376:
all is equal and alike on both sides.....Neither the parts of the universe nor the viscera of the animal are alike nor are they evenly placed on both sides of this vertical plane. There will therefore always be many things in the ass and outside the ass, although they be not apparent to us, which will determine him to go on one side rather than the other. And although man is free, and the ass is not, nevertheless for the same reason it must be true that in man likewise the case of a perfect equipoise between two courses is impossible. (
396:
absolutely differ in any respect whatsoever from another point of space. Now from hence it follows, (supposing space to be something in itself, beside the order of bodies among themselves,) that 'tis impossible that there should be a reason why God, preserving the same situation of bodies among themselves, should have placed them in space after one particular manner, and not otherwise; why everything was not placed the quite contrary way, for instance, by changing East into West.
1383:
837:
of an hypothetical syllogism, that, – If the condition or antecedent be affirmed, so also must be the conditioned or consequent, and that if the conditioned or consequent be denied, so likewise must be the condition or antecedent. But this is manifestly nothing else than the law of
Sufficient Reason, or of Reason and Consequent." The principle of this syllogism is thus variously enounced:
342:): "Necessary truths are those that can be demonstrated through an analysis of terms, so that in the end they become identities, just as in Algebra an equation expressing an identity ultimately results from the substitution of values . That is, necessary truths depend upon the principle of contradiction." The sufficient reason for a necessary truth is that its negation is a contradiction.
475:: The logical significance of the law of Reason and Consequent lies in this, – That in virtue of it, thought is constituted into a series of acts all indissolubly connected; each necessarily inferring the other. Thus it is that the distinction and opposition of possible, actual and necessary matter, which has been introduced into Logic, is a doctrine wholly extraneous to this science."
358:
In contingent truths, even though the predicate is in the subject, this can never be demonstrated, nor can a proposition ever be reduced to an equality or to an identity, but the resolution proceeds to infinity, God alone seeing, not the end of the resolution, of course, which does not exist, but the
836:
From
Hamilton 1860:241–242: “2°, "If the essential nature of an Hypothetical Syllogism consist in this, – that the subsumption affirms or denies one or other of the two parts of a thought, standing to each other in the relation of the thing conditioning and the thing conditioned, it will be the law
510:
Third Form: The
Principle of Sufficient Reason of Being (principium rationis sufficientis essendi); the law whereby the parts of space and time determine one another as regards those relations. Example in arithmetic: Each number presupposes the preceding numbers as grounds or reasons of its being;
345:
Leibniz admitted contingent truths, that is, facts in the world that are not necessarily true, but that are nonetheless true. Even these contingent truths, according to
Leibniz, can only exist on the basis of sufficient reasons. Since the sufficient reasons for contingent truths are largely unknown
325:
Our reasonings are grounded upon two great principles, that of contradiction, in virtue of which we judge false that which involves a contradiction, and true that which is opposed or contradictory to the false; And that of sufficient reason, in virtue of which we hold that there can be no fact real
515:"Now just as the subjective correlative to the first class of representations is the understanding, that to the second the faculty of reason, and that to the third pure sensibility, so is the subjective correlative to this fourth class found to be the inner sense, or generally self-consciousness."
375:
In consequence of this, the case also of
Buridan's ass between two meadows, impelled equally towards both of them, is a fiction that cannot occur in the universe....For the universe cannot be halved by a plane drawn through the middle of the ass, which is cut vertically through its length, so that
519:
Fourth Form: The
Principle of Sufficient Reason of Acting (principium rationis sufficientis agendi); briefly known as the law of motivation. "Any judgment that does not follow its previously existing ground or reason" or any state that cannot be explained away as falling under the three previous
422:
XVII. The thinking of an object, as actually characterized by positive or by negative attributes, is not left to the caprice of
Understanding – the faculty of thought; but that faculty must be necessitated to this or that determinate act of thinking by a knowledge of something different from, and
395:
I say then, that if space is an absolute being, there would be something for which it would be impossible there should be a sufficient reason. Which is against my axiom. And I prove it thus. Space is something absolutely uniform; and without the things placed in it, one point in space does not
371:, because although the facts supposed in the paradox would present a counterexample to the claim that all contingent truths are determined by sufficient reasons, the key premise of the paradox must be rejected when one considers Leibniz's typical infinitary conception of the world.
290:
from the set axioms at the base of the construction (i.e., that they ensue necessarily if we assume the system's axioms to be true). However, Gödel has shown that for every sufficiently expressive deductive system a proposition exists that can neither be proved nor disproved (see
923:
From the
Preface: "The Lectures on Logic, like those on Metaphysics, were chiefly composed during, the session in which they were first delivered (1837–8)." The lectures were assembled, with added footnotes marked by "—ED." by Mansel and Veitch and published in
506:
Second Form: The
Principle of Sufficient Reason of Knowing (principium rationis sufficientis cognoscendi); asserts that if a judgment is to express a piece of knowledge, it must have a sufficient ground or reason, in which case it receives the predicate true.
285:
within a logic construction like a mathematical or a physical theory, because axioms are propositions accepted as having no justification possible within the system. The principle declares that all propositions considered to be true within a system should be
673:
From
Hamilton 1860:67 "In modern times, the attention of philosophers was called to this law of Leibnitz, who, on the two principles of Reason and of Contradiction, founded the whole edifice of his philosophy. See Théodicée, § 44.
468:, where there is no consequent (either implicitly or explicitly) there can be no reason. That is, the concepts of reason and of consequent, as reciprocally relative, involve and suppose each other.
271:
for like many philosophers of the period, Leibniz did not carefully distinguish between the two. The resulting principle is very different, however, depending on which interpretation is given (see
511:"I can reach ten only by going through all the preceding numbers; and only by virtue of this insight into the ground of being, do I know that where there are ten, so are there eight, six, four."
256:
272:
853:. Esser, Logik, I 91, p. 174. — ED. See Kant, Logik §§ 75 – 76 . Krug, Logik, § 82. — ED." See in particular Hamilton's discussion that leads to this quote starting at page 239ff.
496:
485:
326:
or existing, no statement true, unless there be a sufficient reason, why it should be so and not otherwise, although these reasons usually cannot be known by us (
503:
First Form: The Principle of Sufficient Reason of Becoming (principium rationis sufficientis fiendi); appears as the law of causality in the understanding.
986:
Arthur Schopenhauer, On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, page 212, S 42, trans. E. Payne, (Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), 8.
563:
A sufficient reason is sometimes described as the coincidence of every single thing that is needed for the occurrence of an effect (i.e. of the so-called
1137:
1060:
423:
independent of; the process of thinking itself. This condition of our understanding is expressed by the law, as it is called, of Sufficient Reason (
1004:
Arthur Schopenhauer, On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, S 43, trans. E. Payne, (Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), 10.
995:
Arthur Schopenhauer, On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, S 43, trans. E. Payne, (Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), 9.
977:
Arthur Schopenhauer, On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, S 38, trans. E. Payne, (Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), 7.
968:
Arthur Schopenhauer, On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, S 36, trans. E. Payne, (Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), 6.
959:
Arthur Schopenhauer, On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, S 29, trans. E. Payne, (Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), 5.
950:
Arthur Schopenhauer, On The Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, S 20, trans. E. Payne, (Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), 4.
126:
elaborated the principle, and used it as the foundation of his system. Some philosophers have associated the principle of sufficient reason with
520:
headings "must be produced by an act of will which has a motive." As his proposition in 43 states, "Motivation is causality seen from within."
59:. Leibniz formulated it, but was not an originator. The idea was conceived of and utilized by various philosophers who preceded him, including
327:
311:
identified two kinds of truth, necessary and contingent truths. And he claimed that all truths are based upon two principles: (1)
1174:
1130:
1092:
292:
1107:
1048:
217:
1425:
1386:
1123:
795:
367:, in which there is no 'outside' to provide unexplained events with causes. It is also in tension with the paradox of
1415:
1367:
1338:
1279:
1056:
754:
717:
581:
406:
137:
40:
359:
connection of the terms or the containment of the predicate in the subject, since he sees whatever is in the series.
1430:
601:
810:
Alexander R. Pruss (2007) "Ex Nihilo Nihil Fit: Augments New and Old for the Principle of Sufficient Reason" in
339:
1405:
1187:
1169:
1420:
1208:
1018:
596:
591:
453:: The relations between Reason and Consequent, when comprehended in a pure thought, are the following:
162:
The principle has a variety of expressions, all of which are perhaps best summarized by the following:
864:
1146:
626:
431:). That knowledge by which the mind is necessitated to affirm or posit something else, is called the
308:
56:
32:
1328:
1301:
1252:
1198:
1164:
388:
616:
1257:
1203:
363:
Without this qualification, the principle can be seen as a description of a certain notion of
1233:
1180:
938:
934:
611:
108:
400:
1318:
1246:
104:
96:
52:
457:
When a reason is explicitly or implicitly given, then there must exist a consequent; and,
8:
843:
a ratione ad rationatum, a negatione rationati ad negationem rationis, valet consequentia
287:
123:
36:
1039:
1410:
1064:
736:
439:; that something else which the mind is necessitated to affirm or posit, is called the
133:
1289:
1218:
1088:
907:
791:
713:
312:
116:
24:
281:
It is an open question whether the principle of sufficient reason can be applied to
1239:
1228:
1080:
606:
447:. This law is expressed in the formula – Infer nothing without a ground or reason.
368:
548:
in general) in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was influential in the thinking of
1043:
767:
Richardson, Kara (June 2014). "Avicenna and the Principle of Sufficient Reason".
529:
335:
1348:
1268:
1193:
839:
Posita conditione, ponitur conditionatum, sublato conditionato, tlitur conditio
586:
151:
112:
88:
1399:
1223:
1213:
1084:
1022:
691:
364:
147:
1115:
409:, circa 1837–1838, expressed his "fourth law" in his LECT. V. LOGIC. 60–61:
491:
387:
Leibniz also used the principle of sufficient reason to refute the idea of
142:
1284:
549:
427:); but it is more properly denominated the law of Reason and Consequent (
60:
377:
1358:
675:
621:
545:
347:
317:
68:
64:
933:
From the index: "SCHULZE, G. E., KRUG, W. T." These are philosophers
576:
541:
146:
with the "Law of Sufficient Reason, or of Reason and Consequent" and
103:(because God does nothing without reason) and the formulation of the
76:
51:
The modern formulation of the principle is usually ascribed to early
443:; and the relation between the reason and consequent, is called the
1295:
1274:
1015:
Quaestiones de libertate et necessitate, contra Doctorem Bramhallum
533:
84:
1102:
1069:
Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic, in Two Volumes. Vol. II. Logic
553:
92:
731:
729:
417:
Par. XVII. Law of Sufficient Reason, or of Reason and Consequent
824:
557:
401:
Hamilton's fourth law: "Infer nothing without ground or reason"
80:
35:, with many antecedents, and was further used and developed by
263:
A sufficient explanation may be understood either in terms of
726:
537:
461:, when a consequent is given, there must also exist a reason.
282:
72:
28:
710:
The Greek Achievement: The Foundation of the Western World
497:
On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason
486:
On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason
464:
Where there is no reason there can be no consequent; and,
884:
845:. The one alternative of either rule being regulative of
351:
204:
is true, then there is a sufficient explanation for why
189:
occurs, then there is a sufficient explanation for why
174:
exists, then there is a sufficient explanation for why
31:. The principle was articulated and made prominent by
741:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2020.
220:
906:
500:, there are four distinct forms of the principle.
251:{\displaystyle \forall P\exists Q(Q\rightarrow P)}
250:
1397:
109:cosmological argument for the existence of God
1145:
1131:
528:The principle was one of the four recognised
105:ontological argument for the existence of God
865:"Leibniz on Necessary and Contingent Truths"
812:Explication Topic in Contemporary Philosophy
750:
748:
552:, amongst others, in the elevated form that
479:
785:
127:
1138:
1124:
885:Ariew, Roger; Daniel Garber, eds. (1989).
766:
904:
745:
686:
684:
334:Necessary truths can be derived from the
937:(23 August 1761 – 14 January 1833) and
823:Hamilton attributes this expression to
707:
451:Relations between Reason and Consequent
1398:
1037:
690:See chapter on Leibniz and Spinoza in
681:
523:
122:Notably, the post-Kantian philosopher
1119:
1074:
790:. New York: Routledge. pp. 8–9.
473:The logical significance of this law
429:principium Rationis et Consecutionis
315:, and (2) sufficient reason. In the
111:. The principle can be seen in both
1108:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1049:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
913:. New York, N.Y.: Barnes and Noble.
887:G. W. Leibniz: Philosophical Essays
107:. A clearer connection is with the
23:states that everything must have a
13:
1077:The Principle of Sufficient Reason
346:to humans, Leibniz made appeal to
298:
273:Payne's summary of Schopenhauer's
227:
221:
101:quia Deus nihil sine ratione facit
14:
1442:
1339:New Essays on Human Understanding
1280:Transcendental law of homogeneity
1057:Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet
1031:
1017:, 7. Quoted in: A. Schopenhauer,
941:(22 June 1770 – 12 January 1842).
909:The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence
862:
582:Deterministic system (philosophy)
445:logical connection or consequence
303:
140:identified the laws of inference
1382:
1381:
1103:"Gottfried Leibniz: Metaphysics"
1040:"Principle of Sufficient Reason"
602:Principle of insufficient reason
532:, that held a place in European
425:principium Rationis Sufficientis
16:Everything has a cause; an axiom
1038:Melamed, Yitzhak; Lin, Martin.
1007:
998:
989:
980:
971:
962:
953:
944:
927:
917:
898:
878:
856:
830:
639:
413:I now go on to the fourth law.
293:Gödel's incompleteness theorems
817:
804:
779:
760:
738:Principle of Sufficient Reason
701:
667:
340:principle of non-contradiction
245:
239:
233:
157:
21:principle of sufficient reason
1:
1368:Leibniz–Clarke correspondence
786:Della Rocca, Michael (2008).
660:
350:sufficient reasons, to which
95:. One often pointed to is in
1075:Pruss, Alexander R. (2006).
1071:, Boston: Gould and Lincoln.
7:
1188:Characteristica universalis
1170:Best of all possible worlds
712:. Allen Lane. p. 152.
570:
10:
1447:
1209:Identity of indiscernibles
1019:On the Freedom of the Will
597:Nothing comes from nothing
592:Identity of indiscernibles
483:
134:Nothing comes from nothing
46:
1426:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1379:
1310:
1153:
1147:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
769:The Review of Metaphysics
708:Freeman, Charles (1999).
627:Necessity and sufficiency
556:could not be accepted as
480:Schopenhauer's Four Forms
33:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
1416:Concepts in epistemology
1329:Discourse on Metaphysics
1085:10.1017/CBO9780511498992
905:Alexander, H.G. (1956).
889:. Indianapolis: Hackett.
696:The Great Chain of Being
632:
1431:Metaphysical principles
1302:Well-founded phenomenon
1253:Pre-established harmony
1165:Alternating series test
544:(and, to some extent,
517:
477:
433:logical reason ground,
398:
385:
361:
332:
252:
196:For every proposition
128:
1181:Calculus ratiocinator
939:Wilhelm Traugott Krug
935:Gottlob Ernst Schulze
612:Dependent origination
513:
411:
393:
373:
356:
354:uniquely has access:
323:
253:
1319:De Arte Combinatoria
1247:Mathesis universalis
1175:Calculus controversy
1013:See e.g. T. Hobbes,
617:MĂĽnchhausen trilemma
565:necessary conditions
328:paragraphs 31 and 32
218:
97:Anselm of Canterbury
1406:Arthur Schopenhauer
849:, the other of the
827:; Hamilton 1860:66.
678:, §§ 81, 82. — ED."
524:As a law of thought
129:Ex nihilo nihil fit
124:Arthur Schopenhauer
37:Arthur Schopenhauer
1234:Leibniz's notation
1021:, c. 4. See also:
441:logical consequent
248:
1421:Concepts in logic
1393:
1392:
1371:(1715–1716)
1290:Universal science
1263:Sufficient reason
1219:Law of continuity
1094:978-0-521-85959-2
841:. Or, otherwise,
649:, §19, and Krug,
313:non-contradiction
166:For every entity
117:William of Ockham
57:Gottfried Leibniz
1438:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1364:
1354:
1344:
1334:
1324:
1240:Lingua generalis
1140:
1133:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1098:
1053:
1044:Zalta, Edward N.
1025:
1011:
1005:
1002:
996:
993:
987:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
960:
957:
951:
948:
942:
931:
925:
921:
915:
914:
912:
902:
896:
890:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
860:
854:
834:
828:
821:
815:
808:
802:
801:
783:
777:
776:
764:
758:
752:
743:
742:
733:
724:
723:
705:
699:
688:
679:
671:
654:
643:
257:
255:
254:
249:
181:For every event
138:William Hamilton
131:
41:William Hamilton
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1332:
1322:
1306:
1158:
1156:
1155:Mathematics and
1149:
1144:
1101:
1095:
1061:Henry L. Mansel
1034:
1029:
1028:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
990:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:
945:
932:
928:
922:
918:
903:
899:
883:
879:
869:
867:
861:
857:
835:
831:
822:
818:
809:
805:
798:
784:
780:
765:
761:
753:
746:
735:
734:
727:
720:
706:
702:
689:
682:
672:
668:
663:
658:
657:
644:
640:
635:
573:
530:laws of thought
526:
488:
482:
403:
336:law of identity
306:
301:
299:Different Views
219:
216:
215:
160:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1325:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1269:Salva veritate
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1194:Compossibility
1191:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1099:
1093:
1072:
1054:
1033:
1032:External links
1030:
1027:
1026:
1006:
997:
988:
979:
970:
961:
952:
943:
926:
916:
897:
877:
863:Muhit, Abdul.
855:
829:
816:
803:
797:978-0415283304
796:
778:
759:
744:
725:
718:
700:
680:
665:
664:
662:
659:
656:
655:
637:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
587:Law of thought
584:
579:
572:
569:
525:
522:
484:Main article:
481:
478:
470:
469:
462:
402:
399:
389:absolute space
305:
304:Leibniz's view
302:
300:
297:
261:
260:
259:
258:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
210:
209:
194:
179:
159:
156:
152:contrapositive
113:Thomas Aquinas
89:Thomas Aquinas
48:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1443:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1388:
1378:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Leibniz's gap
1227:
1225:
1224:Leibniz wheel
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Individuation
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1070:
1067:, ed.), 1860
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1023:John Bramhall
1020:
1016:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
965:
956:
947:
940:
936:
930:
920:
911:
910:
901:
894:
888:
881:
866:
859:
852:
851:modus tollens
848:
844:
840:
833:
826:
820:
813:
807:
799:
793:
789:
782:
775:(4): 743–768.
774:
770:
763:
756:
751:
749:
740:
739:
732:
730:
721:
719:0-7139-9224-7
715:
711:
704:
697:
693:
692:A. O. Lovejoy
687:
685:
677:
670:
666:
652:
648:
645:See Schulze,
642:
638:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
607:Occum's razor
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
568:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
499:
498:
493:
490:According to
487:
476:
474:
467:
463:
460:
456:
455:
454:
452:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
408:
397:
392:
390:
384:
382:
380:
372:
370:
369:Buridan's ass
366:
365:closed system
360:
355:
353:
349:
343:
341:
337:
331:
329:
322:
320:
319:
314:
310:
296:
294:
289:
284:
279:
277:
276:
275:Fourfold Root
270:
266:
242:
236:
230:
224:
214:
213:
212:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
188:
184:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:
163:
155:
153:
149:
148:modus tollens
145:
144:
139:
135:
130:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:: his phrase
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
53:Enlightenment
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1294:
1267:
1262:
1245:
1238:
1186:
1179:
1106:
1076:
1068:
1047:
1014:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
946:
929:
919:
908:
900:
892:
886:
880:
868:. Retrieved
858:
850:
847:modus ponens
846:
842:
838:
832:
819:
811:
806:
787:
781:
772:
768:
762:
737:
709:
703:
695:
669:
653:, §20, – ED.
650:
646:
641:
564:
562:
527:
518:
514:
509:
505:
502:
495:
492:Schopenhauer
489:
472:
471:
465:
458:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
416:
415:
412:
405:Here is how
404:
394:
386:
378:
374:
362:
357:
344:
333:
324:
321:, he says,
316:
307:
280:
274:
268:
264:
262:
205:
201:
197:
190:
186:
182:
175:
171:
167:
161:
154:expression.
143:modus ponens
141:
121:
100:
55:philosopher
50:
20:
18:
1285:Rationalism
1065:John Veitch
676:Monadologie
550:Leo Tolstoy
158:Formulation
61:Anaximander
1400:Categories
1359:Monadology
1199:Difference
1157:philosophy
893:On Freedom
661:References
622:Brute fact
546:philosophy
466:vice versa
459:vice versa
437:antecedent
348:infinitary
318:Monadology
69:Archimedes
65:Parmenides
1411:Causality
1349:Théodicée
1258:Plenitude
891:, p. 94,
577:Causality
542:reasoning
381:, pg. 150
338:(and the
288:deducible
240:→
228:∃
222:∀
150:with its
77:Aristotle
1387:Category
1296:Vis viva
1275:Theodicy
1204:Dynamism
895:(1689?).
870:22 April
757:1860:66.
755:Hamilton
571:See also
534:pedagogy
407:Hamilton
379:Theodicy
208:is true.
85:Avicenna
1046:(ed.).
814:Ch. 14.
788:Spinoza
554:history
309:Leibniz
269:causes,
265:reasons
193:occurs.
178:exists.
93:Spinoza
47:History
1363:(1714)
1353:(1710)
1343:(1704)
1333:(1686)
1323:(1666)
1091:
825:Cicero
794:
716:
558:random
283:axioms
91:, and
81:Cicero
25:reason
1311:Works
1042:. In
924:1860.
651:Logik
647:Logik
633:Notes
538:logic
200:, if
185:, if
170:, if
73:Plato
29:cause
27:or a
1089:ISBN
1063:and
872:2014
792:ISBN
714:ISBN
540:and
115:and
75:and
39:and
19:The
1081:doi
1059:, (
567:).
536:of
494:'s
435:or
352:God
295:).
278:).
267:or
136:).
1402::
1105:.
1087:.
1079:.
773:67
771:.
747:^
728:^
694:,
683:^
560:.
419::
391::
330:).
119:.
87:,
83:,
79:,
71:,
67:,
63:,
43:.
1139:e
1132:t
1125:v
1111:.
1097:.
1083::
1052:.
874:.
800:.
722:.
698:.
383:)
246:)
243:P
237:Q
234:(
231:Q
225:P
206:P
202:P
198:P
191:E
187:E
183:E
176:X
172:X
168:X
132:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.