492:. Although Congress has determined the amount of the tax to be assessed, it has delegated to the IRS the authority to determine how such taxes are to be collected. The nondelegation doctrine has been used in such cases to argue against the constitutionality of expanding bureaucratic power. Some scholars argue the nondelegation doctrine has proven popular in state courts, but with two exceptions in 1935, legal scholars argue that the doctrine is not evident in federal courts. This trend began to reverse due to the views of Chief Justice John Roberts, who joined Justice Gorsuch's dissenting opinion in
524:
no Body else can say other Men shall make Laws for them; nor can the people be bound by any Laws but such as are
Enacted by those, whom they have Chosen, and Authorised to make Laws for them. The power of the Legislative being derived from the People by a positive voluntary Grant and Institution, can be no other, than what the positive Grant conveyed, which being only to make Laws, and not to make Legislators, the Legislative can have no power to transfer their Authority of making laws, and place it in other hands.
5804:
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449:'In determining what Congress may do in seeking assistance from another branch, the extent and character of that assistance must be fixed according to common sense and the inherent necessities of the government co-ordination.' So long as Congress 'shall lay down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to is directed to conform, such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation of legislative power.
599:(1935), the Supreme Court considered a provision which permitted the President to approve trade codes, drafted by the businesses themselves, so as to ensure "fair competition." The Supreme Court found that, since the law sets no explicit guidelines, businesses "may roam at will and the President may approve or disapprove their proposal as he may see fit." Thus, they struck down the relevant provisions of the Recovery Act.
1751:. The dock labour board had to receive reports from employers and investigate them, they had to inquire whether the accused was guilty of misconduct, and they had to decide the appropriate disciplinary action to take. And as "o judicial tribunal can delegate its functions unless it is enabled to do so expressly or by necessary implication", the delegation of the disciplinary powers was held to be unlawful.
356:. It is usually applied in questions of constitutionally improper delegations of powers of any of the three branches of government to either of the other, to the administrative state, or to private entities. Although it is usually constitutional for executive officials to delegate executive powers to executive branch subordinates, there can also be improper delegations of powers within an executive branch.
1426:, which ordinarily requires courts to defer to an agency's interpretation of a statute it enforces, so long as the statute is ambiguous and the agency's interpretation is reasonable. However, it goes further than just negating deference to the agency. Even if the most reasonable interpretation of the statute allows the agency to take an action, it will not be enough unless that delegation of authority is
502:, the Court upheld a provision of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, authorizing the attorney general “to prescribe rules” concerning offenders who would have to register as sex offenders. However, Gorsuch argued that the statutory provision violated the nondelegation doctrine because it was not one of three exceptions to the nondelegation doctrine.
1415:
The major questions doctrine is another doctrine that restricts
Congressional delegation of legislative authority to agencies. It says that when a government agency seeks to decide an issue of "vast economic or political significance," a vague or general delegation of authority from Congress is not
523:
The
Legislative cannot transfer the Power of Making Laws to any other hands. For it being but a delegated Power from the People, they, who have it, cannot pass it over to others. ... And when the people have said, We will submit to rules, and be govern'd by Laws made by such Men, and in such Forms,
388:
does not permit the federal
Parliament or government to delegate its powers to state or territorial parliaments or governments, nor territorial parliaments or governments to delegate their powers to the federal Parliament or government, but does permit a state parliaments delegate its powers to the
617:
Applying this "intelligible principle" test to congressional delegations, our jurisprudence has been driven by a practical understanding that in our increasingly complex society, replete with ever changing and more technical problems, Congress simply cannot do its job absent an ability to delegate
543:
conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details." In
1764:
English courts have made a distinction between seeking consultation and the delegation of powers, the former of which is deemed to be permissible as decision making does not happen within an "institutional bubble". The important factor in deciding whether a public body is seeking consultation or
548:, 143 U.S. 649, noted "That congress cannot delegate legislative power to the president is a principle universally recognized as vital to the integrity and maintenance of the system of government ordained by the constitution" while holding that the tariff-setting authority delegated in the
1661:
942:
648:, which sets forth the formalities governing the passage of legislation. Although the Court noted that the attorneys prosecuting the case had extensively discussed the nondelegation doctrine, the Court declined to consider that question. However, Justice
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1780:
618:
power under broad general directives. Accordingly, this Court has deemed it "constitutionally sufficient" if
Congress clearly delineates the general policy, the public agency which is to apply it, and the boundaries of this delegated authority.
1804:. As part of the application process, institutions must make judgements whether they had an intention to study there. The Supreme Court rejected arguments that this was tantamount to the delegation of powers to sponsoring institutions.
1208:
1808:, in his judgment, noted that "a significant number of Tier 4 (General) migrants with a CAS are in fact refused leave to enter or remain on these grounds". This, according to the Supreme Court, showed that the Home Secretary
1075:
809:
2522:"The Role of Congress in Monitoring Administrative Rulemaking" − Testimony of Jerry Taylor, Cato Institute, before the Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law, Committee on the Judiciary, September 12, 1996.
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1037:
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1445:(2001), the Court stated that Congress "does not alter the fundamental details of a regulatory scheme in vague terms or ancillary provisions—it does not, one might say, hide elephants in mouseholes.”
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are presumed to only be exercisable by the body which is given those powers and can not be delegated. This is known as the "non-delegation principle" or the "presumption against delegation".
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484:, but it is up to the agency to assess risks and announce prohibitions on harmful additives, and to determine the process by which actions will be brought based on the same. Similarly, the
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1439:(2014), the Supreme Court explained that "We expect Congress to speak clearly if it wishes to assign to an agency decisions of vast 'economic and political significance.'" Similarly, in
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powers of the legislature. Further, they argue that the grant of power to the executive branch is never a transfer of legislative power but rather an exercise of legislative power.
340:) is the theory that one branch of government must not authorize another entity to exercise the power or function which it is constitutionally authorized to exercise itself. It is
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2541:"Hot Oil and Hot Air: The Development of the Nondelegation Doctrine through the New Deal, a History 1813-1944," Andrew J. Ziaja, 35 Hastings Const. L.Q. 921 (2008).
1797:
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Posner and
Vermeule in 2002 further argued that the restriction is only that the legislature cannot delegate the authority to vote on legislation or execute other
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143:
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held that the delegation of disciplinary powers originally granted to the London Dock Labour Board to the port manager was unlawful. In his judgment,
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17:
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1930:
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1985:
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319:
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case, however, the Court struck down the provision on the ground that
Congress had set "no criterion to govern the President's course."
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432:, cannot delegate that power to anyone else. The scope of this restriction has been the subject of dispute. The Supreme Court ruled in
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3304:
3274:
3060:
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3005:
1998:
Posner, Eric A., and Adrian
Vermeule. "Interring the nondelegation doctrine." The University of Chicago Law Review (2002): 1721-1762.
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exercised powers of final decision and therefore was merely consulting sponsoring institutions, not delegating her powers.
1765:
whether they have delegated those powers is examining whether the powers are ultimately at the hands of the decision-maker
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of
Congress that is constitutional so long as Congress provides an "intelligible principle" to guide the executive branch:
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principle) is the idea that when powers are granted to departmental officials, they can be lawfully delegated to their
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537:
656:, wrote that he would have found the statute to violate the exclusive responsibility for laws to be made by Congress.
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4769:
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536:; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While
237:
2035:
5325:
5194:
4123:
4040:
3384:
2024:
Whittington, Keith E., and Jason
Iuliano. "The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine." U. Pa. L. Rev. 165 (2016): 379.
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374:
312:
249:
232:
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National Federation of Independent Business v. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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480:
in the United States. Congress has given the FDA a broad mandate to ensure the safety of the public and prevent
5287:
4921:
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4383:
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4100:
3796:
2527:"The Delegation Doctrine", Madelon Lief, Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau, January 2004, Vol. IV, No. 1.
1839:
579:
552:"was not the making of law," but rather empowered the executive branch to serve as a "mere agent" of Congress.
272:
2267:
4640:
4147:
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The origins of the nondelegation doctrine, as interpreted in U.S., can be traced back to at least 1690, when
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to sponsoring institutions. Immigration rules dictated that all student visa applicants had to produce a "
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1458:, requiring energy producers to shift from fossil fuels to renewable sources, was not authorized by the
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1979:
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does not permit Parliament or the provincial legislatures to delegate their powers to each other. See:
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1958:
1593:
1324:
980:
494:
469:
148:
57:
2223:"How Will the Supreme Court's EPA Ruling Affect Climate Goals and What Are the EPA's Options?"
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1103:
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699:
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489:
197:
180:
52:
1209:
Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. Citizens for Abatement of Aircraft Noise, Inc.
630:
in 1935. Exemplifying the Court's legal reasoning on this matter, it ruled in the 1998 case
389:
federal parliament by means of section 51 subsection (xxxvii) of the Constitution Act 1901.
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2008:
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397:
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103:
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enough. Rather, the agency must have clear statutory authorization to decide the issue.
560:
During the 1930s, Congress provided the executive branch with wide powers to combat the
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2500:
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2209:
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1477:. However, the Supreme Court had already held that greenhouse gasses are pollutants in
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1239:
1220:
1201:
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897:
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802:
764:
745:
726:
653:
645:
641:
622:
The Supreme Court has never found a violation of the nondelegation doctrine outside of
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33:
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783:
683:
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2423:
2413:
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1912:
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1701:
1641:
1448:
The Supreme Court first explicitly embraced the phrase "major questions doctrine" in
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481:
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707:
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2854:
1455:
1420:
561:
185:
77:
593:
Other provisions of the National Industrial Recovery Act were also challenged. In
488:
has been given the responsibility of collecting taxes that are assessed under the
5759:
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5700:
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1573:
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549:
163:
134:
67:
1469:, some commentators argued that Congress overruled the Court by clarifying that
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62:
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943:
OPP Cotton Mills, Inc. v. Administrator of Wage and Hour Div., Dept. of Labor
571:
540:
477:
90:
72:
345:
341:
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2155:
2131:"ArtI.S1.5.6 Major Questions Doctrine and Canons of Statutory Construction"
1610:
349:
109:
528:
One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of nondelegation was
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83:
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2268:"Democrats Designed the Climate Law to Be a Game Changer. Here's How"
1748:
583:
5803:
1961:. Justia US Supreme Court Center. April 9, 1928. 276 U.S. 394 (1928)
532:(1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe
438:(1928) that congressional delegation of legislative authority is an
5764:
5749:
5452:
5337:
5134:
4678:
2456:
R (New College London) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
1781:
R (New London College) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
1766:
97:
1622:
Alabama Assn. of Realtors v. Department of Health and Human Servs.
5654:
5602:
5582:
5530:
5342:
5260:
5076:
5038:
4986:
3625:
3055:
1792:
did not unlawfully delegate her powers to control entry into the
1771:
1285:
Department of Transportation v. Association of American Railroads
640:, which authorized the President to selectively void portions of
370:
5754:
5607:
5352:
5243:
5238:
5184:
4855:
2173:
Utility Air Regulatory Group v. Environmental Protection Agency
1555:
Utility Air Regulatory Group v. Environmental Protection Agency
1483:(2007), and the Supreme Court did not overrule that holding in
2153:
5695:
5639:
5545:
5386:
5189:
4688:
2379:"Barnard v National Dock Labour Board [1953] 2 QB 18"
1754:
402:
Attorney General of Nova Scotia v. Attorney General of Canada
5577:
5525:
5381:
4779:
4695:
2532:"The Recent Controversy Over the Non Delegation Doctrine",
2056:
Lemieux, Scott. , The American Prospect, September 27, 2019
1419:
The major questions doctrine serves as an exception to the
1114:
Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute
473:
2249:"The Supreme Court Is Jeopardizing Federal Climate Action"
1800:" (CAS) which is produced by sponsoring institutions like
4649:
4294:
Bi-Metallic Investment Co. v. State Board of Equalization
1945:"Supreme Court of Canada - SCC Case Information - Search"
1759:
4618:
2576:
582:
the authority to prohibit the interstate shipment of
4122:
2472:
2407:
2330:
2301:"No, the Inflation Reduction Act Did Not "Overturn"
1896:
1076:
Federal Energy Administration v. Algonquin SNG, Inc.
4000:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
810:New York Central Securities Corp. v. United States
5850:
1451:West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency
1038:National Cable Television Assn. v. United States
424:, being vested with "all legislative powers" by
377:can not be delegated to other people or bodies.
2154:Congressional Research Service (6 April 2022).
1959:"J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States"
1853:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc.
1454:(2022), the decision which held that the EPA's
848:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
472:created by Congress with the power to regulate
4011:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
1433:In explaining the major questions doctrine in
4634:
4108:
2562:
1986:J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States
1473:is one of the pollutants covered by the 1970
1133:American Textile Mfrs. Inst., Inc. v. Donovan
791:J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States
435:J. W. Hampton, Jr. & Co. v. United States
363:, the non-delegation principle refers to the
313:
1989:, 276 U.S. 394, 406, 48 S.Ct. 348, 351(1928)
1498:MCI Telecommunications Corp. v. AT&T Co.
886:United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.
1517:FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.
1404:
1305:Coventry Health Care of Mo., Inc. v. Nevils
4641:
4627:
4392:Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe
4318:Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth
4115:
4101:
2569:
2555:
2505:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2477:(5th ed.). Oxford. pp. 166–168.
2440:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2412:(5th ed.). Oxford. pp. 163–165.
2363:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2033:
2013:The Nondelegation Doctrine: Alive and Well
1929:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1901:(5th ed.). Oxford. pp. 160–162.
1755:Exceptions to the non-delegation principle
1747:argued that the power of suspension was a
962:National Broadcasting Co. v. United States
578:, which included a provision granting the
320:
306:
5869:Theories of constitutional interpretation
2198:Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.
1442:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
1266:Whitman v. American Trucking Ass'ns, Inc.
667:Cargo of the Brig Aurora v. United States
5786:History of the American legal profession
4067:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
2335:(Fourth ed.). Oxford. p. 539.
2265:
2118:Mistretta v. United States decision text
2097:
2095:
2015:, 93 Notre Dame L. Rev. 619, 619 (2017).
1815:
596:Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
4578:Bowen v. Georgetown University Hospital
2298:
414:Federal Government of the United States
14:
5851:
2475:Administrative law: text and materials
2410:Administrative law: text and materials
2246:
1899:Administrative law: text and materials
924:Sunshine Anthracite Coal Co. v. Adkins
4622:
4096:
2550:
2473:Elliott, Mark; Jason Varuhas (2017).
2408:Elliott, Mark; Jason Varuhas (2017).
2403:
2401:
2399:
2331:Elliott, Mark; Robert Thomas (2020).
2326:
2324:
2092:
1897:Elliott, Mark; Jason Varuhas (2017).
1760:Consultation as opposed to delegation
4539:Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo
4046:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
1892:
1890:
1888:
1860:Amalgamated Meat Cutters v. Connally
1736:Barnard v National Dock Labour Board
1490:
586:in excess of certain quotas. In the
4034:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
3561:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
2071:Second Treatise of Civil Government
1171:Skinner v. Mid-America Pipeline Co.
24:
3570:
3125:Drafting and ratification timeline
2870:District of Columbia Voting Rights
2396:
2321:
1019:U.S. ex rel. Knauff v. Shaughnessy
659:
25:
5885:
4770:Restitution and unjust enrichment
2578:Constitution of the United States
2516:
1885:
1721:
5864:United States constitutional law
5859:United States administrative law
5817:
5816:
5802:
4124:United States administrative law
2981:Convention to propose amendments
576:National Industrial Recovery Act
407:
352:that impose a strict structural
5781:History of the legal profession
2466:
2448:
2371:
2292:
2259:
2240:
2215:
2190:
2165:
2147:
2123:
2110:
2077:
2059:
1467:Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
18:Private non-delegation doctrine
5874:Legal doctrines and principles
4459:Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB
4384:Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner
4183:Government in the Sunshine Act
3596:Separation of church and state
2247:Barber, Gregory (2022-06-30).
2227:Yale School of the Environment
2050:
2034:Hall, Note, Johnathan (2020).
2027:
2018:
2001:
1992:
1972:
1951:
1937:
1726:In general, powers granted by
13:
1:
3100:Virginia Ratifying Convention
2266:Friedman, Lisa (2022-08-22).
1879:
422:Congress of the United States
4499:Christensen v. Harris County
4358:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
4171:Administrative Procedure Act
4061:National Constitution Center
3859:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
3158:Assemble and Petition Clause
2317:– via newrepublic.com.
2299:Aronoff, Kate (2022-08-24).
2156:The Major Questions Doctrine
1057:FPC v. New England Power Co.
602:
564:. The Supreme Court case of
466:Food and Drug Administration
380:
373:granted to public bodies by
27:Theory of constitutional law
7:
4515:United States v. Mead Corp.
4451:Skidmore v. Swift & Co.
4443:NLRB v. Hearst Publications
4207:Code of Federal Regulations
3932:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2986:State ratifying conventions
2923:Equal Opportunity to Govern
2918:Electoral College abolition
2845:Congressional Apportionment
1845:
1247:Clinton v. City of New York
1095:United States v. Batchelder
829:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
633:Clinton v. City of New York
510:
505:
10:
5890:
5448:International legal theory
4927:International slavery laws
4922:International human rights
4917:International criminal law
4221:Emergency Federal Register
4189:Regulatory Flexibility Act
4177:Freedom of Information Act
1980:Mistretta v. United States
1823:
1408:
1152:Mistretta v. United States
638:Line Item Veto Act of 1996
610:Mistretta v. United States
468:(FDA) is an agency in the
430:United States Constitution
5796:
5773:
5663:
5501:Administration of justice
5486:
5395:
5286:
5165:
5067:
4788:
4656:
4553:
4434:
4375:
4368:
4269:
4260:
4235:
4198:
4161:
4130:
4019:
3991:
3971:
3950:
3919:
3893:
3872:
3846:
3810:
3759:
3728:
3712:
3691:
3670:
3649:
3633:
3624:
3503:
3385:Privileges and Immunities
3198:Congressional enforcement
3133:
3120:Rhode Island ratification
3011:Articles of Confederation
2998:
2976:
2953:Parental Rights amendment
2878:
2835:
2760:
2732:
2711:
2648:
2644:
2635:
2584:
867:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
644:, was a violation of the
613:, the Court stated that:
392:
334:doctrine of nondelegation
5278:Basic structure doctrine
5128:Natural and legal rights
5009:Public international law
3616:Unitary executive theory
3390:Privileges or Immunities
3105:New York Circular Letter
3095:Massachusetts Compromise
2288:– via NYTimes.com.
1411:Major questions doctrine
1405:Major questions doctrine
1000:Lichter v. United States
753:United States v. Grimaud
486:Internal Revenue Service
338:non-delegation principle
210:common law jurisdictions
5458:Principle of typicality
4932:International trade law
4648:
4262:Supreme Court decisions
3536:Dormant Commerce Clause
3380:Presidential succession
3115:Fayetteville Convention
3110:Hillsborough Convention
3046:Three-fifths Compromise
3026:Philadelphia Convention
3016:Mount Vernon Conference
2903:Campaign finance reform
1798:Confirmation of Studies
1228:Loving v. United States
567:Panama Refining v. Ryan
555:
420:is the theory that the
260:civil law jurisdictions
198:Patent unreasonableness
144:Fettering of discretion
4342:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
4326:United States v. FECRC
4251:Foreign Affairs Manual
4153:Nondelegation doctrine
3699:William Samuel Johnson
3571:Nondelegation doctrine
3143:Admission to the Union
3090:Anti-Federalist Papers
3041:Connecticut Compromise
2461:[2013] UKSC 51
2135:Constitution Annotated
1594:Gundy v. United States
1325:Gundy v. United States
1190:Touby v. United States
981:Yakus v. United States
734:Buttfield v. Stranahan
620:
526:
495:Gundy v. United States
455:
418:nondelegation doctrine
154:Nondelegation doctrine
149:Legitimate expectation
58:Exhaustion of remedies
5453:Principle of legality
5212:Delegated legislation
4912:Intellectual property
4310:Richardson v. Perales
3906:Richard Dobbs Spaight
3375:Presidential Electors
3350:Original Jurisdiction
3290:Full Faith and Credit
3163:Assistance of Counsel
3084:The Federalist Papers
2913:Crittenden Compromise
1345:Paul v. United States
615:
521:
490:Internal Revenue Code
444:
386:Australian federalism
258:Administrative law in
208:Administrative law in
53:Delegated legislation
5671:Barristers' chambers
5613:Legal representation
5551:Justice of the peace
4897:Financial regulation
4531:West Virginia v. EPA
4350:Califano v. Yamasaki
4236:Policies and manuals
4075:A More Perfect Union
4051:Constitution Gardens
3972:Convention Secretary
3634:Convention President
3606:Symmetric federalism
3601:Separation of powers
3335:Necessary and Proper
3330:Natural-born citizen
3275:Freedom of the Press
3213:Copyright and Patent
3203:Contingent Elections
3021:Annapolis Convention
2303:West Virginia v. EPA
2161:(Report). p. 1.
2009:Keith E. Whittington
2007:Jason Iuliano &
1682:West Virginia v. EPA
1485:West Virginia v. EPA
1480:Massachusetts v. EPA
574:(1935) involved the
354:separation of powers
48:Administrative court
5706:Election commission
5418:Expressive function
4947:Landlord–tenant law
4846:Consumer protection
4334:Mathews v. Eldridge
4163:Federal legislation
4082:Worldwide influence
3823:Gunning Bedford Jr.
3551:Executive privilege
3531:Criminal sentencing
3454:Title of Nobility (
3445:Taxing and Spending
3345:Oath or Affirmation
3305:House Apportionment
3168:Case or Controversy
3051:Committee of Detail
2943:"Liberty" amendment
2908:Christian amendment
1365:Haaland v. Brackeen
642:appropriation bills
544:1892, the Court in
428:, Section 1 of the
398:Canadian federalism
174:Fundamental justice
5664:Legal institutions
5531:Lawsuit/Litigation
5521:Dispute resolution
5326:Catholic canon law
5034:State of emergency
4997:Will and testament
4721:Law of obligations
4674:Constitutional law
4664:Administrative law
4467:MVMA v. State Farm
4424:Corner Post v. FRB
4286:Londoner v. Denver
4278:CMSPR v. Minnesota
3736:William Livingston
3720:Alexander Hamilton
3526:Criminal procedure
3521:Constitutional law
3456:Foreign Emoluments
3420:State of the Union
3405:Self-Incrimination
3395:Recess appointment
3188:Compulsory Process
2850:Titles of Nobility
2272:The New York Times
2086:Wayman v. Southard
2036:"The Gorsuch Test"
1536:Gonzales v. Oregon
691:Wayman v. Southard
654:concurring opinion
646:Presentment Clause
534:judicial procedure
530:Wayman v. Southard
294:Constitutional law
159:Procedural justice
40:General principles
34:Administrative law
5846:
5845:
5506:Constitutionalism
5428:Law and economics
5266:Act of parliament
5004:Product liability
4957:Legal archaeology
4882:Environmental law
4876:Entertainment law
4716:International law
4616:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4549:
4548:
4400:Heckler v. Chaney
4302:Goldberg v. Kelly
4090:
4089:
4056:Constitution Week
4041:Independence Mall
4029:National Archives
3987:
3986:
3802:Gouverneur Morris
3787:Thomas Fitzsimons
3767:Benjamin Franklin
3641:George Washington
3541:Enumerated powers
3516:Concurrent powers
3511:Balance of powers
3340:No Religious Test
3280:Freedom of Speech
3071:Independence Hall
2994:
2993:
2898:Bricker amendment
2831:
2830:
2484:978-0-19-179559-6
2419:978-0-19-179559-6
2342:978-0-19-883674-2
1908:978-0-19-179559-6
1866:Chevron deference
1826:Carltona doctrine
1749:judicial function
1702:Biden v. Nebraska
1642:Biden v. Missouri
905:Currin v. Wallace
628:Schechter Poultry
607:In the 1989 case
482:false advertising
464:For example, the
369:presumption that
330:
329:
16:(Redirected from
5881:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5807:
5806:
5630:Question of fact
5511:Criminal justice
4841:Construction law
4836:Conflict of laws
4801:Agricultural law
4643:
4636:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4373:
4372:
4267:
4266:
4214:Federal Register
4117:
4110:
4103:
4094:
4093:
3937:Charles Pinckney
3746:William Paterson
3678:Nathaniel Gorham
3631:
3630:
3410:Speech or Debate
3238:Equal Protection
2948:Ludlow amendment
2933:Flag Desecration
2928:Federal Marriage
2893:Blaine amendment
2855:Corwin Amendment
2646:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2470:
2464:
2463: at para. 19
2452:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2431:
2405:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2309:The New Republic
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2219:
2213:
2194:
2188:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1894:
1769:, as opposed to
1733:For example, in
1609:___ (2019) (
1456:Clean Power Plan
562:Great Depression
470:executive branch
452:
448:
371:statutory powers
322:
315:
308:
186:Unreasonableness
78:Prerogative writ
30:
29:
21:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5815:
5801:
5792:
5769:
5760:Political party
5733:Legal education
5721:Law enforcement
5701:Court of equity
5659:
5635:Question of law
5588:Practice of law
5568:Judicial review
5482:
5433:Legal formalism
5413:Comparative law
5408:Contract theory
5391:
5311:Legal pluralism
5282:
5271:Act of Congress
5195:Executive order
5161:
5063:
4982:Nationality law
4907:Immigration law
4831:Competition law
4784:
4652:
4647:
4617:
4608:
4602:NCTA v. Brand X
4545:
4523:Kisor v. Wilkie
4491:Auer v. Robbins
4483:Chevron v. NRDC
4430:
4369:Judicial Review
4364:
4256:
4231:
4227:Regulations.gov
4194:
4157:
4126:
4121:
4091:
4086:
4021:
4015:
3983:
3979:William Jackson
3967:
3963:Abraham Baldwin
3946:
3915:
3911:Hugh Williamson
3889:
3868:
3842:
3833:Richard Bassett
3806:
3792:Jared Ingersoll
3755:
3751:Jonathan Dayton
3724:
3708:
3687:
3666:
3662:Nicholas Gilman
3645:
3620:
3586:Reserved powers
3566:Judicial review
3499:
3295:General Welfare
3218:Double Jeopardy
3129:
3056:List of Framers
3036:New Jersey Plan
2990:
2972:
2968:Victims' Rights
2888:Balanced budget
2874:
2827:
2756:
2728:
2707:
2631:
2580:
2575:
2519:
2514:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2471:
2467:
2453:
2449:
2433:
2432:
2420:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2386:
2383:Simple Studying
2377:
2376:
2372:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2311:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2264:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2195:
2191:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2148:
2139:
2137:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2100:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2040:Duke Law Review
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1983:(1989), citing
1977:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1947:. January 2001.
1943:
1942:
1938:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1895:
1886:
1882:
1848:
1828:
1822:
1762:
1757:
1741:Court of Appeal
1724:
1613:, dissenting) (
1574:King v. Burwell
1493:
1491:Important cases
1413:
1407:
662:
660:Important cases
624:Panama Refining
605:
588:Panama Refining
558:
513:
508:
450:
446:
410:
395:
383:
348:in all written
326:
259:
209:
181:Proportionality
164:Natural justice
135:judicial review
68:Ministerial act
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5887:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5812:
5809:Law portal
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5645:Trial advocacy
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5182:
5177:
5175:Ballot measure
5171:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5152:Legal treatise
5149:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5120:
5118:Letters patent
5115:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5079:
5073:
5071:
5069:Sources of law
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5054:Unenforced law
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4826:Commercial law
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4594:Whitman v. ATA
4590:
4582:
4574:
4566:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4447:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4416:Norton v. SUWA
4412:
4408:Webster v. Doe
4404:
4396:
4388:
4379:
4377:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4282:
4273:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4244:Justice Manual
4239:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4180:
4174:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3920:South Carolina
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3901:William Blount
3897:
3895:
3894:North Carolina
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3864:Daniel Carroll
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3828:John Dickinson
3825:
3820:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3772:Thomas Mifflin
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3741:David Brearley
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3695:
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3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3637:
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3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3611:Taxation power
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3556:Implied powers
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3504:Interpretation
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Recommendation
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3285:Fugitive Slave
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3255:
3253:Excessive Bail
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Appropriations
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2963:Single subject
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
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2805:
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2795:
2790:
2785:
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2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2734:Reconstruction
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2650:Bill of Rights
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2517:External links
2515:
2513:
2512:
2483:
2465:
2447:
2418:
2395:
2370:
2341:
2320:
2291:
2258:
2239:
2214:
2189:
2164:
2146:
2122:
2109:
2104:Field v. Clark
2091:
2088:decision tesxt
2076:
2058:
2049:
2026:
2017:
2000:
1991:
1971:
1950:
1936:
1907:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1840:civil servants
1824:Main article:
1821:
1814:
1790:Home Secretary
1788:held that the
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1723:
1722:United Kingdom
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:___ (2023)
1698:
1697:___ (2022)
1678:
1677:___ (2022)
1658:
1657:___ (2022)
1638:
1637:___ (2021)
1618:
1590:
1589:___ (2015)
1570:
1551:
1532:
1513:
1492:
1489:
1471:carbon dioxide
1428:clearly stated
1409:Main article:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:___ (2024)
1385:SEC v. Jarkesy
1381:
1380:___ (2023)
1361:
1360:___ (2019)
1341:
1340:___ (2019)
1321:
1320:___ (2017)
1301:
1300:___ (2015)
1281:
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1243:
1224:
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1148:
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1110:
1091:
1072:
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996:
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958:
939:
920:
901:
882:
863:
844:
825:
806:
787:
768:
749:
730:
715:Field v. Clark
711:
687:
661:
658:
604:
601:
557:
554:
546:Field v. Clark
512:
509:
507:
504:
409:
406:
394:
391:
382:
379:
361:United Kingdom
328:
327:
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286:Related topics
283:
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238:United Kingdom
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130:
129:
128:
127:
120:
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114:
113:
106:
101:
94:
87:
75:
70:
65:
63:Justiciability
60:
55:
50:
42:
41:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5886:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
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5857:
5856:
5854:
5839:
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5805:
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5798:
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5776:
5772:
5766:
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5758:
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5751:
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5739:
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5731:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:Civil society
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5650:Trier of fact
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5536:Legal opinion
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5516:Court-martial
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5488:Jurisprudence
5485:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:Statutory law
5375:
5373:
5372:Socialist law
5370:
5366:
5365:Byzantine law
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5316:Religious law
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5288:Legal systems
5285:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5256:Statutory law
5254:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
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5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:Statutory law
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Transport law
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Legal fiction
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Financial law
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4851:Corporate law
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:Statutory law
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:Core subjects
4655:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:Gade v. NSWMA
4583:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:CFTC v. Schor
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:INS v. Chadha
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:Agency Action
4552:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:Reviewability
4374:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4006:Jacob Shallus
4004:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3942:Pierce Butler
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:John Rutledge
3925:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3885:James Madison
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:James McHenry
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:George Clymer
3780:
3778:
3777:Robert Morris
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3704:Roger Sherman
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3671:Massachusetts
3669:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:New Hampshire
3648:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Plenary power
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3546:Equal footing
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Trial by Jury
3465:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Ineligibility
3318:
3316:
3315:Import-Export
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Free Exercise
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:Ex Post Facto
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
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3193:Confrontation
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3031:Virginia Plan
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3019:
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2534:Jeffrey Clark
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2106:decision text
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2067:
2062:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
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2014:
2010:
2004:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1960:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1874:
1873:
1872:INS v. Chadha
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1834:doctrine (or
1833:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:Lord Sumption
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:Supreme Court
1784:UKSC 51, the
1783:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:2 QB 18, the
1738:
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1475:Clean Air Act
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1460:Clean Air Act
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811:
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797:
793:
792:
788:
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782:
778:
774:
773:
772:Mahler v. Eby
769:
766:
763:
759:
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747:
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731:
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569:
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563:
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551:
547:
542:
541:John Marshall
539:
538:Chief Justice
535:
531:
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501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
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467:
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443:
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440:implied power
437:
436:
431:
427:
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408:United States
405:
404:, S.C.R. 31
403:
399:
390:
387:
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368:
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362:
357:
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350:constitutions
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250:United States
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91:Habeas corpus
88:
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73:Ouster clause
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45:
44:
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38:
35:
32:
31:
19:
5835:
5828:
5814:
5800:
5573:Jurisdiction
5541:Legal remedy
5496:Adjudication
5396:Legal theory
5234:Ratification
5229:Promulgation
5200:Proclamation
5180:Codification
5113:Human rights
5101:Divine right
5091:Constitution
5059:Women in law
4977:Military law
4972:Marriage law
4967:Maritime law
4866:Election law
4806:Aviation law
4796:Abortion law
4748:Property law
4684:Criminal law
4600:
4592:
4584:
4576:
4568:
4560:
4537:
4529:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4475:BGLC v. NRDC
4473:
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4332:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4292:
4284:
4276:
4249:
4242:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4152:
4138:Adjudication
4073:
4065:
3998:
3797:James Wilson
3760:Pennsylvania
3657:John Langdon
3415:Speedy Trial
3257:
3148:Appointments
3082:
2865:Equal Rights
2761:20th century
2474:
2468:
2454:
2450:
2409:
2387:. Retrieved
2385:. 2020-03-30
2382:
2373:
2332:
2312:. Retrieved
2308:
2302:
2294:
2283:. Retrieved
2271:
2261:
2252:
2242:
2231:. Retrieved
2229:. 2022-07-01
2226:
2217:
2212: (2001).
2196:
2192:
2187: (2014).
2171:
2167:
2149:
2138:. Retrieved
2134:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2103:
2102:FindLaw.com
2085:
2084:FindLaw.com
2079:
2069:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2020:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1963:. Retrieved
1953:
1939:
1898:
1871:
1858:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1817:
1809:
1802:universities
1779:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1745:Lord Denning
1734:
1732:
1725:
1700:
1680:
1660:
1640:
1620:
1592:
1572:
1553:
1534:
1515:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1464:
1449:
1447:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1383:
1363:
1343:
1323:
1303:
1283:
1264:
1245:
1226:
1207:
1188:
1169:
1150:
1131:
1112:
1093:
1074:
1055:
1036:
1017:
998:
979:
960:
941:
922:
903:
884:
865:
846:
827:
808:
789:
770:
751:
732:
713:
689:
665:
631:
627:
623:
621:
616:
608:
606:
594:
592:
587:
572:293 U.S. 388
565:
559:
550:McKinley Act
545:
529:
527:
522:
514:
499:
493:
463:
458:
456:
445:
433:
417:
411:
401:
396:
384:
364:
358:
337:
333:
331:
233:South Africa
190:
153:
133:Grounds for
122:
110:Quo warranto
108:
96:
89:
82:
5745:Legislature
5676:Bureaucracy
5473:Rule of man
5468:Rule of law
5443:Libertarian
5306:Chinese law
5207:Legislation
5157:Regulations
5145:Law reports
5123:Natural law
5019:Reparations
5014:Refugee law
4937:Jurimetrics
4878:(Media law)
4816:Banking law
4811:Amnesty law
4789:Disciplines
4726:Private law
4507:FDA v. BWTC
4270:Due Process
4199:Regulations
3958:William Few
3838:Jacob Broom
3818:George Read
3692:Connecticut
3626:Signatories
3476:Legislative
3450:Territorial
3370:Presentment
3355:Origination
3310:Impeachment
3265:Extradition
3233:Engagements
3223:Due Process
3173:Citizenship
2860:Child Labor
1767:in practice
1569: (2014)
1550: (2006)
1531: (2000)
1512: (1994)
1436:UARG v. EPA
1280: (2001)
1261: (1998)
1242: (1996)
1223: (1991)
1204: (1991)
1185: (1989)
1166: (1989)
1147: (1981)
1128: (1980)
1109: (1979)
1090: (1976)
1071: (1974)
1052: (1974)
1033: (1950)
1014: (1948)
995: (1944)
976: (1943)
957: (1941)
938: (1940)
919: (1939)
900: (1936)
881: (1936)
862: (1935)
843: (1935)
824: (1932)
805: (1926)
786: (1924)
767: (1911)
748: (1904)
729: (1892)
710: (1825)
686: (1813)
426:Article One
366:prima facie
169:Due process
124:Ultra vires
104:Prohibition
5853:Categories
5738:Law school
5618:Prosecutor
5556:Magistrate
5343:Jewish law
5301:Common law
5222:Rulemaking
5217:Regulation
5167:Law making
5106:Divine law
5082:Legal code
5029:Sports law
4952:Law of war
4902:Health law
4887:Family law
4871:Energy law
4821:Bankruptcy
4758:Punishment
4753:Public law
4143:Rulemaking
4070:(painting)
4022:and legacy
3880:John Blair
3729:New Jersey
3683:Rufus King
3581:Preemption
3495:War Powers
3430:Suspension
3248:Exceptions
2938:Human Life
2837:Unratified
2637:Amendments
2493:1008632469
2428:1008632469
2389:2021-03-23
2351:1180229197
2333:Public law
2314:2022-10-28
2285:2022-08-22
2233:2022-08-22
2140:2023-01-18
2066:John Locke
1965:2012-03-29
1917:1008632469
1880:References
1728:Parliament
517:John Locke
375:Parliament
192:Wednesbury
118:Rulemaking
84:Certiorari
5716:Judiciary
5711:Executive
5686:The bench
5623:Solicitor
5598:Barrister
5478:Sociology
5463:Pseudolaw
5403:Anarchist
5360:Roman law
5348:Parsi law
5333:Hindu law
5321:Canon law
5296:Civil law
5249:Concordat
5140:Precedent
5049:Trust law
5024:Space law
4861:Drugs law
4731:Procedure
4669:Civil law
3591:Saxbe fix
3480:Executive
3435:Take Care
3425:Supremacy
3300:Guarantee
3228:Elections
2999:Formation
2712:1795–1804
2501:cite book
2436:cite book
2359:cite book
2280:0362-4331
1925:cite book
1465:With the
636:that the
603:Post-1935
584:petroleum
580:President
381:Australia
228:Singapore
218:Australia
5823:Category
5765:Tribunal
5750:Military
5593:Attorney
5563:Judgment
5423:Feminist
5338:Jain law
5135:Case law
4856:Cyberlaw
4763:Corporal
4741:Criminal
4711:Evidence
4701:Doctrine
4679:Contract
4435:Standard
4131:Concepts
3873:Virginia
3847:Maryland
3811:Delaware
3713:New York
3490:Vicinage
3484:Judicial
3208:Contract
3178:Commerce
3066:Printing
2880:Proposed
2592:Preamble
2585:Articles
2536:, 2001.
1846:See also
1836:Carltona
1832:Carltona
1820:doctrine
1818:Carltona
1810:de facto
1424:doctrine
511:Pre-1935
506:Case law
346:implicit
342:explicit
273:Mongolia
243:Scotland
98:Mandamus
5837:Outline
5774:History
5681:The bar
5655:Verdict
5603:Counsel
5583:Justice
5438:History
5261:Statute
5077:Charter
5039:Tax law
4987:Probate
4020:Display
3992:Related
3951:Georgia
3472:Vesting
3440:Takings
3325:Militia
3183:Compact
3135:Clauses
3061:Signing
3006:History
2074:(1690).
1772:de jure
1687:20-1530
1611:Gorsuch
1599:17-6086
1422:Chevron
1350:17-8830
1330:17-6086
1290:13-1080
652:, in a
650:Kennedy
519:wrote:
459:de jure
412:In the
359:In the
278:Ukraine
5755:Police
5726:Agency
5608:Lawyer
5353:Sharia
5244:Treaty
5239:Repeal
5185:Decree
5096:Custom
4992:Estate
4942:Labour
4706:Equity
4605:(2005)
4597:(2001)
4589:(1992)
4581:(1988)
4573:(1986)
4565:(1983)
4542:(2024)
4534:(2022)
4526:(2019)
4518:(2001)
4510:(2000)
4502:(2000)
4494:(1997)
4486:(1984)
4478:(1983)
4470:(1983)
4462:(1951)
4454:(1944)
4446:(1944)
4427:(2024)
4419:(2004)
4411:(1988)
4403:(1985)
4395:(1971)
4387:(1967)
4361:(1982)
4353:(1979)
4345:(1978)
4337:(1976)
4329:(1973)
4321:(1972)
4313:(1971)
4305:(1970)
4297:(1915)
4289:(1908)
4281:(1890)
4191:(1980)
4185:(1976)
4179:(1966)
4173:(1946)
4148:Notice
4078:(film)
3462:Treaty
3365:Postal
3360:Pardon
2491:
2481:
2426:
2416:
2349:
2339:
2278:
1915:
1905:
1875:(1983)
1709:,
1707:22-506
1705:, No.
1689:,
1685:, No.
1669:,
1667:21A244
1665:, No.
1649:,
1647:21A240
1645:, No.
1629:,
1625:, No.
1601:,
1597:, No.
1581:,
1579:14-114
1577:, No.
1392:,
1390:22-859
1388:, No.
1372:,
1370:21-376
1368:, No.
1352:,
1348:, No.
1332:,
1328:, No.
1312:,
1310:16-149
1308:, No.
1292:,
1288:, No.
706:)
704:Wheat.
682:)
680:Cranch
416:, the
393:Canada
223:Canada
5830:Index
5696:Court
5640:Trial
5546:Judge
5387:Yassa
5190:Edict
4736:Civil
4689:Crime
2459:
2253:Wired
2205:
2180:
2159:(PDF)
1713:
1693:
1673:
1653:
1633:
1627:21A23
1615:dicta
1605:
1585:
1562:
1543:
1524:
1505:
1396:
1376:
1356:
1336:
1316:
1296:
1273:
1254:
1235:
1216:
1197:
1178:
1159:
1140:
1121:
1102:
1083:
1064:
1045:
1026:
1007:
988:
969:
950:
931:
912:
893:
874:
855:
836:
817:
798:
779:
760:
741:
722:
698:
674:
500:Gundy
498:. In
478:drugs
268:China
5578:Jury
5526:Fiqh
5382:Xeer
4780:Tort
4696:Deed
2507:link
2489:OCLC
2479:ISBN
2442:link
2424:OCLC
2414:ISBN
2365:link
2347:OCLC
2337:ISBN
2276:ISSN
2207:U.S.
2182:U.S.
1931:link
1913:OCLC
1903:ISBN
1830:The
1816:The
1715:U.S.
1695:U.S.
1675:U.S.
1655:U.S.
1635:U.S.
1607:U.S.
1587:U.S.
1564:U.S.
1545:U.S.
1526:U.S.
1507:U.S.
1398:U.S.
1378:U.S.
1358:U.S.
1338:U.S.
1318:U.S.
1298:U.S.
1275:U.S.
1256:U.S.
1237:U.S.
1218:U.S.
1199:U.S.
1180:U.S.
1161:U.S.
1142:U.S.
1123:U.S.
1104:U.S.
1085:U.S.
1066:U.S.
1047:U.S.
1028:U.S.
1009:U.S.
990:U.S.
971:U.S.
952:U.S.
933:U.S.
914:U.S.
895:U.S.
876:U.S.
857:U.S.
838:U.S.
819:U.S.
800:U.S.
781:U.S.
762:U.S.
743:U.S.
724:U.S.
702:(10
700:U.S.
676:U.S.
626:and
556:1935
476:and
474:food
336:(or
332:The
4650:Law
2627:VII
2607:III
2210:468
2203:531
2185:314
2178:573
1778:In
1711:600
1691:597
1671:595
1651:595
1631:594
1603:588
1583:576
1567:302
1560:573
1548:243
1541:546
1529:120
1522:529
1510:218
1503:512
1394:601
1374:599
1354:589
1334:588
1314:581
1294:575
1278:457
1271:531
1259:417
1252:524
1240:748
1233:517
1221:252
1214:501
1202:160
1195:500
1183:212
1176:490
1164:361
1157:488
1145:490
1138:452
1126:607
1119:448
1107:114
1100:442
1088:548
1081:426
1069:345
1062:415
1050:336
1043:415
1031:537
1024:338
1012:742
1005:334
993:414
986:321
974:190
967:319
955:126
948:312
936:381
929:310
910:306
898:304
891:299
879:238
872:298
860:495
853:295
841:388
834:293
815:287
803:394
796:276
777:264
765:506
758:220
746:470
739:192
727:649
720:143
684:382
678:(7
344:or
5855::
5084:/
3482:/
3478:/
2823:27
2818:26
2813:25
2808:24
2803:23
2798:22
2793:21
2788:20
2783:19
2778:18
2773:17
2768:16
2752:15
2747:14
2742:13
2724:12
2719:11
2703:10
2622:VI
2612:IV
2602:II
2503:}}
2499:{{
2487:.
2438:}}
2434:{{
2422:.
2398:^
2381:.
2361:}}
2357:{{
2345:.
2323:^
2307:.
2274:.
2270:.
2251:.
2225:.
2201:,
2176:,
2133:.
2094:^
2068:,
2044:70
2042:.
2038:.
2011:,
1927:}}
1923:{{
1911:.
1887:^
1842:.
1794:UK
1775:.
1558:,
1539:,
1520:,
1501:,
1487:.
1462:.
1430:.
1269:,
1250:,
1231:,
1212:,
1193:,
1174:,
1155:,
1136:,
1117:,
1098:,
1079:,
1060:,
1041:,
1022:,
1003:,
984:,
965:,
946:,
927:,
908:,
889:,
870:,
851:,
832:,
822:12
813:,
794:,
784:32
775:,
756:,
737:,
718:,
696:23
694:,
672:11
670:,
570:,
4642:e
4635:t
4628:v
4116:e
4109:t
4102:v
3486:)
3474:(
3458:)
2698:9
2693:8
2688:7
2683:6
2678:5
2673:4
2668:3
2663:2
2658:1
2617:V
2597:I
2570:e
2563:t
2556:v
2509:)
2495:.
2444:)
2430:.
2392:.
2367:)
2353:.
2305:"
2255:.
2236:.
2143:.
2046:.
1968:.
1933:)
1919:.
1617:)
917:1
708:1
453:"
451:'
447:"
321:e
314:t
307:v
20:)
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