129:
183:
156:
206:
668:
956:
1006:
964:
952:
564:
220:
661:
1127:
1043:
908:
17:
878:
654:
626:
593:
42:
1165:
219:
It is used when an exposure reduces the risk, as opposed to increasing it, in which case its symmetrical notion is
39:), is the proportion of incidents in the unexposed group that could be prevented by exposure. It is calculated as
972:
1010:
732:
1158:
843:
1137:
1192:
1101:
1073:
1002:
756:
1151:
827:
559:
946:
884:
832:
712:
930:
800:
778:
747:
722:
705:
459:
390:
334:
213:
1081:
918:
839:
412:
1187:
922:
809:
717:
681:
646:
888:
161:
134:
8:
795:
727:
188:
1048:
998:
813:
742:
700:
350:
243:
1122:
1086:
1053:
978:
900:
677:
632:
622:
599:
589:
896:
817:
771:
766:
1091:
914:
869:
1117:
1038:
990:
783:
695:
1181:
1096:
1063:
1058:
636:
603:
436:
209:
938:
822:
588:(3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 67.
377:
28:
1132:
986:
859:
849:
934:
926:
892:
854:
761:
520:
994:
982:
1028:
1033:
621:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
617:
Rothman, Kenneth J.; Greenland, Sander; Lash, Timothy L. (2012).
676:
191:
164:
137:
45:
616:
200:
177:
150:
123:
1179:
583:
124:{\displaystyle PF_{u}=(I_{u}-I_{e})/I_{u}=1-RR}
662:
185:is the incidence in the unexposed group, and
586:Essentials of epidemiology in public health
669:
655:
584:Aschengrau, Ann; Seage, George R. (2014).
961:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
957:Attributable fraction for the population
491:Preventable fraction among the unexposed
33:preventable fraction among the unexposed
965:Preventable fraction for the population
953:Attributable fraction among the exposed
565:Preventable fraction for the population
221:attributable fraction among the exposed
158:is the incidence in the exposed group,
14:
1180:
650:
1128:Correlation does not imply causation
1044:Animal testing on non-human primates
226:
24:
25:
1204:
364:
1011:Pre- and post-test probability
733:Patient and public involvement
610:
577:
88:
62:
13:
1:
570:
1138:Sex as a biological variable
7:
1102:Intention-to-treat analysis
1074:Analysis of clinical trials
1003:Specificity and sensitivity
757:Randomized controlled trial
553:
10:
1209:
560:Population Impact Measures
232:Example of risk reduction
1146:
1111:Interpretation of results
1110:
1072:
1021:
971:
945:
907:
877:
868:
844:Nested case–control study
794:
741:
688:
212:. It is a synonym of the
713:Academic clinical trials
391:Absolute risk reduction
240:Experimental group (E)
931:Relative risk reduction
779:Adaptive clinical trial
723:Evidence-based medicine
706:Adaptive clinical trial
460:Relative risk reduction
214:relative risk reduction
919:Number needed to treat
413:Number needed to treat
202:
179:
152:
125:
923:Number needed to harm
810:Cross-sectional study
762:Scientific experiment
718:Clinical study design
203:
180:
178:{\displaystyle I_{u}}
153:
151:{\displaystyle I_{e}}
126:
889:Cumulative incidence
189:
162:
135:
43:
796:Observational study
728:Real world evidence
682:experimental design
619:Modern epidemiology
294:Total subjects (S)
233:
18:Preventive fraction
1193:Medical statistics
1082:Risk–benefit ratio
1049:First-in-man study
999:Case fatality rate
840:Case–control study
814:Longitudinal study
231:
201:{\displaystyle RR}
198:
175:
148:
121:
1175:
1174:
1123:Survivorship bias
1087:Systematic review
1054:Multicenter trial
1017:
1016:
1007:Likelihood-ratios
979:Clinical endpoint
947:Population impact
901:Period prevalence
678:Clinical research
551:
550:
498:
369:
368:
227:Numerical example
38:
16:(Redirected from
1200:
1022:Trial/test types
897:Point prevalence
875:
874:
818:Ecological study
801:EBM II-2 to II-3
772:Open-label trial
767:Blind experiment
743:Controlled study
671:
664:
657:
648:
647:
641:
640:
614:
608:
607:
581:
496:
371:
370:
330:Event rate (ER)
234:
230:
207:
205:
204:
199:
184:
182:
181:
176:
174:
173:
157:
155:
154:
149:
147:
146:
130:
128:
127:
122:
105:
104:
95:
87:
86:
74:
73:
58:
57:
36:
21:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1142:
1106:
1068:
1013:
967:
941:
915:Risk difference
903:
864:
798:
790:
745:
737:
701:Trial protocols
684:
675:
645:
644:
629:
615:
611:
596:
582:
578:
573:
556:
479:, or 1 −
274:Non-events (N)
229:
190:
187:
186:
169:
165:
163:
160:
159:
142:
138:
136:
133:
132:
100:
96:
91:
82:
78:
69:
65:
53:
49:
44:
41:
40:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1206:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1166:List of topics
1162:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1118:Selection bias
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1039:Animal testing
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
991:Mortality rate
977:
975:
969:
968:
951:
949:
943:
942:
913:
911:
905:
904:
883:
881:
872:
866:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
847:
837:
836:
835:
830:
820:
806:
804:
792:
791:
789:
788:
787:
786:
784:Platform trial
776:
775:
774:
769:
764:
753:
751:
739:
738:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
709:
708:
703:
696:Clinical trial
692:
690:
686:
685:
674:
673:
666:
659:
651:
643:
642:
627:
609:
594:
575:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
562:
555:
552:
549:
548:
545:
526:
523:
517:
516:
513:
499:
493:
487:
486:
483:
465:
462:
456:
455:
452:
443:
440:
433:
432:
429:
418:
415:
409:
408:
405:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
380:
375:
367:
366:
363:
362:= 0.4, or 40%
347:
346:= 0.1, or 10%
331:
327:
326:
323:
309:
295:
291:
290:
287:
281:
275:
271:
270:
267:
261:
255:
251:
250:
247:
241:
238:
228:
225:
197:
194:
172:
168:
145:
141:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
103:
99:
94:
90:
85:
81:
77:
72:
68:
64:
61:
56:
52:
48:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1205:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:Meta-analysis
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1064:Vaccine trial
1062:
1060:
1059:Seeding trial
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
880:
876:
873:
871:
867:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
845:
841:
838:
834:
831:
829:
828:Retrospective
826:
825:
824:
821:
819:
815:
811:
808:
807:
805:
802:
797:
793:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
754:
752:
749:
748:EBM I to II-1
744:
740:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
697:
694:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
667:
665:
660:
658:
653:
652:
649:
638:
634:
630:
628:9780781755641
624:
620:
613:
605:
601:
597:
595:9781449657338
591:
587:
580:
576:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
546:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
494:
492:
489:
488:
485:0.75, or 75%
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
453:
451:
447:
444:
441:
439:(risk ratio)
438:
437:Relative risk
435:
434:
430:
427:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
406:
404:
400:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
379:
376:
373:
372:
361:
357:
353:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
336:
332:
329:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
310:
307:
303:
299:
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
248:
245:
244:Control group
242:
239:
236:
235:
224:
222:
217:
215:
211:
210:relative risk
195:
192:
170:
166:
143:
139:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
101:
97:
92:
83:
79:
75:
70:
66:
59:
54:
50:
46:
34:
30:
19:
1188:Epidemiology
1164:
1157:
1150:
960:
939:Hazard ratio
823:Cohort study
618:
612:
585:
579:
541:
537:
533:
529:
510:
506:
502:
490:
480:
476:
472:
468:
449:
445:
425:
421:
407:0.3, or 30%
402:
398:
359:
355:
349:
343:
339:
333:
319:
315:
311:
305:
301:
297:
283:
277:
263:
257:
218:
32:
29:epidemiology
26:
1133:Null result
1092:Replication
987:Infectivity
909:Association
860:Case report
850:Case series
833:Prospective
254:Events (E)
1182:Categories
935:Odds ratio
927:Risk ratio
893:Prevalence
879:Occurrence
855:Case study
571:References
521:Odds ratio
995:Morbidity
983:Virulence
885:Incidence
637:169455558
604:826123155
374:Variable
237:Quantity
113:−
76:−
1159:Glossary
1152:Category
1029:In vitro
870:Measures
689:Overview
554:See also
505:−
471:−
424:−
401:−
382:Formula
131:, where
1034:In vivo
208:is the
635:
625:
602:
592:
547:0.167
385:Value
322:= 250
308:= 150
286:= 150
280:= 135
266:= 100
249:Total
973:Other
536:) / (
515:0.75
454:0.25
431:3.33
420:1 / (
378:Abbr.
260:= 15
812:vs.
680:and
633:OCLC
623:ISBN
600:OCLC
590:ISBN
509:) /
475:) /
464:RRR
417:NNT
395:ARR
325:400
289:285
269:115
246:(C)
525:OR
511:CER
507:EER
503:CER
477:CER
473:EER
469:CER
450:CER
446:EER
442:RR
426:EER
422:CER
403:EER
399:CER
351:CER
335:EER
35:(PF
27:In
1184::
1009:,
1005:,
1001:,
997:,
993:,
989:,
985:,
981:,
963:,
959:,
955:,
937:,
933:,
929:,
925:,
921:,
917:,
899:,
895:,
891:,
887:,
816:,
631:.
598:.
544:)
542:CN
540:/
538:CE
534:EN
532:/
530:EE
495:PF
481:RR
448:/
428:)
365:—
360:CS
358:/
356:CE
354:=
344:ES
342:/
340:EE
338:=
320:CN
318:+
316:CE
314:=
312:CS
306:EN
304:+
302:EE
300:=
298:ES
284:CN
278:EN
264:CE
258:EE
223:.
216:.
31:,
846:)
842:(
803:)
799:(
750:)
746:(
670:e
663:t
656:v
639:.
606:.
528:(
501:(
497:u
467:(
196:R
193:R
171:u
167:I
144:e
140:I
119:R
116:R
110:1
107:=
102:u
98:I
93:/
89:)
84:e
80:I
71:u
67:I
63:(
60:=
55:u
51:F
47:P
37:u
20:)
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