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but no one ever did. The season concluded on 19 December. At the conclusion of the season there were no play-offs (that innovation, although New York's regional league had used it, did not arrive until 1933) and it took more than four months before the league even bothered to crown a champion. Much as college football did for decades, the APFA determined its victor by ballot. On 30 April 1921, team representatives voted the Akron Pros, which completed the season undefeated with eight wins and three ties while yielding only a total of seven points, the champion in spite of protests by the one-loss teams in
Decatur and Buffalo, who each had tied Akron and had more wins, thanks in part to Akron's owner presiding over the meeting. The victors received a silver loving cup donated by sporting goods company Brunswick-Balke-Collender. While players were not given diamond-encrusted rings, they did receive golden fobs in the shape of a football inscribed with the words "World Champions." The whereabouts of the
135:
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Widespread gender discrepancies hamper the support and appreciation of female athletes in professional sports. Female athletes struggle to obtain the same degree of visibility and sponsorship opportunities as male athletes, whose accomplishments frequently dominate mainstream sports coverage. According to Cheryl Cooky's TEDx talk, a professor in
American studies, gender, and sexuality at Purdue University, the marginalization of female athletes in mainstream sports media and sponsorship opportunities is nothing new. According to Cooky, female athletes need more visibility to ensure their access to necessary resources and financial security, which has an impact on their professional development.
558:. The CFL, despite losing all games in a series of contests against the NFL, was considered to be at least comparable in talent to the American leagues of the 1960s (its lone game against an AFL squad was a victory). Because Canada has a tenth of the population of the United States, the ability to make money from television was much lower, and although some of the cities of Canada were comparable to the major markets of the U.S., teams in places such as Saskatchewan and Hamilton were in markets quite small compared to even the small markets of the NFL, thus the CFL pays significantly less than other major professional leagues, though enough to be considered fully professional.
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330:(recognized as a major league in 1903) were established as the dominant leagues by the early 20th century. The most victorious team in each league was said to have won the "pennant;" the two pennant winners met after the end of the regular season in the World Series. The winner of at least four games (out of a possible seven) was the champion for that year. This arrangement still holds today, although the leagues are now subdivided and pennants are decided in post-season playoff series between the winners of each division.
762:, which successfully broke the NHL's reserve clause in court, drove up professional hockey salaries, and continued to pressure the older league into expansion. The WHA merged four of its remaining teams into the NHL in 1979, but had to give up most of its players, as they were still under NHL contract and had to return to their original teams. The NHL made its last pronounced realignment in the 1990s, moving most of the WHA teams out of their markets and establishing a number of new teams in the southern United States.
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857:. The tension between the two sporting practices and ideals dates from the inception of modern organized sports in the 19th century. The high political and financial stakes involved in sport have ensured that this tension has remained strong. Professional sporting organizations have often developed as "rebel" organizations in relation to established national and international federation, for example the schism which created the code of rugby league.
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706:, U.S. in the first decade of the 20th century. Because Canadians made up the vast majority of hockey players, early American professional leagues imported almost all of their players before Canadian leagues began to form in the wake of a mining boom, depriving the U.S. leagues and teams of talented players. Two distinct circuits formed: the
455:, has remained the predominant professional American football league in the United States, and, effectively, the entire world. The evolution from a haphazard collection of teams in big and small cities to the much more rigid structure it is in the present was gradual. With most of the small-market teams except the
860:
Arguments against amateurism often appeal to the argument that amateurism in sport favors the classes who can afford not to be paid to play, and is thus a covert form of prejudice against lower classes. Another argument is that amateur players are often de facto professionals who retain their amateur
439:
The inaugural season was a struggle. Games received little attention from the fans, and even less from the press. According to Robert W. Peterson's book "Pigskin: The Early Years of Pro
Football," APFA games averaged crowds of 4,241. The association bylaws called for teams to pay a US$ 100 entry fee,
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can afford to make sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to modern levels of achievement. This proficiency has also helped boost the popularity of sports. In most sports played professionally there are many more amateur
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was the first player signed under its provisions. When the rule was instituted, each team had one "Designated Player" slot with a salary cap charge of $ 400,000, but no limit on actual salary paid. Since then, the number of
Designated Players per team has increased to three, with each counting for $
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cities were the only cities with NHL franchises from 1935 to 1967. During this time, the NHL was both stagnant and restrictive in its policies, giving teams territorial advantages, having teams with multiple owners in the same family (thus allowing the best players to be stacked onto certain teams),
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The legacy of two APFA franchises continues. The Racine
Cardinals now play in Arizona, and the Decatur Staleys moved to Chicago in 1921 and changed their name to the Bears the following year. Ten APFA players along with Carr are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, set up in 1963 not far from
364:
Starting in the late 1950s, major league baseball expanded its geographical range. Western cities acquired teams, either by luring them to move from eastern cities or by forming expansion teams with players made available by established teams. Until the 1970s, because of strict contracts, the owners
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with a $ 127 million annual income. In association football, the average wage for women worldwide is $ 35,000, while for men it is $ 410,730. Attendances in women's leagues also tend to be lower than in men's, and there are fewer corporate sponsors, as well as less money from broadcasting rights.
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530,000 of cap room in 2019. The league's average salary was about $ 283,000 per year in 2015, but the median salary was then closer to $ 110,000. MLS' minimum player salary in 2019 is $ 70,250 for most players, and for players on the reserve roster (slots #25-28) the minimum salary is $ 56,250.
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receiving an average salary of £2 million in that season. Premier League salaries have boomed in more recent years thanks to massive television deals and wealthy new investors in clubs. Terry's and
Gerrard's 2010–11 salaries would not have placed them among the top 25 earners in 2017–18. In that
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in 1920. By 1920, pro football remained overshadowed by the college game. The first game involving an APFA team took place on 26 September 1920, at
Douglas Park in Rock Island, Illinois, as the hometown Independents flattened the St. Paul Ideals 48–0. The first head-to-head battles in the league
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carried equipment, wrote press releases, sold tickets, taped ankles, played and coached for the
Decatur club. As opposed to today's standard 17-game schedule, clubs in 1920 scheduled their own opponents and could play non-league and even college squads that counted toward their records. With no
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Professional basketball has the advantages of much smaller rosters than other professional sports, allowing the sport to be viable in smaller cities than other sports. Professional basketball leagues of varying caliber can be found around the world, especially in Europe and South
America.
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Women tend to earn considerably less than men in such sports as basketball, golf, football (soccer), softball and baseball. The exception is tennis where women tend to have salaries comparable to those of their male counterparts. The highest-paid female athlete in 2019 was
381:(NPB) also developed in Japan. Founded in 1934, the league emerged as an international force after World War II. NPB is considered to be the highest caliber of baseball outside the U.S. major leagues, and the best Japanese players often emigrate to the U.S. by way of the
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in the U.S. and Canada was $ 20,000 ($ 156,915 inflation-adjusted). By 2005, the average salary had increased to $ 2,632,655 ($ 4,107,103 inflation-adjusted) and the minimum salary was $ 316,000 (adjusted: $ 492,979). In 2012 the average MLB salary was $ 3,440,000, the
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was established in 1936, and schedules were standardized in the 1930s. A competing league has historically arisen to attempt to challenge the NFL's dominance every 10 to 15 years, but none managed to maintain long-term operations independent of the NFL and only two—the
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809:, is fully professional and has some teams outside Russia, to the point where it has the resources to sign NHL veterans. Other European countries including Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, and Austria have prominent professional leagues.
1151:, who at the end of the 2011–12 season was expected to receive a total salary of RUB 900.2 million (£35.7 million) after income tax, making Eto'o the second highest-earning athlete in the world and the highest-paid footballer in the world followed by
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within certain limits, free to sell their services to any team. The resulting bidding wars led to players becoming increasingly wealthy. Disputes between the players' union and the owners have at times halted baseball for months at a time (e.g.,
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in the 1930s and Canada's entry into World War II, greatly reducing the league's player pool, led to the league's retrenchment to six markets: Boston, New York City, Chicago and
Detroit in the U.S., and Toronto and Montreal in Canada. These
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In 1871, the first professional baseball league was created. By the beginning of the 20th century, most large cities in the eastern United States had a professional baseball team. After several leagues came and went in the 19th century, the
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soon after retiring, due to a combination of bad investments, careless spending, and a lack of non-athletic skills. The wear and tear of a career in professional sport, can cause physical and mental side effects (such as
1050:, a condition that has seen a massive rise in public awareness in the 2010s) that can harm a former professional athlete's employability. In the United States, some of these problems are mitigated by the fact that the
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was strictly an amateur sport throughout the 19th and most of the 20th century. In 1995, the game's international administrators allowed professionals to participate for the first time. The related sport of
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769:(proven to be at least equal to or better than the NHL in the 1970s), was officially populated with ostensibly amateur players who were actually full-time sportspeople hired as regular workers of a company (
318:(1861–1865). First played on sandlots in particular, scoring and record-keeping gave baseball gravity. "Today," notes John Thorn in The Baseball Encyclopedia, "baseball without records is inconceivable."
924:, what they perceive to be a lack of conformity with the Methodistic doctrine of outward holiness in the players' and cheerleaders' "immodest" uniforms, its association with violence in opposition to
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Professional sportsmen can earn a great deal of money at the highest levels; for instance, in 2024 the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team is set to pay 70 million dollars to its highest-paid player,
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Outside the highest leagues, however, the money professional athletes can earn drops dramatically, as fan bases are generally smaller and there are no television revenues. For instance, while the
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was about €3.3 million (£2.5 million) for the 2010–11 season, up from €2.5 million in the 2009–2010 Bundesliga season. The highest-paid player for the 2010–11 Bundesliga season was
1010:'s teams can afford to pay their players millions of dollars each year and still maintain a significant profit, the second-highest American football league in the United States, the
946:, who belong to the Pietistic Lutheran tradition, likewise teach that "Competitive sports are not acceptable, but we should maintain fitness through various forms of exercise."
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instead of paying the league, making the league's business model unworkable. In the United States and Canada, most lower-end professional leagues run themselves as affiliated
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system ensures most professional athletes receive a college education with no student debt, a legacy that provides them with a career path after their sports career ends.
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receive salaries that come from corporate sponsors that advertise on their uniforms or around the sporting venue, as well as from the fans who pay money to attend the game
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was about €5 million for the 2010–2011 Serie A season, up from €1 million in the 2005–2006 Serie A season. The highest-paid player for the 2010–2011 Serie A season was
609:. The NBA was slower to establish dominance of the sport than other sports in the United States, as it would not do so until 1976, when it absorbed four teams from the
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1014:, consistently struggled to pay its bills and has continually lost money despite allotting its players only US$ 20,000 a year, and television networks made the league
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established guidelines, the number of games played—and the quality of opponents scheduled—by APFA teams varied, and the league did not maintain official standings.
1022:, effectively agreeing to develop younger players for eventual play in the major leagues in exchange for subsidizing those players' salaries; this is known as the
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was about £2.6 million in the 2017–18 season, compared with about £1.2 million in 2007–08 and £676,000 in 2006–07. Even as early as 2010–11, top players such as
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Professional athleticism has been a traditional object of criticism by proponents of the amateur philosophy of sport, according to which the central ethos of
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10.7 million (£1 million) for the 2011 season, up from ¥600,000 in the 2010 season. The highest-paid player for the 2011 Chinese Super League season was
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football, although their leagues' memberships were unstable, began to arise in the late 1930s and remained viable as a business model up into the 1970s.
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920:"). They also criticize professional sports for fostering a commitment that competes with a Christian's primary commitment to God in opposition to
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1079:$ 1,970,982 (this is a mean that covers both starting quarterbacks and backups; starters regularly draw salaries of over $ 30,000,000 as of 2024)
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American football (commonly known as football in the United States) was professionalized in the 1890s as a slow, and initially covert, process;
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hockey team for their workers. In other words, all Soviet hockey players were de facto professionals who circumvented the amateur rules of the
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Forward passes were rare, coaching from the sidelines was prohibited and players competed on both offense and defense. Money was so tight that
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evolved directly out of rugby union's opposition to player payments; it has allowed professionalism in its game since its inception in 1895.
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who received an annual salary of ¥67.4 million ($ 10.5 million) after income tax, putting him among the highest-paid players in the world.
982:. The top ten tennis players make about $ 3 million a year on average. Much of the growth in income for sports and athletes has come from
349:(balls that cannot be played because they have been hit out of the field). One of the most noteworthy players was the Brooklyn Dodgers'
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performed for its own sake and pure enjoyment rather than as a means of earning a living. Examples of amateur philosophy include the
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early in the sport's history. As college football heavily restricted the rights of its teams to broadcast games (a policy eventually
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were accepted into the NFL in 1970); the NFL expanded coast-to-coast, the first of the four major leagues to do so, in 1946 with the
2011:
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1591:"The Birth of the National Football League." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 14 December 2014. Web. 15 December 2014. <
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Europe, Japan, Mexico also have American football leagues of varying levels that sign professional players. The top leagues are the
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salary was $ 1,075,000, and the minimum salary had grown to four times the inflation-adjusted average salary in 1970 ($ 480,000).
758:, beginning a period of expansion that lasted through much of the 1970s. The last major challenger to the NHL's dominance was the
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By 1926, the NHL had expanded to ten teams in Canada and the northeastern and midwestern United States. However, the onset of the
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1545:"The Birth of the National Football League." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 14 December 2014. Web. 15 December 2014.
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1301:(£20.9 million). The Premier League's two Manchester clubs had the highest average salaries in 2017–18, with players for both
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countries were populated with amateur players who were actually full-time athletes hired as regular workers of a company (
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543:; the restriction was softened in the early 1970s, by which point the NFL had secured broadcast deals with all of the
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1038:, in other words, able to pay their players a small sum, but not enough to cover the player's basic costs of living.
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of the 1960s—were strong enough to successfully compete against the league before the NFL subsumed their operations.
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In Europe, the introduction of professionalism varied widely, and the highest-caliber league on the continent, the
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in 2019, players earn an average of $ 101,444, and a median salary of $ 72,450, per week. The top-paid players in
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have brought larger audiences, so that sports organizations or teams can command large incomes. As a result, more
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is the world's second highest-paid player receiving a salary of £29.6 million (over US$ 45 million) a year after
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912:, oppose the viewing of or participation in professional sports, believing that professional sports leagues
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for their performance. Professionalism in sport has come to the fore through a combination of developments.
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Players in lower divisions make significantly less money. In 2006–07 the average salary of a player in the
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was €6.5 million for the 2010–2011 La Liga season, up from €5.5 million for the 2009–2010 La Liga season.
932:, and the frequent presence of alcohol and other drugs at sporting events that go against a commitment to
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emerged in a number of midwestern markets the NHL had neglected, in addition to a handful of small towns.
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of baseball teams also virtually owned the players; the rules then changed so that players could become
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2119:"Samuel Eto'o to become world's highest earning footballer if he passes medical with Anzhi Makhachkala"
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353:, who became the first African-American player in the major leagues in 1947; until then black players
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were the first to secretly accept payment for playing the game in 1892. Regional leagues in Chicago,
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Amid pressure from television networks that were threatening to offer the WHL a contract, the NHL
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who received a salary of €25.9 million after income tax and which also includes Ibrahimović's
928:, what they perceive to be the extensive use of profanity among many players that contravenes
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earned anywhere from $ 90,000 to $ 1,470,000 (when looking only at contract and match fees).
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movement that informed the promotion of sports in the English public school system, and the
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occurred one week later as Dayton topped Columbus 14-0 and Rock Island pasted Muncie 45–0.
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Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice : History, Culture, and Practice
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four years later; the NFL did not enter the Southern United States until admitting the
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List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises
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with Major League Baseball), Taiwan, Mexico, Latin America, and the Caribbean states.
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than professional players, though amateurs and professionals do not usually compete.
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titles. They are considered two of the best players of all time usually underneath
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2420:"The 25 highest-paid players in the English Premier League for the 2017-18 season"
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was invented in 1891 and the first professional leagues emerged in the 1920s. The
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from the late 1980s allowed smaller-scale professional football to be viable.
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could make up to £7 million per year with the players of Premier League club
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Sport & the Extreme Spectacle: Technological Dependence and Human Limits
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failed before, eventually, their current representatives took root (though
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Independent.co.uk The average salary of a Premiership footballer in 2006
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in that season. Ibrahimović was signed to his 2019 contract under MLS'
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was eventually professionalized by the 1950s with the evolution of the
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213: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2149:"Samuel Eto'o in £21.8m move from Internazionale to Anzhi Makhachkala"
1912:"Diana Taurasi's decision to sit out should spark WNBA salary changes"
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with a $ 29.2 million annual income; the highest-paid male player was
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major league of the western states and provinces, and the second-tier
577:. There are over 60 countries that have leagues throughout the world.
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the Canton automobile dealership that gave birth to the NFL in 1920.
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PDF Reverend Robert S. de Courcy Laffan Coubertin's 'Man' in England
2273:"I calciatori? Sempre meno ricchi Solo un milionario su cinque in A"
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in 1984), the NFL instead allowed games to be televised nationwide,
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had coalesced in the 1900s and 1910s, most of which gave way to the
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2345:"Premier League average weekly wage passes £50,000, says new study"
1776:. Americana: An Institute for American Studies and Creative Writing
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as in the modern era some associations hold games on Sundays (the "
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status by earning allowances instead of salaries. For example, all
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of central Canada, both of which competed for the then-independent
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The Female Athlete: Missing in Action | Cheryl Cooky | TEDxPurdueU
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season, more than 20 players earned more than £10 million, led by
27:
Sports in which participants receive payment for their performance
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Unpaid player salaries add to uncertainty for Mountain Lions, UFL
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2513:"Snapshots And Comparisons Of 2015 Major League Soccer Salaries"
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was established in 1946 and three years later became the modern
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in 1917, and the West Coast circuit died out by the mid-1920s.
2533:"Baseball History in 2005 American League by Baseball Almanac"
1733:"PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES, CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY"
1034:. Otherwise, the league may be required to classify itself as
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958:. Per Forbes 2021 ranking, the highest-paid athletes include
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636:. Michael Jordan also gained the NBA views with carrying the
2447:. Major League Soccer Players Association. 13 September 2019
1250:, the average salary for the players of Lionel Messi's club
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889:) that sponsored what would be presented as an after-hours
793:) that sponsored what would be presented as an after-hours
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Basketball mainly became popular in the early 1980s when
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titles and became a national hero on the strength of his
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Checks on the way, UFL commissioner tells unpaid players
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MALE AND FEMALE ATHLETE SALARIES
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who received a salary of €6.3 million after income tax.
2478:. Soccernet.espn.com (ESPN). Retrieved 6 December 2011.
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Davey Becks no longer the world's best paid footballer
1954:
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805:. The modern-day descendant of the Soviet league, the
739:. This stagnation allowed other leagues to arise: the
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A major factor in the NFL's rise to dominance was its
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in western Canada and the northwestern U.S., and the
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Male vs Female Professional Sports Salary Comparison
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Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God
1523:. The U.S. Department of State via factmonster.com.
1316:
pyramid) made £195,750 while the average salary for
463:, multiple attempts at teams in the major cities of
2315:
2313:
377:A prominent professional baseball circuit known as
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2179:"Russian club close the deal to sign Samuel Eto'o"
1815:"The Kingdom of God, the Fellowship of the Saints"
1506:
1072:average annual salaries by position in 2009 were:
936:. Professional sports has been criticized for the
2418:Wiggins, Brandon; Gaines, Cork (15 August 2018).
2359:
1961:"Agent: Three UFL players haven't been paid yet,"
1305:and Manchester City averaging over £5.2 million.
3266:
2310:
2243:"Ribery is best paid player in Bundesliga: Bild"
1427:Professional sports leagues in the United States
828:
628:joined the NBA and lead their teams to multiple
1767:
1765:
1763:
1452:
256:deal primarily with USA and do not represent a
2559:"Baseball's average salary goes up to $ 3.44M"
2469:Soccernet.espn.com MLS' Designated Player Rule
2329:. sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
1812:
1618:
1616:
1276:The average salary of a player in the English
735:and restricting its players' salaries through
677:played professional cricket in Britain. After
2665:
2417:
1793:
1791:
444:, only given out that one time, are unknown.
254:The examples and perspective in this section
2307:. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
1760:
990:is valued at nearly US$ 5 billion per year.
1909:
1613:
1594:"The Birth of the National Football League"
1575:"The Birth of the National Football League"
1548:"The Birth of the National Football League"
853:, a force behind the revival of the modern
665:with members of the Indian team during the
459:squeezed out of the NFL by the time of the
333:Baseball became popular in the 1920s, when
2672:
2658:
2506:
2464:
2462:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2294:World's top 10 highest paid soccer players
1788:
1668:"How the Russians break the Olympic rules"
1139:The highest-paid player for the 2011–2012
483:proved particularly problematic until the
425:American Professional Football Association
272:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1134:
288:Learn how and when to remove this message
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1802:. Immanuel Missionary Church. p. 4.
1771:
1647:
1622:
1261:
657:
133:
2492:"MLS Roster Rules and Regulations 2019"
2459:
2332:
2089:"Conca Smashes Chinese Transfer Record"
1774:"How the NFL Domesticated Christianity"
1447:Professional sports league organization
1324:(tiers 3 and 4) combined were £49,600.
1106:
1102:Professionalism in association football
1095:
899:
138:Professional athletes like footballers
14:
3267:
2569:from the original on 24 September 2015
1876:. Associated Press. 14 December 2011.
1797:
1716:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1327:
1057:
673:In the 1920s some cricketers from the
2653:
2539:from the original on 5 September 2015
2189:from the original on 17 December 2011
1880:from the original on 15 December 2011
1527:from the original on 17 December 2014
718:. The NHA's teams reorganized as the
654:Amateur status in first-class cricket
2589:"GLOBAL SPORTS SALARIES SURVEY 2019"
2393:"Premier League salaries - Redirect"
2223:from the original on 31 October 2011
2209:"200 best-paying teams in the world"
1922:from the original on 7 November 2016
1739:from the original on 10 October 2017
1730:
1650:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro"
1600:from the original on 4 November 2014
1581:from the original on 4 November 2014
1554:from the original on 4 November 2014
1393:in 2017 across the (at the time) 10
1340:was the $ 14 million paid to former
392:
240:
211:adding citations to reliable sources
182:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2494:. Major League Soccer. 2 March 2018
2283:from the original on 18 April 2009.
2159:from the original on 24 August 2011
2129:from the original on 25 August 2011
1469:List of professional sports leagues
908:, which adheres to the position of
801:to retain their amateur status and
681:, professional cricketers from the
24:
1503:(PDF) Unpublished manuscript, 1998
1272:preparing to strike the ball, 2005
949:
25:
3311:
2638:
1983:Davidson, Joe (10 October 2012).
1257:
1043:experience financial difficulties
812:
603:Basketball Association of America
3248:
3239:
3238:
3226:
2249:. 21 August 2010. Archived from
1648:Washburn, J. N. (21 July 1974).
1521:"Baseball in America: A History"
1474:List of largest sports contracts
1064:Professional football (gridiron)
1048:chronic traumatic encephalopathy
1026:system and is most prevalent in
708:Pacific Coast Hockey Association
685:were enlisted in British teams.
245:
187:
34:
3249:
2617:"Who gets paid what in cricket"
2609:
2581:
2551:
2525:
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2279:(in Italian). 9 November 2006.
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2141:
2081:
2051:
2021:
2001:
1977:
1945:
1934:
1910:Fagan, Kate (4 February 2015).
1903:
1892:
1862:
1832:
1806:
1751:
1623:Nauright, John (6 April 2012).
1368:In 1970, the average salary in
988:television contract for the NFL
986:; for example, the most recent
799:International Olympic Committee
611:American Basketball Association
607:National Basketball Association
518:All-America Football Conference
451:The APFA, by 1922 known as the
198:needs additional citations for
45:needs additional citations for
1813:David Anderson (7 July 2007).
1724:
1678:
1660:
1641:
1567:
1539:
702:was first professionalized in
667:Indian tour of England in 1952
399:Professional gridiron football
13:
1:
2347:. BBC Sport. 27 November 2017
2095:. 3 July 2011. Archived from
1870:"NFL renews television deals"
1479:
1363:
1162:
829:Opposition to professionalism
688:
587:
442:Brunswick-Balke Collender Cup
2382:. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
1998:. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
1453:Lists of professional sports
1380:
1234:and which also includes the
940:that is associated with it.
640:to six titles in the 1990s.
541:except in a team's home city
379:Nippon Professional Baseball
7:
2018:. Retrieved 2 January 2011.
1464:List of professional sports
1442:Women's professional sports
1400:
1191:In the Italian top league,
1041:Many professional athletes
712:National Hockey Association
650:Cricket § Competitions
571:European League of Football
511:was established in 1933, a
300:
268:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3316:
2445:"2019 MLS Player Salaries"
1819:Laestadian Lutheran Church
1218:
1186:
1171:of a player in the German
1099:
1061:
1016:pay for television airtime
978:and wrestler-turned-actor
906:Wesleyan-Holiness movement
767:Soviet Championship League
692:
647:
643:
594:List of basketball leagues
591:
520:of the late 1940s and the
396:
304:
178:
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3010:
2965:
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2687:
2679:
1672:Christian Science Monitor
807:Kontinental Hockey League
545:major television networks
2822:Bodybuilding supplements
2596:Globalsportssalaries.com
2325:15 February 2013 at the
1798:Handel, Paul S. (2020).
1772:Glausser, Wayne (2020).
1627:. ABC-CLIO. p. 64.
1407:Semi-professional sports
1312:(the second tier of the
1008:National Football League
910:first-day Sabbatarianism
760:World Hockey Association
582:indoor American football
567:Austrian Football League
556:Canadian Football League
522:American Football League
453:National Football League
2522:, Forbes, 22 July 2015.
2374:28 October 2011 at the
2299:8 December 2011 at the
1990:13 October 2012 at the
1032:professional ice hockey
803:compete in the Olympics
756:doubled in size in 1967
695:Professional ice hockey
158:, participants receive
1417:High performance sport
1353:Designated Player Rule
1332:The highest salary in
1273:
1141:Russian Premier League
1135:Russian Premier League
1012:United Football League
894:team for their workers
749:American Hockey League
720:National Hockey League
670:
563:German Football League
387:its own posting system
326:(founded in 1876) and
314:originated before the
147:
2621:Thecricketmonthly.com
1840:"MLB Salary Rankings"
1391:international cricket
1387:Indian Premier League
1370:Major League Baseball
1347:, who played for the
1342:Swedish international
1265:
1028:professional baseball
891:social sports society
843:muscular Christianity
795:social sports society
741:Western Hockey League
661:
648:Further information:
550:The related sport of
533:embrace of television
372:1994–95 player strike
307:Professional baseball
137:
69:"Professional sports"
2247:Agence France-Presse
2029:"Sports illustrated"
2010:(30 December 2010).
1966:29 July 2013 at the
1698:on 19 September 2016
1395:Test cricket nations
1297:(£21.5 million) and
1290:Manchester City F.C.
1267:Liverpool Footballer
1129:Guangzhou Evergrande
1117:Chinese Super League
1107:Chinese Super League
1096:Association football
944:Laestadian Lutherans
900:Religious opposition
485:New England Patriots
409:Ben "Sport" Donnelly
266:improve this section
207:improve this article
54:improve this article
18:Professional athlete
3275:Professional sports
2518:25 May 2017 at the
2474:4 June 2011 at the
2253:on 4 September 2012
1972:The Virginian-Pilot
1334:Major League Soccer
1328:Major League Soccer
1115:of a player in the
984:broadcasting rights
914:profane the Sabbath
877:) or organization (
851:Pierre de Coubertin
781:) or organization (
683:Indian subcontinent
537:ruled to be illegal
493:San Francisco 49ers
355:had been restricted
152:professional sports
2839:Physical education
2185:. 23 August 2011.
2155:. 23 August 2011.
2125:. 24 August 2011.
1757:Coffey, p. 59
1654:The New York Times
1345:Zlatan Ibrahimović
1274:
1201:Zlatan Ibrahimović
1157:Zlatan Ibrahimović
922:1 Corinthians 7:35
904:Christians in the
671:
663:Queen Elizabeth II
505:New Orleans Saints
405:Pudge Heffelfinger
316:American Civil War
148:
3262:
3261:
3233:Sports portal
2844:Physical activity
2790:Athletic training
2773:Strength training
2725:Semi-professional
2399:on 9 October 2015
2219:. 20 April 2011.
2008:La Canfora, Jason
1634:978-1-59884-301-9
1303:Manchester United
1246:. In the Spanish
1149:Anzhi Makhachkala
1058:American football
1036:semi-professional
960:Cristiano Ronaldo
930:Colossians 3:8–10
867:aircraft industry
771:aircraft industry
552:Canadian football
509:championship game
491:and admitted the
475:, Cleveland, and
457:Green Bay Packers
393:American football
298:
297:
290:
239:
238:
231:
140:Cristiano Ronaldo
130:
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16:(Redirected from
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2877:Governing bodies
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2565:. 5 April 2012.
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2424:Business Insider
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2395:. Archived from
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2065:. Archived from
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2039:on 16 April 2014
2035:. Archived from
2025:
2019:
2005:
1999:
1981:
1975:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
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1890:
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1887:
1885:
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1857:
1855:
1850:on 22 March 2024
1846:. Archived from
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1691:. Archived from
1690:
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1674:. 15 April 1980.
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1314:English football
1089:Defensive tackle
887:Soviet Air Force
875:tractor industry
791:Soviet Air Force
779:tractor industry
743:soon became the
727:Great Depression
507:in the 1960s. A
489:Los Angeles Rams
461:Great Depression
339:New York Yankees
293:
286:
282:
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3108:Artificial turf
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2476:Wayback Machine
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2380:The Independent
2376:Wayback Machine
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2327:Wayback Machine
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2100:
2099:on 22 July 2011
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2072:
2070:
2059:"Sporting News"
2057:
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2052:
2042:
2040:
2027:
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2022:
2006:
2002:
1992:Wayback Machine
1982:
1978:
1974:, 10 March 2012
1968:Wayback Machine
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1686:"Archived copy"
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1221:
1189:
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1109:
1104:
1098:
1066:
1060:
996:Serena Williams
976:Serena Williams
952:
950:Sports salaries
902:
831:
815:
737:reserve clauses
697:
691:
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596:
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501:Atlanta Falcons
401:
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351:Jackie Robinson
328:American League
324:National League
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2093:ESPN Soccernet
2080:
2069:on 10 May 2017
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1286:Steven Gerrard
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1270:Steven Gerrard
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397:Main article:
394:
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383:posting system
305:Main article:
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260:of the subject
258:worldwide view
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3085:Sportsmanship
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3028:Entertainment
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2909:International
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2123:The Telegraph
2120:
2114:
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2068:
2064:
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2054:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1948:
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1937:
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1731:IIHF (2008).
1727:
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1357:David Beckham
1354:
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1181:Bayern Munich
1178:
1177:Franck Ribéry
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989:
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977:
973:
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956:Shohei Ohtani
947:
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864:
858:
856:
855:Olympic Games
852:
849:advocated by
848:
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836:
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686:
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680:
676:
668:
664:
660:
655:
651:
641:
639:
638:Chicago Bulls
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:Magic Johnson
618:
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359:Negro leagues
356:
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196:This section
194:
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132:
124:
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110:November 2015
102:
99:
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88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3224:
3023:Cheerleaders
2932:Broadcasting
2827:Sports drink
2795:Chriopractic
2753:Biomechanics
2720:Professional
2719:
2624:. Retrieved
2620:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2527:
2508:
2496:. Retrieved
2449:. Retrieved
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2423:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:the original
2387:
2349:. Retrieved
2289:
2276:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:the original
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2212:
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2182:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2152:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2122:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:the original
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:the original
2062:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2037:the original
2032:
2023:
2015:
2003:
1995:
1979:
1971:
1956:
1947:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1915:
1905:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1873:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:the original
1843:
1834:
1824:16 September
1822:. Retrieved
1808:
1799:
1778:. Retrieved
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1735:. IIHF.com.
1726:
1702:19 September
1700:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1643:
1624:
1602:. Retrieved
1583:. Retrieved
1569:
1556:. Retrieved
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1498:
1384:
1367:
1331:
1310:Championship
1307:
1275:
1252:FC Barcelona
1244:endorsements
1228:FC Barcelona
1224:Lionel Messi
1222:
1213:endorsements
1190:
1167:The average
1166:
1153:Lionel Messi
1145:Samuel Eto'o
1138:
1111:The average
1110:
1083:Running back
1067:
1040:
1024:minor league
1005:
1000:Lionel Messi
992:
964:Lionel Messi
953:
942:
926:Hebrews 7:26
903:
871:food workers
863:Eastern bloc
859:
832:
823:rugby league
816:
775:food workers
764:
753:
744:
732:Original Six
724:
698:
679:World War II
672:
619:
615:
597:
580:The rise of
579:
560:
549:
530:
526:Minor league
477:Philadelphia
450:
446:
438:
433:George Halas
430:
413:Pennsylvania
402:
376:
363:
343:World Series
332:
320:
310:
284:
275:
255:
225:
216:
205:Please help
200:verification
197:
172:sportspeople
151:
149:
144:Lionel Messi
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3128:Flying disc
3043:Memorabilia
2952:Sponsorship
2626:30 November
2257:26 December
2227:26 December
2193:26 December
2163:26 December
2133:26 December
2103:26 December
1884:14 December
1531:14 December
1238:of Messi's
1143:season was
1125:Dario Conca
1119:was about
1091:$ 1,223,925
1077:Quarterback
972:Tiger Woods
968:Naomi Osaka
934:teetotalism
839:competition
818:Rugby union
716:Stanley Cup
367:free agents
341:to several
3269:Categories
3166:Regulation
3156:Ministries
3151:Sports law
3133:Sportswear
3070:Philosophy
2980:Journalism
2892:Postseason
2810:Psychology
2805:Physicians
2768:Physiology
2710:Parasports
2695:Individual
2563:CBS Sports
2498:24 October
2451:24 October
2305:Fox Sports
1926:6 November
1604:8 December
1585:8 December
1558:8 December
1497:Andy Miah
1480:References
1437:Team sport
1432:Salary cap
1322:League Two
1318:League One
1299:Mesut Özil
1282:John Terry
1205:A.C. Milan
1173:Bundesliga
1163:Bundesliga
1020:farm teams
918:Lord's Day
704:Pittsburgh
700:Ice hockey
689:Ice hockey
626:Larry Bird
599:Basketball
592:See also:
588:Basketball
569:, the new
465:Washington
219:April 2016
164:Mass media
80:newspapers
3187:Australia
3100:Equipment
3075:Rivalries
3060:Numbering
3053:Nicknames
3002:Promoters
2985:Magazines
2947:Marketing
2937:Economics
2856:Sociology
2817:Nutrition
2573:16 August
2543:16 August
2429:25 August
2403:16 August
2351:25 August
2183:BBC Sport
1743:25 August
1349:LA Galaxy
1085:$ 957,360
675:Caribbean
347:home runs
335:Babe Ruth
278:July 2020
270:talk page
3244:Category
3143:Politics
3123:Exercise
3090:Violence
2990:Podcasts
2942:Industry
2919:Business
2834:Pedagogy
2785:Medicine
2758:Practice
2748:Exercise
2567:Archived
2537:Archived
2516:Archived
2472:Archived
2372:Archived
2323:Archived
2297:Archived
2281:Archived
2221:Archived
2187:Archived
2157:Archived
2153:Guardian
2127:Archived
1988:Archived
1964:Archived
1920:Archived
1878:Archived
1854:23 March
1737:Archived
1712:cite web
1598:Archived
1579:Archived
1552:Archived
1525:Archived
1401:See also
1364:Baseball
980:The Rock
938:gambling
883:Red Army
847:Olympism
787:Red Army
745:de facto
575:X-League
573:and the
469:New York
421:New York
337:led the
312:Baseball
301:Baseball
264:You may
3254:Outline
3207:Oceania
3038:History
3018:Betting
3011:Culture
2882:Leagues
2740:Science
2730:Amateur
2601:5 March
2063:msn.com
2016:NFL.com
1844:Spotrac
1780:15 July
1385:In the
1381:Cricket
1248:La Liga
1240:bonuses
1236:incomes
1219:La Liga
1209:bonuses
1193:Serie A
1187:Serie A
1068:In the
644:Cricket
473:Detroit
357:to the
179:History
168:leisure
160:payment
94:scholar
3197:Europe
3182:Africa
3118:Caving
3048:Naming
2927:Agents
2899:School
2887:Season
2800:Injury
2780:Doping
1631:
1422:Pro–am
1375:median
1197:salary
1169:salary
1113:salary
652:, and
481:Boston
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3113:Balls
2995:Radio
2957:Trade
2904:Teams
2872:Clubs
2715:Women
2688:Types
2681:Sport
2592:(PDF)
2073:7 May
2043:7 May
1970:from
1696:(PDF)
1689:(PDF)
1610:>.
1564:>.
835:sport
513:draft
101:JSTOR
87:books
3192:Asia
2700:Team
2628:2020
2603:2022
2575:2015
2545:2015
2500:2019
2453:2019
2431:2018
2405:2015
2353:2018
2259:2011
2229:2011
2217:ESPN
2213:ESPN
2195:2011
2165:2011
2135:2011
2105:2011
2075:2018
2045:2018
1928:2016
1916:ESPN
1886:2011
1874:ESPN
1856:2024
1826:2021
1782:2021
1745:2017
1718:link
1704:2016
1629:ISBN
1606:2014
1587:2014
1560:2014
1533:2014
1338:2019
1320:and
1284:and
1242:and
1211:and
1155:and
1030:and
624:and
503:and
419:and
417:Ohio
407:and
142:and
73:news
3033:Fan
2033:CNN
1336:in
1226:of
1203:of
1179:of
1147:of
1127:of
1070:NFL
879:KGB
837:is
783:KGB
630:NBA
374:).
209:by
150:In
56:by
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