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Animals living in groups have increased vigilance, and even solitary animals are capable of rapid escape when needed. Even if it does make a capture, its prey may attract competing predators, giving it a chance to escape in the struggle. It may also strike a non-vital organ: some species have
132:(such as touch). Some predators may use all of these senses in pinpointing their prey, while others may depend mainly or entirely on a single one. Detection methods may also be divided into direct detection of the prey organism itself, and indirect clues, such as the smell of its urine.
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prey species in their environment; as the species is more predated, its number would decrease and the search image for that species would be less useful to the predator; the predator would then switch to a search image of a prey that became more abundant.
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deceptive appearances such that one part of their body resembles another, such as insects with false heads. This makes consumption (or fatal wounds) less probable, giving the prey a second chance at escaping.
175:), allowing them to identify areas where there are large numbers of voles, for example. This adaptation is essential in prey detection, as voles are quick to hide from such predators.
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Once a predator has found its prey it will not always attempt to chase or eat it. Prey have other ways of deterring predators from eating them besides avoiding detection.
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will avoid eating them based on unpleasant past experiences. Even if a predator may wish to eat its prey, locomotive animals may be extremely difficult to catch.
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Often behavioral and passive characteristics are combined; for example, a prey animal may look similar to and behave like its hunter's own predator (see
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Predators may have extensive capabilities in finding prey, but even when they are successful in doing so they may not end up with a meal.
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Viitala, J., E. Korpimäki, Polakangas, P., Koivula, M. (1995) Attraction of kestrels to vole scent marks visible in ultraviolet light.
81:. Adaptations of prey that allow them to avoid predators are widespread, those that make them hard to find being collectively known as
319:(1998) Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach (6th edition), Chapter 10. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts.
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For many animals the chemical senses are far more important than vision or hearing. Some specialist predatory
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to locate prey like flying insects; they can therefore locate prey even if they make no sound.
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361:"The Evolution of Color Polymorphism: Crypticity, Searching Images, and Apostatic Selection"
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their targets secrete. Pheromones that are exploited by an enemy like this are called
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There are a variety of methods used to detect prey. Sensory systems used include the
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235:) relies on noises made by prey, and can locate prey animals with great precision.
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with their prey, for which advantageous mutations are constantly preserved by
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signals. This article treats predation in its broadest sense, i.e. where one
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Moiseff, A. and
Haresign, T. (2001) Prey Detection by Bats and Owls.
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182:: visual predator would form a searching image of the most abundant
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predators non-visual clues are especially important. The
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Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
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In experimental settings, animals have demonstrated
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148:suggest they form a search image for certain prey.
414:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
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159:Predators need not locate their host directly:
85:. Crypsis may involve temporal evasion such as
73:. In turn, predators, too, are subject to such
23:are able to detect and locate their prey via
97:include methods other than crypsis, such as
152:Visual predators may form what is termed a
377:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095728
279:such that potential consumers such as a
275:plants and animals may have conspicuous
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163:, for instance, are able to detect the
35:Evolutionary struggle and prey defenses
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112:Prey detection using different senses
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410:Pheromones and Animal Behaviour
359:Bond, Alan B. (December 2007).
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219:Some predators rely mainly on
43:Prey have adaptations such as
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441:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
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239:have the added capability of
171:of their prey (which reflect
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406:Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003).
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101:and the ability to fight.
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448:: 10.1038/npg.els.0000096
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223:cues to detect prey. In
95:Antipredator adaptations
19:is the process by which
305:Optimal foraging theory
61:Antipredator adaptation
300:Observational learning
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67:evolutionary arms race
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199:(s) can locate their
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180:perceptual switching
130:somatosensory system
65:Predators are in an
261:Calvia decemguttata
247:Following detection
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128:(hearing) and the
75:selective pressure
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45:cryptic coloration
156:of certain prey.
71:natural selection
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87:nocturnality
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49:Alaskan hare
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349:373:423–425
201:bark beetle
173:ultraviolet
99:aposematism
459:Categories
317:Alcock, J.
311:References
277:coloration
273:Aposematic
257:ladybeetle
209:kairomones
205:pheromones
91:camouflage
465:Predation
385:1543-592X
281:herbivore
233:Tyto alba
225:nocturnal
146:blue jays
124:(smell),
79:gene pool
21:predators
393:14757135
294:See also
229:barn owl
215:Auditory
191:Chemical
161:Kestrels
47:in this
29:organism
184:cryptic
106:mimicry
83:crypsis
25:sensory
422:
391:
383:
346:Nature
323:
197:beetle
165:faeces
136:Visual
389:S2CID
331:Notes
255:This
221:sound
169:urine
420:ISBN
381:ISSN
321:ISBN
237:Bats
167:and
446:DOI
373:doi
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