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enforcement agencies, especially the JRB an absolute power to detain and torture any citizen without any charge or trial for an indefinite time. Amnesty
International recorded the imprisonment of 2000 political prisoners from 1973 to 1974. JRB, or Rakkhi Bahini, was found involved in the enforced disappearance of Shahjahan, a teenager. A supreme court judgment by Justice Debesh Bhattacharya criticized the misconducts of Rakkhi Bahini. The government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman soon made an amendment in the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini Act that endowed them with very wide powers of arrest and detention, and its members were allowed immunity for their actions from scrutiny by the courts.
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declared an election to be held on March 7, 1973. There was a ban on religion-based politics and only a few parties were in the state of running a campaign. Fourteen parties participated in the election with around a thousand candidates. There were 120 independent candidates as well. Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman, as the Prime Minister, had access to every resource of the country. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman addressed 27 rallies between February 13 and February 28, 1973. He was seen campaigning with a helicopter in almost every district while his competitors were struggling to field candidates in such a short time.
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mismanagement. Jute, which used to be the major source of foreign remittance before the war, was no more profitable industry. Industrial output in 1972-73 was 30% lower than the normal output of 1969-70, and exports in 1972-73 were estimated to be much lower than the level achieved in 1969-70. The Annual Plan published by the government of
Bangladesh argued that the shortfalls in the economy and the high prices are largely the result of inefficient management, which included a lack of coordination labour-management problems and the creation of multiple middlemen in the market.
26:
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687:. Professor Sen proved that the famine was not a result of food availability decline (FAD), indeed, in 1974 Bangladesh enjoyed a year of peak availability of food grains compared to the other years of the first half of the 1970s. At one hand, Rangpur, Mymensingh, Dinajpur, and Sylhet were the most affected regions of famine while on the other hand, three of these four districts saw substantial growth in terms of rice production and food availability, compared to the other districts.
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addition to that ceilings were imposed on private investment and ownership of lands. Besides, to support the small farmers, an exemption of taxation was declared for the owners of less than twenty-five of land. The stock market was shut down after the independence and all the banks were nationalized. The government initially imposed a ceiling on salary as well. Bangladesh Bank took an expansionary fiscal policy to match the socialist economic ideas that the government was pushing.
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has put the death toll around a million, between August 1974 to
February 1975. Apart from these estimates, Dr. Muhammed Muqtada suggested that the number of death is at least 250,000 and a BIGD survey of gruel kitchen showed 3.17% people who came to the gruel kitchen died of starvation and malnutrition. Farmers were the biggest victim of the famine, who constituted 38.7% of the total visitors of the gruel kitchens, followed by agricultural and other labourers.
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enterprises. On the other hand, the local entrepreneurs whose factories were nationalised fell into a predicament since they were left with no assets. Latifur Rahman, the founder of
Transcom Group, who used to own a jute mill which was taken away in 1972, even had to bring a ceiling fan from his home and hire furniture to start his office after the wholesale nationalization of industries.
394:“The Awami League followed an electoral strategy of overkilling the opposition. Its policy of putting maximum pressure to win every parliamentary seat virtually wiped out the opposition parties from the parliament. The marginal representation of opposition in parliament had a dysfunctional impact on the fledgling parliamentary system. It diminished the opposition's stake in the system.”
773:"The corruption, incompetence and indifference which the former Prime Minister and newly proclaimed President assails, and which have driven foreign relief officials to despair, are centered in the Sheik's own party, to which he has assigned an exclusive role in a one‐party state. Primary responsibility for his party's dismal performance must be assigned to the Sheik himself."
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within a year, all large industries, or the industries with assets of over BDT 1.5 million, were nationalized overnight. The share of the state in the ownership of all industrial assets went up to 92% from 34% and the share of the private sector came down to only 8% from 66%. Due to the wholesale nationalization, many
Bengali industrialists had to lose their industries.
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to expedite the rebuilding of damaged infrastructures. The
Trading Corporation of Bangladesh was established in the same year to conduct trading activities. The rebuilding of schools and educational institutions started after the war with donors' support. A project was taken to buy and print textbooks and reference books.
517:. The Qudrat-i-Khuda education commission proposed to introduce secular education and separate religious studies from the education system. The commission also suggested putting emphasis on technical and stipend-based education. The government acted accordingly to introduce a secular education system across the country.
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Situation worsened within a month and local people started gruel kitchens initially to feed the poor. Government decision to open gruel kitchens came in
October. A total of 5,862 kitchens were opened that served around four million people in the most affected areas in the northern part of Bangladesh.
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After the independence, although a section of freedom fighters surrendered their weapon, a number of them did not. These weapons were used for robbery and violence. Organized crime and political killings were on the rise. The capacity of the police force to confront the criminals shrunk after the war
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was adopted by the parliament in
November 1972, within a year of independence. To attain the ideas of socialism, Bangladesh nationalized all the major industries and imposed a ceiling for private investments that significantly impacted the growth of enterprises and slowed down the economic activities
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in his article claimed that 80 to 100 thousands persons died of starvation and malnutrition in 2 to 3 months in the
Rangpur district alone. Bangladesh had 19 districts that time and apart from the Chattagram hill tracts, all the districts were affected by the famine. Researcher Dr. Mohiuddin Alamgir
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The Sheikh Mujib administration enforced a decree to restore the judicial activities in the country in January 1972. The government also waived all due land taxes for cultivable lands to revive the rural economy at the earliest. In addition to that, the government waived housing taxes in urban areas
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During the Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's premiership, press freedom in Bangladesh was seriously disrupted on a number of occasions and some prominent journalists were detained for publishing news. In 1973, the government introduced The Printing Presses and Publications (Declaration and Registration) Act,
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In addition to nepotism and favouritism, the nationalization of the industrial sector and distribution channels of key resources created scope for massive corruption. The MPs used their party leverage to get access to the government-controlled resources and became the major channels of distribution
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Sheikh Mujibur Rahman himself admitted the prevalence of corruption in the country in multiple speeches. However, he did little to rectify it. Prominent journalist Salil Tripathi interviewed Monwarul Islam, Sheikh Mujib's political secretary in 1974 who was once sent to look into the allegations of
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was established in 1972. This force was composed of the Awami League loyalists and effectively became a private army of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Awami League. The training and deployment of the force were supervised by officials from the Indian Army. The members of the force, known as Rakkhis,
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As a newly independent country, Bangladesh was facing several macroeconomic challenges right after independence. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman appointed Tajuddin Ahmad to fight these challenges. Besides, the Planning Commission was established with prominent economist Nurul Islam as its Deputy Commissioner
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The United States, despite their role in supporting Pakistan during the liberation war, provided a sizeable amount of food grains and aid equivalent to USD 824 million. USD 1.4 million was provided to the Cholera Research Laboratory and a developmental loan of USD 30 million was approved in January
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in 1974 and allowed some key collaborators to walk free. Bangladesh also reached an agreement with India and Pakistan to allow the Prisoners of War of the Pakistan Army who were involved in gross violation of human rights during the war to return to their country as Pakistan promised to try them if
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Thus, while floods were associated with the Bangladesh famine and played the part of disrupting the labor market as well as leading to some loss of crops by farmers and consequent destitution, the forces that wreaked havoc must be traced in part to macroeconomic factors operating on the economy of
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or JRB in short opted for brutal measures to oppress the opposition party men, irrespective of their gender. They were accused of torture, rape, enforced disappearance and extrajudicial killing. The Sheikh Mujib government passed the most controversial Special Powers Act 1974 that provided the law
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provided funds for the coastal embankment project and the repair and overhaul of the Siddhirganj Power Plant which was damaged during the war. The World Bank agreed to sponsor the development of the Ashuganj Fertilizer Factory, a project that was partially supported by the United States. The roads
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The policy of nationalization centralized the economic activities and the government had the ultimate authority to give away the permits and licenses for different supplies, which included fertilizer, pumps, food grains etc. This policy created multiple middlemen in the system and these middlemen
512:
Prior to the independence, during Pakistan days, Islam was an integral part of the education system and a compulsory subject was introduced in the textbooks on Islamic ideas to educate the students on Islamic values. Bangladesh which was a part of Pakistan had these subjects and topics within the
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There was an election in 288 seats and 11 Awami League candidates were elected unopposed as it was alleged that some of the candidates could not even file their nomination due to intimidation from ruling Awami League leaders. The election was marred with violence and ballot stuffing. Awami League
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One key reason of the famine was the fall of rice exchange rate, a major source of income for the farmers and agricultural workers, after the flood. The flood and economic mismanagement also cut down the employment. On contrary, the price of rice, the staple food of the country, was experiencing
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within three years of independence in 1974 after a portion of crops was destroyed due to flood. But the economic mismanagement, corruption and governance failure led to the loss of life of hundreds and thousands of people, if not millions. After the flood of the monsoon, June to July, stories of
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As most of Bangladesh’s industries were previously owned by non-Bengalis who left during the war, the government and the planning commission decided to nationalize the industries to restructure “property relations by placing the means of production under the ownership of the people.” As a result
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has always favoured a Parliamentary System where President holds a titular role. Therefore after the war ended, when Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returned to the country and took charge as the President and almost immediately adopted the Provisional Constitution of Bangladesh Order, 1972, repealing the
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However, the report was submitted before public opinion on the issue had been elicited through the distribution of questionnaires. Subsequently, the questionnaires showed that secular education was acceptable to about 21 percent of the most educated section of the people of Bangladesh. About 75
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Under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Bangladesh opted for a socialist economy, commanded by the state. On March 26, 1972, the government decided to nationalize 86% of the country’s industrial assets, including 70 jute mills, 72 textile factories, 3 paper mills, 17 sugar mills and 4 major gas fields. In
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was composed of the members of parliament who were elected in the 1970 Pakistan elections before the independence. The national assembly was indeed a constituent assembly and after the adoption of the constitution, a new election became imminent. Hence on November 4, 1972, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
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sent 800 mariners to clear off the mines from Chattagram Sea Port to make it useable and by 1974, the port was ready to be used. India sent some officials in early 1972 to run the country as Bangladesh lacked efficient professionals. India also helped Bangladesh to mend some roads and bridges.
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The government decided to impose a ceiling of 2.5 million BDT on private investment and introduced strict conditions for foreign investors. According to the government’s policy statement of 1972, foreign private enterprises were allowed to collaborate with domestic private enterprises only in
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The wholesale nationalisation paved the way for corrupt rent-seeking, however. Patronage became the chief consideration in the distribution of managerial jobs and licenses for industries. Instead of capabilities, loyalties became the parameter for distributing crucial licenses for trading and
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The relative ease with which power has been transferred suggests above all the degree to which Mujib and the Bangalees had become alienated from one another, the Bangalees from Mujib because of his failure to meet their aspirations and his apparent desire to hold power largely for personal
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With the absence of the non-Bengali industrialists who used to own the major industries and the introduction of new regulations, intense competition between the different factions to expropriate the nationalized industries emerged. This created chaos and resulted in violence and economic
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became extremely violent in crushing the dissenters and got involved in criminal activities. Jasad and some leftist parties who were opposing the Sheikh Mujib government claimed to have lost thousands of their supporters and activists in the anti-terrorism drive of Rakkhi Bahini.
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The decision however was highly unpopular. According to a public opinion survey, secular education was acceptable to about 21% of the most educated section of the people of Bangladesh. About 75% opined that religious education should be an integral part of general education.
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unprecedented rise because of the "inflationary forces operating on the rice market" who "started pushing rice prices up very sharply much before the floods hit" and indeed, there was about a 50 percent rise between January and April in 1974, much before the famine started.
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after briefly serving as the President after returning from Pakistan's jail on January 10, 1972. He served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh until January 25, 1975, for three years, and later led the parliament to adopt an amendment of the constitution that made him the
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Listen, when I started my party, I could not get brilliant students like you to come join my party. You were too busy pursuing your career in civil service. And I had with me only homeless urchins. Isn't it natural that should engage in such activities when they are in
269:. Bangladesh's constitution was amended in 1973 to allow the parliament members to pass preventive detention laws. Despite the initial willingness of the government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to try the people involved in war crimes, the government declared a general
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Among others, his nephew Sheikh Mani, a former student leader and a young journalist, established a media empire after the independence thanks to the government advertisements. He grabbed multiple properties in the capital forcefully including a printing press.
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From the ranks of the freedom fighters, Mujib established the Jatiyo Rakkhi Bahini (National Defense Force), whose members took a personal pledge to Mujib and became, in effect, his private army to which privileges and hard-to-get commodities were lavishly
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Though Sheikh Mujibur Rahman stayed incorruptible, his tenure as Prime Minister was criticized for nepotism and favouritism, as many of his relatives and loyal supporters got key positions in the government, key organizations and administration.
220:
inside the country. By 1974, the share of customs duty and sales tax in the total tax of Bangladesh fell down to 39%, from 48.8% of 1972. The slowing down of economic activities, politicized rent management and a devastating flood resulted in a
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The war of 1971 and the cyclone of 1970 practically destroyed a huge amount of infrastructures that had to be rebuilt. Bangladesh urged its friends and the international community to contribute to the reconstruction of the country. The
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192:. Bangladesh was plagued with endless problems due to the war and natural calamities after the war. Most of the country's bridges were destroyed during the war and the southern part of the country was yet to recover from the
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Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became the Prime Minister of Bangladesh during a very turbulent time after a deadly war. His inexperience in governance and the lack of capable people to run the administration cost the country dearly.
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Abdus Salam, the editor of The Observer, lost his job after writing an editorial titled "The supreme test" with a call to form a unity government in the post-independence Bangladesh, in 1972. Later in 1973, publication of
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did an extensive research on the famine of Bangladesh and explained the context and reasons of the famine in his articles and two famous books- Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation and
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Mujib had an unfailing attachment to those who participated in the struggle for independence. He showed favoritism toward those comrades by giving them appointments to the civil government and especially the
778:
His premiership was compared to the rule of a village headman running the country with his relatives and favourites. After his death, the U.S. Ambassador in Bangladesh claimed that during his last days he
399:
The voter turnout was 54.9%, which was slightly larger than that of the 1970 election. After the election, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was sworn-in as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh on March 16, 1973. A new
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broke out, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was arrested in the early hours of the war and was flown to a jail in Pakistan. In his absence, a group of the elected lawmakers from the Awami League rallied behind
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and there were organized robberies at a significant amount of police stations. Besides, some of these criminals had the blessings of local Awami League leaders which helped them to stay at large.
196:. Physical assets of US$ 1200 million were destroyed. However, Bangladesh received foreign aid of around US$ 1900 million from development partners from 1972 to 1975 to address these problems.
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was suspended for two months under Press and Publication Act. In the same year, declaration of Haq Kotha was cancelled as it was highly critical of Sheikh Mujib regime. In 1974, after the
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and within a month a new amendment to the constitution was made that transformed Bangladesh from a parliamentary democracy to a presidential system. The amendment indeed, ‘institutionalized
1335:
340:, who formed Bangladesh’s provisional government with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the President. Tajuddin Ahmed became the Prime Minister and Syed Nazrul Islam served as the
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agrandizement and dynastic reasons, and Mujib from the Banglaees as he grew more isolated from objective counsels and began to suffer the classic paranoia of the despot.
356:, endorsed by lawmakers and the freedom fighters, declared Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the President of the republic until a constitution is adopted. However,
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The government estimated around 26,000 deaths as a result of the famine which is far lower than the estimates of researchers and journalists. Nobel laureate economist
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in February 1972. The Planning Commission submitted a strategy for development as First Five Year Plan in tandem with the Socialist Economic goal of the government.
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leaders, who owned the crucial permits of food grains trade. Besides, Bangladesh's Red Cross operations were led by a corrupt individual and a key leader of
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education system. After the war, when Bangladesh adopted secularism as state principle, an independent commission was founded under prominent scientist Dr.
243:. They were provided with an indemnity to arrest or search any house. Rakkhi Bahini became infamous for extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances.
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603:, his brother-in-law and little-known politician from Barishal was appointed as the Minister for Land Revenue in his cabinet. Mujib’s other brother-in-law
623:‘Bangladeshis had by this time, begun to consider that the corruption and malpractices and plunder of national wealth had reached “unprecedented” levels.’
3331:
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When Bangladesh’s independence struggle started, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became the most popular leader of the Bengali nationalist movement. After the
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sold and resold the permits resulting in inflation. The cost of living jumped from BDT 208 in January 1972 to taka 297 in October of the same year.
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He said this not in a tone of levity, but of resignation, implying it had to be tolerated. This eventually patronized corruption at all levels.
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licenses and patents, but without equity participation. These measures discouraged private entrepreneurs and investors to invest in Bangladesh.
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Besides, the rampant corruption by Awami League leaders and activists was highly criticized. An article in Far Eastern Economic Review read,
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Besides, the law and order situation deteriorated significantly and political killings were prevalent. A special paramilitary unit similar to
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Indeed, he made a comment after assuming absolute power to local newsmen, reflecting on his struggle to build the newly independent nation:
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Bangladesh in 1974 was a socialist economy and the market was controlled by the state, through the people close to the government, mostly
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265:
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman introduced some of the repressive acts as Prime Minister that still haunt the people of the country including the
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famine started to appear on the newspapers but the government formally declared that the country is facing a famine in late September.
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Sheikh Mujibur Rahman took charge as the Prime Minister within a month of Bangladesh's winning freedom from Pakistan after one of the
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Order. The next day he was sworn in as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. He appointed a cabinet accordingly on January 12, 1972.
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285:’ and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman immediately became the ‘unimpeachable’ President of Bangladesh replacing the incumbent President
607:, who was just a section officer before independence, was promoted to Additional Secretary of the government after the war.
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men, Mujib brushed off his reports on the corrupt practices of his supporters. According to Monwarul Islam, Mujib said:
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In this circumstance, to reduce crime and utilize the trained freedom fighters for the greater good of the nation,
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Opinion was strong that the paramilitary organization was no different from Hitler's Brown Shirts or the Gestapo
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1973. The act gave immense power to the bureaucrats to control the publication of newspapers and magazines.
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Thanks to his efforts Bangladesh was recognized by almost every country by 1975, and became a member of the
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from his home in the midnight and blocked the circulation of the newspaper as it was sympathetic to Jasad.
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791:"Maybe it takes one man to lead this people to independence and another to build that nation afterward."
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1842:"The Role of the State in the Economic Development of Bangladesh during the Mujib Regime (1972-1975)"
1804:"The Role of the State in the Economic Development of Bangladesh during the Mujib Regime (1972-1975)"
1548:"The Role of the State in the Economic Development of Bangladesh during the Mujib Regime (1972-1975)"
935:"The Role of the State in the Economic Development of Bangladesh during the Mujib Regime (1972-1975)"
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297:, were banned and all but four newspapers were allowed to run with four state-appointed editors.
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1291:"The 1970 Bhola Cyclone, Nationalist Politics and the Subsistence Crisis Contract in Bangladesh"
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corruption by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. When he returned with the stories of rampant corruption by
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1420:"Patterns of Electoral Violence in Bangladesh: A Study on Parliamentary Elections (1973-2008)"
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896:"Educational Policy in Bangladesh 1978-81: Promise and Performance in Political Perspective"
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717:. He was accused of misappropriating the resources that were crucial to avoid the famine.
8:
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611:, a close associate of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman became the chief of Bangladesh’s Red Cross.
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258:, gradually. However, the relationship between the key oil-rich Gulf states, as well as
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percent opined that religious education should be an integral part of general education
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opted for an ‘electoral strategy of overkilling the opposition’ and won 293 seats.
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1334:(Press release). Government of Bangladesh. Legislative Division. Archived from
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In an editorial written after Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's take over of Presidency,
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was founded in 1972. A rehabilitation centre was opened in Mohammadpur, Dhaka.
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The Printing Presses and Publications (Declaration and Registration) Act, 1973
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1972:
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1880:"Aid and Governance in Vulnerable States: Bangladesh and Pakistan since 1971"
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Secretary Kissinger Calls on Bangladesh Prime Minister, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
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1004:"Aid and Governance in Vulnerable States: Bangladesh and Pakistan since 1971"
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The Colonel Who Would Not Repent: The Bangladesh War and Its Unquiet Legacy
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that claimed around fifty lives, police arrested the editor of Gonokontho,
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2592:(Interview). Interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy. Library of Congress.
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became the minister of Minister of Power, Flood Control and Irrigation.
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and bridges between Dhaka and Aricha were repaired with U.S. support.
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took charges of different ministries. Sheikh Mujib's brother-in-law
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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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in 1974 that took the lives of hundreds and thousands of people.
2551:"Bangladesh in 1974: Economic Crisis and Political Polarization"
2178:"Bangladesh: Did Sheikh Mujibur Rahman deserve this tragic end?"
2002:"Bangladesh in 1974: Economic Crisis and Political Polarization"
1161:"Bangladesh in 1974: Economic Crisis and Political Polarization"
2396:"Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements"
2349:"Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements"
1058:"Ingredients of Famine Analysis: Availability and Entitlements"
973:"Foreign Aid and Domestic Resource Mobilisation in Bangladesh"
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was filed, his popularity skyrocketed. Riding on the wave of
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Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation
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Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation
2094:(Report). Amnesty International. 1 January 1974. p. 50
2072:(Report). Amnesty International. 1 January 1975. p. 83
2050:(Report). Amnesty International. 1 January 1974. p. 49
1450:(Press release). Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived from
812:"Sheik Mujib Takes Prime Ministership; Appoints a Cabinet"
313:, he led the landslide victory of the Awami League in the
199:
Bangladesh introduced four principles under Sheikh Mujib-
1775:. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. p. 472.
1613:"800 Russian mariners took part in post-war minesweeping"
277:
In the last week of December 1974, Bangladesh declared a
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began on January 12 of 1972 when he was sworn in as the
868:"Bangladesh, 4 Months Old, Is Struggling for Stability"
667:
The gruel kitchens were closed by the end of November.
2229:"Bangladesh in 1973: Management of Factional Politics"
1934:"Bangladesh in 1973: Management of Factional Politics"
1478:"Bangladesh in 1973: Management of Factional Politics"
239:, loyal to Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, was formed to crush
1586:"Latifur Rahman: A man and entrepreneur of principle"
508:
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in a public meeting
16:
Founder and First President of Bangladesh (1920–1975)
1329:"Provisional Constitution of Bangladesh Order, 1972"
465:
1105:"Rising Bangladesh Unrest Marked by 2,000 Killings"
1208:"Preventive detention law in Bangladesh: A review"
839:"SHEIK MUJIB GETS TOTAL AUTHORITY OVER BANGLADESH"
781:began to suffer the classic paranoia of the despot
317:. Awami League won in all but 2 constituencies in
3323:
1643:Liberation and Beyond: Indo-Bangladesh relations
1265:Liberation and Beyond: Indo-Bangladesh relations
428:, all the leaders who served as minister in the
404:was formed with the old-guards of Awami League.
352:The official declaration of independence by the
1769:Religious Radicalism and Security in South Asia
1716:"Mujib Administration's Policy Action Timeline"
1427:Jagannath University Journal of Social Sciences
2112:
1970:
1739:
347:
2728:
2661:Preliminary Comment on the Coup in Bangladesh
2092:Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974
2070:Amnesty International Annual Report 1974–1975
2048:Amnesty International Annual Report 1973–1974
1765:
1646:. University Press Limited. p. 180-183.
1397:. The University Press Limited. p. 110.
1206:Bhuiyan, Md. Jahid Hossain (1 January 2008).
2548:
2499:"Bhashani's 42nd death anniversary observed"
2443:"Corruption Charges Beset Dacca Relief Aide"
2326:. Oxford University Press. p. 137-139.
2144:"Corruption Charges Beset Dacca Relief Aide"
1999:
1158:
970:
809:
2735:
2721:
2587:
971:Sobhan, Rehman; Islam, Tajul (June 1988).
734:, a magazine with wide coverage edited by
593:
45:12 January 1972 – 24 January 1975
24:
3332:Political career of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
2742:
2206:. University Press Limited. p. 229.
2117:(Report). Library of Congress. p. 19
1975:(Report). Library of Congress. p. 19
1766:Limaye, Satu P.; Wirsing, Robert (2004).
1517:"Bangladesh: The Burdens of Independence"
1268:. University Press Limited. p. 198.
865:
569:
3108:Bhat De Haramzada, Noile Manchitro Khabo
2588:Eisenbraun, Stephen (14 December 2004).
2549:Maniruzzaman, Talukder (February 1975).
2270:. Oxford University Press. p. 134.
2201:
2113:Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert (1989).
2000:Maniruzzaman, Talukder (February 1975).
1971:Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert (1989).
1515:Kroef, Justus M. van der (August 1974).
1394:Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
1159:Maniruzzaman, Talukder (February 1975).
1102:
503:
494:Bangladesh Freedom Fighter Welfare Trust
448:Bangladesh cancels Insurance Corporation
443:
2690:"Mujib Led Long Fight to Free Bengalis"
2659:Boster, Davis Eugene (16 August 1975).
2290:
1713:
1583:
1417:
1366:The Indian Journal of Political Science
1362:"Parliamentary Elections in Bangladesh"
1288:
1205:
1135:. Oxford University Press. p. 98.
3324:
3304:
2860:Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League
2658:
2440:
2141:
1931:
1742:BANGTADESH EDUCATION COMMISSION REPORT
1475:
1130:
529:
492:To rehabilitate the freedom fighters,
439:
274:they are found guilty of any offence.
2877:15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état
2760:East Pakistan Muslim Students' League
2716:
2687:
2522:
2496:
2226:
2175:
1839:
1801:
1639:
1545:
1514:
1390:
1359:
1261:
932:
866:Schanberg, Sydney H. (4 April 1972).
373:Bangladesh’s first government led by
3292:
3102:The Assassin Next Door (documentary)
2845:Premiership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
2800:Provisional Government of Bangladesh
1877:
1001:
893:
810:Butterfield, Fox (13 January 1972).
499:
452:
430:Provisional Government of Bangladesh
354:Provisional Government of Bangladesh
40:Premiership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
2590:"Interview with Stephen Eisenbraun"
2393:
2346:
2321:
2293:"Poverty and Famines in Bangladesh"
2265:
1695:(Report). USAID. 1975. pp. 1–7
1670:(Report). US State Department. 1974
1055:
524:
480:1975 to buy seeds and fertilizers.
368:
13:
3135:Khoka Theke Bangabandhu Jatir Pita
2663:(Report). U.S. Department of State
2523:Ahmed, Kamal (30 September 2021).
2400:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
2353:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
2297:The Bangladesh Development Studies
1747:(Report). Government of Bangladesh
1714:Hossain, Shawkat (26 March 2020).
1103:Weinraub, Bernard (11 June 1973).
1062:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
977:The Bangladesh Development Studies
14:
3363:
2850:1974 Speech at the United Nations
2525:"Long struggle for press freedom"
1878:Khan, Mushtaq H (November 2014).
1740:Qudrat-i-Khuda, Muhammad (1974).
1584:Hossain, Shawkat (20 July 2020).
1521:Asian Affairs: An American Review
1002:Khan, Mushtaq H (November 2014).
466:Reconstruction and rehabilitation
3303:
3291:
3280:
3279:
2813:
2497:Ahmed, Kamal (8 November 2018).
2441:Simons, Lewis (31 August 1974).
2176:Islam, Nazarul (8 August 2020).
2142:Simons, Lewis (31 August 1974).
1840:Islam, Syed Serajul (May 1984).
1802:Islam, Syed Serajul (May 1984).
1546:Islam, Syed Serajul (May 1984).
1133:Bangladesh: From Mujib to Ershad
933:Islam, Syed Serajul (May 1984).
720:
2780:1970 Pakistani general election
2688:Krebs, Albin (16 August 1975).
2681:
2652:
2624:
2596:
2581:
2542:
2516:
2490:
2468:
2434:
2387:
2340:
2315:
2284:
2259:
2227:Jahan, Rounaq (February 1974).
2220:
2195:
2169:
2135:
2106:
2084:
2062:
2040:
1993:
1964:
1932:Rounaq, Jahan (February 1974).
1925:
1871:
1846:The Journal of Developing Areas
1833:
1808:The Journal of Developing Areas
1795:
1759:
1733:
1707:
1682:
1660:
1633:
1605:
1577:
1552:The Journal of Developing Areas
1539:
1508:
1476:Rounaq, Jahan (February 1974).
1469:
1437:
1411:
1384:
1353:
1321:
1289:Hossain, Naomi (January 2018).
1282:
1255:
1227:
1199:
1152:
1124:
939:The Journal of Developing Areas
315:1970 Pakistani general election
1360:Moten, A. Rashid (June 1981).
1235:"Yusuf's trial at final stage"
1096:
1049:
995:
964:
926:
887:
859:
831:
803:
1:
3337:Prime ministers of Bangladesh
3182:Mujib: The Making of a Nation
3095:Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood
796:
300:
262:, was yet to be established.
2394:Sen, Amartya (August 1981).
2347:Sen, Amartya (August 1981).
1056:Sen, Amartya (August 1981).
363:Proclamation of Independence
289:. All political parties but
178:Prime Minister of Bangladesh
7:
3352:History of the Awami League
3175:Jodi Raat Pohale Shona Jeto
2795:Declaration of Independence
2115:Bangladesh: A Country Study
1973:Bangladesh: A Country Study
1690:US Assistance to Bangladesh
694:Dr. Amartya Sen explained:
658:Bangladesh experienced the
562:Mismanagement of industries
348:Home coming and Swearing-in
75:
50:
10:
3368:
3189:Shono Ekti Mujiborer Theke
2910:Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib
1445:"Bangladesh election 1973"
1418:Noorana, Mosammat (2015).
217:constitution of Bangladesh
3275:
3219:
3149:Amader Choto Russel Shona
3142:Hasina: A Daughter's Tale
3072:
3040:
3009:
2978:
2890:
2822:
2811:
2750:
1131:Ziring, Lawrence (1999).
749:
653:
330:Bangladesh Liberation War
165:
145:
133:
119:
109:
88:
36:
32:
23:
3081:1971: Inside and Outside
2991:Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani
2915:Sheikh Mosharraf Hossain
2790:Non-cooperation movement
2775:Agartala Conspiracy Case
2632:"'Father' of Bangladesh"
2202:Tripathi, Salil (2016).
1896:10.1177/0002716214543900
1020:10.1177/0002716214543900
912:10.1080/0305006830190107
307:Agartala Conspiracy Case
185:, effectively for life.
3342:Bangladeshi premiership
3168:Jochona O Jononir Golpo
2970:Shafique Ahmed Siddique
2604:"One Man's Basket Case"
894:Dove, Linda A. (1983).
736:A.Z.M. Enayetullah Khan
594:Corruption and nepotism
540:Blanket nationalization
515:Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda
267:Special Power Act, 1974
183:President of Bangladesh
3049:The Unfinished Memoirs
1391:Ahmed, Moudud (2017).
793:
775:
702:
685:Development as Freedom
644:
626:
570:Human rights situation
509:
449:
422:Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
397:
287:Mohammad Mohammadullah
151:Provisional Government
65:Mohammad Mohammadullah
3347:History of Bangladesh
2744:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
2322:Sen, Amartya (1981).
2266:Sen, Amartya (1981).
900:Comparative Education
789:
771:
765:One Man's Basket Case
762:termed Bangladesh as
697:
635:
620:
553:Ceiling on investment
507:
447:
410:A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman
391:
375:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
174:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
96:Second Mujib ministry
83:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
3203:Tungiparar Miya Bhai
3063:Amar Dekha Noya Chin
2900:Sheikh Lutfar Rahman
2872:Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini
2291:Muqtada, M. (1981).
1720:White Board Magazine
1640:Dixit, J.N. (1999).
1262:Dixit, J.N. (1999).
587:Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini
580:Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini
385:Political scientist
256:Non-Aligned Movement
237:Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini
101:Third Mujib ministry
60:Abu Sayeed Chowdhury
3267:Artistic depictions
2996:Sheikh Fazlul Karim
2986:Abdur Rab Serniabat
2447:The Washington Post
2148:The Washington Post
601:Abdur Rab Serniabat
530:Economic management
440:Key policy measures
434:Abdur Rab Serniabat
311:Bengali nationalism
172:The premiership of
156:Muhammad Mansur Ali
77:Prime Minister
3056:The Prison Diaries
2770:Six point movement
2695:The New York Times
2637:The New York Times
2609:The New York Times
2182:The India Observer
1621:. 17 December 2016
1307:10.1111/disa.12235
1110:The New York Times
873:The New York Times
844:The New York Times
817:The New York Times
760:The New York Times
715:Gazi Golam Mostafa
650:in the districts.
609:Gazi Golam Mostafa
510:
450:
279:state of emergency
194:1970 Bhola Cyclone
3319:
3318:
3001:Fazle Noor Taposh
2865:Second revolution
2640:. 27 January 1975
2612:. 30 January 1975
1243:. 6 February 2014
847:. 26 January 1975
500:Secular education
453:Socialist economy
414:Syed Nazrul Islam
338:Syed Nazrul Islam
170:
169:
3359:
3307:
3306:
3295:
3294:
3283:
3282:
3257:Mritunjoyi Mujib
3114:Chironjeeb Mujib
2965:M. A. Wazed Miah
2817:
2785:7th March Speech
2737:
2730:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2668:
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2110:
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2066:
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2038:
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1997:
1991:
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1982:
1980:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1875:
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852:
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
807:
605:ATM Syed Hossain
525:Domestic affairs
369:Election of 1973
342:Acting President
293:, a new form of
43:
41:
28:
21:
20:
3367:
3366:
3362:
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3360:
3358:
3357:
3356:
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3156:Amar Fashi Chai
3128:Mujib Amar Pita
3073:Popular culture
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2018:10.2307/2643322
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1494:10.2307/2643085
1474:
1470:
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1458:
1457:on 19 June 2022
1454:
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1438:
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1341:on 19 June 2022
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1074:10.2307/1882681
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468:
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442:
426:M. A. G. Osmani
371:
350:
303:
161:
160:
159:
153:
105:
84:
79:
70:
69:
52:
44:
39:
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5:
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3232:Memorial Trust
3229:
3223:
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3217:
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3214:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3196:The Black Coat
3192:
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2823:Administration
2820:
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2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
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2772:
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2756:
2754:
2752:Liberation War
2748:
2747:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2680:
2651:
2623:
2595:
2580:
2541:
2515:
2489:
2467:
2433:
2386:
2359:(3): 451–459.
2339:
2332:
2314:
2283:
2276:
2258:
2239:(2): 125–135.
2219:
2212:
2194:
2168:
2134:
2105:
2083:
2061:
2039:
2012:(2): 433–464.
1992:
1963:
1924:
1870:
1832:
1794:
1781:
1758:
1732:
1706:
1681:
1659:
1652:
1632:
1618:The Daily Star
1604:
1576:
1538:
1507:
1468:
1436:
1410:
1403:
1383:
1352:
1320:
1301:(1): 187–203.
1281:
1274:
1254:
1240:The Daily Star
1226:
1213:The Daily Star
1198:
1171:(2): 433–464.
1151:
1141:
1123:
1095:
1068:(3): 451–452.
1048:
994:
963:
925:
886:
858:
830:
801:
800:
798:
795:
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2765:Awami League
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2555:Asian Survey
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2006:Asian Survey
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1995:
1985:
1984:
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1966:
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707:Awami League
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358:Awami League
351:
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295:Awami League
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252:Commonwealth
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114:Awami League
38:
18:
3088:August 1975
2950:Saima Wazed
2855:4th cabinet
2840:3rd cabinet
2835:2nd cabinet
2830:1st cabinet
1591:Prothom Alo
1433:(1–2): 128.
732:The Holiday
700:Bangladesh.
680:Amartya Sen
672:Amartya Sen
361:effects of
215:- when the
209:Nationalism
3326:Categories
3310:Wikiquotes
3252:Mujib Year
3247:Mujib coat
3242:Mujibnagar
3210:Mujib Bhai
2561:(2): 122.
2529:Netra News
2406:(3): 458.
2303:(1): 6–7.
1944:(2): 128.
1852:(2): 190.
1814:(2): 189.
1558:(2): 190.
1527:(2): 379.
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797:References
678:Professor
418:Mansur Ali
323:Bangladesh
301:Background
241:dissidents
213:Secularism
140:Ganabhaban
3262:Namesakes
3027:Mausoleum
3010:Landmarks
2979:Relatives
2455:146126607
2156:146126607
2129:military.
1372:(2): 59.
1295:Disasters
1014:: 68–69.
983:(2): 30.
906:(1): 76.
744:Al Mahmud
328:When the
283:autocracy
205:Socialism
201:Democracy
51:President
3286:Category
3237:Mujibism
3227:Birthday
2482:30 March
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2381:11615084
2309:40794308
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1028:24541763
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389:opined,
120:Election
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2701:19 June
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2644:14 June
2616:19 June
2575:2643322
2503:New Age
2420:1882681
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2253:2643085
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271:amnesty
229:Gestapo
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2508:10 May
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654:Famine
639:power?
321:, now
291:BAKSAL
233:Hitler
3121:Deyal
3041:Books
2571:JSTOR
2416:JSTOR
2369:JSTOR
2305:JSTOR
2249:JSTOR
2022:JSTOR
1954:JSTOR
1908:S2CID
1900:JSTOR
1854:JSTOR
1816:JSTOR
1773:(PDF)
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482:USAID
260:China
110:Party
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