737:. Production of SCFA and fermentation quality are reduced during long-term diets of low fiber intake. Until bacterial flora are gradually established to rehabilitate or restore intestinal bacteria, nutrient absorption may be impaired and colonic transit time temporarily increased with a rapid addition of higher prebiotic intake.
108:
The definition of prebiotics and the food ingredients that can fall under this classification, has evolved since its first definition in 1995. In its earliest definition, the term prebiotics was used to refer to non-digestible food ingredients that were beneficial to the host through their selective
1713:
Cunningham, Marla; Azcarate-Peril, M. Andrea; Barnard, Alan; Benoit, Valerie; Grimaldi, Roberta; Guyonnet, Denis; Holscher, Hannah D.; Hunter, Kirsty; Manarung, Sarmauli; Obis, David; Petrova, Mariya I.; Steinert, Robert E.; Swanson, Kelly S.; van
Sinderen, Douwe; Vulevic, Jelena; Gibson, Glenn R.
340:
are one well documented example of prebiotics. Resistant starch from starchy foods are also well documented prebiotics and have historically been the highest source of prebiotics in the diet, as 4-10% of starch in mixed diets has been shown to reach the large intestine. One study reported that
189:
has not been established between the consumption of the food constituents which are the subject of the health claims and a beneficial physiological effect related to increasing numbers of gastrointestinal microbiota". Consequently, under EFSA rules individual ingredients cannot be labeled as
562:
While there is no broad consensus on an ideal daily serving of prebiotics, recommendations typically range from 4 to 8 grams (0.14–0.28 oz) for general digestive health support, to 15 grams (0.53 oz) or more for those with active digestive disorders. Given an average 6 grams
264:
display specificity for inulin, fructooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides. Studies have also shown that prebiotics, besides helping growth of beneficial gut bacteria, can also inhibit detrimental and potentially pathogenic microbes in the gut, such as
2787:
Weyens G, Ritsema T, Van Dun K, Meyer D, Lommel M, Lathouwers J, Rosquin I, Denys P, Tossens A, Nijs M, Turk S, Gerrits N, Bink S, Walraven B, Lefèbvre M, Smeekens S (2004). "Production of tailor-made fructans in sugar beet by expression of onion fructosyltransferase genes".
2490:
Cuello-Garcia C, Fiocchi A, Pawankar R, Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Morgano GP, Zhang Y, Agarwal A, Gandhi S, Terracciano L, Schünemann HJ, Brozek JL (November 2017). "Prebiotics for the prevention of allergies: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
121:
that is selectively used by a host microorganism to produce a health benefit. In 2021, The Global
Prebiotic Association (GPA) defined a prebiotic as a product or ingredient that is utilized in the microbiota producing a health or performance benefit.
247:
and beneficial gut bacteria as they may have several beneficial effects on the host in terms of improving digestion (including but not limited to enhancing mineral absorption) and the effectiveness and intrinsic strength of the immune system. Both
113:. Further research has suggested that selective stimulation has not been scientifically demonstrated. As a result of research suggesting that prebiotics could impact microorganisms outside of the colon, in 2016 the
367:
bacterial population in breastfed infants, and to strengthen the infant immune system. Furthermore, human milk oligosaccharides help establish a healthy intestinal microbiota composition in newborns.
166:. Resistant starch has been shown to shift the intestinal bacteria, as well as improve biomarkers for numerous health conditions. Other dietary fibers also fit the definition of prebiotics, such as
46:
such as bacteria and fungi. The most common environment concerning their effects on human health is the gastrointestinal tract, where prebiotics can alter the composition of organisms in the
1470:
GĂłmez B, GullĂłn B, Remoroza C, Schols HA, ParajĂł JC, Alonso JL (October 2014). "Purification, characterization, and prebiotic properties of pectic oligosaccharides from orange peel wastes".
154:
are two oligosaccharide sources which have been found to stimulate the activity and growth of beneficial bacterial colonies in the gut. Fructans are a category of carbohydrate consisting of
1321:
Portincasa, Piero; Bonfrate, Leonilde; Vacca, Mirco; de
Angelis, Maria; Farella, Ilaria; Lanza, Elisa; Khalil, Mohamad; Wang, David Q-H; Sperandio, Markus; Di Ciaula, Agostino (2022).
114:
708:
frequency. Prebiotics may be effective in decreasing the number of infectious episodes needing antibiotics and the total number of infections in children aged 0–24 months.
395:
are also classified as prebiotic fiber sources. The predominant type of prebiotic fiber may vary according to the food. For instance, oats and barley have high amounts of
256:
have been shown to have differing prebiotic specificity and to selectively ferment prebiotic fiber based on the enzymes characteristic of the bacterial population. Thus,
936:"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics"
763:
142:
Thus, consumption of prebiotics may facilitate the health of the host. Based on the previous classifications, plant-derived carbohydrate compounds called
304:
that encode for carbohydrate-modifying enzymes as well as genes that encode for carbohydrate uptake proteins. The presence of these genes indicates that
383:. However, not all dietary fiber can be classified as a prebiotic source. In addition to the food sources highlighted in the following table, raw oats,
308:
contain specific metabolic pathways specialized for the fermentation and metabolism of plant-derived oligosaccharides, or prebiotics. These pathways in
72:
for them. They were first identified and named by Marcel
Roberfroid in 1995. Depending on the jurisdiction, they may have regulatory scrutiny as
1185:
1852:"Prebiotic inulin-type fructans and galacto-oligosaccharides: definition, specificity, function, and application in gastrointestinal disorders"
825:
Hutkins RW; Krumbeck JA; Bindels LB; Cani PD; Fahey G Jr.; Goh YJ; Hamaker B; Martens EC; Mills DA; Rastal RA; Vaughan E; Sanders ME (2016).
2287:
Geier MS, Butler RN, Howarth GS (October 2006). "Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics: a role in chemoprevention for colorectal cancer?".
211:
With improved mechanistic techniques in recent years, the current prebiotic targets have expanded to a wider range of microbes, including
1374:"The potential roles of probiotics, resistant starch and resistant proteins in ameliorating inflammation during aging (Inflammaging)"
874:
Gibson GR, Roberfroid MB (June 1995). "Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics".
2248:"Prebiotics in healthy infants and children for prevention of acute infectious diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1243:"Structural features underlying prebiotic activity of conventional and potential prebiotic oligosaccharides in food and health"
722:
or Crohn's disease through production of SCFA as nourishment for colonic walls, and mitigation of ulcerative colitis symptoms.
2466:
185:(EFSA), the regulatory agency for product labeling, differentiates between "prebiotic" and "dietary fiber", stating that "a
1558:"Structural Considerations on the Use of Endo-Xylanases for the Production of prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides from Biomass"
1141:
Lamsal BP (August 2012). "Production, health aspects and potential food uses of dairy prebiotic galactooligosaccharides".
563:(0.21 oz) serving, below are the amounts of prebiotic foods required to achieve a daily serving of prebiotic fiber:
198:
When the prebiotic concept was first introduced in 1995, the primary focus was on the effects that prebiotics confer on
2853:
328:
Prebiotic sources must be proven to confer a benefit to the host in order to be classified as a prebiotic. Fermentable
2891:
2098:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 1 April 2012
182:
2324:"Evidence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of clinical trials"
718:(SCFA), more research is required to establish a direct causal connection. Prebiotics may be beneficial to
77:
2664:"Relations between transit time, fermentation products, and hydrogen consuming flora in healthy humans"
745:
719:
689:
146:
as well as resistant starch are the main source of prebiotics that have been identified. Specifically,
17:
2662:
El Oufir L, Flourié B, Bruley des
Varannes S, Barry JL, Cloarec D, Bornet F, Galmiche JP (June 1996).
2886:
725:
The sudden addition of substantial quantities of prebiotics to the diet may result in an increase in
361:, referred to as human milk oligosaccharides. Human milk oligosaccharides were found to increase the
2095:
1284:"Resistant starch, large bowel fermentation and a broader perspective of prebiotics and probiotics"
934:
Gibson GR, Hutkins R, Sanders ME, Prescott SL, Reimer RA, Salminen SJ, et al. (August 2017).
676:
Preliminary research has demonstrated potential effects on calcium and other mineral absorption,
715:
358:
313:
163:
130:
61:
341:
individuals consuming a traditional diet in Africa consumed 38 grams of resistant starch/day.
2881:
935:
155:
1505:
Arena MP, Caggianiello G, Fiocco D, Russo P, Torelli M, Spano G, Capozzi V (February 2014).
2002:
1150:
1425:"New definition of resistant starch types from the Gut Microbiota perspectives - a review"
711:
No good evidence shows that prebiotics are effective in preventing or treating allergies.
8:
1507:"Barley β-glucans-containing food enhances probiotic performances of beneficial bacteria"
456:
408:
281:
175:
118:
69:
2006:
1154:
1116:
2823:
2688:
2663:
2640:
2565:
2516:
2391:
2364:
2077:
2023:
1990:
1966:
1941:
1917:
1892:
1745:
1690:
1665:
1634:
1609:
1582:
1557:
1533:
1506:
1452:
1400:
1373:
1349:
1322:
1216:
1095:
1043:
1016:
974:
851:
826:
697:
693:
1573:
125:
Compounds that can be classified as prebiotics must also meet the following criteria:
2849:
2815:
2801:
2769:
2734:
2693:
2644:
2606:
2557:
2552:
2535:
2508:
2472:
2462:
2437:
2396:
2345:
2304:
2269:
2225:
2184:
2143:
2081:
2069:
2028:
1971:
1922:
1873:
1827:
1786:
1765:"Current data with inulin-type fructans and calcium, targeting bone health in adults"
1749:
1737:
1695:
1639:
1587:
1538:
1487:
1456:
1444:
1405:
1354:
1303:
1264:
1208:
1166:
1087:
1048:
966:
891:
856:
685:
233:
2827:
2569:
1220:
978:
2805:
2797:
2761:
2724:
2683:
2675:
2636:
2596:
2547:
2520:
2500:
2427:
2386:
2376:
2335:
2296:
2259:
2215:
2204:"Prebiotics, immune function, infection and inflammation: a review of the evidence"
2174:
2133:
2059:
2018:
2010:
1961:
1953:
1912:
1904:
1893:"The role of short chain fatty acids in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis"
1863:
1817:
1776:
1727:
1685:
1677:
1629:
1621:
1577:
1569:
1528:
1518:
1479:
1436:
1395:
1385:
1344:
1334:
1295:
1254:
1200:
1158:
1079:
1038:
1028:
958:
950:
883:
846:
838:
793:
772:
420:
392:
239:
129:
non-digestible and resistant to breakdown by stomach acid and enzymes in the human
89:
2163:"Inulin and oligofructose and mineral metabolism: the evidence from animal trials"
1440:
1099:
190:
prebiotics, but only as dietary fiber and with no implication of health benefits.
80:
made for marketing purposes. Common prebiotics used in food manufacturing include
1323:"Gut Microbiota and short chain fatty acids: implications in glucose homeostasis"
1204:
1066:
Bindels, Laure B.; Delzenne, Nathalie M.; Cani, Patrice D.; Walter, Jens (2015).
842:
363:
354:
143:
110:
65:
1424:
2064:
2047:
734:
200:
2432:
2415:
2340:
2323:
2220:
2203:
2179:
2162:
1822:
1805:
1781:
1764:
1732:
1715:
1681:
1067:
2875:
2476:
2138:
2121:
1268:
1083:
954:
677:
416:
380:
206:
73:
57:
43:
2765:
1806:"Inulin and oligofructose: review of experimental data on immune modulation"
887:
714:
While research demonstrates that prebiotics lead to increased production of
2819:
2773:
2752:
Ritsema T, Smeekens SC (2003). "Engineering fructan metabolism in plants".
2713:"Fermentation of non-digestible oligosaccharides by human colonic bacteria"
2648:
2610:
2561:
2512:
2441:
2400:
2349:
2308:
2273:
2229:
2188:
2147:
2073:
2032:
1926:
1877:
1831:
1790:
1741:
1699:
1643:
1591:
1542:
1491:
1448:
1409:
1358:
1307:
1212:
1170:
1091:
1052:
970:
860:
787:
726:
701:
445:
404:
396:
376:
375:
Indigestible carbohydrate compounds classified as prebiotics are a type of
329:
277:
2738:
2697:
2456:
2300:
1975:
1625:
895:
2679:
2381:
1957:
1523:
1339:
534:
350:
223:
217:
171:
81:
2729:
2712:
2601:
2584:
1908:
1299:
2661:
2585:"Inulin and oligofructose: impact on intestinal diseases and disorders"
2489:
2264:
2247:
2014:
1942:"Starch intake and colorectal cancer risk: an international comparison"
1390:
1259:
1242:
799:
757:
748:
have been created in research labs with upregulated inulin production.
705:
523:
317:
293:
284:
by which prebiotics are used by beneficial bacteria in the colon. Both
266:
50:
2810:
2627:
Marteau P, Seksik P (2004). "Tolerance of probiotics and prebiotics".
2504:
1868:
1851:
1608:
Delcour JA, Aman P, Courtin CM, Hamaker BR, Verbeke K (January 2016).
1483:
1283:
1162:
1033:
962:
824:
1712:
781:
512:
467:
244:
186:
47:
31:
1991:"Fat, fibre and cancer risk in African Americans and rural Africans"
784: – Microorganisms said to provide health benefits when consumed
2458:
Probiotics and prebiotics : current research and future trends
2048:"Prebiotics: tools to manipulate the gut microbiome and metabolome"
1241:
CK Rajendran SR, Okolie CL, Udenigwe CC, Mason B (1 October 2017).
730:
151:
42:
are compounds in food that foster growth or activity of beneficial
2867:
International
Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics
388:
115:
International
Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics
1320:
333:
147:
97:
2122:"Presence of inulin and oligofructose in the diets of Americans"
2454:
1281:
1240:
546:
479:
412:
400:
384:
297:
167:
159:
93:
2246:
Lohner S, KĂĽllenberg D, Antes G, Decsi T, Meerpohl JJ (2014).
1891:
Byrne CS, Chambers ES, Morrison DJ, Frost G (September 2015).
1555:
1282:
Bird, A.; Conlon, M.; Christophersen, C.; Topping, D. (2010).
1111:
1109:
681:
501:
337:
60:
compounds that pass undigested through the upper part of the
2533:
1504:
1372:
Warman, Dwina
Juliana; Jia, Huijuan; Kato, Hisanori (2022).
933:
64:
and help growth or activity of advantageous bacteria in the
2710:
2534:
Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT, Cummings JH (September 2006).
490:
301:
117:(ISAPP) produced the following definition of prebiotics: a
2536:"Review article: prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract"
2245:
2120:
Moshfegh AJ, Friday JE, Goldman JP, Ahuja JK (July 1999).
2119:
1890:
1610:"Prebiotics, Fermentable Dietary Fiber, and Health Claims"
1106:
764:
2786:
2160:
1607:
1469:
1065:
296:
metabolism to break down substrates. The bifidobacterial
85:
2866:
27:
Nutritional chemicals that help growth of microorganisms
2365:"Antihypertensive properties of plant-based prebiotics"
777:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
768:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
760: – Antimicrobial substance active against bacteria
572:
Amount of food to achieve 6 g serving of fructans
2052:
Journal of
Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology
1939:
1017:"Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits"
349:
An endogenous source of prebiotics in humans is human
138:
stimulating growth and activity of beneficial bacteria
1068:"Towards a more comprehensive concept for prebiotics"
2711:
Givson GR, Willems A, Reading S, Collins MD (1996).
34:, microorganisms typically found in fermented foods.
1940:Cassidy, A.; Bingham, S.A.; Cummings, J.H. (1994).
1556:Linares-Pasten JA, Aronsson A, Karlsson EN (2017).
790: – Microorganisms giving mental health effects
2416:"Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits"
2321:
2286:
2161:Scholz-Ahrens KE, Schrezenmeir J (November 2007).
1186:"The potential of resistant starch as a prebiotic"
1716:"Shaping the future of probiotics and prebiotics"
1666:"Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics- a review"
943:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
243:spp. These bacteria have been highlighted as key
2873:
1072:Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology
873:
260:prefer inulin and fructooligosaccharides, while
2751:
1663:
56:Dietary prebiotics are typically nondigestible
2362:
1664:Pandey KR, Naik SR, Vakil BV (December 2015).
1429:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
1143:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
2626:
2455:Koen Venema, Ana Paula do Carmo, ed. (2015).
2322:Hedin C, Whelan K, Lindsay JO (August 2007).
2115:
2113:
1371:
135:fermented by microorganisms on or in the body
1849:
1803:
1183:
820:
818:
816:
109:stimulation of specific bacteria within the
2201:
2045:
1989:O'Keefe, Stephen J.D.; et al. (2015).
1988:
1511:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
766: – Polysaccharides formed from mannose
2622:
2620:
2413:
2110:
1856:Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1603:
1601:
1472:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2809:
2728:
2687:
2600:
2582:
2551:
2431:
2390:
2380:
2363:Yeo SK, Ooi LG, Lim TJ, Liong MT (2009).
2339:
2263:
2219:
2178:
2137:
2063:
2022:
1965:
1916:
1867:
1821:
1780:
1731:
1689:
1633:
1581:
1532:
1522:
1399:
1389:
1348:
1338:
1258:
1042:
1032:
850:
813:
2088:
775: – Measure of effects of prebiotics
2617:
2461:. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press.
1598:
740:
729:, leading to increased gas production,
14:
2874:
2483:
1670:Journal of Food Science and Technology
1140:
1014:
272:
2241:
2239:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1762:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1562:Current Protein & Peptide Science
1010:
1008:
929:
927:
925:
379:fiber, and thus can be classified as
2717:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
2328:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
1804:Seifert S, Watzl B (November 2007).
1422:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1184:Zaman SA, Sarbini SR (7 July 2015).
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
827:"Prebiotics: why definitions matter"
292:are bacterial populations which use
2046:Enam F, Mansell TJ (October 2019).
24:
2838:
2641:10.1097/01.mcg.0000128929.37156.a7
2414:Roberfroid M, et al. (2010).
2236:
2202:Lomax AR, Calder PC (March 2009).
1838:
1650:
439:Prebiotic Fiber Content by Weight
430:Top 10 Foods Containing Prebiotics
419:, and bananas and legumes contain
25:
2903:
2860:
1850:Wilson B, Whelan K (March 2017).
1574:10.2174/1389203717666160923155209
1227:
1193:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology
1127:
985:
902:
2802:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2004.00074.x
2553:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03042.x
1897:International Journal of Obesity
2780:
2745:
2704:
2655:
2576:
2527:
2448:
2407:
2356:
2315:
2280:
2195:
2154:
2039:
1982:
1933:
1884:
1797:
1756:
1706:
1549:
1498:
1463:
1416:
1365:
1314:
1275:
802: – Nutritional supplements
1423:Li, Cheng; Hu, Yiming (2022).
1177:
1059:
867:
183:European Food Safety Authority
13:
1:
2848:. 2013, Jacksong GI Medical.
1441:10.1080/10408398.2022.2031101
1117:"Learn more about prebiotics"
806:
344:
187:cause and effect relationship
162:, while galactans consist of
103:
1247:Journal of Food Biochemistry
1205:10.3109/07388551.2014.993590
1121:Global Prebiotic Association
843:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.09.001
399:, fruit and berries contain
370:
7:
751:
746:Genetically modified plants
671:
620:69.8 g (2.46 oz)
612:51.3 g (1.81 oz)
604:34.3 g (1.21 oz)
596:24.7 g (0.87 oz)
193:
92:from grains and beans, and
10:
2908:
2846:PREbiotics, Not Probiotics
2065:10.1007/s10295-019-02203-4
720:inflammatory bowel disease
690:inflammatory bowel disease
649:Whole Wheat Flour, Cooked
580:9.3 g (0.33 oz)
323:
29:
2433:10.1017/S0007114510003363
2341:10.1017/S0029665107005563
2221:10.1017/S0007114508055608
1763:Coxam V (November 2007).
1733:10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.003
1682:10.1007/s13197-015-1921-1
664:
660:600 g (1.3 lb)
652:125 g (4.4 oz)
644:120 g (4.2 oz)
636:120 g (4.2 oz)
628:120 g (4.2 oz)
588:19 g (0.67 oz)
555:
428:
320:roles in body functions.
1810:The Journal of Nutrition
1769:The Journal of Nutrition
1084:10.1038/nrgastro.2015.47
955:10.1038/nrgastro.2017.75
585:Raw Jerusalem Artichoke
357:structurally similar to
30:Not to be confused with
2766:10.1078/0176-1617-01029
2180:10.1093/jn/137.11.2513S
2173:(11 Suppl): 2513S–23S.
1823:10.1093/jn/137.11.2563S
1816:(11 Suppl): 2563S–67S.
1782:10.1093/jn/137.11.2527S
1775:(11 Suppl): 2527S–33S.
1015:Slavin J (April 2013).
716:short-chain fatty acids
359:galactooligosaccharides
314:short chain fatty acids
164:galactooligosaccharides
2892:Prebiotics (nutrition)
2540:Aliment Pharmacol Ther
2139:10.1093/jn/129.7.1407S
2132:(7 Suppl): 1407S–11S.
2096:"Definitions of fiber"
1720:Trends in Microbiology
684:acidity, reduction of
156:fructooligosaccharides
131:gastrointestinal tract
62:gastrointestinal tract
2495:(Systematic review).
2301:10.4161/cbt.5.10.3296
1626:10.3945/an.115.010546
1614:Advances in Nutrition
888:10.1093/jn/125.6.1401
796: – Dietary fiber
593:Raw Dandelion Greens
316:, which have diverse
2680:10.1136/gut.38.6.870
2629:J Clin Gastroenterol
2382:10.3390/ijms10083517
2126:Journal of Nutrition
1958:10.1038/bjc.1994.181
1524:10.3390/ijms15023025
1340:10.3390/ijms23031105
831:Curr Opin Biotechnol
741:Genetic modification
409:Jerusalem artichokes
176:xylooligosaccharides
2730:10.1079/PNS19960087
2635:(Suppl 6): S67–69.
2602:10.1079/BJN20041345
2595:(Suppl 1): S61–65.
2007:2015NatCo...6.6342O
1909:10.1038/ijo.2015.84
1300:10.3920/BM2010.0041
1288:Beneficial Microbes
1155:2012JSFA...92.2020L
457:Jerusalem Artichoke
312:ultimately produce
282:mechanism of action
273:Mechanism of action
2844:Frank W. Jackson,
2790:Plant Biotechnol J
2583:Guarner F (2005).
2493:Clin. Exp. Allergy
2426:(Suppl 2): S1–63.
2265:10.1111/nure.12117
2015:10.1038/ncomms7342
1862:(Suppl 1): 64–68.
1391:10.3390/nu14040747
1260:10.1111/jfbc.12389
698:ulcerative colitis
391:, and whole grain
2505:10.1111/cea.13042
2468:978-1-910190-10-4
2289:Cancer Biol. Ther
2058:(9–10): 1445–59.
1869:10.1111/jgh.13700
1484:10.1021/jf503475b
1435:(23): 6412–6422.
1163:10.1002/jsfa.5712
1034:10.3390/nu5041417
686:colorectal cancer
669:
668:
577:Raw Chicory Root
560:
559:
393:breakfast cereals
353:, which contains
234:Propionibacterium
16:(Redirected from
2899:
2887:Digestive system
2832:
2831:
2813:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2555:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2435:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2067:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2026:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1825:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1735:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1661:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1012:
983:
982:
940:
931:
900:
899:
871:
865:
864:
854:
822:
794:Resistant starch
778:
773:Prebiotic scores
769:
566:
565:
426:
425:
421:resistant starch
403:, seeds contain
385:unrefined barley
355:oligosaccharides
240:Faecalibacterium
144:oligosaccharides
90:resistant starch
21:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2841:
2839:Further reading
2836:
2835:
2785:
2781:
2754:J Plant Physiol
2750:
2746:
2709:
2705:
2660:
2656:
2625:
2618:
2581:
2577:
2532:
2528:
2499:(11): 1468–77.
2488:
2484:
2469:
2453:
2449:
2412:
2408:
2361:
2357:
2320:
2316:
2295:(10): 1265–69.
2285:
2281:
2244:
2237:
2200:
2196:
2159:
2155:
2118:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2044:
2040:
1987:
1983:
1938:
1934:
1889:
1885:
1848:
1839:
1802:
1798:
1761:
1757:
1711:
1707:
1676:(12): 7577–87.
1662:
1651:
1606:
1599:
1554:
1550:
1503:
1499:
1478:(40): 9769–82.
1468:
1464:
1421:
1417:
1370:
1366:
1319:
1315:
1280:
1276:
1239:
1228:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1149:(10): 2020–28.
1139:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1064:
1060:
1013:
986:
938:
932:
903:
872:
868:
823:
814:
809:
776:
767:
754:
743:
694:Crohn's disease
680:effectiveness,
674:
641:Raw Wheat Bran
373:
347:
326:
275:
229:Christensenella
196:
106:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2905:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2870:
2869:
2862:
2861:External links
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:978-0991102709
2840:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2779:
2744:
2723:(3): 899–912.
2703:
2654:
2616:
2575:
2526:
2482:
2467:
2447:
2406:
2375:(8): 3517–30.
2355:
2314:
2279:
2235:
2194:
2153:
2109:
2087:
2038:
1981:
1952:(5): 937–942.
1932:
1903:(9): 1331–38.
1883:
1837:
1796:
1755:
1726:(8): 667–685.
1705:
1649:
1597:
1548:
1517:(2): 3025–39.
1497:
1462:
1415:
1364:
1313:
1294:(4): 423–431.
1274:
1226:
1176:
1126:
1105:
1078:(5): 303–310.
1058:
1027:(4): 1417–35.
984:
949:(8): 491–502.
901:
882:(6): 1401–12.
866:
811:
810:
808:
805:
804:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
770:
761:
753:
750:
742:
739:
735:bowel movement
673:
670:
667:
666:
662:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
646:
645:
642:
638:
637:
634:
633:Raw Asparagus
630:
629:
626:
622:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
606:
605:
602:
598:
597:
594:
590:
589:
586:
582:
581:
578:
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573:
570:
558:
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542:
541:
538:
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529:
526:
519:
518:
515:
508:
507:
504:
497:
496:
493:
486:
485:
482:
475:
474:
471:
463:
462:
459:
452:
451:
448:
441:
440:
437:
433:
432:
372:
369:
364:Bifidobacteria
346:
343:
325:
322:
310:Bifidobacteria
306:Bifidobacteria
300:contains many
286:Bifidobacteria
274:
271:
262:Bifidobacteria
250:Bifidobacteria
201:Bifidobacteria
195:
192:
140:
139:
136:
133:
105:
102:
74:food additives
44:microorganisms
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2904:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:(4): 321–27.
2795:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:(7): 811–20.
2759:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:(6): 870–77.
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2546:(5): 701–14.
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:Int J Mol Sci
2366:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2334:(3): 307–15.
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2258:(8): 523–31.
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2214:(5): 633–58.
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:Int J Mol Sci
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1253:(5): e12389.
1252:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1199:(3): 578–84.
1198:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
862:
858:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
819:
817:
812:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
774:
771:
765:
762:
759:
756:
755:
749:
747:
738:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
712:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:immune system
663:
659:
656:
655:
651:
648:
647:
643:
640:
639:
635:
632:
631:
627:
625:Cooked Onion
624:
623:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
567:
564:
554:
550:
548:
544:
543:
539:
536:
532:
531:
527:
525:
521:
520:
516:
514:
510:
509:
505:
503:
499:
498:
494:
492:
488:
487:
483:
481:
477:
476:
472:
469:
465:
464:
460:
458:
454:
453:
449:
447:
443:
442:
438:
435:
434:
431:
427:
424:
422:
418:
417:oligofructose
414:
410:
407:, onions and
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:dietary fiber
378:
368:
366:
365:
360:
356:
352:
342:
339:
335:
332:derived from
331:
330:carbohydrates
321:
319:
318:physiological
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:saccharolytic
291:
290:Lactobacillus
287:
283:
279:
270:
268:
263:
259:
255:
254:Lactobacillus
251:
246:
242:
241:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
220:
219:
214:
210:
208:
207:Lactobacillus
203:
202:
191:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
137:
134:
132:
128:
127:
126:
123:
120:
116:
112:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:health claims
75:
71:
68:by acting as
67:
63:
59:
54:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2882:Bacteriology
2845:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2632:
2628:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2457:
2450:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2255:
2251:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2129:
2125:
2100:. Retrieved
2090:
2055:
2051:
2041:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1859:
1855:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1723:
1719:
1708:
1673:
1669:
1617:
1613:
1568:(1): 48–67.
1565:
1561:
1551:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1250:
1246:
1196:
1192:
1179:
1146:
1142:
1120:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1024:
1020:
946:
942:
879:
875:
869:
834:
830:
788:Psychobiotic
744:
727:fermentation
724:
713:
710:
702:hypertension
675:
561:
446:Chicory Root
429:
411:are rich in
397:beta-glucans
374:
362:
348:
327:
309:
305:
289:
285:
280:is the main
278:Fermentation
276:
261:
258:Lactobacilli
257:
253:
249:
238:
232:
228:
222:
216:
212:
205:
199:
197:
180:
172:beta-glucans
141:
124:
107:
98:chicory root
55:
39:
38:
36:
2102:27 February
1946:Br J Cancer
1333:(3): 1105.
657:Raw Banana
601:Raw Garlic
535:Wheat flour
377:fermentable
351:breast milk
224:Akkermansia
218:Eubacterium
82:beta-glucan
2876:Categories
2811:1874/11465
1995:Nat Commun
1620:(1): 1–4.
1384:(4): 747.
963:10468/4142
807:References
800:Synbiotics
758:Antibiotic
706:defecation
617:Raw Onion
524:Wheat bran
345:Endogenous
267:clostridia
245:probiotics
158:(FOS) and
104:Definition
70:substrates
51:microbiome
40:Prebiotics
32:Probiotics
18:Prebiotics
2589:Br J Nutr
2477:916950998
2420:Br J Nutr
2208:Br J Nutr
2082:189819499
1750:231864275
1457:246277434
1378:Nutrients
1269:1745-4514
1021:Nutrients
782:Probiotic
609:Raw Leek
537:, Cooked
513:Asparagus
500:Raw, Dry
489:Raw, Dry
478:Raw, Dry
468:Dandelion
466:Raw, Dry
455:Raw, Dry
444:Raw, Dry
371:Exogenous
237:spp. and
213:Roseburia
152:galactans
119:substrate
2828:42177275
2820:17134393
2774:12940548
2649:15220662
2611:15877897
2570:21956124
2562:16918875
2513:29035013
2442:20920376
2401:20111692
2350:17637082
2309:16969130
2274:24903007
2252:Nutr Rev
2230:18814803
2189:17951495
2148:10395608
2074:31201649
2033:25919227
2001:: 6342.
1927:25971927
1878:28244671
1832:17951503
1791:17951497
1742:33551269
1714:(2021).
1700:26604335
1644:26773010
1592:27670134
1543:24562330
1492:25207862
1449:35075962
1410:35215397
1359:35163038
1308:21831780
1221:25974073
1213:25582732
1171:22538800
1092:25824997
1053:23609775
979:11827223
971:28611480
861:26431716
752:See also
731:bloating
672:Research
665:Source:
556:Source:
334:fructans
194:Function
148:fructans
76:for the
2739:9004332
2698:8984026
2689:1383195
2521:7314418
2392:2812835
2167:J. Nutr
2024:4415091
2003:Bibcode
1976:8180027
1967:1968884
1918:4564526
1691:4648921
1635:4717894
1583:5738707
1534:3958897
1401:8879781
1350:8835596
1151:Bibcode
1044:3705355
896:7782892
876:J. Nutr
852:4744122
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