660: 9669:"Prop. 13 remains controversial after a quarter of a century / ECONOMICS: / Budget woes fuel opposition to tax measure" 7387: 7149: 6861: 5994: 4675: 4518: 2719: 2704: 2674: 10821: 10404: 11340: 11238: 9771:"Fiscal Analysis and Land Use Policy in California: A Case Study of the San Jose Employment Land Conversion Analysis" 9750: 9713: 9349: 9256: 9081: 9033: 9003: 8969: 8944: 8917: 8891: 7922: 7870: 7845: 7017: 6971: 4533: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4171: 4166: 4161: 2160: 1735: 8767:

Martin, Isaac (September 2006). "Does School Finance Litigation Cause Taxpayer Revolt? Serrano and Proposition 13".

8687: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3470: 3465: 10185: 8640: 7966: 6976: 6941: 6881: 6095: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 4000: 3990: 2661: 1947: 7272:

determined that the two-thirds (2/3) voter approval requirement for special taxes under Proposition 13 applied to

11490: 10288: 9998: 9845: 8460: 8217: 8180: 7676:

considers property tax caps like Proposition 13 poorly targeted and instead advocates "circuit breaker" caps or

6886: 6871: 6866: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5557: 5552: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5512: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 4738: 3149: 3043: 3023: 3018: 3008: 7816:

article published shortly following the passage of Proposition 13 supported the latter interpretation, stating:

7284:

There are several theories of the origins of Proposition 13. The evidence for or against these accounts varies.

4666: 4656: 10488: 10446: 10245:

McCubbins, Colin H.; McCubbins, Mathew D. (2010-02-03). "Proposition 13 and The California Fiscal Shell Game".

8443: 8420: 8416: 8239: 8148: 8133: 8001: 7997: 7746: 7391: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 5276: 5266: 3931: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3495: 3475: 3460: 3455: 3445: 3435: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3309: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3104: 3099: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3038: 2967: 2962: 2952: 2947: 2865: 2714: 2699: 2679: 1856: 17: 10327: 9406: 8365:

chancellor, brought a lawsuit with a team of lawyers headed by William Norris, a retired federal judge of the

7894:, where housing prices are higher, relative to inland communities with lower housing prices. According to the 7848:

rates have also increased from 6% (pre-Proposition 13 level) to 7.25% and higher in some local jurisdictions.

7797: 6293: 11001: 9152: 8823:"Stirrings of Revolt: Regressive Levies, the Pocketbook Squeeze, and the 1960s Roots of the 1970s Tax Revolt" 8103: 7921:

Due to the reduction in revenue generated from property tax, local governments have become more dependent on

7693:

can worsen inequality, and that of all US states in 2018, California's tax code reduced inequality the most.

7408: 6981: 6876: 6826: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3841: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3550: 3545: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3033: 2937: 2901: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2803: 8381: 8010:

decision which equalized school funding between school districts, in 2013, California lawmakers created the

7621:

estimated that Proposition 13 had reduced taxes paid by California taxpayers by an aggregate $ 528 billion.

6430: 9050: 8498: 8370: 8085: 7862: 7857: 7033: 6911: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 2311: 8749: 8369:. They unsuccessfully sued to overturn the Proposition 13 requirement that a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the 5172: 4919: 4553: 9846:"SFAA | The Birth of Rent Control in San Francisco | by Jim Forbes & Matthew C. Sheridan | June 2004" 9120:"State Board of Equalization Statement On Negative Inflation Factor for Annual Proposition 13 Adjustment" 8396: 8392: 8275: 7986: 7852: 7702: 7247:

The state has been given the responsibility of distributing the property tax revenues to local agencies.

7202: 5759: 2575: 2099: 1448: 7444: 6600: 11065: 9578: 9281: 8730: 8290: 7958: 7136: 7048: 6921: 4538: 4528: 4523: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4467: 4120: 3660: 3013: 2998: 2038: 6705: 9686: 9399:"S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller Home Price Indices Indices – Real Estate – S&P Dow Jones Indices" 7347: 7108: 4421: 4186: 2752: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2691: 2684: 2666: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2443: 8323:

Nordlinger subsequently sued the Los Angeles County Tax Assessor Kenneth Hahn on the grounds of the

7969:, that requires a certain percentage of the state's budget to be directed towards public education. 6540: 8186: 7660: 7469: 7312: 6896: 5694: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 1438: 11115:"Split Roll Initiative in California Threatens Property Tax Limitations on Commercial Real Estate" 11027:"Senator Patricia Bates Authors Measure to Clarify Prop. 13 (1978) Property "Change of Ownership"" 10727:"California Proposition 193, Tax Implications of Grandparent-Grandchild Property Transfers (1996)" 9556: 8407:, said this loophole is left open by his party to create justification for ending Proposition 13. 6480: 4805: 4796: 11485: 10630: 10600: 10546: 8324: 7950: 7465: 7295: 6931: 6926: 6851: 5594: 2617: 2566: 2320: 40: 10154: 7500:

meaning that the tax assessed generally increases and decreases with the value of the property.

11454: 8078: 8050: 7652: 7195: 6818: 5772: 5640: 1457: 10516: 9021: 8991: 8934: 8565: 8084:

was quoted as saying that it wasn't Proposition 13 that was the problem, but "It was what the

8936:

The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1

8054: 8043: 7701:

By comparing California over the period 1970 to 2000 with other states, (using data from the

7206: 7161: 6901: 9525: 9317: 8879: 7436:, a former newspaperman and appliance manufacturer, turned taxpayer activist in retirement. 8868:

Citrin, J. and Sears, D. Tax Revolt:Something for Nothing in California (1985)Harvard Press

8794: 7101: 7091: 7028: 4195: 9384: 8677:"Property Tax Limitations and Mobility: The Lock-in Effect of California's Proposition 13" 7190:" throughout the country that is sometimes thought to have contributed to the election of 8: 11421: 11090:"State Ballot Measures | 2018 General Election | California Secretary of State" 10880: 9824: 9643:

The Housing Bottom Line: Fiscal Impact of New Home Construction on California Governments

8616: 8382:

Legislative attempts to close the property transfer loophole (2014, 2015, 2018, and 2020)

8046:" of California politics, which means that politicians avoid discussions of changing it. 7981:

California had always spent a lower percentage than the rest of the nation on education.

7682: 7677: 7429: 7420:

shifted the state's contribution to community colleges from 38% to 78% of their revenue.

7058: 10575: 10012:"Rider v. County of San Diego: Special Districts and Special Taxes under Proposition 13" 9931: 7916: 11393: 11350: 11311: 11272: 10465:"Local Control Funding Formula: LCFF Dictates How State Funds Flow to School Districts" 10262: 9738: 9070: 8842: 8108:

Proposition 8 allows for a reassessment of real property values in a declining market.

7708:

Other studies have found that increased tenure in renting can be attributed in part to

7461: 7273: 7140: 7023: 6834: 5318: 9229:"Proposition 13 Report: More Data on California Property Taxes [EconTax Blog]" 11397: 11336: 11315: 11276: 11234: 11187: 10921: 10119: 10065: 9746: 9719: 9709: 9077: 9029: 8999: 8965: 8940: 8913: 8887: 8846: 8780: 8328: 8006: 7881: 7404: 7317: 7167: (1992). Proposition 13 is embodied in Article XIII A of the Constitution of the 7164: 2896: 10266: 10129: 9476: 8434:

It was defeated on November 6, 2018, with approximately 58% of voters not in favor.

7472:

to be offered to voters if advocates collect a sufficient number of signatures on a

11385: 11328: 11303: 11264: 10380:"Proposition 13 Revisited: Is California Looking At Howard's (Jarvis) End In 2020?" 10254: 10189: 10011: 9431: 9228: 8834: 8776: 8456:. The measure failed to pass, with 52% of votes cast in opposition to the measure. 8358: 7633: 7428:

During the early 1960s, there were several scandals in California involving county

6966: 11093: 10118:(fourth ed.). Point Arena, California: Solano Press Books. pp. 283–300. 8479:

relating to the reduction or repeal of local taxes, assessments, fees and charges.

11374:"Howard Jarvis, Populist Entrepreneur: Reevaluating the Causes of Proposition 13" 11290:

Martin, Isaac William. The Permanent Tax Revolt. Stanford University Press, 2008.

10355:"For Better or For Worse? School Finance Reform in California (PPIC Publication)" 10224: 8343: 8070: 7977: 7665: 7068: 7053: 11450:

Tax and Expenditure Limitation in California: Proposition 13 & Proposition 4

11183:"California voters reject big changes to landmark property tax measure Prop. 13" 10354: 10041: 9878:

Chapter 2 of Part 0.5 of Division 1 of the California Revenue and Taxation Code.

9621: 7651:

The disparity grows when property prices appreciate by more than 2% a year. The

5309: 9322: 9286: 9126: 8910:

The California Idea and American Higher Education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan

8453: 8336: 8058: 7686: 7625: 7497: 7224: 7175: 7144: 11424:

Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.

11389: 11307: 11268: 10624: 9264: 9208: 9097: 9026:

A College for All Californians: A History of the California Community Colleges

8996:

A College for All Californians: A History of the California Community Colleges

8884:

A College for All Californians: A History of the California Community Colleges

8838: 7886:

Proposition 13 disproportionately affects coastal metropolitan areas, such as

7533: 7311:

Another explanation is Proposition 13 drew its impetus from the 1971 and 1976

11469: 11332: 10087: 8486: 8305:

Amador Valley Joint Union High School District v. State Board of Equalization

8292:

Amador Valley Joint Union High School District v. State Board of Equalization

7909: 7887: 7690: 7452: 7433: 7365: 7191: 6936: 6906: 4457: 4100: 27:

Ballot initiative which capped property tax at 1% and yearly increases at 2%

11455:

Full Text of Volume 505 of the United States Reports at www.supremecourt.gov

11373: 10429:"Bay Area students and teachers rally for school funding and Prop 13 reform" 9799: 9723: 8205: 8185:

Proposition 218, called the "Right to Vote on Taxes Act," is an initiative

8068:, when asked about the fairness of Proposition 13 in a 2010 interview with 8065: 7780: 7709: 7357: 11459: 9770: 11361: 10676:"California Proposition 58, Real Estate Transfers Within Families (1986)" 10258: 10082: 9526:"Who Pays? A Distributional Analysis of the Tax Systems in All 50 States" 8676: 8081: 7891: 7809: 7492:

announced an estimated reduction of property tax base year values due to

9981:

Schneider, William (June 11, 1978). "Punching Through the Jarvis Myth".

9826:

Stephanie Nordlinger, Petitioner v. Kenneth Hahn, in His Capacity as Tax

8492: 8400: 8204:

It also requires voter approval before a local government, including a

8190: 7927: 7841: 7836: 7448:

Howard Jarvis speaking to crowd after California Proposition 13 victory

7187: 7168: 7009: 10289:"Race to the Bottom? California's Support for Schools Lags the Nation" 10186:"Ultimate Test – Who Is Accountable for Education If Everybody Fails?" 9849: 7973:

a sharp decrease in state and local tax collection in its first year.

9894: 8962:

The People's University: A History of the California State University

7917:

Resultant planning changes, cost or degradation of services, new fees

7901: 7638: 7493: 7456: 4135: 4125: 4110: 9996:

History of Statewide Sales and Use Tax Rates – Board of Equalization

8641:"An experienced Jerry Brown vows to build on what he's already done" 7333:

decision, and on average they were typically supportive of both the

11360:

Sheffrin, Steven, "Re-Thinking the Fairness of Proposition 13," in

9890:"Proposition 13: The Building-Sized Loopholes Corporations Exploit" 7473: 7361: 7043: 11323:

O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sexton, Terri A.; Sheffrin, Steven M. (1995).

11041:"Opinion: Don't alter California's revered Prop 13 tax initiative" 11002:"Do Democrats in Sacramento really want to fix Prop. 13 problems?" 9645:(Report). The Blue Sky Consulting Group. June 2007. Archived from 7882:

Greater effect on coastal metropolitan areas than on rest of state

7508: 11255:

Campbell, Ballard C. (1998). "Tax Revolts and Political Change".

10464: 9555:. National Multi Housing Council. January 1, 1996. Archived from 8193:

voters on November 5, 1996. Proposition 218 was sponsored by the

7063: 7038: 6986: 9318:"How Much Does Your State Collect in Property Taxes Per Capita?" 7976:

One measure of K-12 public school spending is the percentage of

10822:"Bill Text – SB-539 Property taxation: taxable value transfers" 7869:

The imposition of these special taxes and fees was a target of

9687:"Cities' lack of resources acts as catalyst for BID formation" 9304:

the residents of this state paying in state and local taxes?

8495:

Community Facilities Act or simply Mello-Roos passed in 1982.

3725: 11422:

Guide to the Judith Stanley Subject Files on Proposition 13.

11322: 10576:"Proposition 13, Warren Buffett and the Wall Street Journal" 10102: 9743:

Property Taxes and Tax Revolts: The Legacy of Proposition 13

9736: 8964:. Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press. pp. 461–462. 7752: 11368:, Berkeley, California: Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2009. 9950:"Prop. 13 corporate loopholes hurting California taxpayers" 7945: 7800:

to close the loophole, none of which have been successful.

7728: 11283:

Marmer, Nancy. "Proposition 13: Hard Times for the Arts,"

7209:, reducing the housing supply and raising housing prices. 10805:"Initiative Coordinator Attorney General's Office Letter" 10219: 9968:"Just so you know, there's no loophole in Proposition 13" 9022:"Chapter 7: California Community College Finance History" 8992:"Chapter 7: California Community College Finance History" 8939:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 183. 9125:. California State Board of Equalization. Archived from 8477:

1996 California Proposition 218 (Local Initiative Power)

10984:"Have California Voters Finally Had Enough of Prop 13?" 8566:"As Prop. 13 Turns 40, Californians Rethink Its Future" 7689:

state tax distributions that rely on property taxes on

11159:"California schools and local communities funding act" 10184:

McCombs, Jennifer; Carroll, Stephen (March 21, 2005).

9745:(1. publ ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 9028:. New York: Teachers College Press. pp. 113–137. 8998:. New York: Teachers College Press. pp. 113–137. 8265: 11445:

Proposition 13: Love it or Hate it, its Roots Go Deep

10601:"Schwarzenegger rolls out his economic recovery plan" 7287: 8912:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 126. 8882:. In Boggs, George R.; Galizio, Lawrence A. (eds.). 7217: 10651:"Gov. Jerry Brown talks Prop. 13 [Updated]" 10042:"The Lock-in Effect of California's Proposition 13" 9769:Elmer, Vicki; Thorne-Lyman, Abigail; Belzer, Dena. 9768: 8985: 8983: 8981: 8886:. New York: Teachers College Press. pp. 1–15. 7829: 7804: 11231:Tax Crusaders and the Politics of Direct Democracy 10328:"Sorting Out Proposition 13's Impact On Education" 10244: 9764: 9762: 9069: 7902:Loss of local government power to state government 7634:highest marginal income and capital gains tax rate 7270:California Court of Appeal for the Second District 7259: 7250: 9453:"Prop. 13: Love It or Hate It, Its Roots Go Deep" 8926: 8901: 8588:"The Least Affordable Place to Live? Try Salinas" 8437: 8197:as a constitutional follow-up to Proposition 13. 11467: 9013: 8978: 8670: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8581: 8579: 8335:that Proposition 13 was constitutional. Justice 7934: 7674:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP) 7371: 10405:"What has Proposition 13 meant for California?" 10063: 9881: 9759: 9072:Tax Revolt: Something for Nothing in California 8762: 8760: 8758: 8387: 7340: 11357:, Public Policy Institute of California, 1998. 10540: 10538: 10536: 10183: 10066:"Proposition 13: Some Unintended Consequences" 9024:. In Boggs, George R.; Galizio, Larry (eds.). 8994:. In Boggs, George R.; Galizio, Larry (eds.). 8953: 7417:North Orange County Community College District 7345:A 2020 study by Joshua Mound published in the 7306: 7133:People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation 10108: 9780:. Institute of Urban and Regional Development 9708:. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar. pp. 95–162. 8737: 8659: 8576: 8395:efforts to fix this loophole were stalled by 7808:split roll measure promoted by then-Governor 7786: 7769: 7740: 7337:decision and of school finance equalization. 7109: 6795: 6760: 6396: 6267: 5733: 5240: 5146: 4630: 3964: 2777: 1412: 11481:Amendments to the Constitution of California 10447:"Targeted K–12 Funding and Student Outcomes" 10179: 10177: 10175: 10033: 9428:"The Future of Proposition 13 in California" 9068:Sears, David O.; Citrin, Jack (1982-01-01). 8871: 8864: 8862: 8816: 8814: 8755: 8311: 7324:A problem with this explanation is that the 10947:"Overturning of Prop. 13 sought in lawsuit" 10533: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10276: 9947: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9276: 9274: 9067: 8820: 7939: 7380: 10864: 10544: 9570: 9282:"State and Local Tax Burdens, 1977 – 2012" 9153:"Lower home values mean lower tax revenue" 8745:Altadena Library Dist. v. Bloodgood (1987) 8675:Wasi, Nada; White, Michelle (2005-02-01). 8489:version of Proposition 13, passed in 1980. 8367:United States 9th Circuit Court of Appeals 7766:selling it often makes no economic sense. 7116: 7102: 6802: 6788: 6767: 6753: 6403: 6389: 6274: 6260: 5740: 5726: 5247: 5233: 5153: 5139: 4637: 4623: 3971: 3957: 2784: 2770: 1419: 1405: 10794:Cal. Const., art. XIII A, § 3, subd. (b). 10298:. California Budget & Policy Center. 10247:California Journal of Politics and Policy 10172: 9980: 9948:Rice-Wilson, Christopher (May 25, 2017). 9112: 8859: 8811: 8674: 8635: 8633: 8613:"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Initiative?" 8352: 8258: 8121: 8000:in 2012 (which was extended to 2030 with 7835:voter approval for special taxes such as 7753:Sales disincentives, higher housing costs 7223:Section 1. (a) The maximum amount of any 11435:California Voters Pamphlet, June 6, 1978 11355:Proposition 13 in Recession and Recovery 11254: 11133:"Eligible Statewide Initiative Measures" 10981: 10893: 10838: 10700:"The Property Tax Inheritance Exclusion" 10273: 10071:. Public Policy Institute of California. 9887: 9666: 9366: 9315: 9271: 9100:. California State Board of Equalization 8907: 8254: 8167: 8154: 8042:Proposition 13 is often considered the " 7876: 7824: 7735:California Building Industry Association 7729:Fiscal impact from new home construction 7443: 7268:, 192 Cal. App. 3d 585 (June 1987), the 11410: 11287:September/October 1978, pp. 92–94. 10881:"Nordlinger v. Hahn, 505 U.S. 1 (1992)" 10109:Fulton, William; Shigley, Paul (2012). 10044:. National Bureau of Economic Research. 10039: 9822: 9800:"Legal Entity Ownership Program (LEOP)" 9706:State and Local Finances Under Pressure 9703: 9586:California Legislative Analyst's Office 9309: 9019: 8989: 8245: 8174: 8161: 7866:tax had passed with a simple majority. 7722:California Legislative Analyst's Office 7696: 7496:. The property tax in California is an 7242: 14: 11468: 11460:Howard Jarvis discusses Proposition 13 10944: 10598: 10377: 10286: 10215:"The Merrow Report: Serrano V. Priest" 10207: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10053: 10051: 9804:California State Board of Equalization 9737:O'Sullivan, Arthur; Sexton, Terri A.; 9576: 8766: 8630: 8585: 8233: 8225: 8211: 8142: 8127: 8111: 7645: 7490:California State Board of Equalization 7266:Altadena Library District v. Bloodgood 7233:California Constitution Article XIII A 11506:June 1978 events in the United States 11371: 11293: 11228: 10551:Public Policy Institute of California 10521:Public Policy Institute of California 10489:"Local Control Funding Formula Guide" 10451:Public Policy Institute of California 10349: 10347: 10325: 10321: 10319: 10009: 9667:Lochhead, Carolyn (August 16, 2003). 9614:"California Constitution Article 13A" 8959: 8877: 8605: 8526:, 18 Cal.3d 728 (1976) (Serrano II); 8465:Service Employees International Union 8410: 8373:is required to increase state taxes. 8363:University of California, Los Angeles 8097: 8031:the remainder felt it had no effect. 8024:Public Policy Institute of California 7991:Public Policy Institute of California 7715: 7608: 7360:associated with the collapse of the " 7139:enacted during 1978, by means of the 10982:Abramsky, Sasha (22 December 2015). 10402: 9792: 9579:"Common Claims about Proposition 13" 9209:"Common Claims About Proposition 13" 9150: 8932: 8709: 8707: 8684:National Bureau of Economic Research 7896:National Bureau of Economic Research 11476:1978 California ballot propositions 11156: 10655:Los Angeles Times Blogs – PolitiCal 10599:Haynes, V. Dion (August 23, 2003). 10409:California Budget and Policy Center 10048: 9457:Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association 9347: 8530:, 20 Cal.3d 25 (1977) (Serrano III) 8522:, 5 Cal.3d 584 (1971) (Serrano I); 8327:of the Fourteenth Amendment to the 8285: 8266:Failed attempts at change or repeal 8195:Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association 7619:Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association 24: 11248: 10894:Danforth, Evelyn (February 2021). 10839:Danforth, Evelyn (February 2021). 10344: 10316: 9477:"Capping Property Taxes: A Primer" 9316:Loughead, Katherine (2019-03-13). 8752: (Ct.App. 2/7 1987-06-10). 8615:. Hoover Institute. Archived from 8510: 8425:California Association of Realtors 8415:Proposition 5 would have extended 8376: 8250:California Association of Realtors 8057:was elected governor, his advisor 7507: 7288:Displacement of retired homeowners 25: 11517: 11405: 10945:Egelko, Bob (December 28, 2011). 10919: 10155:"APA Policy Guide on Impact Fees" 10083:"The Perils of Extreme Democracy" 9501:"Say Yes to Progressive Taxation" 8704: 8483:1980 Massachusetts Proposition 2½ 8308:Constitution and not a revision. 7218:Limit the tax rate for properties 7018:Automated payment transaction tax 11195: 11175: 11150: 11125: 11107: 11082: 11066:"Proposition 5 [Ballot]" 11058: 11033: 11019: 10994: 10975: 10957: 10926:Southern California Public Radio 10922:"Similar Homes, Different Taxes" 10547:"Proposition 13: 40 Years Later" 9778:Lincoln Institute of Land Policy 9383:. Cal Tax Digest. Archived from 9350:"2019's Property Taxes by State" 8781:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2006.00272.x 7987:U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 7830:Other taxes created or increased 7794:California Board of Equalization 7532: 7400:Master Plan for Higher Education 7085: 6882:Generation-skipping transfer tax 6833: 47: 10938: 10913: 10887: 10873: 10858: 10832: 10814: 10797: 10788: 10779: 10770: 10761: 10752: 10743: 10719: 10692: 10668: 10643: 10633:from the original on 2021-11-17 10617: 10592: 10568: 10557:from the original on 2018-07-14 10545:Baldassare, Mark (2018-06-01). 10509: 10481: 10457: 10439: 10421: 10396: 10371: 10305:from the original on 2016-11-17 10238: 10196:from the original on 2013-05-31 10147: 10075: 10003: 9989: 9974: 9960: 9941: 9913: 9902:from the original on 2012-03-08 9872: 9863: 9838: 9816: 9730: 9697: 9679: 9660: 9635: 9606: 9595:from the original on 2016-10-22 9553:"The High Cost of Rent Control" 9545: 9518: 9493: 9469: 9445: 9420: 9391: 9341: 9330:from the original on 2019-05-07 9294:from the original on 2017-02-08 9249: 9221: 9201: 9170: 9151:Said, Carolyn (June 21, 2009). 9144: 9090: 9061: 9043: 8787: 8693:from the original on 2015-10-01 8461:California Teachers Association 8218:1996 California Proposition 218 8181:1996 California Proposition 218 7260:Voting requirements local taxes 7251:Voting requirements state taxes 11501:Economic history of California 11325:Property Taxes and Tax Revolts 10965:"Newton: Could Prop. 13 fall?" 10785:Cal. Const., art. XIII C, § 3. 10776:Cal. Const., art. XIII C, § 2. 10287:Kaplan, Jonathan (June 2010). 8908:Douglass, John Aubrey (2000). 8719: 8558: 8540: 8448:Proposition 15 (also known as 8444:2020 California Proposition 15 8438:2020 California Proposition 15 8421:1988 California Proposition 90 8417:1986 California Proposition 60 8240:2020 California Proposition 19 8153:Proposition 90 was similar to 8149:1988 California Proposition 90 8134:1986 California Proposition 60 8002:2016 California Proposition 55 7747:Business improvement districts 7468:that allows a proposed law or 6897:Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 13: 1: 11137:California Secretary of State 10159:American Planning Association 9612: 9051:"Tax Assessor Scandal Swells" 8586:Tugend, Alina (May 7, 2006). 8534: 8501:, property tax cap in Oregon. 8104:1978 California Proposition 8 8092: 8037: 8017: 8012:Local Control Funding Formula 7935:Education and public services 7659:A 1993 report from the joint 7423: 7409:California Community Colleges 7372:Expansion of state government 6982:State and local tax deduction 6827:Taxation in the United States 786:U.S. House of Representatives 10867:Nordliger v. Hahn Case Brief 10517:"California's Likely Voters" 10112:Guide to California Planning 9888:Eskenazi, Joe (2012-01-04). 9848:. 2008-07-20. Archived from 9691:Los Angeles Business Journal 9430:. March 1993. Archived from 9076:. Harvard University Press. 8499:1990 Oregon Ballot Measure 5 8331:. The Supreme Court held in 7858:Rider v. County of San Diego 7617:In 2009, the advocacy group 7464:process, a provision of the 7341:Regressive tax distributions 7034:Efficient Taxation of Income 7: 11496:Legal history of California 10896:"Proposition 13, Revisited" 10841:"Proposition 13, Revisited" 10378:Whalen, Bill (2019-09-05). 9928:State Board of Equalization 9921:"Legislative Bill Analysis" 9673:The San Francisco Chronicle 8795:"Property Tax Postponement" 8727:"Article XIII A, Section 4" 8470: 8463:, multiple chapters of the 8276:United States Supreme Court 8120:Between Proposition 58 and 7853:Supreme Court of California 7681:business equity, which are 7364:order" and the election of 7352:post-World War II decades. 7307:School funding equalization 7203:California's housing crisis 6902:Internal Revenue Code (IRC) 10: 11522: 11222: 10826:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov 10010:Stahr, William A. (1992), 9577:Taylor, Mac (2016-09-01). 8821:Mound, Josh (2020-03-05). 8731:Constitution of California 8552:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov 8441: 8388:property transfer loophole 8297: 8237: 8215: 8178: 8146: 8131: 8101: 7871:California Proposition 218 7787:Property transfer loophole 7770:Commercial property owners 7741:Taxes targeted to services 7653:Case–Shiller housing index 7603: 7591:Registered voters/turnout 7503: 7439: 7279: 7212: 7174:The proposition decreased 7137:Constitution of California 29: 11390:10.1017/S0145553200018058 11372:Smith, Daniel A. (1999). 11308:10.1017/S0898030620000019 11296:Journal of Policy History 11269:10.1017/S089803060000556X 11257:Journal of Policy History 11229:Smith, Daniel A. (1998). 10865:Gillingham, John (2001). 10758:Cal. Const., art. XIII D. 9823:Stevens (June 18, 1992), 8960:Gerth, Donald R. (2010). 8878:Boggs, George R. (2021). 8839:10.1017/S0898030620000019 8827:Journal of Policy History 8750: 192 Cal. App. 3d 585 8342:Nordlinger also raised a 8166:Proposition 193 extended 7526: 7523: 7520: 7407:" and became part of the 7348:Journal of Policy History 7135:) is an amendment of the 6130: 6125: 6101: 6094: 6000: 5993: 5959: 5952: 5778: 5771: 5646: 5639: 5600: 5593: 5324: 5317: 5291: 5284: 4934: 4927: 4811: 4804: 4753: 4746: 4720: 4715: 4681: 4674: 4568: 4561: 4490: 4485: 4451: 4446: 4427: 4420: 4201: 4194: 4158: 4153: 4094: 4089: 4015: 4008: 3765: 3758: 3424: 3417: 3068: 3061: 2992: 2985: 2931: 2924: 2890: 2883: 2859: 2854: 2820: 2815: 2623: 2616: 2581: 2574: 2449: 2442: 2326: 2319: 2288: 2281: 2227: 2220: 2166: 2159: 2105: 2098: 2044: 2037: 1953: 1946: 1862: 1855: 1741: 1734: 1463: 1456: 791: 784: 414: 407: 77: 70: 32:California Proposition 13 11440:Full text of Article 13A 11428: 11333:10.1017/CBO9780511664861 8769:Law & Society Review 8505: 8274:) was considered by the 8244:Following the defeat of 8187:constitutional amendment 7940:Effect on public schools 7683:exempt from wealth taxes 7661:University of California 7470:constitutional amendment 7388:University of California 7381:Junior college expansion 7313:California Supreme Court 7303:meet certain criteria”. 7296:Law & Society Review 7092:United States portal 6960:State and local taxation 6922:Constitutional authority 6817:This article is part of 11233:. New York: Routledge. 11163:San Mateo Daily Journal 9954:San Diego Union-Tribune 9178:"California Electorate" 9157:San Francisco Chronicle 8880:"Chapter 1: Beginnings" 8715:What is Proposition 13? 8325:Equal Protection Clause 7951:Equal Protection Clause 7720:A 2016 report from the 7563:Invalid or blank votes 7466:California Constitution 6852:Alternative minimum tax 41:Elections in California 11491:Taxation in California 11378:Social Science History 11006:Orange County Register 10403:Chen, William (2016). 8353:Other legal challenges 8051:2003 California recall 7822: 7512: 7449: 7236: 7131:(officially named the 7049:Hall–Rabushka flat tax 2161:Insurance commissioner 11349:Sexton, Terry A. and 10580:www.wealthandwant.com 10433:San Jose Mercury News 9257:"The History of HJTA" 9020:Newmyer, Joe (2021). 8990:Newmyer, Joe (2021). 8055:Arnold Schwarzenegger 7877:Cities and localities 7825:Sales and other taxes 7818: 7629:inflation adjusted). 7511: 7447: 7221: 7074:Border-adjustment tax 2283:Board of equalization 11411:Archival collections 11366:Proposition 13 at 30 11121:. 24 September 2020. 10326:Cavanaugh, Maureen. 10259:10.2139/ssrn.1548024 10064:Chapman, Jeffrey I. 10016:San Diego Law Review 8933:Kerr, Clark (2001). 8713:California Tax Data 8572:. February 23, 2018. 8548:"Codes Display Text" 8403:, former California 8175:1996 Proposition 218 8162:1996 Proposition 193 8122:1996 Proposition 193 7955:Fourteenth Amendment 7798:legislative attempts 7697:Tenure of households 7678:homestead exemptions 7392:state normal schools 7274:citizens initiatives 7243:State responsibility 7029:Competitive Tax Plan 5995:Board of supervisors 5286:Board of supervisors 4676:Board of supervisors 4010:Board of supervisors 30:For other uses, see 11191:. 11 November 2020. 10971:. 26 December 2011. 10903:Stanford Law Review 10869:. Boston: Houghton. 10848:Stanford Law Review 10296:calbudgetcenter.org 10135:on 17 November 2016 9739:Sheffrin, Steven M. 9132:on December 8, 2009 8234:2020 Proposition 19 8226:2010 Proposition 26 8212:2000 Proposition 39 8168:1986 Proposition 58 8155:1986 Proposition 60 8143:1988 Proposition 90 8128:1986 Proposition 60 8112:1986 Proposition 58 8079:California Governor 7646:Property tax equity 7632:California has the 7517: 7169:State of California 7059:Taxpayer Choice Act 1736:Lieutenant governor 11351:Steven M. Sheffrin 10435:. 9 November 2019. 10384:Hoover Institution 10125:978-1-938-166-02-0 9937:on April 23, 2020. 9618:www.leginfo.ca.gov 9505:The New York Times 8647:. October 19, 2014 8411:2018 Proposition 5 8357:In December 2011, 8333:Nordlinger v. Hahn 8313:Nordlinger v. Hahn 8272:Nordlinger v. Hahn 8098:1978 Proposition 8 8053:election in which 7963:Serrano vs. Priest 7716:Funding volatility 7609:Reduction in taxes 7515: 7513: 7494:negative inflation 7450: 7405:community colleges 7154:Nordlinger v. Hahn 7010:Federal tax reform 6715:Mayoral elections: 6670:Mayoral elections: 6610:Mayoral elections: 6550:Mayoral elections: 6490:Mayoral elections: 6440:Mayoral elections: 6096:Board of education 4001:Los Angeles County 3991:Los Angeles County 3300:94, 95, 96, and 97 2804:State propositions 1948:Secretary of state 59:Federal government 11188:Los Angeles Times 10969:Los Angeles Times 10626:Newsom on Prop 13 10332:KPBS Public Media 9983:Los Angeles Times 9507:. 28 October 2020 9348:Kiernan, John S. 8645:Los Angeles Times 8528:Serrano v. Priest 8524:Serrano v. Priest 8520:Serrano v. Priest 8329:U.S. Constitution 8007:Serrano v. Priest 7814:Los Angeles Times 7733:According to the 7601: 7600: 7318:Serrano v. Priest 7126: 7125: 6927:Taxpayer standing 6857:Capital gains tax 6812: 6811: 6777: 6776: 6413: 6412: 6284: 6283: 6251: 6250: 6117: 6116: 6086: 6085: 5985: 5984: 5954:District attorney 5944: 5943: 5750: 5749: 5717: 5716: 5631: 5630: 5585: 5584: 5302: 5301: 5257: 5256: 5163: 5162: 5130: 5129: 4912: 4911: 4789: 4788: 4731: 4730: 4716:District attorney 4707: 4706: 4647: 4646: 4614: 4613: 4546: 4545: 4477: 4476: 4438: 4437: 4412: 4411: 4179: 4178: 4145: 4144: 4081: 4080: 3981: 3980: 3941: 3940: 3750: 3749: 3409: 3408: 3053: 3052: 2977: 2976: 2916: 2915: 2875: 2874: 2846: 2845: 2794: 2793: 2761: 2760: 2618:Elections by year 2607: 2606: 2559: 2558: 2434: 2433: 2304: 2303: 2273: 2272: 2212: 2211: 2151: 2150: 2090: 2089: 2029: 2028: 1938: 1937: 1847: 1846: 1726: 1725: 1429: 1428: 1396: 1395: 776: 775: 399: 398: 16:(Redirected from 11513: 11401: 11346: 11319: 11280: 11244: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11213: 11199: 11193: 11192: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11154: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11111: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11101: 11092:. Archived from 11086: 11080: 11079: 11077: 11076: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11045:The Mercury News 11037: 11031: 11030: 11023: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11013: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10961: 10955: 10954: 10942: 10936: 10935: 10933: 10932: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10900: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10862: 10856: 10855: 10845: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10801: 10795: 10792: 10786: 10783: 10777: 10774: 10768: 10765: 10759: 10756: 10750: 10747: 10741: 10740: 10738: 10737: 10723: 10717: 10716: 10714: 10713: 10704: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10647: 10641: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10611: 10596: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10572: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10562: 10542: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10493: 10485: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10443: 10437: 10436: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10416: 10415: 10400: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10390: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10351: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10338: 10323: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10304: 10293: 10284: 10271: 10270: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10223:. Archived from 10211: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10201: 10190:RAND Corporation 10181: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10151: 10145: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10134: 10128:. Archived from 10117: 10106: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10079: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10061: 10046: 10045: 10037: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10007: 10001: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9978: 9972: 9971: 9970:. July 26, 2020. 9964: 9958: 9957: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9930:. Archived from 9925: 9917: 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9885: 9879: 9876: 9870: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9820: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9810: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9775: 9766: 9757: 9756: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9664: 9658: 9657: 9655: 9654: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9629: 9620:. 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Archived from 9182: 9174: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9148: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9131: 9124: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9075: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9055:Sarasota Journal 9047: 9041: 9039: 9017: 9011: 9009: 8987: 8976: 8975: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8905: 8899: 8897: 8875: 8869: 8866: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8818: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8764: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8702: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8692: 8681: 8672: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8637: 8628: 8627: 8625: 8624: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8583: 8574: 8573: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8544: 8513: 8359:Charles E. Young 8286:Legal challenges 7863:San Diego County 7703:US Census Bureau 7536: 7518: 7514: 7234: 7143:process, to cap 7118: 7111: 7104: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7020: 6997:State tax levels 6967:State income tax 6912:Revenue by state 6845:Federal taxation 6837: 6814: 6813: 6804: 6797: 6790: 6769: 6762: 6755: 6426: 6425: 6422:Other localities 6405: 6398: 6391: 6299: 6298: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6123: 6122: 6092: 6091: 5991: 5990: 5950: 5949: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5637: 5636: 5591: 5590: 5315: 5314: 5282: 5281: 5277:San Diego County 5272: 5271: 5267:San Diego County 5249: 5242: 5235: 5178: 5177: 5155: 5148: 5141: 4925: 4924: 4802: 4801: 4744: 4743: 4713: 4712: 4672: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4559: 4558: 4483: 4482: 4444: 4443: 4418: 4417: 4192: 4191: 4151: 4150: 4087: 4086: 4006: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3756: 3755: 3415: 3414: 3059: 3058: 2983: 2982: 2922: 2921: 2881: 2880: 2852: 2851: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2786: 2779: 2772: 2614: 2613: 2576:Court of appeals 2572: 2571: 2440: 2439: 2317: 2316: 2279: 2278: 2218: 2217: 2157: 2156: 2096: 2095: 2035: 2034: 1944: 1943: 1857:Attorney general 1853: 1852: 1732: 1731: 1454: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1439:State government 1421: 1414: 1407: 782: 781: 405: 404: 68: 67: 64: 63: 51: 50: 37: 36: 21: 11521: 11520: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11511: 11510: 11466: 11465: 11431: 11413: 11408: 11343: 11285:Art in America, 11251: 11249:Further reading 11241: 11225: 11220: 11211: 11209: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11181: 11180: 11176: 11167: 11165: 11155: 11151: 11141: 11139: 11131: 11130: 11126: 11113: 11112: 11108: 11099: 11097: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11074: 11072: 11064: 11063: 11059: 11050: 11048: 11039: 11038: 11034: 11029:. 9 March 2020. 11025: 11024: 11020: 11011: 11009: 11000: 10999: 10995: 10980: 10976: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10943: 10939: 10930: 10928: 10918: 10914: 10898: 10892: 10888: 10879: 10878: 10874: 10863: 10859: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10807: 10803: 10802: 10798: 10793: 10789: 10784: 10780: 10775: 10771: 10766: 10762: 10757: 10753: 10749:Prop. 218, § 1. 10748: 10744: 10735: 10733: 10725: 10724: 10720: 10711: 10709: 10702: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10684: 10682: 10674: 10673: 10669: 10660: 10658: 10649: 10648: 10644: 10636: 10634: 10623: 10622: 10618: 10609: 10607: 10605:Chicago Tribune 10597: 10593: 10584: 10582: 10574: 10573: 10569: 10560: 10558: 10543: 10534: 10525: 10523: 10515: 10514: 10510: 10501: 10499: 10491: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10473: 10471: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10445: 10444: 10440: 10427: 10426: 10422: 10413: 10411: 10401: 10397: 10388: 10386: 10376: 10372: 10363: 10361: 10353: 10352: 10345: 10336: 10334: 10324: 10317: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10291: 10285: 10274: 10243: 10239: 10230: 10228: 10213: 10212: 10208: 10199: 10197: 10182: 10173: 10163: 10161: 10153: 10152: 10148: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10126: 10115: 10107: 10103: 10094: 10092: 10081: 10080: 10076: 10068: 10062: 10049: 10038: 10034: 10025: 10023: 10008: 10004: 9999:Wayback Machine 9994: 9990: 9979: 9975: 9966: 9965: 9961: 9946: 9942: 9934: 9923: 9919: 9918: 9914: 9905: 9903: 9886: 9882: 9877: 9873: 9868: 9864: 9855: 9853: 9844: 9843: 9839: 9831: 9829: 9821: 9817: 9808: 9806: 9798: 9797: 9793: 9783: 9781: 9773: 9767: 9760: 9753: 9735: 9731: 9716: 9702: 9698: 9685: 9684: 9680: 9665: 9661: 9652: 9650: 9641: 9640: 9636: 9627: 9625: 9611: 9607: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9581: 9575: 9571: 9562: 9560: 9551: 9550: 9546: 9537: 9535: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9519: 9510: 9508: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9485: 9483: 9475: 9474: 9470: 9461: 9459: 9451: 9450: 9446: 9437: 9435: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9412: 9410: 9397: 9396: 9392: 9379: 9378: 9367: 9358: 9356: 9346: 9342: 9333: 9331: 9314: 9310: 9297: 9295: 9280: 9279: 9272: 9255: 9254: 9250: 9237: 9235: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9202: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9180: 9176: 9175: 9171: 9161: 9159: 9149: 9145: 9135: 9133: 9129: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9113: 9103: 9101: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9084: 9066: 9062: 9049: 9048: 9044: 9036: 9018: 9014: 9006: 8988: 8979: 8972: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8931: 8927: 8920: 8906: 8902: 8894: 8876: 8872: 8867: 8860: 8851: 8849: 8819: 8812: 8803: 8801: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8765: 8756: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8712: 8705: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8679: 8673: 8660: 8650: 8648: 8639: 8638: 8631: 8622: 8620: 8611: 8610: 8606: 8596: 8594: 8584: 8577: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8508: 8473: 8446: 8440: 8413: 8384: 8379: 8377:Recent attempts 8355: 8344:right to travel 8317: 8302: 8296: 8288: 8280:Right to Travel 8268: 8259:Proposition 193 8242: 8236: 8228: 8220: 8214: 8183: 8177: 8164: 8151: 8145: 8136: 8130: 8114: 8106: 8100: 8095: 8071:The Bay Citizen 8040: 8020: 7978:personal income 7942: 7937: 7919: 7904: 7884: 7879: 7832: 7827: 7789: 7772: 7755: 7743: 7731: 7718: 7699: 7672:The think tank 7648: 7611: 7606: 7516:Proposition 13 7506: 7442: 7426: 7383: 7374: 7343: 7309: 7290: 7282: 7262: 7253: 7245: 7235: 7232: 7220: 7215: 7188:taxpayer revolt 7122: 7086: 7084: 7079: 7078: 7069:Value added tax 7054:Kemp Commission 7016: 7012: 7002: 7001: 6962: 6952: 6951: 6847: 6808: 6779: 6778: 6773: 6423: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6296: 6286: 6285: 6280: 5762: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5313: 5303: 5280: 5269: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5175: 5165: 5164: 5159: 4923: 4913: 4800: 4790: 4742: 4732: 4670: 4659: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4557: 4547: 4447:Ballot measures 4190: 4180: 4090:Ballot measures 4004: 3993: 3983: 3982: 3977: 2806: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2608: 2570: 2560: 2315: 2305: 1452: 1441: 1431: 1430: 1425: 61: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11519: 11509: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11486:Property taxes 11483: 11478: 11464: 11463: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11425: 11419: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11406:External links 11404: 11403: 11402: 11384:(2): 173–210. 11369: 11358: 11347: 11341: 11320: 11302:(2): 105–150. 11291: 11288: 11281: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11239: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11218: 11194: 11174: 11157:Lempert, Sue. 11149: 11124: 11119:Tax Foundation 11106: 11081: 11057: 11032: 11018: 10993: 10974: 10956: 10937: 10912: 10886: 10872: 10857: 10831: 10813: 10796: 10787: 10778: 10769: 10760: 10751: 10742: 10718: 10691: 10667: 10642: 10616: 10591: 10567: 10532: 10508: 10480: 10456: 10438: 10420: 10395: 10370: 10343: 10315: 10272: 10237: 10206: 10171: 10146: 10124: 10101: 10074: 10047: 10032: 10002: 9988: 9973: 9959: 9940: 9912: 9880: 9871: 9862: 9837: 9815: 9791: 9758: 9751: 9729: 9714: 9696: 9678: 9659: 9634: 9605: 9569: 9544: 9517: 9492: 9468: 9444: 9419: 9390: 9387:on 2015-02-03. 9365: 9340: 9323:Tax Foundation 9308: 9290:. 2016-01-20. 9287:Tax Foundation 9270: 9267:on 2012-09-20. 9248: 9220: 9200: 9169: 9143: 9111: 9098:"Property Tax" 9089: 9082: 9060: 9042: 9034: 9012: 9004: 8977: 8970: 8952: 8945: 8925: 8918: 8900: 8892: 8870: 8858: 8833:(2): 105–150. 8810: 8799:www.sco.ca.gov 8786: 8754: 8736: 8718: 8703: 8658: 8629: 8604: 8592:New York Times 8575: 8557: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8480: 8472: 8469: 8454:natural person 8442:Main article: 8439: 8436: 8412: 8409: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8354: 8351: 8337:Harry Blackmun 8316: 8310: 8300:AVJUHSD v. BOE 8298:Main article: 8295: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8267: 8264: 8255:Proposition 58 8238:Main article: 8235: 8232: 8227: 8224: 8216:Main article: 8213: 8210: 8179:Main article: 8176: 8173: 8163: 8160: 8147:Main article: 8144: 8141: 8132:Main article: 8129: 8126: 8113: 8110: 8102:Main article: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8059:Warren Buffett 8039: 8036: 8019: 8016: 7998:Proposition 30 7967:Proposition 98 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7918: 7915: 7903: 7900: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7803:Proponents of 7788: 7785: 7771: 7768: 7754: 7751: 7742: 7739: 7730: 7727: 7717: 7714: 7698: 7695: 7647: 7644: 7626:Tax Foundation 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7571: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7505: 7502: 7498:ad valorem tax 7441: 7438: 7425: 7422: 7382: 7379: 7373: 7370: 7342: 7339: 7308: 7305: 7289: 7286: 7281: 7278: 7261: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7244: 7241: 7230: 7225:ad valorem tax 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7176:property taxes 7145:property taxes 7129:Proposition 13 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7013: 7008: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6992:Land value tax 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6830: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6771: 6764: 6757: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6710: 6709: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6665: 6664: 6661:San Bernardino 6656: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6605: 6604: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6545: 6544: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6485: 6484: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6435: 6434: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6306: 6305: 6297: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6236: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6171: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6151: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6139: 6128: 6127: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6099: 6098: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 5998: 5997: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5957: 5956: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5776: 5775: 5763: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5644: 5643: 5633: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5598: 5597: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5322: 5321: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5288: 5270: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 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745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 412: 411: 401: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 393: 392: 387: 377: 376: 375: 370: 360: 359: 358: 353: 343: 342: 341: 336: 326: 325: 324: 319: 309: 308: 307: 302: 292: 291: 290: 285: 275: 274: 273: 268: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 75: 74: 72:U.S. President 62: 57: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 18:Proposition 13 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11518: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11383: 11379: 11375: 11370: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11342:9780521461597 11338: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11292: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11253: 11252: 11242: 11240:0-415-91991-6 11236: 11232: 11227: 11226: 11208: 11204: 11198: 11190: 11189: 11184: 11178: 11164: 11160: 11153: 11138: 11134: 11128: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11096:on 2018-11-27 11095: 11091: 11085: 11071: 11067: 11061: 11046: 11042: 11036: 11028: 11022: 11007: 11003: 10997: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10970: 10966: 10960: 10952: 10948: 10941: 10927: 10923: 10920:Levin, Matt. 10916: 10908: 10904: 10897: 10890: 10882: 10876: 10868: 10861: 10853: 10849: 10842: 10835: 10827: 10823: 10817: 10806: 10800: 10791: 10782: 10773: 10764: 10755: 10746: 10732: 10728: 10722: 10708: 10701: 10695: 10681: 10677: 10671: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10620: 10606: 10602: 10595: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10541: 10539: 10537: 10522: 10518: 10512: 10497: 10490: 10484: 10470: 10466: 10460: 10453:. 2021-08-01. 10452: 10448: 10442: 10434: 10430: 10424: 10410: 10406: 10399: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10360: 10356: 10350: 10348: 10333: 10329: 10322: 10320: 10301: 10297: 10290: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10241: 10227:on 2009-07-04 10226: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10210: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10114: 10113: 10105: 10090: 10089: 10088:The Economist 10084: 10078: 10067: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10043: 10040:Picker, Les. 10036: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10006: 10000: 9997: 9992: 9984: 9977: 9969: 9963: 9955: 9951: 9944: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9916: 9901: 9897: 9896: 9891: 9884: 9875: 9866: 9852:on 2008-07-20 9851: 9847: 9841: 9828: 9827: 9819: 9805: 9801: 9795: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9763: 9754: 9752:9780521461597 9748: 9744: 9740: 9733: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9715:9781843760115 9711: 9707: 9700: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9663: 9649:on 2014-03-02 9648: 9644: 9638: 9624:on 1997-01-10 9623: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9591: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9559:on 2011-07-17 9558: 9554: 9548: 9534: 9527: 9521: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9434:on 2019-12-23 9433: 9429: 9423: 9409:on 2019-10-11 9408: 9404: 9400: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9355: 9351: 9344: 9329: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9293: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9277: 9275: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9252: 9245: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9210: 9204: 9190:on 2015-09-24 9186: 9179: 9173: 9158: 9154: 9147: 9128: 9121: 9115: 9099: 9093: 9085: 9083:9780674868359 9079: 9074: 9073: 9064: 9057:. 1966-07-21. 9056: 9052: 9046: 9037: 9035:9780807779873 9031: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9007: 9005:9780807779873 9001: 8997: 8993: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8973: 8971:9780877724353 8967: 8963: 8956: 8948: 8946:9780520223677 8942: 8938: 8937: 8929: 8921: 8919:9780804731898 8915: 8911: 8904: 8895: 8893:9780807779873 8889: 8885: 8881: 8874: 8865: 8863: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8817: 8815: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8782: 8778: 8775:(3): 525–58. 8774: 8770: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8751: 8746: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8689: 8685: 8678: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8646: 8642: 8636: 8634: 8619:on 2008-07-19 8618: 8614: 8608: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8580: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8543: 8539: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8512: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8491: 8488: 8487:Massachusetts 8484: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8462: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8445: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8408: 8406: 8405:senate leader 8402: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8321: 8314: 8309: 8306: 8301: 8293: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253:by narrowing 8251: 8248:in 2018, the 8247: 8246:Proposition 5 8241: 8231: 8223: 8219: 8209: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8182: 8172: 8169: 8159: 8156: 8150: 8140: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8118: 8109: 8105: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8063: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8047: 8045: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8015: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8003: 7999: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7979: 7974: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7947: 7932: 7929: 7924: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7910:The Economist 7899: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7888:San Francisco 7874: 7872: 7867: 7864: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7851:In 1991, the 7849: 7847: 7843: 7838: 7821: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7784: 7782: 7776: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7750: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7726: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7706: 7704: 7694: 7692: 7691:real property 7688: 7684: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7654: 7643: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7627: 7622: 7620: 7615: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7519: 7510: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7486:Proposition 8 7481: 7477: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7454: 7453:Howard Jarvis 7446: 7437: 7435: 7434:Howard Jarvis 7431: 7421: 7418: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7401: 7398:In 1960, the 7396: 7393: 7389: 7378: 7369: 7367: 7366:Ronald Reagan 7363: 7359: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7320: 7319: 7314: 7304: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7285: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7257: 7248: 7240: 7229: 7226: 7210: 7208: 7204: 7199: 7197: 7193: 7192:Ronald Reagan 7189: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7150:Supreme Court 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7107: 7105: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7083: 7082: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7006: 7005: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6956: 6955: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6907:IRS tax forms 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6862:Corporate tax 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6805: 6800: 6798: 6793: 6791: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6770: 6765: 6763: 6758: 6756: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6419: 6418: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6394: 6392: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6289: 6277: 6272: 6270: 6265: 6263: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6111: 6110:2022 (recall) 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5968:2022 (recall) 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877:1983 (recall) 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5760:San Francisco 5756: 5755: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5731: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595:City attorney 5592: 5589: 5588: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5262: 5250: 5245: 5243: 5238: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5156: 5151: 5149: 5144: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4668: 4667:Orange County 4664: 4663: 4658: 4657:Orange County 4653: 4652: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4628: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422:City attorney 4419: 4416: 4415: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 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Retrieved 8591: 8569: 8560: 8551: 8542: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8509: 8458: 8449: 8447: 8433: 8429: 8414: 8385: 8356: 8348: 8341: 8332: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8304: 8303: 8291: 8271: 8269: 8243: 8229: 8221: 8206:charter city 8203: 8199: 8189:approved by 8184: 8165: 8152: 8137: 8119: 8115: 8107: 8076: 8069: 8066:Gavin Newsom 8064: 8048: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8021: 8005: 7995: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7962: 7959:Constitution 7943: 7920: 7908: 7905: 7885: 7868: 7856: 7850: 7837:parcel taxes 7833: 7819: 7813: 7802: 7790: 7781:rent control 7777: 7773: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7744: 7732: 7719: 7710:rent control 7707: 7700: 7685:, ITEP says 7671: 7658: 7649: 7631: 7623: 7616: 7612: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7545: 7540: 7482: 7478: 7451: 7427: 7413: 7397: 7384: 7375: 7358:conservatism 7354: 7346: 7344: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7323: 7316: 7310: 7301: 7294: 7291: 7283: 7265: 7263: 7254: 7246: 7237: 7222: 7200: 7185: 7181: 7173: 7153: 7132: 7128: 7127: 6972:Property tax 6714: 6713: 6704: 6669: 6668: 6659: 6609: 6608: 6599: 6549: 6548: 6539: 6489: 6488: 6479: 6439: 6438: 6429: 5641:City council 5563:2013–14 (sp) 5308: 5275: 4918: 4795: 4737: 4665: 4552: 4185: 3999: 2906: 2751: 2565: 2544: 2419: 2310: 1716: 1447: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1349: 766: 759: 752: 11362:Jack Citrin 11263:: 153–178. 11207:Ballotpedia 11142:18 November 10731:Ballotpedia 10680:Ballotpedia 10253:(2): 1–28. 10164:17 November 10139:17 November 9784:17 November 9162:December 9, 9136:December 9, 8651:October 21, 8371:Legislature 8086:Legislature 8082:Jerry Brown 7989:and by the 7928:impact fees 7923:sales taxes 7892:Los Angeles 7810:Jerry Brown 7666:progressive 7594:10,130,000 7575:Total votes 7315:rulings in 7152:in 1992 in 6892:Payroll tax 6431:Bakersfield 4187:Los Angeles 2312:Legislature 409:U.S. Senate 11470:Categories 11212:2024-07-10 11168:2018-09-07 11100:2018-11-07 11075:2019-12-20 11070:lao.ca.gov 11051:2019-12-20 11012:2019-12-20 10988:The Nation 10931:2019-12-23 10736:2019-12-20 10712:2019-12-23 10685:2019-12-20 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rail 7141:initiative 6947:Resistance 6887:Income tax 6872:Excise tax 6867:Estate tax 5173:Sacramento 4920:Costa Mesa 4554:Long Beach 2100:Controller 11398:148178213 11316:216440131 11277:155129127 10909:(2): 511. 10854:(2): 511. 10026:August 8, 9895:SF Weekly 9354:WalletHub 8847:216440131 8597:April 28, 8570:Governing 8361:, former 8077:In 2011, 7855:ruled in 7846:Sales tax 7639:WalletHub 7580:6,843,001 7541:4,280,689 7457:Paul Gann 7430:assessors 7411:system. 7228:counties. 6977:Sales tax 6601:Riverside 6126:Elections 5973:2022 (sp) 5927:2018 (sp) 5548:2005 (sp) 5518:1986 (sp) 5508:1983 (sp) 5310:San Diego 4929:Municipal 4534:2023 (sp) 4519:2019 (sp) 4486:Elections 4235:1909 (sp) 4154:Elections 3947:Full list 3760:2020–2029 3419:2010–2019 3305:98 and 99 3063:2000–2009 2987:1990–1999 2926:1980–1989 2885:1970–1979 2855:1960–1969 2816:1910–1919 2567:Judiciary 2039:Treasurer 1449:Executive 10631:archived 10555:Archived 10496:Edsource 10300:Archived 10267:42725329 10194:Archived 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428:1852 sp 11396: 11339: 11314: 11275: 11237: 10951:SFGATE 10265: 10122: 9749: 9722: 9712: 9080: 9032: 9002: 8968: 8943: 8916: 8890: 8845: 8748:, 8518: 8514: 8485:, the 8315:(1992) 8294:(1978) 7597:67.5% 7585:100.00 7524:Votes 7390:, and 6481:Fresno 4797:Irvine 2527:2021 ( 2321:Senate 1220:5th sp 1155:5th sp 11429:Other 11394:S2CID 11312:S2CID 11273:S2CID 10899:(PDF) 10844:(PDF) 10808:(PDF) 10703:(PDF) 10492:(PDF) 10469:Ed100 10303:(PDF) 10292:(PDF) 10263:S2CID 10133:(PDF) 10116:(PDF) 10069:(PDF) 9935:(PDF) 9924:(PDF) 9774:(PDF) 9593:(PDF) 9582:(PDF) 9529:(PDF) 9188:(PDF) 9181:(PDF) 9130:(PDF) 9123:(PDF) 8843:S2CID 8691:(PDF) 8680:(PDF) 8506:Notes 7961:) in 7558:34.0 7160: 7024:9–9–9 6932:Court 6303:Mayor 6238:2022 6218:2012 6198:2010 6173:2008 6153:2006 6133:2004 5773:Mayor 5319:Mayor 5182:Mayor 4806:Mayor 4748:Mayor 4563:Mayor 4464:2017 4454:1986 4196:Mayor 4132:2016 4117:2012 4107:2008 4097:1980 3878:2024 3838:2022 3768:2020 3682:2018 3587:2016 3542:2014 3502:2012 3427:2010 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1978 California Proposition 13

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