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their time, or trying to please prison staff (which can often secure early release for good behavior). However, the educational needs of prisoners often come into conflict with the security concerns of prison staff and with a public that wants to be "tough on crime" (and thus supports denying prisoners access to education). Whatever their reasons for participating in educational programs, prison populations tend to have very low literacy rates and lack of basic mathematical skills, and many have not completed secondary education. This lack of basic education severely limits their employment opportunities outside of prison, leading to high rates of recidivism, and research has shown that prison education can play a significant role in helping prisoners reorient their lives and become successful after reentry.
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without any recreational opportunities. The tension between these two opinions, coupled with lack of funding, leads to a large variety of different recreational procedures at different prisons. Prison administrators, however, generally find the provision of recreational opportunities to be useful at maintaining order in the prisons, because it keeps prisoners occupied and provides leverage to gain compliance (by depriving prisoners of recreation as punishment). Examples of common facilities/programs that are available in some prisons are: gyms and weightlifting rooms, arts and crafts, games (such as cards, chess, or bingo), television sets, and sports teams. Additionally, many prisons have an outdoor recreation area, commonly referred to as an "exercise yard".
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monitored and accounted for at all times, and the layout of prison kitchens must be designed in a way that allows staff to observe activity of the kitchen staff (who are usually prisoners). The quality of kitchen equipment varies from prison to prison, depending on when the prison was constructed, and the level of funding available to procure new equipment. Prisoners are often served food in a large cafeteria with rows of tables and benches that are securely attached to the floor. However, inmates that are locked in control units, or prisons that are on "lockdown" (where prisoners are made to remain in their cells all day) have trays of food brought to their cells and served through "chuck-holes" in the cell door. Prison food in many
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subjective determinations made by intake personnel (which include mental health workers, counselors, clerical staff, sheriff deputies, prison unit managers, and others). This process will have a major impact on the prisoner's experience, determining their security level, educational and work programs, mental health status (e.g. the determination of whether they will be placed in a mental health unit), and many other factors. This sorting of prisoners is one of the fundamental techniques through which the prison administration maintains control over the inmate population and attempts to reduce risks and liabilities in an attempt to create an orderly and secure prison environment. At some prisons, prisoners are made to wear a
1640:, and mines. Besides the economic benefits of providing a free source of hard labor, the proponents of the new penal code also thought that this would deter criminal activity by making a conspicuous public example of consequences of breaking the law. However, what actually ended up happening was frequent spectacles of disorderly conduct by the convict work crews, and the generation of sympathetic feelings from the citizens who witnessed the mistreatment of the convicts. The laws quickly drew criticism from a humanitarian perspective (as cruel, exploitative and degrading) and from a utilitarian perspective (as failing to deter crime and delegitimizing the state in the eyes of the public). Reformers such as
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adult offenders is a relatively modern idea. The earliest known use of the term "juvenile delinquency" was in London in 1816, from where it quickly spread to the United States. The first juvenile correctional institution in the United States opened in 1825 in New York City. By 1917, juvenile courts had been established in all but 3 states. It was estimated that in 2011 more than 95,000 juveniles were locked up in prisons and jails in the United States (the largest youth prisoner population in the world). Besides prisons, many other types of residential placement exist within juvenile justice systems, including youth homes, community-based programs, training schools and boot camps.
2008:
1972:
cell blocks which permitted only intermittent observation of prisoners.) Smaller, separate and self-contained housing units known as "pods" or "modules" are designed to hold 16 to 50 prisoners and are arranged around exercise yards or support facilities in a decentralized "campus" pattern. A small number of prison officers, sometimes a single officer, supervise each pod. The pods contain tiers of cells arranged around a central control station or desk from which a single officer can monitor all the cells and the entire pod, control cell doors and communicate with the rest of the prison.
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1554:, where the ladies' section was overcrowded with women and children, some of whom had not even received a trial. The inmates did their own cooking and washing in the small cells in which they slept on straw. In 1816, Fry founded a prison school for the children who were imprisoned with their parents. She also began a system of supervision and required the women to sew and to read the Bible. In 1817, she helped to found the Association for the Reformation of the Female Prisoners in Newgate.
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1902:
2790:: Theories of rehabilitation argue that the purpose of imprisonment is to change prisoners' lives in a way that will make them productive and law-abiding members of society once they are released. The idea was promoted by 19th century reformers, who promoted prisons as a humane alternative to harsh punishments of the past. Many governments and prison systems have adopted rehabilitation as an official aim. In the United States and Canada, prison agencies are often referred to as "
2308:
1252:, with few sentencing alternatives, imposition of the death penalty for petty crimes, such as theft, was proving increasingly unpopular with the public; many jurors were refusing to convict defendants of petty crimes when they knew the defendants would be sentenced to death. Rulers began looking for means to punish and control their subjects in a way that did not cause people to associate them with spectacles of tyrannical and sadistic violence. They developed systems of
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in mental health units, etc.). Prison populations are largely from poor minority communities that experience greater rates of chronic illness, substance abuse, and mental illness than the general population. This leads to a high demand for medical services, and in countries such as the US that do not provide tax-payer funded healthcare, prison is often the first place that people are able to receive medical treatment (which they could not afford outside).
1980:, educational materials, religious services and medical care can increasingly be brought to individual pods or cells as well. Some modern prisons may exclude certain inmates from the general population, usually for safety reasons, such as those within solitary confinement, celebrities, political figures and former law enforcement officers, those convicted of sexual crimes and/or crimes against children, or those on the medical wing or protective custody.
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into state prisons are pregnant and in jails 6% of women are pregnant". The standard of care that female prisoners receive before and after giving birth is often far worse than the standard expected by the general population, and sometimes almost none is given. In some countries, female prisoners may be restrained while giving birth. In many countries including the United States, mothers will frequently be separated from their baby after giving birth.
2424:, the guards of women's prisons are usually female, though not always. For example, in federal women's correction facilities of the United States, 70% of guards are male. Rape and sexual offenses remain commonplace in many women's prisons, and are usually underreported. Two studies in the late 2000s noted that because a high proportion of female inmates have experienced sexual abuse in the past, they are particularly vulnerable to further abuse.
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2075:(which rarely results in incarceration) are almost always sent to minimum-security prisons due to them having committed nonviolent crimes. Lower-security prisons are often designed with less restrictive features, confining prisoners at night in smaller locked dormitories or even cottage or cabin-like housing while permitting them free movement around the grounds to work or partake in activities during the day. Some countries (such as
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61:
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tend to have very tall walls and towers, barbed wire and other serious security measures whereas these types of high level security measures are absent at many female prisons. This is due to multiple factors including females being convicted of less severe offences, and being less likely to be convicted of violent offences, in comparison to males, and due to female prisoners being less likely to be violent than male prisoners.
2771:, earn less money when they do find work, and experience a wide range of medical and psychological issues. Many countries have a high recidivism rate. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 67.8% of released prisoners in the United States are rearrested within three years and 76.6% are rearrested within five years. If the prisoner has a family, they are likely to suffer socially and economically from their absence.
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1280:, was based on religious ideas that equated crime with sin, and saw prisons as a place to instruct prisoners in Christian morality, obedience and proper behavior. These later reformers believed that prisons could be constructed as humane institutions of moral instruction, and that prisoners' behavior could be "corrected" so that when they were released, they would be model members of society.
1731:, although state prison systems were largely in place by the end of the 19th century in most European countries. After the unification of Italy in 1861, the government reformed the repressive and arbitrary prison system they inherited, and modernized and secularized criminal punishment by emphasizing discipline and deterrence. Italy developed an advanced penology under the leadership of
1136:, began to develop ideas of using punishment to reform offenders instead of for retribution. Imprisonment as a penalty was used commonly for those who could not afford to pay their fines. Eventually, since impoverished Athenians could not pay their fines, leading to indefinite periods of imprisonment, time limits were set instead. The prison in ancient Athens was known as the
2541:, at first prisoners of war were released, after they promised not to fight again unless formally exchanged. When the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners the system broke down, and each side built large-scale POW camps. Conditions in terms of housing, food, and medical care were bad in the Confederacy, and the Union retaliated by imposing harsh conditions.
2222:
reading has a variety of benefits including improved literacy, ability to understand rules and regulations (leading to improved behavior), ability to read books that encourage self-reflection and analysis of one's emotional state, consciousness of important real-world events, and education that can lead to successful re-entry into society after release.
1989:
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prisoners, who may spend the day outside their cells in a central "dayroom" on the floor of the pod. Movement in or out of the pod to and from exercise yards, work assignments or medical appointments can be restricted to individual pods at designated times and is generally centrally controlled. Goods and services, such as meals, laundry,
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also lead to the decrease in availability to provide the youth with much needed and promised programs and services while they are in the facility. Many times the administration is not prepared to handle the large number of residents and therefore the facilities can become unstable and create instability in simple logistics.
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the first prisons used as criminal rehabilitation centers. At a time when the implementation of capital punishment for a variety of relatively trivial offenses was on the decline, the notion of incarceration as a form of punishment and correction held great appeal to reform-minded thinkers and politicians.
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in the present day. By their very definition, prisons house individuals who may be prone to violence and rule-breaking. It is also typical that a high proportion of inmates have mental health concerns. A 2014 US report found that this included 64% of local jail inmates, 54% of state prisoners and 45%
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Not all countries have experienced a rise in prison population: Sweden closed four prisons in 2013 due to a significant drop in the number of inmates. The head of Sweden's prison and probation services characterized the decrease in the number of
Swedish prisoners as "out-of-the-ordinary", with prison
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By 1900 the legal framework of the Geneva and Hague
Convention provided considerable protection. In the First World War, millions of prisoners were held on both sides, with no major atrocities. Officers received privileged treatment. There was an increase in the use of forced labor throughout Europe.
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Some prisons provide educational programs for inmates that can include basic literacy, secondary education, or even college education. Prisoners seek education for a variety of reasons, including the development of skills for after release, personal enrichment and curiosity, finding something to fill
2060:, often for more than 23 hours per day. Meals are served through "chuck-holes" in the cell door, and each inmate is allowed one hour of outdoor exercise per day, alone. They are normally permitted no contact with other inmates and are under constant surveillance via closed-circuit television cameras.
1975:
Pods may be designed for high-security "indirect supervision", in which officers in segregated and sealed control booths monitor smaller numbers of prisoners confined to their cells. An alternative is "direct supervision", in which officers work within the pod and directly interact with and supervise
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came up with a solution that would enable the continued use of forced labor while keeping disorderly conduct and abuse out of the eyes of the public. They suggested that prisoners be sent to secluded "houses of repentance" where they would be subjected (out of the view of the public) to "bodily pain,
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introduced the principle of observation and control that underpins the design of the modern prison. The notion of prisoners being incarcerated as part of their punishment and not simply as a holding state until trial or hanging, was at the time revolutionary. His views influenced the establishment of
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it is apparent that while the number of prisoner receivals at the women's prison, Bandyup, has been declining over the last five years, the prison muster has been steadily rising. For the first time in its history, Bandyup is filling to capacity. The current high prison muster reflects an unchanging
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In the United States alone, more than $ 74 billion per year is spent on prisons, with over 800,000 people employed in the prison industry. As the prison population grows, revenues increase for a variety of small and large businesses that construct facilities, and provide equipment (security systems,
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Modern prisons often hold hundreds or thousands of inmates, and must have facilities onsite to meet most of their needs, including dietary, health, fitness, education, religious practices, entertainment, and many others. Conditions in prisons vary widely around the world, and the types of facilities
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The levels of security within a prison system are categorized differently around the world, but tend to follow a distinct pattern. At one end of the spectrum are the most secure facilities ("maximum security"), which typically hold prisoners that are considered dangerous, disruptive or likely to try
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in 1777. He was particularly appalled to discover prisoners who had been acquitted but were still confined because they could not pay the jailer's fees. He proposed wide-ranging reforms to the system, including the housing of each prisoner in a separate cell and the requirements that staff should be
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States government spent an estimated US$ 80.7 billion to maintain prisons. CNBC estimated that the cost of maintaining the US prison system was US$ 74 billion per year. This increases government spending on prisons. As of 2023, the US no longer has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with
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Political prisoners are people who have been imprisoned because of their political beliefs, activities and affiliations. There is much debate about who qualifies as a "political prisoner". The category of "political prisoner" is often contested, and many regimes that incarcerate political prisoners
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In the 19th century, a growing awareness that female prisoners had different needs to male prisoners led to the establishment of dedicated prisons for women. In modern times, it is the norm for female inmates to be housed in either a separate prison or a separate wing of a unisex prison. The aim is
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In the United States, a million incarcerated people suffer from mental illness without any assistance or treatment for their condition. The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend, known as the rate of recidivism, is unusually high for those with the most serious disorders. Analysis of data in
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Prisons in wealthy, industrialized nations provide medical care for most of their inmates. Additionally, prison medical staff play a major role in monitoring, organizing, and controlling the prison population through the use of psychiatric evaluations and interventions (psychiatric drugs, isolation
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Jails at the time were run as business ventures, and contained both felons and debtors; the latter were often housed with their wives and younger children. The jailers made their money by charging the inmates for food, drink, and other services, and the system was generally corruptible. One reform
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The argument that prisons can reduce crime through incapacitation is more widely accepted, even among academics who doubt that prisons can rehabilitate or deter offenders. A dissenting argument from Arrigo and
Milovanovic, who argue that prisoners will simply continue to victimize people inside of
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If a society has a very high imprisonment rate, these effects become noticeable not just on family units, but also on entire poor communities or communities of color. The expensive cost of maintaining a high imprisonment rate also costs money that must come at the expense of either the taxpayer or
2751:", an informal set of internal values and rules that govern prison life and relationships, but that may be at odds with the interests of prison management or external society, compromising future rehabilitation and increasing recidivism rates. In some cases, disorder can escalate into a full-scale
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The needs of mothers during pregnancy and childbirth often conflict with the demands of the prison system. The
Rebecca Project, a non-profit organization that campaigns for women's rights issues, reports that "In 2007, the Bureau of Justice Statistics stated that, on average, 5% of women who enter
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Like adult facilities, youth detention centers in some countries are experiencing overcrowding due to large increases in incarceration rates of young offenders. Crowding can create extremely dangerous environments in juvenile detention centers and juvenile correctional facilities. Overcrowding may
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literacy frameworks have also been supported by scholars like
Alexandra Cavallaro who see the incorporation of LGBTQ individuals' stories as key to promoting lifelong learning. Keeping forward solutions in mind, rhetorical listening is a final approach that is spread by leaders like Wendy Hinshaw.
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There are fundamental differences between the security level of men's prisons and that of women's prisons. Male prisons tend to have higher, or more severe, security levels/classifications than female prisons. This is even noticeable when comparing the construction and design of male prisons which
1971:
Modern prison designs have increasingly sought to restrict and control the movement of prisoners throughout the facility and also to allow a smaller prison staff to monitor prisoners directly, often using a decentralized "podular" layout. (In comparison, 19th-century prisons had large landings and
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argue that the purpose of imprisonment is to cause a sufficient level of misery to the prisoner, in proportion to the perceived seriousness of their crime. These theories do not necessarily focus on whether or not a particular punishment benefits the community, but instead are based upon a belief
2651:
In 2021, the United States of
America had the world's largest prison population, with over 2 million people in American prisons or jails—up from 744,000 in 1985—making 1 in every 200 American adults a prisoner. In 2017, the nonprofit organization Prison Policy Initiative estimated that the United
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are known by a variety of names, including "youth detention facilities", "juvenile detention centers", and "reformatories". The purpose of youth detention facilities is to keep young offenders away from the public, while working towards rehabilitation. The idea of separately treating youthful and
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being shut down. Meanwhile, many nations that have historically lacked prison libraries are starting to develop them. Prison libraries can dramatically improve the quality of life for prisoners, who have large amounts of empty time on their hands that can be occupied with reading. This time spent
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American
Library Association, American Library Association Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained Working Group, American Library Association Council Committee on Diversity, American Library Association Office for Diversity, Literacy, and Outreach Services, San Francisco
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Many countries maintain or have in the past had a system of prisons specifically intended for political prisoners. In some countries, dissidents can be detained, tortured, executed, and/or "disappeared" without trial. This can happen either legally, or extralegally (sometimes by falsely accusing
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into helpful workforce members upon release, scholars like
Michael Sutcliffe argue that there needs to be a focus on re-enfranchising members and helping them share their voices. Still others advocate for styles of collective life-writing to capture the experience of incarcerated individuals and
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are people who perform correctional casework in an institutional setting; develop, evaluate, and analyze program needs and other data about inmates; evaluate progress of individual offenders in the institution; coordinate and integrate inmate training programs; develop social histories; evaluate
1429:. While conditions on these ships were generally appalling, their use and the labor thus provided set a precedent which persuaded many people that mass incarceration and labor were viable methods of crime prevention and punishment. The turn of the 19th century would see the first movement toward
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Many prisons provide limited recreational and fitness facilities for prisoners. The provision of these services is controversial, with certain elements of society claiming that prisons are being "soft" on inmates, and others claiming that it is cruel and dehumanizing to confine people for years
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Prisons generally have to provide food for a large number of individuals, and thus are generally equipped with a large institutional kitchen. There are many security considerations, however, that are unique to the prison dining environment. For instance, cutlery equipment must be very carefully
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in
Finland is an example of one such "open" correctional facility. The prison has been open since 1971 and, as of September 2013, the facility's 95 male prisoners leave the prison grounds on a daily basis to work in the corresponding township or commute to the mainland for either work or study.
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Prisoners are at risk of being drawn further into crime, as they may become acquainted with other criminals, trained in further criminal activity, exposed to further abuse (both from staff and other prisoners) and left with criminal records that make it difficult to find legal employment after
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freed slaves but allowed forced labor for people convicted of crimes. Prisons are very attractive to employers, because prisoners can be made to perform a great array of jobs, under conditions that most free laborers would not accept (and would be illegal outside of prisons): sub-minimum wage
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Generally, when an inmate arrives at a prison, they go through a security classification screening and risk assessment that determines where they will be placed within the prison system. Classifications are assigned by assessing the prisoner's personal history and criminal record, and through
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But, by 1820, faith in the efficacy of legal reform had declined, as statutory changes had no discernible effect on the level of crime, and the prisons, where prisoners shared large rooms and booty including alcohol, had become riotous and prone to escapes. In response, New York developed the
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that underpin the design of the modern prison. In the panopticon model, prisoners were housed in one-person cells arranged in a circular pattern, all facing towards a central observation tower in such a way that the guards could see into all of the cells from the observation tower, while the
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Prisons employ people to run and maintain the prison while keeping control of the inmates. Oftentimes, the number of people employed within a prison depends upon factors such as the size of the prison, how many inmates the prison has, and how much funding the prison gets. Staff may include:
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There were several reasons that early prison reformers sought to move punishment out of the view of the public, by placing prisons away from population centers and restricting access to the inside of prison facilities. For a detailed history of the ideological origins of these practices of
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treatment, and other forms of specialized care, depending on the needs of the inmate population and the willingness of the prison to provide for these needs. Health care services in many prisons have long been criticized as inadequate, underfunded, and understaffed, and many prisoners have
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programs, which overlap with the above methods. Restorative justice is based around arranging a mediation between the offender and victim, so that the offenders can take responsibility for their actions, "to repair the harm they've done—by apologizing, returning stolen money, or community
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within prisons depend on many intersecting factors including funding, legal requirements, and cultural beliefs/practices. Nevertheless, in addition to the cell blocks that contain the prisoners, there are also certain auxiliary facilities that are common in prisons throughout the world.
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made this option available for lesser crimes, or offered it by discretion as a longer-term alternative to the death penalty, which could theoretically be imposed for the growing number of offenses in
Britain. The substantial expansion of transportation was the first major innovation in
1710:: the reformers talked about the penitentiary serving as a model for the family and the school and almost all the states adopted the plan (though Pennsylvania went even further in separating prisoners). The system's fame spread and visitors to the U.S. to see the prisons included
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are people who are employed to intervene therapeutically with various clients, the majority of whom happen to be offenders. These interventions include prison adjustment, prerelease and postrelease vocational and marital/family readjustment, and work with adolescent adjustment
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In the first half of the 19th century, capital punishment came to be regarded as inappropriate for many crimes that it had previously been carried out for, and by the mid-19th century, imprisonment had replaced the death penalty for the most serious offenses except for murder.
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Many prisons also provide a library where prisoners can check out books, or do legal research for their cases. Often these libraries are very small, consisting of a few shelves of books. In some countries, such as the United States, drastic budget cuts have resulted in many
2533:"These great trunks of ships were immense coffins, in which living men were consigned to a slow death.... black army bread full of gritty particles, biscuit full of maggots, salt meat that was already decomposing, rancid lard, spoiled cod, stale rice, peas, and beans."
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This has resulted in a series of studies that are skeptical towards the idea that prison can rehabilitate offenders. As Morris and Rothman (1995) point out, "It's hard to train for freedom in a cage." A few countries have been able to operate prison systems with a low
2976:, although abolitionists often support reform campaigns, regarding them as incremental steps towards abolishing prisons. The abolition movement is motivated by a belief that prisons are inherently ineffective and discriminatory. The movement is associated with
2892:. Prison reformers also argue that alternative methods are often better at rehabilitating offenders and preventing crime in the long term. Among the countries that have sought to actively reduce prison populations include Sweden, Germany and the Netherlands.
2244:, all prison institutions offer literacy programs to expand inmates' educational opportunities. Some scholars in the field see prison literacy programs as organic, tactical spaces that resist institutionalization. They warn against the dehumanizing nature of
1318:" jobs that were anticipated to shape them into hardworking individuals and prepare them for the real world. By the end of the 17th century, houses of correction were absorbed into local prison facilities under the control of the local justice of the peace.
1237:. He traces the cultural shifts that led to the predominance of prison via the body and power. Prison used by the "disciplines" – new technological powers that can be found, according to Foucault, in places such as schools, hospitals, and military barracks.
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was passed in 1779. This introduced solitary confinement, religious instruction, a labor regime, and proposed two state penitentiaries (one for men and one for women). However, these were never built due to disagreements in the committee and pressures from
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in Europe, castles, fortresses, and the basements of public buildings were often used as makeshift prisons. The capability to imprison citizens granted an air of legitimacy to officials at all levels of government and served as a signifier of who possessed
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But some authors have pointed out that many historical treatments overemphasize Howard's work, and that there were many other individuals (including local prison administrators) that also played a significant role in the development of modern prisons. See
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furniture, clothing), and services (transportation, communications, healthcare, food) for prisons. These parties have a strong interest in the expansion of the prison system since their development and prosperity directly depends on the number of inmates.
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payments, no insurance, no collective bargaining, lack of alternative options, etc. Prison labor can soon deprive the free labor of jobs in a number of sectors, since the organized labor turns out to be uncompetitive compared to the prison counterpart.
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facilities have characteristics of prisons, particularly when confining patients who have committed a crime and are considered dangerous. In addition, many prisons have psychiatric units dedicated to housing offenders diagnosed with a wide variety of
2510:, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by military or civilian authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime. Military prisons in the United States have also been converted to civilian prisons, to include
2800:: Theories of deterrence argue that by sentencing criminals to extremely harsh penalties, other people who might be considering criminal activities will be so terrified of the consequences that they will choose not to commit crimes out of fear.
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2334:
In addition to the above facilities, others that are common include prison factories and workshops, visiting areas, mail rooms, telephone and computer rooms, a prison store (often called a "canteen") where prisoners can purchase goods with
1081:, while the terms "jail" and "prison" are commonly used in speech, officially named facilities use "facility", "correctional centre", "penitentiary", or "institution". A number of facilities retain their historical designation as a "jail".
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Academic studies have been inconclusive as to whether high imprisonment rates reduce crime rates in comparison to low imprisonment rates; only a minority suggest it creates a significant reduction, and others suggest it increases crime.
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into a state prison, in 1790. This prison was modeled on what became known as the "Pennsylvania system" (or "separate system"), and placed all prisoners into solitary cells with nothing other than religious literature, made them wear
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often claim that they are merely "criminals". Others who are sometimes classified as "political prisoners" include prisoners who were politicized in prison, and are subsequently punished for their involvement with political causes.
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2528:
In the Napoleonic wars, the broken down hulks were still in use for naval prisoners. One French surgeon recalled his captivity in Spain, where scurvy, diarrhea, dysentery, and typhus abounded, and prisoners died by the thousands:
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rates, and the fact that most of the youths that are incarcerated are those from lower socio-economic classes (who often suffer from broken families, lack of educational/job opportunities, and violence in their communities).
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Research has shown a significant link between females in prison and brain injury which supports research that shows incarcerated females are overwhelmingly victims of domestic violence (mainly male violence against women).
1143:
The Romans were among the first to use prisons as a form of punishment rather than simply for detention. A variety of existing structures were used to house prisoners, such as metal cages, basements of public buildings, and
1957:, nonlethal and lethal weapons, riot-control gear and physical segregation of units and prisoners may all also be present within a prison to monitor and control the movement and activity of prisoners within the facility.
1303:). From the Middle Ages up to the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, imprisonment was rarely used as a punishment in its own right, and prisons were mainly to hold those awaiting trial and convicts awaiting punishment.
1524:
professional and paid by the government, that outside inspection of prisons should be imposed, and that prisoners should be provided with a healthy diet and reasonable living conditions. The prison reform charity, the
1540:, and jails remained a local responsibility. But other measures passed in the next few years provided magistrates with the powers to implement many of these reforms, and eventually, in 1815, jail fees were abolished.
2964:
These alternatives do not eliminate the need for imprisonment altogether. Suspended sentences entail the threat of time in prison, while for others, actual imprisonment may be used as a punishment for noncompliance.
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2505:
Prisons have formed parts of military systems since the French Revolution. France set up its system in 1796. They were modernized in 1852 and since their existence, are used variously to house prisoners of war,
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1270:, claims that the primary purpose of prisons is to be so harsh and terrifying that they deter people from committing crimes out of fear of going to prison. The second theory, which saw prisons as a form of
6043:
1256:, often with hard labor, as a solution. The prison reform movement that arose at this time was heavily influenced by two somewhat contradictory philosophies. The first was based in Enlightenment ideas of
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An act to authorise, for a limited time, the punishment by hard labour of offenders who, for certain crimes, are or shall become liable to be transported to any of his Majesty's colonies and plantations.
2667:
website hosts data regarding prison populations around the world, including "Persons held – by sex, by age group," "Persons held – by status and sex" and "Prison capacity and overcrowding – totals".
5213:
Cook, Emma S.; Lee, Yee Ming; White, B. Douglas; Gropper, Sareen S. (14 August 2015). "The Diet of Inmates: An Analysis of a 28-Day Cycle Menu Used in a Large County Jail in the State of Georgia".
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instead. The suspension of transport also prompted the use of prisons for punishment and the initial start of a prison building program. Britain would resume transportation to specifically planned
7258:
4547:"Purpose of Correctional Counseling and Treatment (From Correctional Counseling and Rehabilitation, Fourth Edition, P 23-39, 2000, Patricia van Voorhis, Michael Braswell, et al. – See NCJ-183019)"
3150:
is a place where individuals in pretrial custody or given short sentences are sent. In the United States, jails are often run by counties, while prisons are run by the state or federal government.
1632:
In 1786, the state of Pennsylvania passed a law that mandated that all convicts who had not been sentenced to death would be placed in penal servitude to do public works projects such as building
2855:
are not entirely opposed to attempting to rehabilitate offenders, but instead argue that most prisoners would be more likely to be rehabilitated if they received a punishment other than prison.
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practices and encourage the maintenance of agency and control in these programs to prevent them from becoming self-serving entities that cause further exploitation. Others argue that certain
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2623:
A graph showing the incarceration rate per 100,000 population in the United States. The rapid rise in the rate of imprisonment in the United States came in response to the declaration of a
2851:. On the other hand, in many countries including the United States, the vast majority of prisoners are rearrested within 3 years of their release. Prison reform organizations such as the
2343:
where prisoners who have been sentenced to death await execution and an execution room, where the death sentence is carried out. In places like Singapore and Malaysia, there is place for
2088:, prisoners are also allowed to visit their families in Helsinki and eat together with the prison staff. Prisoners in Scandinavian facilities are permitted to wear their own clothes.
2187:
2000 from several forensic hospitals in California, New York and Oregon found that with treatment the rate of recidivism was "much lower" than for untreated mentally ill offenders.
2071:
On the other end are "minimum security" prisons which are most often used to house those for whom more stringent security is deemed unnecessary. For example, prisoners convicted of
4953:
4780:
Wolff, Nancy, and Jing Shi. "Patterns of victimization and feelings of safety inside prison: The experience of male and female inmates." Crime & Delinquency 57.1 (2011): 29–55.
2084:
Prisoners can rent flat-screen televisions, sound systems, and mini-refrigerators with the prison-labor wages that they can earn—wages range between 4.10 and €7.30 per hour. With
1041:, the words "gaol", "jail" and "prison" are commonly used. The spelling "gaol" was in official use in the past, and many historical gaols are now tourist attractions, such as the
2768:
145:
9756:
6731:
1264:, and suggested that prisons should simply be used as a more effective substitute for public corporal punishments such as whipping, hanging, etc. This theory, referred to as
7355:
5074:
Harer, Miles D.; Langan, Neal P. (October 2001). "Gender Differences in Predictors of Prison Violence: Assessing the Predictive Validity of a Risk Classification System".
7729:
6325:
Woolhouse, Rachel; McKinlay, Audrey; Grace, Randolph C. (August 2018). "Women in Prison With Traumatic Brain Injury: Prevalence, Mechanism, and Impact on Mental Health".
6070:
8138:
8123:
6935:
5914:
2917:: The offender performs of a period of probation, and only serves a prison sentence if the terms of probation are broken. This is similar to the Canadian concept of a
2315:", where prisoners are held prior to their executions, as well as an execution chamber, where they are put to death under controlled conditions. Pictured here is the
8078:
6206:
2279:
Most prisoners are part of the "general population" of the prison, members of which are generally able to socialize with each other in common areas of the prison. A
1771:, are enforcement officials who are in charge of enforcing prison rules among the inmates. Thus they are responsible for the care, custody and control of the prison.
2525:, British prisoners held by the U.S. were assigned to local farmers as laborers. The British kept American sailors in broken down ship hulls with high death rates.
6089:
1283:
The concept of the modern prison was imported to Europe in the early 19th-century. Prior forms of punishment were usually physical, including capital punishment,
6035:
1586:, established in 1816 with a capacity for just under 1,000 inmates. By 1824, 54 prisons had adopted the disciplinary system advocated by the SIPD. By the 1840s,
1229:
during the modern age based on historical documents from France. Foucault argues that prison did not become the principal form of punishment just because of the
6427:"Lawrie, Rowena --- "Speak Out Speak Strong: Rising Imprisonment Rates of Aboriginal Women" [2003] IndigLawB 24; (2003) 5(24) Indigenous Law Bulletin 5"
5593:
Edited by Erin Boyington, Randall Horton, Eldon Ray James, Sharaya Olmeda, and Victoria Van Hyning. 2024 revised edition. Chicago: American Library Association.
1359:
eighteenth-century British penal practice. Transportation to America was abruptly suspended by the Criminal Law Act 1776 (16 Geo. 3 c.43) with the start of the
9604:
2950:: The offender is not punished for the crime if they abide by certain conditions; typically they must not commit any further crimes within a designated period.
2698:
5051:"Gender Differences in Prisoner Subcultures (From Women and Crime in America, P 409-419, 1981, Lee H Bowker, ed. -See NCJ-93434) | Office of Justice Programs"
3099:
7174:
10198:
5050:
1433:, and by the 1810s, the first state prisons and correctional facilities were built, thereby inaugurating the modern prison facilities available today.
780:
6801:
6103:
Brown, Sherri (April 2011). "Working with Women who are Survivors of the United States 'Corrections' Systems: Challenges for Social Service Workers".
3613:
2988:, with some prison abolitionists arguing that imprisoning people for actions the state designates as crimes is not only inexpedient but also immoral.
2412:(Toronto, Canada), which opened in 1874 and was Canada's first dedicated prison for women. The reformatory was closed in 1969 due to an abuse scandal.
2386:
In addition to overcrowding, juvenile prisons are questioned for their overall effectiveness in rehabilitating youth. Many critics note high juvenile
1602:
opened in 1842, beginning a trend of ever increasing incarceration rates and the use of prison as the primary form of crime punishment. Robert Peel's
1326:
5575:
2862:
argues that offenders can be deterred by the fear of being caught but are unlikely to be deterred by the fear or experience of the punishment. Like
2545:
Food and medical treatment were generally comparable to what active duty soldiers received, and housing was much better than front-line conditions.
2157:
6376:
4546:
3527:
8389:
7450:
8662:
5002:
Bagaric, Mirko; Bagaric, Brienna (2016). "Mitigating the Crime That Is the Over-Imprisonment of Women: Why Orange Should Not Be the New Black".
3578:
2252:
systems are falsely advertised as a perfect solution when in reality there are much larger systemic issues at hand. Rather than trying to shape
1017:, the terms "jail" and "prison" are commonly used, although the terms "correctional facility" and "prison" among others are in official usage.
10436:
6450:
Wilson, Mandy; Jones, Jocelyn; Butler, Tony; Simpson, Paul; Gilles, Marisa; Baldry, Eileen; Levy, Michael; Sullivan, Elizabeth (January 2017).
1606:
of 1823 introduced regular visits to prisoners by chaplains, provided for the payment of jailers and prohibited the use of irons and manacles.
1221:
1069:
in Australia are referred to as "youth correctional facilities" or "youth detention centres" among other names, depending on the jurisdiction.
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6788:
policy of sentencing a comparatively large number of the population, compounded by an apparent increase in prisoners' terms of imprisonment .
4057:
4037:
4011:
1926:
Prisons are normally surrounded by fencing, walls, earthworks, geographical features, or other barriers to prevent escape. Multiple barriers,
3699:
A tropical dependency: an outline of the ancient history of the western Sudan with an account of the modern settlement of northern Nigeria /
2755:, which could lead to serious injury or death en masse. Academic research has found that poor conditions tend to increase the likelihood of
2295:
to isolate them from the general population. Other prisoners that are often segregated from the general population include those who are in
6012:
5895:
4524:
3728:
Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age: Mental-Historical Investigations of Basic Human Problems and Social Responses
2747:, self-harm, and the widespread smuggling of illegal drugs and other contraband. The social system within the prison commonly develops an "
2693:
The prison industry also includes private businesses that benefit from the exploitation of the prison labor. Some scholars, using the term
1848:
to meet the religious need for inmates. Religious workers are also in charge of the weddings when inmates marry someone outside the prison.
6228:
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4013:
The Statutes at Large from the Magna Charta, to the End of the Eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, Anno 1761 [continued to 1806]
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halted in the 1770s, the immediate need for additional penal accommodations emerged. Given the undeveloped institutional facilities, old
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system beneath ancient Rome and contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners were held in squalid conditions contaminated with
9778:
8228:
7833:
7802:
7769:
6677:
5986:
5513:
3926:
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C. Fred Alford, "What would it matter if everything Foucault said about prison were wrong? Discipline and Punish after twenty years."
1779:
are employed to provide education for inmates to use after their release, in order to reduce the likelihood of the inmates reoffending.
9857:
9639:
2783:
A variety of justifications and explanations are put forth for why people are imprisoned by the state. The most common of these are:
1187:
could have led to confiscation of merchandise or imprisonment as a form of punishment, since various prisons existed in the empire.
988:
holds people for longer periods of time, such as many years, and is operated by a state or federal government. After a conviction, a
8694:
The State of Prisons of England, Scotland and Wales: Not for the Debtor Only, But for Felons Also, and Other Less Criminal Offenders
6727:
4922:
1694:
in which prisoners were confined in separate cells and prohibited from talking when eating and working together, implementing it at
1225:(1975), energized the historical study of prisons and their role in the overall social system. The book analyzed changes in Western
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7323:
6510:
3830:
2664:
1668:
soon built the Newgate state prison in Greenwich Village, which was modeled on the Pennsylvania system, and other states followed.
397:
7420:
Ellis, D. (1984) Crowding and prison violence: Integration of research and theory. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 11 (3). 277–308.
3988:
9928:
9028:
7345:
2636:
1314:. These houses held mostly petty offenders, vagrants, and the disorderly local poor. In these facilities the inmates were given "
7720:
4200:
Architectural innovation lay at the heart of eighteenth-century prison reform and one of its master thinkers was Jeremy Bentham
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7893:
7864:
7827:
7796:
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7702:
7664:
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7539:
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7397:
7251:"To Challenge and Suffer: The Forms and Foundations of Working Inmates' Social Criticism (Sociétés Contemporaines 87 (2012))"
7211:
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who advocated for the necessity of humanizing and socializing methods within the prison system in Great Britain and America.
8195:
7217:
6775:
5117:
4219:
10508:
10067:
5629:"Literacy as an Act of Creative Resistance: Joining the Work of Incarcerated Teaching Artists at a Maximum-Security Prison"
1207:, which involved chaining prisoners together in the bottoms of ships and forcing them to row on naval or merchant vessels.
130:
6202:
2052:, and inmates from other prisons who have a history of violent or other disruptive behavior in prison or are suspected of
10514:
10184:
10152:
9567:
8322:
4659:
Sheridan, Francis (1996). "Security and Control: Perimeter Security". In McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Frank P. (eds.).
2697:, have argued that the trend of "hiring out prisoners" is a continuation of the slavery tradition, pointing out that the
2409:
1168:. Forced labor on public works projects was also a common form of punishment. In many cases, citizens were sentenced to
10299:
10132:
10011:
8808:: the impact of decarceration and prison closure on local communities in Kazakhstan, Post-Soviet Affairs, 40:2, 71–87,
8545:
3759:
3018:
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2453:
1857:
may be utilized for tasks within the prison, such as cooking food for the other inmates or providing cleaning services.
747:
601:
10102:
9953:
9678:
9496:
9444:
8469:
7559:
SpearIt (2015-07-09). "Shackles Beyond the Sentence: How Legal Financial Obligations Create a Permanent Underclass".
6538:
5667:
3706:
766:
7913:
3815:
Schwan, A., & Shapiro, S. (2011). How to read Foucault's discipline and punish. London : Pluto Press, 2011.
9662:
1330:
Women in Plymouth, England (Black-eyed Sue and Sweet Poll) mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to
4088:
Horrors of the prison ships: Dr. West's description of the wallabout floating dungeons, how captive patriots fared
2821:
that some kind of moral balance will be achieved by "paying back" the prisoner for the wrongs they have committed.
2810:
argue that while prisoners are incarcerated, they will be unable to commit crimes, thus keeping communities safer.
10484:
10116:
10109:
9841:
9453:
7151:
5717:"Making Citizens Behind Bars (and the Stories We Tell About It): Queering Approaches to Prison Literacy Programs"
5589:
Public Library Jail and Reentry Services, and Association of Specialized and Cooperative Library Agencies. 2024.
4610:
4241:
2500:
2311:
In countries where capital punishment is practiced, such as the United States, some prisons are equipped with a "
2079:) also have "open" prisons where prisoners are allowed home-leave or part-time employment outside of the prison.
1739:
644:
341:
4978:
3159:
gaol is a dated British and South African spelling also used historically in Canada and Australia. The spelling
2953:
Other court orders that take away privileges from the offender, such as banning motoring offenders from driving.
2044:
prisons have been created where the custody level goes beyond maximum security for people such as terrorists or
1053:, while other states and territories use a variety of names. "Prison" is officially used for some facilities in
10032:
5913:
Bradley, Kevin; Kashyap, Kiran; Klippan, Lucy; Lulham, Rohan; McGregor, Fiona; Munro, Tasman; Tomkin; Douglas.
3563:
2852:
2611:
2291:(also called a "block" or "isolation cell") is a highly secure area of the prison, where inmates are placed in
2109:
1525:
581:
561:
135:
7054:
6853:
10544:
10460:
10222:
9576:
8757:
Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge Issues in crime & justice
7937:
7190:
Kai, Jonathan (March 23, 2013). "The disgrace of America's prison-industrial complex". National Post. p. A22.
2918:
2859:
2449:
2012:
1504:
742:
737:
591:
39:
17:
6301:
3398:
For a detailed discussion of the sometimes blurred line between "criminals" and "political prisoners", see:
10293:
9820:
3605:
2904:
2879:
2724:
2648:
In 2021, the World Prison Brief reported that at least 11.5 million people were imprisoned worldwide.
2600:
2226:
2183:
experienced abuse and mistreatment at the hands of prison medical staff who are entrusted with their care.
1652:
1196:
392:
8990:
7411:
Bidna, H. (1975). Effects of increased security on prison violence. Journal of Criminal Justice, 3. 33–46.
3549:
1625:, where prison cells were placed inside of rectangular buildings that lent themselves more to large-scale
10575:
10526:
9021:
8029:
2113:
649:
3519:
10418:
10018:
9997:
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9512:
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movements generally seek to reduce prison populations. A key goal is to improve conditions by reducing
1408:
for women and children. It was the first facility to make any medical services available to prisoners.
1360:
1176:(a primitive form of prison where unruly slaves were chained to workbenches and performed hard labor).
556:
281:
232:
115:
8371:
7442:
6258:
Simon, Rachel E.; Clarke, Jennifer G. (2013-09-01). "Shackling and Separation: Motherhood in Prison".
1598:, set an ambitious program of prison building in the country, with one large prison opening per year.
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2007:
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237:
155:
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4303:
The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776–1941
4074:
1468:, that had few towns or food sources. Siberia quickly gained its fearful connotation of punishment.
10472:
10448:
10412:
10329:
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9308:
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5972:
Growing Up Locked Down: Youth in Solitary Confinement in Jails and Prisons Across the United States
3013:
2572:
2558:
2105:
1537:
1512:
699:
105:
1759:, also known as a Governor is the official who is in charge of the prison and heads all the staff.
10382:
10341:
10123:
10046:
9962:
9799:
9611:
9183:
7234:
Young, Cynthia (2000). "Punishing Labor: Why Labor Should Oppose the Prison Industrial Complex".
6592:
Jones Heather (2008). "A Missing Paradigm? Military Captivity and the Prisoner of War, 1914–18".
6004:
3023:
1870:
Shita (Shata) Prison in Israel. Many modern prisons are surrounded by a perimeter of high walls,
1599:
1546:
were prominent in campaigning against and publicizing the dire state of the prisons at the time.
1355:
1149:
586:
421:
227:
165:
31:
6630:
Imprisoned Intellectuals: America's Political Prisoners Write on Life, Liberation, and Rebellion
5747:
4532:
4108:
4102:
3724:"Competition for the Prisoner's Body: Wardens and Jailers in Fourteenth-Century Southern France"
3233:
Bentham's Prison: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary: A Study of the Panopticon Penitentiary
1306:
However, an important innovation at the time was the Bridewell House of Corrections, located at
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10039:
9729:
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9410:
9283:
9135:
9014:
6271:
6236:
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5222:
5022:"Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report – Survey of State Prison Inmates, Women in Prison"
4402:
2627:: nearly half of those incarcerated in the United States are sentenced to prison for violating
2400:
2369:
1728:
1676:
1029:, "prison" is officially used, although "jail" is widely understood and more common in usage.
752:
514:
150:
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8308:
8243:
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7529:
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6121:"Women prisoners: Sex in prison is commonplace, the male inmates just hide it more than girls"
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Prisoners can face difficulty re-integrating back into society upon their release. They often
2299:, or who are on suicide watch, and those whose behavior presents a threat to other prisoners.
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10323:
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Recapturing Freedom: Issues Relating to the Release of Long-term Prisoners Into the Community
7654:
7495:
6628:
6302:"History of significant head injury in women prisoners linked with disability and past abuse"
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release. All of these things can result in a higher likelihood of reoffending upon release.
2116:
ordered California to reduce its prison population (the second largest in the nation, after
10466:
10317:
10234:
9942:
9701:
9590:
9262:
7429:
Gaes, G. (1994). Prison crowding research reexamined. The Prison Journal, 74, (3). 329–363.
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2947:
2585:
2496:
2457:
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2057:
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labor, watchfulness, solitude, and silence ... joined with cleanliness and a simple diet".
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Education's Prisoners: Schooling, the Political Economy, and the Prison Industrial Complex
5716:
5416:
1363:. While sentencing to transportation continued, the act instituted a punishment policy of
8:
10490:
10394:
10353:
9878:
9618:
8572:
8461:
8139:"Why America Has a Mass Incarceration Problem, and Why Germany and the Netherlands Don't"
7152:"If We Build It They Will Come: Human Rights Violation and the Prison Industrial Complex"
5691:
4506:
3196:
For a more detailed look at the English "transportation" system, and the transition from
3168:
2956:
2889:
2863:
2736:
2599:. The United States government refers to psychiatric prisons housing federal inmates as "
2576:
is a classification of prisons or detention centers where people are held without trial.
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1405:
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313:
90:
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The reformers: an historical survey of pioneer experiments in the treatment of criminals
3834:
3786:
David Garland, "Review: Foucault's "Discipline and Punish"--An Exposition and Critique"
2619:
2201:
932:. At any time, states may imprison civilians – sometimes large groups of civilians – in
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10228:
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Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse
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became more widespread both in Europe and in the United States. Particularly under the
970:
897:
874:
714:
689:
346:
296:
252:
160:
7291:
Morgan, William J. Jr. (December 2009). "The Major Causes of Institutional Violence".
7123:
Guilbaud, Fabrice (2010). "Working in Prison: Time as Experienced by Inmate-Workers".
2440:
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Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality
7393:
7273:
7207:
7088:
6765:
6706:
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6634:
6613:
6578:
Michael B. Chesson, "Prison Camps and Prisoners of War," in Steven E. Woodworth, ed.
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4757:
4724:
4693:
4666:
4635:
4449:
4406:
4369:
4338:
4307:
4268:
4215:
The State of the Prisons in England and Wales with an account of some foreign prisons
4185:
4154:
4112:
3964:
3916:
3882:
3879:
Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic
3853:
3802:
Karl von Schriltz, "Foucault on the prison: Torturing history to punish capitalism."
3731:
3702:
3634:
3492:
3441:
3407:
3379:
3357:
3329:
3299:
3296:
Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic
3268:
3237:
3209:
3038:
2731:
2336:
2153:
2049:
1988:
1977:
1921:
1806:
1457:
1445:
1062:
909:
606:
524:
377:
247:
8080:
Handbook of basic principles and promising practices on Alternatives to Imprisonment
7110:
National Institute of Justice: Criminal Justice Research, Development and Evaluation
7029:
6495:
5252:
5174:"What do prisoners eat? Nutrient intakes and food practices in a high-secure prison"
5103:
5029:
U.S. Department of Justice; Office of Justice Programs; Bureau of Justice Statistics
188:
10565:
10400:
10305:
10269:
10263:
10004:
9969:
9715:
9694:
9583:
9542:
9232:
7587:
7579:
7389:
7385:
7166:
7132:
6601:
6511:"'He stalks me and rapes me and I've had to do the time': The victims in our jails"
6473:
6463:
6362:
6334:
6267:
5968:
5842:
5759:
5728:
5640:
5412:
5232:
5185:
5083:
4439:
3480:
3094:
3073:
2938:
2628:
2316:
2196:
1665:
1591:
1532:
1465:
1307:
1241:
1153:
1094:
1058:
1026:
961:
have separate definitions, though this is not always adhered to in casual speech.
950:
933:
925:
917:
901:
893:
870:
793:
372:
318:
8715:
Benevolent Repression: Social Control and the American Reformatory-Prison Movement
8244:"Transformative Justice: Anti-Subordination Process in Cases of Domestic Violence"
7272:
SpearIt (2014-01-01). "Economic Interest Convergence in Downsizing Imprisonment".
6829:
4592:
3659:
10275:
9935:
9722:
9671:
9361:
9329:
9248:
9142:
8923:
8879:
8858:
8837:
8816:
8755:
8734:
8713:
8692:
8671:
8641:
8620:
8599:
8552:
8521:
8477:
8455:
8435:
8408:
8179:
7984:
7201:
6759:
6755:
5559:
5372:
Beyond the Prison Industrial Complex: Crime and Incarceration in the 21st Century
5021:
4660:
4564:
4213:
4061:
4041:
3471:
Weitekamp, Elmar (1993). "Reparative justice: Towards a victim oriented system".
3401:
3351:
3231:
3048:
3043:
2866:, they argue that better policing is a more effective way to reduce crime rates.
2756:
2740:
2680:
2596:
2511:
2492:
2179:
2080:
1996:
1927:
1732:
1661:
1583:
1351:
1216:
1054:
1046:
709:
351:
291:
286:
271:
203:
198:
120:
100:
8579:
Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California
6401:
5087:
1822:
is someone who is tasked with monitoring inmates outside of the prison during a
1788:
positive and negative aspects in each case situation, and develop release plans.
10251:
9785:
9764:
9632:
9560:
9396:
9389:
9382:
9269:
7690:
The Oxford History of the Prison: the practice of punishment in western society
6452:"Violence in the Lives of Incarcerated Aboriginal Mothers in Western Australia"
4265:
The Oxford History of the Prison: the practice of punishment in western society
3961:
The Oxford History of the Prison: the Practice of Punishment in Western Society
3942:
Freeman's Challenge: The Murder That Shook America's Original Prison for Profit
3197:
3084:
3063:
2899:
2641:
Some jurisdictions refer to the prison population (total or per-prison) as the
2477:
2218:
2033:
2024:
1946:
and roving patrols may all also be present depending on the level of security.
1939:
1931:
1879:
1711:
1614:
1603:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1497:
1492:
1480:
1292:
1257:
1204:
1180:
1122:
1045:. Officially, the term "correctional centre" is used for almost all prisons in
989:
882:
858:
468:
95:
8008:
7591:
7346:"Exclusive: shock figures reveal crisis state of prisons in England and Wales"
6605:
6534:
5190:
5173:
4365:
From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York, 1796–1848
3912:
From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York, 1796–1848
3187:
In Britain a 'detention centre' is a military detention facility, not a prison
2715:
2464:" (January 2002). The prisoners are forced to wear goggles and headphones for
1240:
From the late 17th century and during the 18th century, popular resistance to
10559:
10176:
9708:
9428:
9417:
9218:
8622:
The New Abolitionists: (Neo)slave Narratives And Contemporary Prison Writings
7170:
6487:
6468:
6451:
6346:
6338:
6279:
5915:"Reframing the purpose, practice and place of juvenile detention in Victoria"
5838:
5771:
5763:
5652:
5236:
5095:
4453:
3176:
3079:
2973:
2885:
2461:
2421:
2241:
2171:
2076:
1887:
1768:
1691:
1641:
1622:
1562:
The theory of the modern prison system was born in London, influenced by the
1547:
1508:
1441:
1430:
1157:
1129:
1042:
624:
456:
366:
264:
8736:
Forced Passages: Imprisoned Radical Intellectuals And the U.S. Prison Regime
8307:
National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals (US). "
6005:"Alternatives to the Secure Detention and Confinement of Juvenile Offenders"
5823:(Third ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
5644:
3146:
is a place where individuals given long sentences are incarcerated, while a
2472:
1906:
1901:
9910:
9871:
9535:
9519:
9301:
9255:
9037:
7350:
6354:
6287:
5244:
5199:
3427:
2924:
2624:
2481:
2417:
to protect them from physical and sexual abuse that would otherwise occur.
2307:
2167:
2019:
1992:
1965:
1935:
1883:
1823:
1656:
1648:
1516:
1488:
1416:
1368:
1315:
1288:
1230:
1103:
1066:
850:
798:
619:
193:
7785:"The People Prisons Make: Effects of Incarceration on Criminal Psychology"
7580:"The Racialized Consequences of Jail Incarceration on Local Labor Markets"
4133:
Autocracy under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905
3993:
Crime and Justice - Punishments at the Old Bailey - Central Criminal Court
10207:
9687:
9655:
9528:
9489:
9482:
9375:
9354:
9315:
9276:
9204:
9052:
8925:
Situational Prison Control: Crime Prevention in Correctional Institutions
8881:
A Protestant Purgatory: Theological Origins of the Penitentiary Act, 1779
7136:
3068:
3058:
3053:
2791:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2676:
2653:
2375:
2257:
fight against exclusionary institutions. Taking an alternative approach,
2134:
1875:
1836:
1626:
1595:
1426:
1421:
1379:
1364:
1261:
1249:
1191:
1165:
1014:
905:
878:
664:
451:
356:
303:
170:
125:
48:
8905:
The Culture of Urban Control: Jail Overcrowding in the Crime Control Era
8839:
Interrupted Life: Experiences of Incarcerated Women in the United States
8799:
The Puzzle of Prison Order: Why Life Behind Bars Varies Around the World
8009:"Professor Lawrence Sherman: 'Less Prison + More Policing = Less Crime'"
7959:"We've tried expecting prisons to rehabilitate and it just doesn't work"
6535:"Historic Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields: Post at Alcatraz Island"
1374:
9475:
9403:
9239:
9225:
9211:
9176:
9073:
8860:
Releasing Prisoners, Redeeming Communities: Reentry, Race, and Politics
8346:
7851:
The Virtual Prison: Community Custody and the Evolution of Imprisonment
6478:
6002:
3775:
3484:
3318:
For a broad overview of the technologies used in prison security, see:
3265:
Prison Reform in Lancashire, 1700–1850: A Study in Local Administration
3120:
2840:
2591:
2445:
2387:
1943:
1871:
1738:
Another prominent prison reformer who made important contributions was
1571:
1484:
1331:
1284:
1234:
1050:
862:
684:
679:
485:
7656:
A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America
6698:
Human Rights, Suffering, and Aesthetics in Political Prison Literature
6377:"Nearly 65% of prisoners at women's jail 'show signs of brain injury'"
5341:
A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America
4565:"Review of the Federal Bureau of Prisons' Medical Staffing Challenges"
4494:
The Prison Problem of America: (with admiration for those who face it)
4233:
4151:
Understanding Social Control: Crime and Social Order in Late Modernity
3791:
1664:, and forced them to be completely silent to reflect on their wrongs.
1425:, were the most readily available and expandable choice to be used as
9336:
7749:
6327:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
6003:
Austin, James; Kelly Dedel Johnson; Ronald Weitzer (September 2005).
5732:
5561:
Reading Is My Window: Books and the Art of Reading in Women's Prisons
4444:
4427:
2981:
2909:
2405:
2360:
2340:
2312:
2249:
2175:
1699:
1618:
1437:
1400:
1200:
1173:
1107:
1038:
921:
323:
259:
8215:
Fugitive Thought: Prison Movements, Race, and the Meaning of Justice
7789:
Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom
7756:
Do Prisons Make Us Safer?: The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom
7250:
5867:
Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison
5668:"All our Community's Voices: Unteaching the Prison Literacy Complex"
4826:
Total Confinement: Madness and Reason in the Maximum Security Prison
4181:
Radical Spaces: Venues of Popular Politics in London, 1790 – C. 1845
2063:
973:
and is usually operated by a local government, typically the county
9091:
9059:
8046:
7062:
6861:
2931:: Sometimes a condition of a strict suspended/conditional sentence.
2253:
2108:
in California, in January 2006. As a result of overcrowding in the
2041:
1496:
prisoners were unable to see the guards. (Architectural drawing by
1389:
1226:
1161:
1145:
846:
463:
410:
60:
52:
8901:"Conditions of Confinement: The Social Reality of the Jail Inmate"
8437:
Building Power: Architecture and Surveillance in Victorian America
7624:
Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration
6664:
Becoming a Subject: Political Prisoners During the Greek Civil War
2870:
the prison and that this harm has impacts on the society outside.
2514:. Alcatraz was formerly a military prison for soldiers during the
1960:
1321:
1106:. The galley pictured here belonged to the Mediterranean fleet of
9149:
9121:
9100:
8985:
8774:
8457:
Governing Prisons: A Comparative Study of Correctional Management
8013:
7531:
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
7203:
The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness
6884:"There is nothing inevitable about America's over-use of prisons"
5530:
The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century
5499:
The Prison Library Primer: A Program for the Twenty-First Century
5308:
Health in Prisons: A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health
4334:
Voices from Prison: An Ethnographic Study of Black Male Prisoners
3369:
3142:
usually refer to separate things in formal speech. In general, a
2743:
by prisoners against other prisoners or staff, staff misconduct,
2548:
2485:
2100:
2056:
affiliation. These inmates have individual cells and are kept in
1914:
1543:
1461:
1456:
prisons were harsh work camps established in the 17th century in
1453:
1436:
France also sent criminals to overseas penal colonies, including
1343:
1245:
1169:
974:
854:
494:
9006:
8369:
8167:. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. pp. 218–220.
6086:
Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System
6067:
Women Behind Bars: The Crisis of Women in the U.S. Prison System
6036:"Toronto woman was jailed for living with her boyfriend in 1939"
5591:
Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained.
2231:
Standards for Library Services for the Incarcerated or Detained.
1203:
over others. Another common punishment was sentencing people to
916:. In times of war, belligerents or neutral countries may detain
8973:
8281:
The End of Prisons: Reflections from the Decarceration Movement
5896:"Teen-Ager Caned in Singapore Tells of the Blood and the Scars"
4611:"What Prison Chaplains do … and What They Think They Should do"
2928:
2848:
2844:
1651:
soon put this theory into practice, and turned its old jail at
1300:
1078:
866:
75:
9757:
Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
9001:
8947:
Prime Time Prisons on U.S. TV: Representation of Incarceration
3431:
1590:
to Australia and the use of hulks was on the decline, and the
1346:
criminals (and others generally young and poor) for a term of
10074:
9107:
8323:"Masked Racism: Reflections on the Prison Industrial Complex"
6165:
4747:
3660:"There's Got to Be a Better Way: Retribution vs. Restoration"
3460:
Also frequently referred to as "reformation" or "corrections"
2730:
Prisons can be difficult places to live and work in, even in
2435:
2258:
2206:
2158:
Incarceration of women in the United States § Healthcare
2117:
1810:
1637:
1633:
1476:
1184:
1133:
436:
217:
30:"Jail" and "Penitentiary" redirect here. For other uses, see
8181:
The Politics of Restorative Justice: A Critical Introduction
7879:
7686:
6957:
5969:
Human Rights Watch / American Civil Liberties Union (2012).
5815:
Kevin I. Minor and Stephen Parson, "Protective Custody", in
5368:
4262:
2468:
and to prevent them from communicating with other prisoners.
8753:
7378:<SCP>C</SCP> lear, <SCP>T</SCP> odd
6728:"Better than prison: life inside the UK's secure hospitals"
6153:
Resistance Behind Bars: The Struggles of Incarcerated Women
5403:
Byron, Robert (2014). "Criminals Need Mental Health Care".
4720:
Prison, Inc: A Convict Exposes Life Inside a Private Prison
2972:
seeks to eliminate prisons altogether. It is distinct from
2053:
1910:
1866:
8116:"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets"
8050:
Revolution in Penology: Rethinking the Society of Captives
7108:"Cost, Performance Studies Look at Prison Privatization".
6928:"Sweden closes four prisons as number of inmates plummets"
6764:. Routledge Library Editions: Women and Crime. Routledge.
5998:
5996:
5436:
Prison(Er) Education: Stories of Change and Transformation
4572:
U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General
3348:
For a history of the development of prison libraries, see
2944:
Mental health treatment for offenders with mental illness.
2660:
numbers in Sweden falling by around 1% a year since 2004.
1813:
who are tasked with providing the inmates with healthcare.
8663:
Carceral Geography: Spaces and Practices of Incarceration
8208:
4496:. Printed at H.M. Prison, for private circulation. p. 12
2778:
2735:
of federal prisoners. The environment may be worsened by
2452:, a United States military prison where people are being
1121:
The use of prisons can be traced back to the rise of the
8433:
7055:"Billions Behind Bars: Inside America's Prison Industry"
6854:"Billions Behind Bars: Inside America's Prison Industry"
6449:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5429:
3944:. The University of Chicago Press. p. 16-19, 31-32.
1397:
of the seventeenth century was the establishment of the
27:
Facility where people are kept as punishment for a crime
8673:
Palestinian Political Prisoners: Identity and community
8601:
Private Prisons in America: A Critical Race Perspective
7721:"Prisons no longer place for punishment, ministers say"
5993:
5912:
4857:
Supermax: Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement
4689:
Supermax: Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement
3228:
For an in-depth treatment of Bentham's panopticon, see
8996:
8279:. In Negel, Mechthild; Nocella II, Anthony J. (eds.).
6324:
5465:"Correctional Academic, Career, and Reentry Education"
2699:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1511:. After having visited several hundred prisons across
7682:
7680:
7523:
7521:
6828:
Wagner, Peter; Rabuy, Bernadette (January 25, 2017).
5932:
4299:
3324:. In McShane, Marilyn D.; Williams, Frank P. (eds.).
3100:
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
2190:
8856:
8818:
Punishment and Prisons: Power and the Carceral State
8711:
8571:
8165:
Crime in Canadian Context- Debates and Controversies
5748:"Writing to Listen: Why I Write Across Prison Walls"
5333:
5331:
4428:"Women's Prisons in Italy: A Problem of Citizenship"
4055:
Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1660–1914
3726:. In Classen, Albrecht; Scarborough, Connie (eds.).
8779:. In Zaitzow, Barbara H. & Thomas, Jim (eds.).
8597:
7527:
7199:
7149:
6197:
6195:
5944:Welch, Michael (2004). "Juveniles in Corrections".
5820:
Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory
5469:
Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory
5212:
5118:"In Prison, Discipline Comes Down Hardest On Women"
4829:. University of California Press. pp. 134–39.
4796:
Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory
4330:
3517:
3399:
2670:
1557:
1310:in London, which resulted in the building of other
8944:
8576:
8540:Fisher, George. "The birth of the prison retold."
8498:
8027:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7848:
7846:
7719:
7677:
7621:
7518:
7437:
7435:
6633:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. xi, xii, 11.
6402:"Head injuries suffered by 80% of women prisoners"
6119:
6105:Lecture at University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA
5870:. University of California Press. pp. 28–35.
4394:
3954:
3754:George Fisher, "The birth of the prison retold."
3370:Wiegand, Wayne A.; Davis, Donald G., eds. (1994).
3319:
3205:A History of Criminal Justice in England and Wales
1983:
8775:Sharp, Susan F. & Eriksen, M. Elaine (2003).
8554:Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences
7619:
7471:
6657:
6560:Sweetman Jack (2005). "A Floating Prison Break".
6168:"Naked Power: Strip Searching in Women's Prisons"
5784:
5462:
5328:
5171:
5140:
4979:"Differences Between Men's & Women's Prisons"
4884:
4789:
4658:
4627:
4177:
3721:
3630:Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia
869:. Authorities most commonly use prisons within a
10557:
10097:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
8921:
8877:
8835:
8732:
8479:Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China
8376:Instead of Prisons: A Handbook for Abolitionists
8246:. In Strang, Heather; Braithwaite, John (eds.).
8177:
7961:. The Howard League for Penal Reform. 2016-10-24
7750:Bushway, Shawn D.; Paternoster, Raymond (2009).
7085:Prison Industrial Complex and the Global Economy
6909:"Incarceration rates in selected countries 2023"
6192:
5863:
5665:
4822:
3850:Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison
3847:
3626:
3564:"Operation Division – PNG Correctional Services"
3473:European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research
3353:Libraries in Prisons: A Blending of Institutions
3258:
3201:
969:holds people for shorter periods of time or for
8523:Prisons, Punishment and the Pursuit of Security
8501:American Gulag: Inside U.S. Immigration Prisons
8475:
8274:
8113:
7972:
7652:
7472:Wakefield, Sara; Wildeman, Christopher (2013).
7432:
7376:Frost, Natasha A. (2017-08-01), "Clear, Todd",
5337:
4887:"The Invention of the American Supermax Prison"
4361:
3959:. In Morris, Norval; Rothman, David J. (eds.).
3908:
3610:Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies
3169:English pronunciation rules for hard and soft G
2568:people and fabricating evidence against them).
1515:and Europe, in his capacity as high sheriff of
1440:, in the early 18th century. Penal colonies in
1392:served as a convict hulk between 1818 and 1834.
1322:Transportation, prison ships and penal colonies
10437:Agricultural Penitentiary of Monte Cristo riot
10206:
8898:
8669:
8550:
8519:
8047:Arrigo, Bruce A.; Milovanovic, Dragan (2009).
7787:. In Raphael, Stephen; Stoll, Michael (eds.).
7782:
7754:. In Raphael, Stephen; Stoll, Michael (eds.).
7493:
7344:Savage, Michael; Townsend, Mark (2018-02-17).
7343:
6925:
6753:
5943:
5557:
5301:
5264:
5262:
5001:
4853:
4716:
4685:
4466:Knepper, Paul, and Per Jørgen Ystehede, eds.,
4392:
4306:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–36.
3603:
3403:Hitler's Prisons: Legal Terror in Nazi Germany
3349:
2549:Political prisons and administrative detention
1487:" prison introduced many of the principles of
1222:Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
10192:
9022:
8942:
7914:"Why Norway's prison system is so successful"
7880:Jewkes, Yvonne; Bennett, Jamie, eds. (2013).
7815:
7687:Morris, Norval; Rothman, David, eds. (1995).
7489:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7384:, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–3,
7229:
7227:
6802:"World Prison Population List (13th Edition)"
6591:
6559:
5526:
5495:
5398:
5396:
5273:. In Jewkes, Yvonne; Johnston, Helen (eds.).
4748:Jewkes, Yvonne & Johnston, Helen (2012).
4263:Morris, Norval; Rothman, David, eds. (1995).
4144:
4044:, p.124-127, Cornell University Press (1998),
3957:"The Body and The State: Early Modern Europe"
3904:
3902:
3872:
3289:
3229:
2719:Memorial to the prison staff who died in the
2355:
1835:are people who pay the prison for the use of
774:
8690:
8241:
8217:. University of Minnesota Press. p. 3.
6799:
6170:. In Scraton, Phil; McCulloch, Jude (eds.).
5268:
4943:
2144:is nutritionally adequate for most inmates.
1550:documented the conditions that prevailed at
1160:. The Mamertine Prison was located within a
8639:
8162:
8136:
7052:
6830:"Following the Money of Mass Incarceration"
6827:
6800:Fair, Helen; Walmsley, Roy (October 2021).
6257:
5259:
5073:
4425:
4337:. University Press of America. p. 64.
4211:
4016:. Great Britain: J. Bentham. Archived from
3692:
3469:Sometimes called "reparative justice" (See
2240:Under the Federal Bureau of Prisons in the
1934:, secured and defensible main gates, armed
1528:, was established in 1866 by his admirers.
10199:
10185:
9779:International Network of Prison Ministries
9029:
9015:
8804:Slade, Gavin; Trochev, Alexei (2024). Our
8781:Women in Prison: Gender and Social Control
8618:
8277:"The Tension Between Abolition and Reform"
8158:
8156:
7480:
7224:
6695:. In Livescu, Simona; et al. (eds.).
6626:
6272:10.1001/virtualmentor.2013.15.9.pfor2-1309
5393:
5172:Hannan-Jones, Mary; Capra, Sandra (2016).
3899:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3579:"Jail or gaol: Which spelling is correct?"
3076:, including homosexuality and sexual abuse
2895:Alternatives to prison sentences include:
2436:Military prisons and prisoner-of-war camps
1905:The main gate of the Kylmäkoski Prison in
1582:The first state prison in England was the
908:; this use is illegal under most forms of
873:system: people charged with crimes may be
781:
767:
8496:
8370:Prison Research Education Action (2005).
7476:. New York City: Oxford University Press.
7322:(9). American Psychological Association.
6690:
6477:
6467:
5714:
5430:Wilson, David; Reuss, Anne, eds. (2000).
5226:
5189:
4443:
4009:
3939:
3701:. Black Classic Press. pp. 199–200.
3470:
3432:Simon, Rita; de Waal, Christiaan (2009).
2579:
2265:
2040:to escape. Furthermore, in recent times,
1727:was never as popular as it became in the
1471:
1444:operated until 1952, such as the notable
9605:Mentally ill people in the United States
8814:
8053:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 39.
7791:. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 120.
7758:. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 120.
7248:
7122:
7082:
6906:
6166:McCulloch, Jude; George, Amanda (2008).
4973:
4971:
4368:. Cornell University Press. p. 30.
4035:"Asylum for Mankind": America, 1607–1800
3788:American Bar Foundation Research Journal
2714:
2665:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
2618:
2610:
2471:
2439:
2404:
2359:
2306:
2200:
2099:
2062:
2018:
2006:
1987:
1959:
1900:
1865:
1670:
1608:
1475:
1373:
1325:
1295:, and non-physical punishments, such as
1093:
792:
8777:"Imprisoned Mothers and Their Children"
8248:Restorative Justice and Family Violence
8153:
7558:
7453:from the original on September 10, 2015
7309:
7271:
6508:
5816:
5745:
5626:
5369:Wehr, Kevin; Aseltine, Elyshia (2013).
5306:. In Møller, Lars; et al. (eds.).
4946:"Why Scandinavian Prisons Are Superior"
4267:. Oxford University Press. p. 97.
4075:Marshalsea#First Marshalsea (1373–1811)
3963:. Oxford University Press. p. 44.
3915:. Cornell University Press. p. 6.
3818:
3693:Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997).
2934:Mandatory treatment for drug offenders.
2637:List of countries by incarceration rate
2615:A map of incarceration rates by country
2166:Some prison medical facilities include
1995:is presently the only facility housing
1089:
888:Prisons can also be used as a tool for
885:to a specified period of imprisonment.
14:
10558:
9858:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
8754:Selman, Donna; Leighton, Paul (2010).
8410:The English Prison and Borstal Systems
8211:"Towards a Critical Theory of Justice"
8126:from the original on 15 November 2013.
7855:. Cambridge University Press. p.
7577:
7290:
6725:
5564:. University of North Carolina Press.
4956:from the original on 25 September 2013
4750:"The evolution of prison architecture"
4100:
3633:. Greenwood Publishing. p. xxvi.
2779:Theories of punishment and criminality
1621:Penitentiary, which also followed the
10180:
9010:
8372:"Demythologizing Our Views of Prison"
8320:
8149:from the original on 6 February 2014.
7375:
7233:
6938:from the original on 15 November 2013
6541:from the original on February 6, 2011
6117:
6102:
6083:
6064:
6033:
6015:from the original on 23 February 2010
5920:. UTS University of Technology Sydney
5471:. Jones & Bartlett. p. 108.
5417:10.1038/scientificamericanmind0314-20
5402:
4968:
4891:The Globalization of Supermax Prisons
4483:. Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. p. 147
3657:
3585:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3530:from the original on 9 September 2013
2128:
2067:A minimum security prison in the U.S.
1839:and supplied the prisoners with work.
10160:
9322:
8114:Orange, Richard (11 November 2013).
8028:John D. Lofton Jr. (14 April 1975).
7938:"Why is Sweden closing its prisons?"
7886:Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment
7717:
7150:Smith, Earl; Angela Hattery (2006).
7006:"Persons held by status | dataUNODC"
6982:"Persons held in prison | dataUNODC"
6860:. NBCUniversal. 2013. Archived from
6734:from the original on 22 October 2017
6226:
4147:"The Architecture of Social Control"
4085:
3664:Osprey Journal of Ideals and Inquiry
3576:
2606:
2235:
2095:
1460:, in remote underpopulated areas of
1411:With the widely used alternative of
1371:in Australia between 1788 and 1868.
877:; those who have pled or been found
853:against their will and denied their
8406:
8309:A National Strategy to Reduce Crime
7693:. Oxford University Press. p.
7534:. The New Press. pp. 180–181.
6926:Richard Orange (11 November 2013).
6726:Swains, Howard (23 December 2016).
6150:
6088:. Emeryville: Seal Press. pp.
6069:. Emeryville: Seal Press. pp.
5715:Cavallaro, Alexandra (2019-03-14).
5438:. Waterside Press. pp. 12–15.
5344:. The New Press. pp. 115–116.
5215:Journal of Correctional Health Care
4287:
3430:of the U.S. prison population, see
2739:, poor sanitation and maintenance,
2302:
1886:in order to prevent prisoners from
1020:
24:
10300:New Mexico State Penitentiary riot
8842:. University of California Press.
8810:DOI: 10.1080/1060586X.2024.2312081
8583:. University of California Press.
8505:. University of California Press.
8427:
8209:Hames-Garcia, Michael Roy (2004).
7249:Guilbaud, Fabrice (January 2012).
5502:. Scarecrow Press. pp. v–vi.
4944:Doran Larson (24 September 2013).
4238:The Howard League for Penal Reform
3730:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 285.
3674:from the original on 8 August 2017
3134:In American and Canadian English,
3019:Incarceration in the United States
2999:Decarceration in the United States
2394:
2191:Library and educational facilities
1531:Following Howard's agitation, the
1507:was one of the most notable early
1125:as a form of social organization.
25:
10587:
9036:
8966:
8739:. University of Minnesota Press.
8440:. University of Tennessee Press.
8434:Andrzejewski, Anna Vemer (2008).
6046:from the original on 27 July 2017
4925:from the original on 10 June 2016
4198:from the original on 2016-05-22.
4090:. Eagle Book Printing Department.
3833:. 16 October 2014. Archived from
2937:Rehabilitation programs, such as
2705:
2205:Inmate teaching other inmates in
1853:In addition to the prison staff,
1350:within the general population of
1156:, established around 640 B.C. by
10503:February Ecuadorian prison riots
10159:
10148:
10147:
8984:
8972:
8604:. University of Illinois Press.
8392:from the original on 2013-08-27.
8363:
8339:
8314:
8301:
8297:from the original on 2016-06-04.
8268:
8264:from the original on 2016-04-29.
8235:
8231:from the original on 2016-04-28.
8202:
8198:from the original on 2016-05-18.
8171:
8137:Riggs, Mike (12 November 2013).
8130:
8107:
8103:from the original on 2013-03-19.
8071:
8067:from the original on 2016-04-25.
8040:
8021:
8001:
7951:
7930:
7906:
7902:from the original on 2016-06-03.
7873:
7840:
7836:from the original on 2016-05-29.
7809:
7805:from the original on 2016-06-10.
7776:
7772:from the original on 2016-06-10.
7743:
7718:Hope, Christopher (2017-04-13).
7711:
7673:from the original on 2016-04-25.
7646:
7613:
7571:
7552:
7548:from the original on 2016-06-17.
7514:from the original on 2016-04-29.
7465:
7423:
7414:
7405:
7369:
7337:
7303:
7284:
7265:
7261:from the original on 2017-03-19.
7242:
7220:from the original on 2016-06-10.
7193:
7184:
7180:from the original on 2010-06-11.
7143:
7116:
7101:
7076:
7046:
7022:
6998:
6974:
6950:
6919:
6900:
6876:
6846:
6821:
6793:
6746:
6719:
6684:
6680:from the original on 2016-06-04.
6651:
6647:from the original on 2016-04-30.
6620:
6585:
6572:
6553:
6527:
6502:
6443:
6419:
6394:
6369:
6318:
6294:
6251:
6220:
6188:from the original on 2016-05-22.
6159:
6155:. Oakland: PM Press. p. 61.
6144:
6111:
6096:
6077:
6058:
6027:
5989:from the original on 2015-07-29.
5962:
5946:Corrections: A Critical Approach
5906:
5888:
5884:from the original on 2016-05-27.
5805:from the original on 2016-06-19.
5578:from the original on 2016-06-19.
5547:from the original on 2016-05-29.
5533:. Scarecrow Press. p. 176.
5516:from the original on 2016-05-22.
5485:from the original on 2016-05-18.
5452:from the original on 2016-06-19.
5389:from the original on 2016-05-06.
5358:from the original on 2016-05-02.
5324:from the original on 2016-05-16.
5304:"Primary health care in prisons"
5291:from the original on 2016-05-13.
5161:from the original on 2016-05-18.
4907:from the original on 2016-05-02.
4874:from the original on 2016-05-13.
4843:from the original on 2016-05-22.
4812:from the original on 2016-06-19.
4770:from the original on 2016-05-06.
4737:from the original on 2016-04-27.
4706:from the original on 2016-06-17.
4662:Encyclopedia of American Prisons
4648:from the original on 2016-05-17.
4382:from the original on 2016-04-30.
4351:from the original on 2016-06-03.
4320:from the original on 2016-05-10.
4244:from the original on 9 July 2017
4167:from the original on 2016-05-02.
3977:from the original on 2016-05-04.
3929:from the original on 2016-05-04.
3895:from the original on 2016-05-18.
3744:from the original on 2016-06-03.
3647:from the original on 2016-05-15.
3616:from the original on 2013-12-03.
3463:
3454:
3420:
3392:
3326:Encyclopedia Of American Prisons
3288:concealment and exclusion, see:
3208:. Waterside Press. p. 157.
2671:Economics of the prison industry
2350:
2274:
1558:Development of the modern prison
1354:between the 1610s and 1776. The
904:, often without a fair trial or
136:Risk & actuarial criminology
59:
10509:September Guayaquil prison riot
10360:F-type prisons strike and riots
9929:Countries by incarceration rate
9842:Prison Fellowship International
8907:. Lexington Books. p. 51.
8351:Prison Activist Resource Center
7990:. National Institute of Justice
7752:"The Impact of Prison on Crime"
7732:from the original on 2022-01-11
7382:The Encyclopedia of Corrections
7358:from the original on 2018-02-21
7326:from the original on 2017-02-11
7310:Collier, Lorna (October 2014).
6778:from the original on 2018-03-29
6209:from the original on 2017-03-18
6203:"Shackling of Women in Custody"
6132:from the original on 2022-01-11
6034:Hauch, Valerie (20 July 2017).
6009:OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin
5857:
5809:
5778:
5739:
5721:Literacy in Composition Studies
5708:
5684:
5666:abolitionjournal (2018-02-02).
5659:
5620:
5596:
5582:
5551:
5520:
5489:
5463:Carlson, Peter M., ed. (2013).
5456:
5423:
5362:
5295:
5206:
5165:
5134:
5110:
5067:
5043:
5014:
4995:
4937:
4911:
4878:
4847:
4816:
4790:Carlson, Peter M., ed. (2013).
4783:
4774:
4741:
4710:
4679:
4652:
4621:
4603:
4585:
4557:
4539:
4517:
4499:
4492:Sir Alexander Paterson (193?).
4486:
4473:
4460:
4419:
4386:
4355:
4324:
4293:
4281:
4256:
4226:
4222:from the original on 2016-04-30
4205:
4171:
4138:
4125:
4094:
4079:
4067:
4047:
4027:
4010:Pickering, Danby (1775-08-18).
4003:
3981:
3948:
3933:
3866:
3841:
3809:
3796:
3780:
3764:
3748:
3715:
3695:"Songhay Under Askia the Great"
3686:
3651:
3620:
3376:Encyclopedia of Library History
3342:
3312:
3281:
3267:. Manchester University Press.
3250:
3222:
3190:
3163:is sometimes preferred because
2873:
2501:American Civil War prison camps
2104:The crowded living quarters of
2011:A maximum security prison, the
1984:Inmate security classifications
1623:"Auburn (or Congregate) System"
1427:places of temporary confinement
10515:November Guayaquil prison riot
9002:Priston Radio Official website
8928:. Cambridge University Press.
8697:. Cambridge University Press.
8250:. Cambridge University Press.
8086:. United Nations. April 2007.
7985:"Five Things About Deterrence"
7390:10.1002/9781118845387.wbeoc186
5310:. WHO Regional Office Europe.
4397:The U.S. Federal Prison System
4300:McClennan, Rebecca M. (2008).
3831:"History of the prison system"
3606:"Punishment in Ancient Athens"
3597:
3570:
3556:
3542:
3511:
3356:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
3181:
3153:
3128:
3113:
2853:Howard League for Penal Reform
2110:California state prison system
1526:Howard League for Penal Reform
1008:
997:Outside of the United States,
797:A 19th-century jail room at a
13:
1:
10223:Castle Hill convict rebellion
8857:Thompson, Anthony C. (2008).
8712:Pisciotta, Alexander (2012).
8482:. Columbia University Press.
8030:"The case for jailing crooks"
7659:. The New Press. p. 47.
7447:National Institute of Justice
7125:Revue Française de Sociologie
6509:Fazzari, Rocco (2018-12-20).
6172:The Violence of Incarceration
5746:Hinshaw, Wendy (2018-10-01).
4889:. In Jeffrey Ian Ross (ed.).
4153:. McGraw-Hill International.
3504:
3261:"The Eighteenth Century Gaol"
2860:National Institute of Justice
2825:
2601:Federal Medical Centers (FMC)
2324:
2147:
2013:Clinton Correctional Facility
1680:
1210:
1111:
1005:often have the same meaning.
40:Penitentiary (disambiguation)
9821:Prison Advice and Care Trust
8760:. Rowman & Littlefield.
8666:Routledge ISBN 9781138308466
8598:Hallett, Michael A. (2006).
8413:, Routledge and Kegan Paul,
8321:Davis, Angela (1998-09-10).
7822:. Hawkins Press. p. 8.
7528:Alexander, Michelle (2010).
7200:Alexander, Michelle (2010).
6701:. Lexington Books. pp.
5627:Plemons, Anna (2013-04-01).
5178:British Journal of Nutrition
4893:. Rutgers University Press.
4468:The Cesare Lombroso Handbook
4331:Murty, Komanduri S. (2004).
3577:Webb, Tiger (22 June 2016).
3518:Douglas Harper (2001–2013).
3440:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3400:Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2004).
2880:Alternatives to imprisonment
2769:have difficulty finding work
2725:Attica Correctional Facility
2227:American Library Association
1098:A very common punishment in
1032:
875:imprisoned until their trial
7:
8783:. Lynne Reiner Publishers.
7847:Roberts, Julian V. (2004).
7500:. Oxford University Press.
6594:Immigrants & Minorities
5788:Introduction to Corrections
5144:Introduction to Corrections
5088:10.1177/0011128701047004002
4752:. In Jewkes, Yvonne (ed.).
4631:Introduction to Corrections
4479:Eriksson, Torsten (1976).
4432:Crime, Histoire et Sociétés
3955:Spierenburg, Peter (1998).
3550:"Jail vs prison difference"
3524:Online Etymology Dictionary
3426:For a detailed look at the
3320:Latessa, Edward J. (1996).
3236:. Oxford University Press.
2991:
2794:" services for this reason.
2775:other government agencies.
2762:
2710:
2114:United States Supreme Court
2081:Suomenlinna Island facility
1953:monitoring, alarms, cages,
1949:Remotely controlled doors,
1896:
1675:Prisoners picking oakum at
857:under the authority of the
10:
10592:
10208:Prison riots and uprisings
10153:Imprisonment and detention
9081:Stanford prison experiment
8801:. Oxford University Press.
8400:
7620:Jacobson, Michael (2005).
7053:Cohn, Scott (2011-10-18).
7030:"Overcrowding | dataUNODC"
6658:Voglis, Polymeris (2002).
5817:Carlson, Peter M. (2015).
5785:Hanser, Robert D. (2012).
5752:Community Literacy Journal
5633:Community Literacy Journal
5141:Hanser, Robert D. (2012).
4885:Ross, Jeffrey Ian (2012).
4692:. Routledge. p. 101.
4634:. SAGE. pp. 193–195.
4628:Hanser, Robert D. (2012).
4551:Office of Justice Programs
4178:Parolin, Cristina (2010).
3881:. NYU Press. p. 216.
3722:Turning, Patricia (2012).
3177:standard English diphthong
3167:does not follow the usual
2877:
2674:
2634:
2583:
2552:
2490:
2398:
2367:
2364:Juvenile prison in Germany
2356:Youth detention facilities
2194:
2151:
2132:
1919:
1720:as a result of his visit.
1148:. One of the most notable
1140:or "the place of chains".
1084:
944:
898:detain perceived opponents
881:of crimes at trial may be
116:Expressive function of law
29:
10368:
10336:Leopoldov prison uprising
10312:Peruvian prison massacres
10282:Pulau Senang prison riots
10243:
10214:
10142:
9952:
9920:
9895:
9814:Prison abolition movement
9772:Florida Justice Institute
9748:
9552:
9467:
9427:
9346:
9293:
9168:
9159:
9090:
9044:
8997:Federal Bureau of Prisons
8922:Wortley, Richard (2002).
8878:Throness, Laurie (2008).
8836:Solinger, Rickie (2010).
8733:Rodriguez, Dylan (2006).
8544:104.6 (1995): 1235–1324.
8178:Woolford, Andrew (2009).
8163:O'grady, William (2011).
7592:10.1177/21533687221101209
6754:Mukherjee, Satyanshu K.;
6606:10.1080/02619280802442589
6118:Vidal, Ava (2014-02-26).
5864:Rhodes, Lorna A. (2004).
5375:. Routledge. p. 28.
5191:10.1017/S000711451600026X
4860:. Routledge. p. 88.
4823:Rhodes, Lorna A. (2004).
4723:. NYU Press. p. 11.
4184:. ANU Press. p. 58.
4107:. Penguin Books. p.
4086:West, Charles E. (1895).
3940:Bernstein, Robin (2024).
3848:Foucault, Michel (1995).
3790:11#4 (1986), pp. 847–880
3758:104.6 (1995): 1235–1324.
3627:Roth, Michael P. (2006).
3406:. Yale University Press.
3259:DeLacy, Margaret (1986).
3202:Hostettler, John (2009).
2970:prison abolition movement
2695:prison-industrial complex
2685:Prison-industrial complex
2480:, known as the notorious
2347:(carried out by caning).
2015:, in Dannemorra, New York
2001:Federal Bureau of Prisons
1861:
1844:Prisons may also provide
1072:
992:person is sent to prison.
939:
914:administration of justice
10545:Makala jailbreak attempt
9865:The Prison Phoenix Trust
9309:Administrative detention
8660:Moran, Dominique (2015)
8619:James, Joy, ed. (2005).
8476:Dikötter, Frank (2002).
8275:Ben-Moshe, Liat (2013).
7653:Drucker, Ernest (2011).
7171:10.1163/187219107X203603
7083:Goldberg, Evans (2009).
6907:Statista (Jan 3, 2023).
6627:James, Joy, ed. (2003).
6469:10.1177/2158244016686814
6339:10.1177/0306624X17726519
6174:. Taylor & Francis.
5764:10.25148/CLJ.13.1.009090
5405:Scientific American Mind
5338:Drucker, Ernest (2011).
5237:10.1177/1078345815600160
4798:. Jones & Bartlett.
4665:. Taylor & Francis.
4362:Lewis, W. David (2009).
3909:Lewis, W. David (2009).
3328:. Taylor & Francis.
3106:
3014:Incarceration and health
2656:now having the highest.
2573:Administrative detention
2559:Administrative detention
2106:San Quentin State Prison
1745:
1521:The State of the Prisons
106:Differential association
10342:Strangeways Prison riot
10294:Huntsville Prison siege
9943:Films featuring prisons
9800:Mount Tamalpais College
9454:Prisoner-of-war escapes
9184:Corrective labor colony
8899:Walsh, John P. (2013).
8670:Nashif, Esmail (2008).
8551:Garland, David (2001).
8520:Drake, Deborah (2012).
8407:Fox, Lionel W. (1952),
8378:. Critical Resistance.
8184:. Fernwood Publishing.
7783:Lerman, Amy E. (2009).
7494:Clear, Todd R. (2007).
7255:Sociétés Contemporaines
7159:Society Without Borders
6205:. The Rebecca Project.
5975:. HRW/ACLU. p. 2.
5645:10.25148/CLJ.7.2.009348
5558:Sweeney, Megan (2010).
5302:Fraser, Andrew (2007).
5076:Crime & Delinquency
4854:Shalev, Sharon (2013).
4792:"Inmate Classification"
4717:Carceral, K.C. (2006).
4686:Shalev, Sharon (2013).
4393:Bosworth, Mary (2002).
3875:"Concealing Punishment"
3806:13.3–4 (1999): 391–411.
3350:Coyle, William (1987).
3292:"Concealing Punishment"
3024:Inmate telephone system
2757:violence within prisons
1999:units operating in the
1820:work release supervisor
1356:Transportation Act 1717
1215:The French philosopher
166:Symbolic interactionism
32:Prison (disambiguation)
10431:Topo Chico prison riot
10377:Battle of Qala-i-Jangi
9577:Contemplative programs
9284:Youth detention center
9136:Prisoner of conscience
8989:Quotations related to
8943:Yousman, Bill (2009).
8884:. Ashgate Publishing.
8797:Skarbek, David. 2020.
8526:. Palgrave Macmillan.
8283:. Rodopi. p. 86.
7816:Goulding, Dot (2007).
7312:"Incarceration nation"
6580:The American Civil War
6537:. Militarymuseum.org.
6462:(1): 215824401668681.
6431:classic.austlii.edu.au
6151:Law, Victoria (2009).
5527:Vogel, Brenda (2009).
5496:Vogel, Brenda (2009).
4145:Innes, Martin (2003).
3873:Kann, Mark E. (2005).
3774:29.1 (2000): 125–146.
3438:Prisons the World Over
3290:Kann, Mark E. (2005).
3230:Semple, Janet (1993).
2727:
2632:
2616:
2580:Psychiatric facilities
2488:
2469:
2413:
2401:Incarceration of women
2370:Youth detention center
2365:
2339:. Some prisons have a
2331:
2266:Recreation and fitness
2209:
2121:
2068:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1968:
1917:
1891:
1729:English-speaking world
1723:The use of prisons in
1706:. The aim of this was
1686:
1677:Coldbath Fields Prison
1629:
1501:
1472:Prison reform movement
1393:
1335:
1219:, especially his book
1132:philosophers, such as
1118:
845:, is a facility where
802:
146:Social disorganization
10485:Cameroon prison riots
10473:Amazonas prison riots
10425:Kaohsiung Prison riot
10419:Palmasola prison riot
10389:Altamira prison brawl
10324:Fremantle Prison riot
9828:Prison-Ashram Project
8691:Neild, James (2011).
8242:Coker, Donna (2002).
7628:. NYU Press. p.
7316:Monitor on Psychology
7087:. Oakland: РM Prеss.
6809:www.prisonstudies.org
6260:AMA Journal of Ethics
6229:"Mothers in Shackles"
6084:Talvi, Silja (2007).
6065:Talvi, Silja (2007).
5791:. SAGE. p. 200.
5269:Senior, Jane (2012).
5147:. SAGE. p. 199.
4101:Taylor, Alan (2001).
3658:Lopes, Jenna (2002).
3034:LGBT people in prison
3029:Kids for Cash Scandal
3009:Immigration detention
2986:anti-authoritarianism
2978:libertarian socialism
2948:Conditional discharge
2718:
2622:
2614:
2475:
2454:indefinitely detained
2443:
2408:
2363:
2310:
2204:
2152:Further information:
2103:
2086:electronic monitoring
2066:
2022:
2010:
1991:
1963:
1938:, security lighting,
1904:
1869:
1674:
1612:
1479:
1377:
1329:
1097:
930:prisoner-of-war camps
831:correctional facility
796:
655:Biosocial criminology
362:Uniform Crime Reports
81:Biosocial criminology
36:Jail (disambiguation)
10527:Battle of al-Hasakah
10479:Altamira prison riot
10467:Acarigua prison riot
10443:Kidapawan jail siege
10407:Welikada prison riot
10318:Atlanta prison riots
10235:Cooking Pot Uprising
10012:Ireland, Republic of
9702:Solitary confinement
9263:Prisoner-of-war camp
8981:at Wikimedia Commons
8640:McGrew, Ken (2008).
8573:Gilmore, Ruth Wilson
8462:Simon & Schuster
8034:The Telegraph-Herald
7137:10.3917/rfs.515.0041
4919:"White Collar Crime"
4426:Gibson Mary (2009).
4212:John Howard (1777),
4033:Marilyn C. Baseler,
2919:conditional sentence
2586:Psychiatric hospital
2497:Prisoner-of-war camp
2478:Patarei Sea Fortress
2458:solitary confinement
2450:Guantanamo Bay, Cuba
2293:solitary confinement
1964:Design of a cell at
1831:In private prisons,
1824:work release program
1717:Democracy in America
1594:of convict prisons,
1588:penal transportation
1413:penal transportation
1348:indentured servitude
1340:penal transportation
1312:houses of correction
1090:Ancient and medieval
890:political repression
530:Solitary confinement
10491:Guanare prison riot
10449:Brazil prison riots
10413:Uribana prison riot
10395:Apodaca prison riot
10354:Khujand prison riot
10330:Polish prison riots
9879:Prison Reform Trust
8143:The Atlantic Cities
7578:Thomas, C. (2022).
6756:Scutt, Jocelynne A.
6227:Moynihan, Carolyn.
5275:Handbook on Prisons
4754:Handbook on Prisons
4615:Pew Research Center
3604:Allen, Danielle S.
2957:Restorative justice
2864:Lawrence W. Sherman
2732:developed countries
2523:American Revolution
2508:unlawful combatants
2466:sensory deprivation
2345:corporal punishment
2142:developed countries
2048:deemed a threat to
2046:political prisoners
1932:electrified fencing
1696:Auburn State Prison
1406:house of correction
1100:Early Modern Europe
971:pre-trial detention
720:Radical criminology
91:Collective efficacy
10576:Total institutions
10539:Támara prison riot
10497:Mahara prison riot
10383:Mexico prison riot
10348:Carandiru massacre
10288:Attica Prison riot
10258:Battle of Alcatraz
10229:Bathurst Rebellion
9886:WriteAPrisoner.com
9649:Protective custody
9198:Extermination camp
9129:Political prisoner
8497:Dow, Mark (2005).
8454:Diiulio, John J.,
6691:Wu, Yenna (2011).
6666:. Berghahn Books.
5900:The New York Times
4131:Jonathan W. Daly,
4060:2018-03-29 at the
4040:2018-03-29 at the
3772:Theory and society
3583:ABC Radio National
3526:. Douglas Harper.
3485:10.1007/BF02249525
3372:"Prison libraries"
3004:For-profit prisons
2915:Suspended sentence
2728:
2633:
2617:
2555:Political prisoner
2539:American Civil War
2516:American Civil War
2489:
2470:
2414:
2410:Mercer Reformatory
2366:
2332:
2321:San Quentin Prison
2297:protective custody
2210:
2129:Kitchen and dining
2122:
2073:white-collar crime
2069:
2029:
2023:Inmate in striped
2017:
2005:
1969:
1918:
1892:
1740:Alexander Paterson
1725:Continental Europe
1687:
1630:
1600:Pentonville prison
1502:
1394:
1361:American Rebellion
1336:
1299:rituals (like the
1254:mass incarceration
1119:
809:, also known as a
803:
10553:
10552:
10533:Tuluá prison riot
10521:Tula prison break
10174:
10173:
10110:England and Wales
9850:Prison Legal News
9835:Prison Fellowship
9793:Justice Defenders
9463:
9462:
9067:Prison healthcare
8977:Media related to
8958:978-1-4331-0477-0
8935:978-0-521-00940-9
8914:978-0-7391-7465-4
8891:978-0-7546-6392-8
8870:978-0-8147-8316-0
8849:978-0-520-25249-3
8828:978-0-85702-953-9
8815:Sim, Joe (2009).
8790:978-1-58826-228-8
8767:978-1-4422-0173-6
8746:978-1-4529-0733-8
8725:978-0-8147-6797-9
8704:978-1-108-03699-3
8683:978-0-203-89561-0
8653:978-1-4331-0175-5
8632:978-0-7914-8310-7
8611:978-0-252-07308-3
8590:978-0-520-22256-4
8564:978-1-84920-823-9
8533:978-1-137-00484-0
8512:978-0-520-93927-1
8489:978-0-231-12508-6
8447:978-1-57233-631-5
8420:978-0-415-17738-2
8385:978-0-9767070-1-1
8290:978-94-012-0923-6
8257:978-0-521-52165-9
8224:978-0-8166-4314-1
8191:978-1-55266-316-5
8093:978-92-1-148220-1
8060:978-0-7425-6362-9
7895:978-1-134-01190-2
7866:978-0-521-53644-8
7829:978-1-876067-18-2
7798:978-1-61044-465-1
7765:978-1-61044-465-1
7704:978-0-19-506153-6
7666:978-1-59558-605-6
7639:978-0-8147-4274-7
7541:978-1-59558-103-7
7507:978-0-19-988555-8
7399:978-1-118-84538-7
7213:978-1-59558-103-7
7206:. The New Press.
7094:978-1-60486-043-6
6771:978-1-317-28701-8
6712:978-0-7391-6742-7
6673:978-1-57181-308-4
6640:978-0-7425-2027-1
6582:(1996), pp 466–78
6333:(10): 3135–3150.
6181:978-0-203-89291-6
5982:978-1-56432-949-3
5955:978-0-07-281723-2
5877:978-0-520-24076-6
5830:978-1-4496-5305-7
5798:978-1-4129-7566-7
5696:enculturation.net
5571:978-0-8078-9835-2
5540:978-0-8108-6743-7
5509:978-0-8108-6743-7
5478:978-1-4496-5306-4
5445:978-1-906534-59-2
5382:978-1-135-09312-9
5351:978-1-59558-605-6
5317:978-92-890-7280-9
5284:978-1-136-30830-7
5154:978-1-4129-7566-7
4900:978-0-8135-5742-7
4867:978-1-134-02667-8
4836:978-0-520-24076-6
4805:978-1-4496-5306-4
4763:978-1-136-30830-7
4730:978-0-8147-9955-0
4699:978-1-134-02667-8
4672:978-0-8153-1350-2
4641:978-1-4129-7566-7
4412:978-0-7619-2304-6
4375:978-0-8014-7548-1
4344:978-0-7618-2966-9
4313:978-1-139-46748-3
4274:978-0-19-506153-6
4191:978-1-921862-00-7
4160:978-0-335-20940-8
4118:978-0-670-87282-4
4104:American Colonies
3970:978-0-19-511814-8
3922:978-0-8014-7548-1
3888:978-0-8147-4783-4
3859:978-0-679-75255-4
3852:. Vintage Books.
3837:on 31 March 2012.
3737:978-3-11-029458-3
3640:978-0-313-32856-5
3447:978-0-7391-4024-6
3413:978-0-300-10250-5
3385:978-0-8240-5787-9
3363:978-0-313-24769-9
3335:978-1-135-58270-8
3305:978-0-8147-4783-4
3274:978-0-7190-1341-6
3243:978-0-19-159081-8
3215:978-1-906534-79-0
3090:Prisoners' rights
3039:Life imprisonment
2905:Community service
2607:Prison population
2337:prison commissary
2236:Literacy programs
2154:Prison healthcare
2096:Common facilities
2050:national security
1922:Physical security
1846:religious workers
1794:Prison counselors
1102:was to be made a
1063:Western Australia
910:international law
827:correction center
791:
790:
537:
536:
474:Prisoners' rights
378:Positivist school
16:(Redirected from
10583:
10455:Makala jailbreak
10401:Yare prison riot
10306:Badaber Uprising
10270:Vorkuta uprising
10264:Norilsk uprising
10201:
10194:
10187:
10178:
10177:
10167:
10163:
10162:
10155:
10151:
10150:
10135:
10126:
10119:
10117:Northern Ireland
10112:
10105:
10098:
10093:
10086:
10077:
10070:
10063:
10056:
10049:
10042:
10035:
10028:
10021:
10014:
10007:
10000:
9993:
9986:
9979:
9972:
9965:
9945:
9938:
9931:
9913:
9906:
9888:
9881:
9874:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9844:
9837:
9830:
9823:
9816:
9809:
9802:
9795:
9788:
9781:
9774:
9767:
9760:
9739:
9732:
9725:
9718:
9711:
9704:
9697:
9690:
9681:
9674:
9665:
9658:
9651:
9642:
9635:
9628:
9621:
9614:
9607:
9600:
9593:
9586:
9579:
9570:
9563:
9545:
9538:
9531:
9522:
9515:
9508:
9499:
9492:
9485:
9478:
9456:
9447:
9440:
9420:
9413:
9406:
9399:
9392:
9385:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9357:
9339:
9332:
9325:
9323:Maximum security
9318:
9311:
9304:
9286:
9279:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9251:
9242:
9235:
9228:
9221:
9214:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9186:
9179:
9166:
9165:
9152:
9145:
9138:
9131:
9124:
9117:
9110:
9103:
9083:
9076:
9069:
9062:
9055:
9031:
9024:
9017:
9008:
9007:
8988:
8976:
8962:
8950:
8939:
8918:
8895:
8874:
8853:
8832:
8794:
8771:
8750:
8729:
8708:
8687:
8657:
8636:
8615:
8594:
8582:
8568:
8542:Yale Law Journal
8537:
8516:
8504:
8493:
8451:
8423:
8394:
8393:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8343:
8337:
8336:
8334:
8333:
8318:
8312:
8311:". 1973. p. 358.
8305:
8299:
8298:
8272:
8266:
8265:
8239:
8233:
8232:
8206:
8200:
8199:
8175:
8169:
8168:
8160:
8151:
8150:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8085:
8075:
8069:
8068:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8025:
8019:
8018:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7989:
7981:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7955:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7918:Business Insider
7910:
7904:
7903:
7882:"Rehabilitation"
7877:
7871:
7870:
7854:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7747:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7723:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7684:
7675:
7674:
7650:
7644:
7643:
7627:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7584:Race and Justice
7575:
7569:
7568:
7556:
7550:
7549:
7525:
7516:
7515:
7491:
7478:
7477:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7458:
7439:
7430:
7427:
7421:
7418:
7412:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7363:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7307:
7301:
7300:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7269:
7263:
7262:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7231:
7222:
7221:
7197:
7191:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7156:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7120:
7114:
7113:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7061:. Archived from
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7034:dataunodc.un.org
7026:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7010:dataunodc.un.org
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6986:dataunodc.un.org
6978:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6968:
6962:dataunodc.un.org
6954:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6840:
6825:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6806:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6784:
6783:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6739:
6730:. The Guardian.
6723:
6717:
6716:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6589:
6583:
6576:
6570:
6569:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6481:
6471:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6235:. Archived from
6224:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6199:
6190:
6189:
6163:
6157:
6156:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6123:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6040:The Toronto Star
6031:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6000:
5991:
5990:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5941:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5841:. Archived from
5813:
5807:
5806:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5733:10.21623/1.7.1.2
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5604:"BOP: Education"
5600:
5594:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5555:
5549:
5548:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5400:
5391:
5390:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5299:
5293:
5292:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5230:
5228:10.1.1.1030.8157
5210:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5184:(8): 1387–1396.
5169:
5163:
5162:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5026:
5018:
5012:
5011:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4617:. 22 March 2012.
4607:
4601:
4600:
4597:the NYC Criminal
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4569:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4531:. Archived from
4521:
4515:
4514:
4503:
4497:
4490:
4484:
4477:
4471:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4445:10.4000/chs.1106
4423:
4417:
4416:
4401:. SAGE. p.
4400:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4142:
4136:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4051:
4045:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3995:. Archived from
3989:"Transportation"
3985:
3979:
3978:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3827:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3784:
3778:
3768:
3762:
3756:Yale Law Journal
3752:
3746:
3745:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3515:
3498:
3496:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3367:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3200:to prisons, see
3194:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3157:
3151:
3132:
3126:
3117:
3095:Silent treatment
3074:Prison sexuality
2939:anger management
2843:rate, including
2629:drug prohibition
2597:mental disorders
2486:Tallinn, Estonia
2460:as part of the "
2329:
2326:
2317:lethal injection
2303:Other facilities
2288:segregation unit
2219:prison libraries
2197:Prison education
1767:, also known as
1685:
1682:
1592:Surveyor-General
1538:wars with France
1533:Penitentiary Act
1509:prison reformers
1466:Russian Far East
1308:Bridewell Palace
1242:public execution
1154:Mamertine Prison
1116:
1113:
1027:Papua New Guinea
1021:Papua New Guinea
951:American English
934:internment camps
926:military prisons
918:prisoners of war
902:political crimes
871:criminal-justice
823:detention center
783:
776:
769:
416:
415:
373:Crime statistics
299:
63:
45:
44:
21:
10591:
10590:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10581:
10580:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10549:
10364:
10276:Kengir uprising
10239:
10210:
10205:
10175:
10170:
10158:
10146:
10138:
10131:
10122:
10115:
10108:
10101:
10096:
10089:
10082:
10073:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10045:
10038:
10031:
10024:
10017:
10010:
10003:
9996:
9989:
9982:
9975:
9968:
9961:
9948:
9941:
9934:
9927:
9916:
9909:
9902:
9891:
9884:
9877:
9870:
9863:
9856:
9847:
9840:
9833:
9826:
9819:
9812:
9805:
9798:
9791:
9784:
9777:
9770:
9763:
9755:
9744:
9735:
9730:Women in prison
9728:
9721:
9714:
9707:
9700:
9693:
9686:
9677:
9670:
9661:
9654:
9647:
9638:
9633:Private prisons
9631:
9624:
9617:
9610:
9603:
9596:
9589:
9582:
9575:
9566:
9559:
9548:
9541:
9534:
9527:
9518:
9511:
9504:
9495:
9488:
9481:
9474:
9459:
9452:
9443:
9436:
9423:
9416:
9409:
9402:
9395:
9388:
9381:
9374:
9367:
9360:
9353:
9342:
9335:
9328:
9321:
9314:
9307:
9300:
9294:Security levels
9289:
9282:
9275:
9268:
9261:
9254:
9247:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9210:
9203:
9196:
9189:
9182:
9175:
9155:
9148:
9143:Prisoner of war
9141:
9134:
9127:
9120:
9113:
9106:
9099:
9086:
9079:
9072:
9065:
9058:
9051:
9040:
9035:
8969:
8959:
8936:
8915:
8892:
8871:
8850:
8829:
8791:
8768:
8747:
8726:
8705:
8684:
8654:
8633:
8612:
8591:
8565:
8534:
8513:
8490:
8448:
8430:
8428:Further reading
8421:
8403:
8398:
8397:
8386:
8368:
8364:
8355:
8353:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8331:
8329:
8319:
8315:
8306:
8302:
8291:
8273:
8269:
8258:
8240:
8236:
8225:
8207:
8203:
8192:
8176:
8172:
8161:
8154:
8135:
8131:
8112:
8108:
8100:
8094:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8072:
8061:
8045:
8041:
8026:
8022:
8007:
8006:
8002:
7993:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7982:
7973:
7964:
7962:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7943:
7941:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7922:
7920:
7912:
7911:
7907:
7896:
7878:
7874:
7867:
7845:
7841:
7830:
7814:
7810:
7799:
7781:
7777:
7766:
7748:
7744:
7735:
7733:
7716:
7712:
7705:
7685:
7678:
7667:
7651:
7647:
7640:
7618:
7614:
7604:
7602:
7576:
7572:
7557:
7553:
7542:
7526:
7519:
7508:
7492:
7481:
7470:
7466:
7456:
7454:
7441:
7440:
7433:
7428:
7424:
7419:
7415:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7374:
7370:
7361:
7359:
7342:
7338:
7329:
7327:
7308:
7304:
7299:(5): 63, 65–68.
7289:
7285:
7270:
7266:
7247:
7243:
7236:New Labor Forum
7232:
7225:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7189:
7185:
7177:
7154:
7148:
7144:
7121:
7117:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7081:
7077:
7068:
7066:
7051:
7047:
7038:
7036:
7028:
7027:
7023:
7014:
7012:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6990:
6988:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6966:
6964:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6941:
6939:
6924:
6920:
6905:
6901:
6892:
6890:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6867:
6865:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6838:
6836:
6826:
6822:
6813:
6811:
6804:
6798:
6794:
6781:
6779:
6772:
6761:Women and Crime
6758:, eds. (2015).
6751:
6747:
6737:
6735:
6724:
6720:
6713:
6689:
6685:
6674:
6656:
6652:
6641:
6625:
6621:
6590:
6586:
6577:
6573:
6558:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6519:
6517:
6507:
6503:
6448:
6444:
6435:
6433:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6411:
6409:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6386:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6323:
6319:
6310:
6308:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6239:on 20 July 2014
6225:
6221:
6212:
6210:
6201:
6200:
6193:
6182:
6164:
6160:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6116:
6112:
6101:
6097:
6082:
6078:
6063:
6059:
6049:
6047:
6032:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6001:
5994:
5983:
5967:
5963:
5956:
5948:. McGraw-Hill.
5942:
5933:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5907:
5902:. 27 June 1994.
5894:
5893:
5889:
5878:
5862:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5831:
5814:
5810:
5799:
5783:
5779:
5744:
5740:
5713:
5709:
5700:
5698:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5676:
5674:
5664:
5660:
5625:
5621:
5612:
5610:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5583:
5572:
5556:
5552:
5541:
5525:
5521:
5510:
5494:
5490:
5479:
5461:
5457:
5446:
5428:
5424:
5401:
5394:
5383:
5367:
5363:
5352:
5336:
5329:
5318:
5300:
5296:
5285:
5267:
5260:
5211:
5207:
5170:
5166:
5155:
5139:
5135:
5126:
5124:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5072:
5068:
5059:
5057:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5034:
5032:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5000:
4996:
4987:
4985:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4942:
4938:
4928:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4901:
4883:
4879:
4868:
4852:
4848:
4837:
4821:
4817:
4806:
4788:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4764:
4746:
4742:
4731:
4715:
4711:
4700:
4684:
4680:
4673:
4657:
4653:
4642:
4626:
4622:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4491:
4487:
4478:
4474:
4465:
4461:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4391:
4387:
4376:
4360:
4356:
4345:
4329:
4325:
4314:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4210:
4206:
4192:
4176:
4172:
4161:
4143:
4139:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4099:
4095:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4062:Wayback Machine
4052:
4048:
4042:Wayback Machine
4032:
4028:
4020:on 2018-03-29.
4008:
4004:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3971:
3953:
3949:
3938:
3934:
3923:
3907:
3900:
3889:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3846:
3842:
3829:
3828:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3804:Critical Review
3801:
3797:
3785:
3781:
3769:
3765:
3753:
3749:
3738:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3656:
3652:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3575:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3434:"United States"
3425:
3421:
3414:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3364:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3158:
3154:
3133:
3129:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3049:Military prison
3044:List of prisons
2994:
2882:
2876:
2828:
2819:
2809:
2781:
2765:
2713:
2708:
2687:
2681:Private prisons
2675:Main articles:
2673:
2639:
2609:
2588:
2582:
2561:
2553:Main articles:
2551:
2512:Alcatraz Island
2503:
2493:Military prison
2491:Main articles:
2438:
2403:
2397:
2395:Women's prisons
2372:
2358:
2353:
2327:
2305:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2268:
2238:
2199:
2193:
2180:substance abuse
2160:
2150:
2137:
2131:
2098:
1986:
1928:concertina wire
1924:
1899:
1864:
1803:Medical workers
1748:
1733:Cesare Lombroso
1683:
1662:prison uniforms
1584:Millbank Prison
1560:
1519:, he published
1474:
1417:sailing vessels
1352:British America
1324:
1217:Michel Foucault
1213:
1183:, results of a
1114:
1092:
1087:
1075:
1055:South Australia
1047:New South Wales
1035:
1023:
1011:
996:
947:
942:
912:governing fair
861:, generally as
787:
758:
757:
733:
725:
724:
650:Anthropological
640:
632:
631:
547:
539:
538:
413:
403:
402:
352:Critical theory
337:
329:
328:
309:State-corporate
297:
220:
209:
208:
204:Archibald Reiss
199:Cesare Lombroso
184:
183:Major theorists
176:
175:
151:Social learning
131:Rational choice
121:Labeling theory
101:Criminalization
71:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10589:
10579:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10551:
10550:
10548:
10547:
10541:
10535:
10529:
10523:
10517:
10511:
10505:
10499:
10493:
10487:
10481:
10475:
10469:
10463:
10457:
10451:
10445:
10439:
10433:
10427:
10421:
10415:
10409:
10403:
10397:
10391:
10385:
10379:
10372:
10370:
10366:
10365:
10363:
10362:
10356:
10350:
10344:
10338:
10332:
10326:
10320:
10314:
10308:
10302:
10296:
10290:
10284:
10278:
10272:
10266:
10260:
10254:
10252:Cowra breakout
10247:
10245:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10237:
10231:
10225:
10218:
10216:
10212:
10211:
10204:
10203:
10196:
10189:
10181:
10172:
10171:
10169:
10168:
10156:
10143:
10140:
10139:
10137:
10136:
10129:
10128:
10127:
10120:
10113:
10106:
10094:
10087:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10064:
10057:
10050:
10043:
10036:
10029:
10022:
10015:
10008:
10001:
9994:
9987:
9980:
9973:
9966:
9958:
9956:
9950:
9949:
9947:
9946:
9939:
9932:
9924:
9922:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9914:
9907:
9904:Rehabilitation
9899:
9897:
9896:Leaving prison
9893:
9892:
9890:
9889:
9882:
9875:
9868:
9861:
9854:
9845:
9838:
9831:
9824:
9817:
9810:
9803:
9796:
9789:
9786:Justice Action
9782:
9775:
9768:
9765:Black and Pink
9761:
9752:
9750:
9746:
9745:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9740:
9726:
9719:
9712:
9705:
9698:
9691:
9684:
9683:
9682:
9668:
9667:
9666:
9652:
9645:
9644:
9643:
9629:
9622:
9615:
9608:
9601:
9594:
9587:
9580:
9573:
9572:
9571:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9549:
9547:
9546:
9539:
9532:
9525:
9524:
9523:
9516:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9486:
9479:
9471:
9469:
9465:
9464:
9461:
9460:
9458:
9457:
9450:
9449:
9448:
9438:Prison escapes
9433:
9431:
9425:
9424:
9422:
9421:
9414:
9407:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9379:
9372:
9365:
9358:
9350:
9348:
9344:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9333:
9326:
9319:
9312:
9305:
9297:
9295:
9291:
9290:
9288:
9287:
9280:
9273:
9266:
9259:
9252:
9245:
9244:
9243:
9236:
9222:
9215:
9208:
9201:
9194:
9187:
9180:
9172:
9170:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9153:
9146:
9139:
9132:
9125:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9096:
9094:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9084:
9077:
9070:
9063:
9056:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9041:
9034:
9033:
9026:
9019:
9011:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8982:
8968:
8967:External links
8965:
8964:
8963:
8957:
8951:. Peter Lang.
8940:
8934:
8919:
8913:
8896:
8890:
8875:
8869:
8854:
8848:
8833:
8827:
8812:
8802:
8795:
8789:
8772:
8766:
8751:
8745:
8730:
8724:
8709:
8703:
8688:
8682:
8667:
8658:
8652:
8646:. Peter Lang.
8637:
8631:
8625:. SUNY Press.
8616:
8610:
8595:
8589:
8569:
8563:
8548:
8538:
8532:
8517:
8511:
8494:
8488:
8473:
8452:
8446:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8419:
8402:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8384:
8362:
8338:
8313:
8300:
8289:
8267:
8256:
8234:
8223:
8201:
8190:
8170:
8152:
8129:
8106:
8092:
8070:
8059:
8039:
8020:
8000:
7971:
7950:
7929:
7905:
7894:
7872:
7865:
7839:
7828:
7808:
7797:
7775:
7764:
7742:
7710:
7703:
7676:
7665:
7645:
7638:
7612:
7570:
7551:
7540:
7517:
7506:
7479:
7464:
7431:
7422:
7413:
7404:
7398:
7368:
7336:
7302:
7293:American Jails
7283:
7264:
7241:
7223:
7212:
7192:
7183:
7165:(2): 273–288.
7142:
7115:
7100:
7093:
7075:
7045:
7021:
6997:
6973:
6949:
6918:
6899:
6875:
6864:on 27 May 2013
6845:
6820:
6792:
6770:
6745:
6718:
6711:
6693:"Introduction"
6683:
6672:
6660:"Introduction"
6650:
6639:
6619:
6584:
6571:
6552:
6526:
6501:
6442:
6418:
6393:
6368:
6317:
6293:
6266:(9): 779–785.
6250:
6219:
6191:
6180:
6158:
6143:
6110:
6095:
6076:
6057:
6026:
5992:
5981:
5961:
5954:
5931:
5905:
5887:
5876:
5856:
5829:
5808:
5797:
5777:
5738:
5707:
5683:
5658:
5619:
5595:
5581:
5570:
5550:
5539:
5519:
5508:
5488:
5477:
5455:
5444:
5432:"Introduction"
5422:
5392:
5381:
5361:
5350:
5327:
5316:
5294:
5283:
5258:
5221:(4): 390–399.
5205:
5164:
5153:
5133:
5109:
5082:(4): 513–536.
5066:
5042:
5013:
4994:
4967:
4936:
4910:
4899:
4877:
4866:
4846:
4835:
4815:
4804:
4782:
4773:
4762:
4740:
4729:
4709:
4698:
4678:
4671:
4651:
4640:
4620:
4602:
4584:
4556:
4538:
4535:on 2017-05-13.
4525:"Case Manager"
4516:
4498:
4485:
4472:
4459:
4418:
4411:
4385:
4374:
4354:
4343:
4323:
4312:
4292:
4280:
4273:
4255:
4225:
4204:
4190:
4170:
4159:
4137:
4124:
4117:
4093:
4078:
4066:
4053:Drew D. Gray,
4046:
4026:
4002:
3999:on 2016-06-07.
3980:
3969:
3947:
3932:
3921:
3898:
3887:
3865:
3858:
3840:
3817:
3808:
3795:
3779:
3763:
3747:
3736:
3714:
3707:
3685:
3650:
3639:
3619:
3596:
3569:
3555:
3541:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3462:
3453:
3446:
3419:
3412:
3391:
3384:
3362:
3341:
3334:
3311:
3304:
3280:
3273:
3249:
3242:
3221:
3214:
3198:penal colonies
3189:
3180:
3152:
3127:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3085:Prisoner abuse
3082:
3077:
3071:
3066:
3064:Prison officer
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2878:Main article:
2875:
2872:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2816:: Theories of
2811:
2808:incapacitation
2807:
2806:: Theories of
2804:Incapacitation
2801:
2795:
2788:Rehabilitation
2780:
2777:
2764:
2761:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Social effects
2704:
2672:
2669:
2608:
2605:
2584:Main article:
2581:
2578:
2550:
2547:
2535:
2534:
2437:
2434:
2399:Main article:
2396:
2393:
2368:Main article:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2304:
2301:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2246:rehabilitative
2237:
2234:
2195:Main article:
2192:
2189:
2149:
2146:
2130:
2127:
2097:
2094:
2034:prison uniform
2027:and restraints
2025:prison uniform
1985:
1982:
1940:motion sensors
1898:
1895:
1880:motion sensors
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1765:Security staff
1761:
1760:
1747:
1744:
1712:de Tocqueville
1708:rehabilitative
1617:of New York's
1568:Jeremy Bentham
1564:utilitarianism
1559:
1556:
1552:Newgate prison
1498:Willey Reveley
1493:social control
1481:Jeremy Bentham
1473:
1470:
1446:Devil's Island
1369:penal colonies
1323:
1320:
1297:public shaming
1273:rehabilitation
1258:utilitarianism
1212:
1209:
1205:galley slavery
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1019:
1010:
1007:
994:
993:
978:
946:
943:
941:
938:
789:
788:
786:
785:
778:
771:
763:
760:
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756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
705:Organizational
702:
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692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
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638:
637:
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559:
554:
548:
545:
544:
541:
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535:
534:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
515:Transformative
512:
507:
499:
498:
491:
490:
489:
488:
483:
481:Rehabilitation
478:
477:
476:
471:
469:Prisoner abuse
461:
460:
459:
454:
449:
439:
434:
432:Incapacitation
429:
424:
414:
409:
408:
405:
404:
401:
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395:
390:
385:
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375:
370:
364:
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240:
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210:
207:
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201:
196:
191:
189:Émile Durkheim
185:
182:
181:
178:
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174:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
141:Social control
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
96:Crime analysis
93:
88:
86:Broken windows
83:
78:
72:
69:
68:
65:
64:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10588:
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10572:
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10546:
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10516:
10512:
10510:
10506:
10504:
10500:
10498:
10494:
10492:
10488:
10486:
10482:
10480:
10476:
10474:
10470:
10468:
10464:
10462:
10461:Valencia fire
10458:
10456:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10444:
10440:
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10434:
10432:
10428:
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10371:
10367:
10361:
10357:
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10349:
10345:
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10337:
10333:
10331:
10327:
10325:
10321:
10319:
10315:
10313:
10309:
10307:
10303:
10301:
10297:
10295:
10291:
10289:
10285:
10283:
10279:
10277:
10273:
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10267:
10265:
10261:
10259:
10255:
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10226:
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10213:
10209:
10202:
10197:
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10190:
10188:
10183:
10182:
10179:
10166:
10157:
10154:
10145:
10144:
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10133:United States
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9999:
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9843:
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9804:
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9797:
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9787:
9783:
9780:
9776:
9773:
9769:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9749:Organizations
9747:
9738:
9737:United States
9734:
9733:
9731:
9727:
9724:
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9717:
9713:
9710:
9706:
9703:
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9696:
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9679:United States
9676:
9675:
9673:
9669:
9664:
9663:United States
9660:
9659:
9657:
9653:
9650:
9646:
9641:
9640:United States
9637:
9636:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9616:
9613:
9612:Mobile phones
9609:
9606:
9602:
9599:
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9592:
9588:
9585:
9581:
9578:
9574:
9569:
9568:United States
9565:
9564:
9562:
9558:
9557:
9555:
9553:Social issues
9551:
9544:
9540:
9537:
9533:
9530:
9526:
9521:
9517:
9514:
9510:
9509:
9507:
9503:
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9497:United States
9494:
9493:
9491:
9487:
9484:
9480:
9477:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9466:
9455:
9451:
9446:
9442:
9441:
9439:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9430:
9426:
9419:
9415:
9412:
9411:Trusty system
9408:
9405:
9401:
9398:
9394:
9391:
9387:
9384:
9380:
9377:
9373:
9370:
9366:
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9310:
9306:
9303:
9299:
9298:
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9274:
9271:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9253:
9250:
9246:
9241:
9237:
9234:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9209:
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9185:
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9174:
9173:
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9162:
9158:
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9147:
9144:
9140:
9137:
9133:
9130:
9126:
9123:
9119:
9116:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9089:
9082:
9078:
9075:
9071:
9068:
9064:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9038:Incarceration
9032:
9027:
9025:
9020:
9018:
9013:
9012:
9009:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8975:
8971:
8970:
8960:
8954:
8949:
8948:
8941:
8937:
8931:
8927:
8926:
8920:
8916:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8897:
8893:
8887:
8883:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8866:
8863:. NYU Press.
8862:
8861:
8855:
8851:
8845:
8841:
8840:
8834:
8830:
8824:
8820:
8819:
8813:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8773:
8769:
8763:
8759:
8758:
8752:
8748:
8742:
8738:
8737:
8731:
8727:
8721:
8718:. NYU Press.
8717:
8716:
8710:
8706:
8700:
8696:
8695:
8689:
8685:
8679:
8676:. Routledge.
8675:
8674:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8649:
8645:
8644:
8638:
8634:
8628:
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8623:
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8607:
8603:
8602:
8596:
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8556:
8555:
8549:
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8539:
8535:
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8525:
8524:
8518:
8514:
8508:
8503:
8502:
8495:
8491:
8485:
8481:
8480:
8474:
8471:
8470:0-02-907883-0
8467:
8463:
8459:
8458:
8453:
8449:
8443:
8439:
8438:
8432:
8431:
8422:
8416:
8412:
8411:
8405:
8404:
8391:
8387:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8366:
8352:
8348:
8342:
8328:
8324:
8317:
8310:
8304:
8296:
8292:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8271:
8263:
8259:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8238:
8230:
8226:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8205:
8197:
8193:
8187:
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8174:
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8159:
8157:
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8110:
8099:
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8089:
8082:
8081:
8074:
8066:
8062:
8056:
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8035:
8031:
8024:
8016:
8015:
8010:
8004:
7986:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7960:
7954:
7939:
7933:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7901:
7897:
7891:
7888:. Routledge.
7887:
7883:
7876:
7868:
7862:
7858:
7853:
7852:
7843:
7835:
7831:
7825:
7821:
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7804:
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7794:
7790:
7786:
7779:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7746:
7731:
7727:
7726:The Telegraph
7722:
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7706:
7700:
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7672:
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7649:
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7513:
7509:
7503:
7499:
7498:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7475:
7468:
7457:September 15,
7452:
7448:
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7408:
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7395:
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7387:
7383:
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7313:
7306:
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7287:
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7209:
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7146:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7119:
7111:
7104:
7096:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7065:on 2013-05-27
7064:
7060:
7056:
7049:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7011:
7007:
7001:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6963:
6959:
6958:"dataUNODC |"
6953:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6903:
6889:
6888:The Economist
6885:
6879:
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6835:
6831:
6824:
6810:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6752:For example:
6749:
6733:
6729:
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6714:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6687:
6679:
6675:
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6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6588:
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6567:
6563:
6562:Naval History
6556:
6540:
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6505:
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6360:
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6336:
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6307:
6306:www.gla.ac.uk
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5957:
5951:
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5936:
5916:
5909:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5860:
5845:on 2017-08-04
5844:
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5697:
5693:
5687:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5577:
5573:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5523:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5397:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5365:
5357:
5353:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5334:
5332:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:. Routledge.
5276:
5272:
5265:
5263:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5137:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5030:
5023:
5017:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4924:
4920:
4914:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4777:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4756:. Routledge.
4755:
4751:
4744:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4624:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4573:
4566:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4495:
4489:
4482:
4476:
4469:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4414:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4289:
4284:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4128:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4089:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4030:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3905:
3903:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3812:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3708:0-933121-92-X
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3559:
3551:
3545:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3510:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3457:
3449:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3378:. Routledge.
3377:
3373:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3298:. NYU Press.
3297:
3293:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3253:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3225:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Prison strike
3078:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:prison reform
2971:
2966:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2886:prison reform
2881:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2815:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:prison muster
2638:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2463:
2462:War on Terror
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2422:Western world
2418:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2362:
2351:Special types
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2275:Control units
2272:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2242:United States
2233:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:mental health
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2136:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2077:Great Britain
2074:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1785:Case managers
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:prison guards
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:(1835–1909).
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:Auburn system
1678:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1653:Walnut Street
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:Benjamin Rush
1639:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:Elizabeth Fry
1545:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:Great Britain
1510:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:Île du Diable
1447:
1443:
1442:French Guiana
1439:
1434:
1432:
1431:prison reform
1428:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1338:England used
1333:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:penal systems
1224:
1223:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:Ancus Marcius
1155:
1151:
1150:Roman prisons
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Ancient Greek
1126:
1124:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1082:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1067:Youth prisons
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Maitland Gaol
1040:
1030:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1006:
1004:
1000:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:
962:
960:
956:
952:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:authoritarian
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:remand center
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
795:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
764:
762:
761:
754:
751:
749:
748:Organizations
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
695:Environmental
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
636:
635:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
615:
613:
612:Postmodernist
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:Neo-classical
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
577:Environmental
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
543:
542:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
505:Participatory
503:
502:
501:
500:
496:
493:
492:
487:
484:
482:
479:
475:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
462:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
418:
417:
412:
407:
406:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
368:
367:Crime mapping
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:Transnational
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
282:International
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
243:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
223:
222:
219:
213:
212:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
180:
179:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
67:
66:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Prison system
10369:21st century
10244:20th century
10215:19th century
10068:Soviet Union
9911:Work release
9872:Prison Radio
9848:
9619:Overcrowding
9302:House arrest
9256:Penal colony
9160:
8993:at Wikiquote
8946:
8924:
8904:
8880:
8859:
8838:
8817:
8805:
8798:
8780:
8756:
8735:
8714:
8693:
8672:
8661:
8642:
8621:
8600:
8578:
8553:
8541:
8522:
8500:
8478:
8456:
8436:
8409:
8375:
8365:
8354:. Retrieved
8350:
8347:"About PARC"
8341:
8330:. Retrieved
8326:
8316:
8303:
8280:
8270:
8247:
8237:
8214:
8204:
8180:
8173:
8164:
8142:
8132:
8120:The Guardian
8119:
8109:
8079:
8073:
8049:
8042:
8036:. p. 4.
8033:
8023:
8012:
8003:
7992:. Retrieved
7963:. Retrieved
7953:
7942:. Retrieved
7940:. 2013-12-01
7932:
7921:. Retrieved
7917:
7908:
7885:
7875:
7850:
7842:
7818:
7811:
7788:
7778:
7755:
7745:
7734:. Retrieved
7725:
7713:
7689:
7655:
7648:
7623:
7615:
7603:. Retrieved
7583:
7573:
7554:
7530:
7496:
7473:
7467:
7455:. Retrieved
7446:
7443:"Recidivism"
7425:
7416:
7407:
7381:
7377:
7371:
7360:. Retrieved
7351:The Observer
7349:
7339:
7328:. Retrieved
7319:
7315:
7305:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7267:
7254:
7244:
7235:
7202:
7195:
7186:
7162:
7158:
7145:
7131:(5): 41–68.
7128:
7124:
7118:
7109:
7103:
7084:
7078:
7067:. Retrieved
7063:the original
7058:
7048:
7037:. Retrieved
7033:
7024:
7013:. Retrieved
7009:
7000:
6989:. Retrieved
6985:
6976:
6965:. Retrieved
6961:
6952:
6940:. Retrieved
6932:The Guardian
6931:
6921:
6912:
6902:
6891:. Retrieved
6887:
6878:
6866:. Retrieved
6862:the original
6857:
6848:
6837:. Retrieved
6833:
6823:
6812:. Retrieved
6808:
6795:
6786:
6780:. Retrieved
6760:
6748:
6736:. Retrieved
6721:
6697:
6686:
6663:
6653:
6629:
6622:
6600:(1): 19–48.
6597:
6593:
6587:
6579:
6574:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6543:. Retrieved
6529:
6518:. Retrieved
6514:
6504:
6459:
6455:
6445:
6434:. Retrieved
6430:
6421:
6410:. Retrieved
6408:. 2021-05-14
6405:
6396:
6385:. Retrieved
6383:. 2019-02-06
6381:The Guardian
6380:
6371:
6330:
6326:
6320:
6309:. Retrieved
6305:
6296:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6241:. Retrieved
6237:the original
6232:
6222:
6211:. Retrieved
6171:
6161:
6152:
6146:
6134:. Retrieved
6125:
6113:
6104:
6098:
6085:
6079:
6066:
6060:
6048:. Retrieved
6039:
6029:
6017:. Retrieved
6008:
5971:
5964:
5945:
5922:. Retrieved
5908:
5899:
5890:
5866:
5859:
5847:. Retrieved
5843:the original
5819:
5811:
5787:
5780:
5755:
5751:
5741:
5724:
5720:
5710:
5699:. Retrieved
5695:
5686:
5675:. Retrieved
5671:
5661:
5636:
5632:
5622:
5611:. Retrieved
5607:
5598:
5590:
5584:
5560:
5553:
5529:
5522:
5498:
5491:
5468:
5458:
5435:
5425:
5411:(2): 20–23.
5408:
5404:
5371:
5364:
5340:
5307:
5297:
5274:
5271:"Healthcare"
5218:
5214:
5208:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5143:
5136:
5125:. Retrieved
5121:
5112:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5058:. Retrieved
5054:
5045:
5035:February 18,
5033:. Retrieved
5028:
5016:
4997:
4986:. Retrieved
4982:
4960:26 September
4958:. Retrieved
4950:The Atlantic
4949:
4939:
4927:. Retrieved
4913:
4890:
4880:
4856:
4849:
4825:
4818:
4795:
4785:
4776:
4753:
4743:
4719:
4712:
4688:
4681:
4661:
4654:
4630:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4577:10 September
4575:. Retrieved
4571:
4559:
4550:
4541:
4533:the original
4528:
4519:
4510:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4462:
4438:(2): 27–40.
4435:
4431:
4421:
4396:
4388:
4364:
4357:
4333:
4326:
4302:
4295:
4290:, p. 46
4283:
4264:
4258:
4246:. Retrieved
4237:
4234:"What We Do"
4228:
4214:
4207:
4199:
4180:
4173:
4150:
4140:
4132:
4127:
4103:
4096:
4087:
4081:
4069:
4064:p.298 (2016)
4049:
4029:
4021:
4018:the original
4012:
4005:
3997:the original
3992:
3983:
3960:
3950:
3941:
3935:
3911:
3878:
3868:
3849:
3843:
3835:the original
3811:
3803:
3798:
3787:
3782:
3771:
3766:
3755:
3750:
3727:
3717:
3698:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3667:
3663:
3653:
3629:
3622:
3609:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3582:
3572:
3558:
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3523:
3513:
3479:(1): 70–93.
3476:
3472:
3465:
3456:
3437:
3428:demographics
3422:
3402:
3394:
3375:
3352:
3344:
3325:
3322:"Technology"
3314:
3295:
3283:
3264:
3252:
3232:
3224:
3204:
3192:
3183:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3115:
2967:
2963:
2925:House arrest
2894:
2890:overcrowding
2883:
2874:Alternatives
2868:
2857:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2813:
2803:
2797:
2787:
2782:
2773:
2766:
2745:prison gangs
2737:overcrowding
2729:
2692:
2688:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2625:War on Drugs
2589:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2543:
2536:
2527:
2520:
2504:
2444:Captives at
2430:
2426:
2419:
2415:
2385:
2381:
2374:Prisons for
2373:
2333:
2286:
2282:control unit
2280:
2278:
2269:
2239:
2230:
2225:In 2024 the
2224:
2215:
2211:
2185:
2168:primary care
2165:
2161:
2138:
2123:
2090:
2070:
2038:
2030:
1993:ADX Florence
1974:
1970:
1966:ADX Florence
1948:
1936:guard towers
1925:
1893:
1884:guard towers
1855:inmate labor
1854:
1845:
1837:prison labor
1832:
1819:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1776:
1764:
1756:
1749:
1737:
1722:
1715:
1688:
1657:Philadelphia
1649:Pennsylvania
1647:
1631:
1581:
1577:
1570:. Bentham's
1561:
1542:
1530:
1520:
1517:Bedfordshire
1503:
1489:surveillance
1449:
1435:
1420:
1410:
1398:
1395:
1384:
1380:convict ship
1378:The beached
1337:
1316:prison labor
1305:
1291:(whipping),
1289:flagellation
1282:
1278:moral reform
1277:
1271:
1265:
1239:
1233:concerns of
1231:humanitarian
1220:
1214:
1189:
1179:In Medieval
1178:
1142:
1137:
1127:
1120:
1104:galley slave
1076:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1002:
998:
995:
986:penitentiary
985:
981:
966:
958:
954:
953:, the terms
948:
896:regimes who
887:
865:for various
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:penitentiary
818:
814:
810:
806:
804:
799:Pennsylvania
700:Experimental
441:
422:Denunciation
388:Quantitative
298:Public-order
253:White-collar
194:Hans Eysenck
10040:North Korea
10033:New Zealand
9626:Pay-to-stay
9053:Criminology
8546:online free
6942:15 November
6568:(1): 46–51.
6545:January 24,
6479:1885/250769
6233:Mercatornet
5727:(1): 1–21.
5608:www.bop.gov
5055:www.ojp.gov
3760:online free
3069:Prison pose
3059:Prison gang
3054:Open prison
2818:retribution
2814:Retribution
2792:Corrections
2753:prison riot
2749:inmate code
2677:Penal labor
2654:El Salvador
2592:psychiatric
2484:prison, in
2328: 2010
2176:dental care
2135:Prison food
1876:barbed wire
1833:contractors
1684: 1864
1679:in London,
1627:penal labor
1596:Joshua Jebb
1505:John Howard
1262:rationalism
1250:Bloody Code
1192:Middle Ages
1190:During the
1172:, often in
1166:human waste
1138:desmoterion
1115: 1694
1015:New Zealand
1009:New Zealand
906:due process
690:Development
665:Criminology
587:Integrative
525:Utilitarian
520:Retributive
510:Restorative
497:in penology
383:Qualitative
357:Ethnography
342:Comparative
248:Blue-collar
171:Victimology
126:Psychopathy
49:Criminology
10560:Categories
9954:By country
9591:Informants
9506:Literature
9445:Helicopter
9404:Sally port
9369:Commissary
9347:Components
9240:Chain gang
9226:Labor camp
9212:Internment
9177:Black site
9074:Punishment
8356:2016-11-28
8332:2016-11-28
8327:Colorlines
7994:2018-05-14
7965:2018-05-14
7944:2018-05-14
7923:2017-11-28
7736:2018-05-14
7362:2018-02-22
7330:2017-01-18
7069:2017-09-10
7039:2022-02-18
7015:2022-02-18
6991:2022-02-18
6967:2022-02-18
6893:2018-10-25
6839:2023-01-15
6814:2023-01-14
6782:2017-09-11
6520:2022-02-18
6436:2022-02-18
6412:2022-02-18
6387:2022-02-18
6311:2022-02-18
6213:2011-04-27
6019:10 October
5849:2017-08-04
5701:2024-03-16
5677:2024-03-16
5613:2024-03-14
5127:2022-02-18
5060:2022-02-18
4988:2022-02-18
3505:References
3121:Old French
2841:recidivism
2826:Evaluation
2798:Deterrence
2635:See also:
2482:Soviet-era
2446:Camp X-Ray
2388:recidivism
2229:published
2174:services,
2148:Healthcare
2133:See also:
1978:commissary
1955:restraints
1920:See also:
1907:Kylmäkoski
1872:razor wire
1714:who wrote
1572:panopticon
1485:panopticon
1365:hard labor
1332:Botany Bay
1285:mutilation
1267:deterrence
1235:reformists
1211:Modern era
1051:Queensland
863:punishment
851:imprisoned
685:Demography
607:Positivist
486:Recidivism
427:Deterrence
319:Victimless
161:Subculture
9963:Australia
9695:Sexuality
9584:Education
9543:Tattooing
9337:Death row
9233:Battalion
9092:Prisoners
7600:248899951
6614:145792800
6488:2158-2440
6456:SAGE Open
6347:1552-6933
6280:2376-6980
6126:Telegraph
5854:, p. 379.
5839:848267914
5772:1555-9734
5672:Abolition
5653:1555-9734
5223:CiteSeerX
5096:0011-1287
4983:study.com
4929:2 January
4507:"Teacher"
4454:1422-0857
4073:See e.g.
3589:20 August
3493:147309026
3175:is not a
3119:From the
2982:anarchism
2960:service".
2910:Execution
2721:1971 riot
2376:juveniles
2341:death row
2313:death row
2250:education
1797:problems.
1700:Sing Sing
1619:Sing Sing
1615:engraving
1604:Gaols Act
1438:Louisiana
1419:, termed
1401:Bridewell
1385:Discovery
1344:convicted
1201:authority
1174:ergastula
1108:Louis XIV
1039:Australia
1033:Australia
990:sentenced
922:detainees
883:sentenced
710:Political
639:Subfields
562:Classical
552:Anarchist
447:abolition
347:Profiling
292:Political
287:Organized
272:Corporate
260:Cold case
216:Types of
10571:Penology
10124:Scotland
9759:(Brazil)
9723:Violence
9672:Religion
9513:American
9362:Cemetery
9330:Supermax
9249:Military
9191:Debtors'
9115:Detainee
9108:Criminal
9060:Penology
8821:. SAGE.
8575:(2007).
8557:. SAGE.
8464:, 1990.
8390:Archived
8295:Archived
8262:Archived
8229:Archived
8196:Archived
8147:Archived
8124:Archived
8098:Archived
8065:Archived
7900:Archived
7834:Archived
7803:Archived
7770:Archived
7730:Archived
7671:Archived
7586:: 1–23.
7546:Archived
7512:Archived
7451:Archived
7356:Archived
7324:Archived
7259:Archived
7218:Archived
7175:Archived
6936:Archived
6913:Statista
6776:Archived
6732:Archived
6678:Archived
6645:Archived
6539:Archived
6515:ABC News
6496:59248385
6406:BBC News
6355:28831827
6288:24021108
6207:Archived
6186:Archived
6130:Archived
6044:Archived
6013:Archived
6011:(5): 2.
5987:Archived
5882:Archived
5803:Archived
5576:Archived
5545:Archived
5514:Archived
5483:Archived
5450:Archived
5387:Archived
5356:Archived
5322:Archived
5289:Archived
5253:28355063
5245:26276135
5200:26900055
5159:Archived
5104:18159359
4954:Archived
4923:Archived
4905:Archived
4872:Archived
4841:Archived
4810:Archived
4768:Archived
4735:Archived
4704:Archived
4646:Archived
4380:Archived
4349:Archived
4318:Archived
4288:Fox 1952
4242:Archived
4220:archived
4196:Archived
4165:Archived
4058:Archived
4038:Archived
3975:Archived
3927:Archived
3893:Archived
3742:Archived
3672:Archived
3645:Archived
3614:Archived
3528:Archived
3520:"Prison"
2992:See also
2941:classes.
2763:External
2741:violence
2711:Internal
2319:room at
2058:lockdown
2042:supermax
1997:supermax
1897:Security
1888:escaping
1777:Teachers
1704:Ossining
1666:New York
1613:An 1855
1464:and the
1390:Deptford
1293:branding
1152:was the
1146:quarries
1059:Victoria
839:hoosegow
743:Journals
670:Critical
660:Conflict
645:American
616:Realism
582:Feminist
572:Critical
567:Conflict
464:Prisoner
411:Penology
277:Juvenile
228:Humanity
224:Against
111:Deviance
53:penology
10566:Prisons
10165:Commons
10103:Bermuda
10091:Ukraine
10019:Jamaica
9998:Iceland
9991:Germany
9984:Estonia
9936:Prisons
9716:Suicide
9709:Strikes
9468:Culture
9397:Officer
9390:Nursery
9383:Library
9270:Private
9161:Prisons
9122:Hostage
9101:Convict
9045:Science
8401:Sources
8014:YouTube
7565:2628977
7278:2608698
6868:28 June
6738:25 July
6363:9308618
6243:23 July
6136:23 July
6050:25 July
5924:May 16,
5008:2773341
4593:"Labor"
4248:25 July
3678:25 July
3534:28 June
3124:prisoun
2929:curfews
2884:Modern
2537:In the
2521:In the
2420:In the
2254:inmates
1915:Finland
1807:doctors
1544:Quakers
1500:, 1791)
1462:Siberia
1454:Katorga
1399:London
1246:torture
1181:Songhai
1170:slavery
1085:History
975:sheriff
945:America
855:liberty
843:slammer
675:Culture
597:Marxist
592:Italian
557:Chicago
546:Schools
495:Justice
336:Methods
265:Perfect
10084:Turkey
10061:Russia
10047:Norway
9429:Escape
9418:Warden
9219:Island
8991:Prison
8979:Prison
8955:
8932:
8911:
8888:
8867:
8846:
8825:
8787:
8764:
8743:
8722:
8701:
8680:
8650:
8629:
8608:
8587:
8561:
8530:
8509:
8486:
8468:
8444:
8417:
8382:
8287:
8254:
8221:
8188:
8090:
8057:
7892:
7863:
7826:
7795:
7762:
7701:
7663:
7636:
7605:2 June
7598:
7563:
7538:
7504:
7396:
7276:
7210:
7091:
6768:
6709:
6670:
6637:
6612:
6494:
6486:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6286:
6278:
6178:
5979:
5952:
5874:
5837:
5827:
5795:
5770:
5651:
5568:
5537:
5506:
5475:
5442:
5379:
5348:
5314:
5281:
5251:
5243:
5225:
5198:
5151:
5102:
5094:
5031:. 1991
5006:
4897:
4864:
4833:
4802:
4760:
4727:
4696:
4669:
4638:
4470:(2012)
4452:
4409:
4372:
4341:
4310:
4271:
4188:
4157:
4135:(1998)
4115:
3967:
3919:
3885:
3856:
3792:online
3776:online
3734:
3705:
3670:: 53.
3637:
3491:
3444:
3410:
3382:
3360:
3332:
3302:
3271:
3240:
3212:
3144:prison
3136:prison
2849:Sweden
2845:Norway
2683:, and
2499:, and
2112:, the
1862:Design
1811:nurses
1757:Warden
1458:Russia
1334:(1792)
1301:stocks
1079:Canada
1073:Canada
999:prison
982:prison
955:prison
940:Naming
928:or in
879:guilty
867:crimes
847:people
841:, and
807:prison
801:museum
753:People
732:Browse
715:Public
457:reform
442:Prison
244:Class
233:Person
156:Strain
76:Anomie
70:Theory
38:, and
10543:2024
10537:2023
10531:2022
10525:2022
10519:2021
10513:2021
10507:2021
10501:2021
10495:2020
10489:2020
10483:2019
10477:2019
10471:2019
10465:2019
10459:2018
10453:2017
10447:2017
10441:2017
10435:2016
10429:2016
10423:2015
10417:2013
10411:2013
10405:2012
10399:2012
10393:2012
10387:2012
10381:2009
10375:2001
10358:2000
10352:1997
10346:1992
10340:1990
10334:1990
10328:1989
10322:1988
10316:1987
10310:1986
10304:1985
10298:1980
10292:1974
10286:1971
10280:1963
10274:1954
10268:1953
10262:1953
10256:1946
10250:1944
10233:1846
10227:1830
10221:1804
10075:Gulag
10026:Japan
10005:India
9977:China
9970:Chile
9921:Lists
9688:Riots
9561:Abuse
9536:Slang
9520:Blogs
9169:Types
9150:Slave
8101:(PDF)
8084:(PDF)
7988:(PDF)
7596:S2CID
7178:(PDF)
7155:(PDF)
6805:(PDF)
6610:S2CID
6492:S2CID
6359:S2CID
5918:(PDF)
5758:(1).
5639:(2).
5249:S2CID
5100:S2CID
5025:(PDF)
4568:(PDF)
3489:S2CID
3107:Notes
2900:Fines
2631:laws.
2590:Some
2259:queer
2207:Kenya
2118:Texas
1746:Staff
1638:forts
1634:roads
1422:hulks
1404:as a
1197:power
1185:trial
1162:sewer
1134:Plato
1128:Some
1123:state
859:state
738:Index
680:Cyber
625:Right
437:Trial
398:NIBRS
304:State
238:State
218:crime
10054:Peru
9656:Rape
9598:LGBT
9529:Ring
9490:Gang
9483:Film
9376:Food
9355:Cell
9316:Open
9277:Ship
9205:Farm
8953:ISBN
8930:ISBN
8909:ISBN
8886:ISBN
8865:ISBN
8844:ISBN
8823:ISBN
8806:zona
8785:ISBN
8762:ISBN
8741:ISBN
8720:ISBN
8699:ISBN
8678:ISBN
8648:ISBN
8627:ISBN
8606:ISBN
8585:ISBN
8559:ISBN
8528:ISBN
8507:ISBN
8484:ISBN
8466:ISBN
8442:ISBN
8415:ISBN
8380:ISBN
8285:ISBN
8252:ISBN
8219:ISBN
8186:ISBN
8088:ISBN
8055:ISBN
7890:ISBN
7861:ISBN
7824:ISBN
7793:ISBN
7760:ISBN
7699:ISBN
7661:ISBN
7634:ISBN
7607:2022
7561:SSRN
7536:ISBN
7502:ISBN
7459:2015
7394:ISBN
7274:SSRN
7238:(7).
7208:ISBN
7089:ISBN
7059:CNBC
6944:2013
6870:2013
6858:CNBC
6766:ISBN
6740:2017
6707:ISBN
6668:ISBN
6635:ISBN
6547:2011
6484:ISSN
6351:PMID
6343:ISSN
6284:PMID
6276:ISSN
6245:2014
6176:ISBN
6138:2014
6052:2017
6021:2011
5977:ISBN
5950:ISBN
5926:2018
5872:ISBN
5835:OCLC
5825:ISBN
5793:ISBN
5768:ISSN
5649:ISSN
5566:ISBN
5535:ISBN
5504:ISBN
5473:ISBN
5440:ISBN
5377:ISBN
5346:ISBN
5312:ISBN
5279:ISBN
5241:PMID
5196:PMID
5149:ISBN
5092:ISSN
5037:2022
5004:SSRN
4962:2013
4931:2017
4895:ISBN
4862:ISBN
4831:ISBN
4800:ISBN
4758:ISBN
4725:ISBN
4694:ISBN
4667:ISBN
4636:ISBN
4579:2023
4450:ISSN
4407:ISBN
4370:ISBN
4339:ISBN
4308:ISBN
4269:ISBN
4250:2017
4186:ISBN
4155:ISBN
4113:ISBN
3965:ISBN
3917:ISBN
3883:ISBN
3854:ISBN
3732:ISBN
3703:ISBN
3680:2017
3635:ISBN
3591:2023
3536:2013
3442:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3368:and
3358:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3300:ISBN
3269:ISBN
3238:ISBN
3210:ISBN
3171:and
3165:gaol
3161:jail
3148:jail
3140:jail
3138:and
2984:and
2968:The
2858:The
2847:and
2663:The
2557:and
2476:The
2156:and
2054:gang
1951:CCTV
1944:dogs
1911:Akaa
1882:and
1809:and
1805:are
1755:The
1698:and
1491:and
1483:'s "
1383:HMS
1260:and
1244:and
1061:and
1049:and
1003:jail
1001:and
967:jail
959:jail
957:and
900:for
849:are
815:gaol
811:jail
620:Left
452:open
51:and
9807:POA
9476:Art
7588:doi
7386:doi
7167:doi
7133:doi
6703:1–2
6602:doi
6474:hdl
6464:doi
6335:doi
6268:doi
5760:doi
5729:doi
5692:"|"
5641:doi
5413:doi
5233:doi
5186:doi
5182:115
5122:NPR
5084:doi
4529:BOP
4511:BOP
4440:doi
4109:384
3481:doi
2723:at
2603:".
2456:in
2285:or
1874:or
1702:at
1655:in
1566:of
1452:).
1388:at
1342:of
1276:or
1199:or
1077:In
1037:In
1025:In
1013:In
984:or
949:In
924:in
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