1710:
1319:
360:
2330:
2430:
1335:
2030:
1115:
extraction from the ground also impacts the environment. Open pit coal mines use large areas of land to extract coal and limit the potential for productive land use after the excavation. Natural gas extraction releases large amounts of methane into the atmosphere when extracted from the ground greatly increase global greenhouse gases. Although nuclear power plants do not release carbon dioxide through electricity generation, there are risks associated with nuclear waste and safety concerns associated with the use of nuclear sources.
832:
2210:
1452:
1870:
1422:
1185:
1970:
993:
2230:
1730:
2110:
2050:
2665:
1460:
2590:
1890:
4713:
2410:
803:
5292:
2390:
2270:
2570:
2651:
2350:
2290:
2150:
655:
2530:
2610:
2170:
1750:
2550:
2470:
2450:
2090:
2510:
1990:
2490:
2310:
2010:
2637:
31:
2370:
2190:
1830:
2250:
621:
2130:
2070:
1850:
1910:
1810:
1437:
1930:
1950:
1790:
1770:
515:, the coordination of power plants began to form. This system was then secured by regional system operators to ensure stability and reliability. The electrification of homes began in Northern Europe and in the Northern America in the 1920s in large cities and urban areas. It was not until the 1930s that rural areas saw the large-scale establishment of electrification.
1622:, energy, in the form of heat, is released when nuclear atoms are split. Electricity is created through the use of a nuclear reactor where heat produced by nuclear fission is used to produce steam which in turn spins turbines and powers the generators. Although there are several types of nuclear reactors, all fundamentally use this process.
3294:
1134:
to consumers. These facilities are usually located far away from consumers and distribute the electricity through high voltage transmission lines to a substation, where it is then distributed to consumers; the basic concept being that multi-megawatt or gigawatt scale large stations create electricity
491:
were made. And by the later 19th century the advancement of electrical technology and engineering led to electricity being part of everyday life. With the introduction of many electrical inventions and their implementation into everyday life, the demand for electricity within homes grew dramatically.
737:
electricity is still usually more expensive to produce than large-scale mechanically generated power due to the cost of the panels. Low-efficiency silicon solar cells have been decreasing in cost and multijunction cells with close to 30% conversion efficiency are now commercially available. Over 40%
1166:
meaning that they use a fuel to heat steam to produce a pressurised gas which in turn spins a turbine and generates electricity. This is the traditional way of producing energy. This process relies on several forms of technology to produce widespread electricity, these being natural coal, gas and
787:
Nuclear power plants can produce a huge amount of power from a single unit. However, nuclear disasters have raised concerns over the safety of nuclear power, and the capital cost of nuclear plants is very high. Hydroelectric power plants are located in areas where the potential energy from falling
741:
Until recently, photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as a supplemental electricity source for individual homes and businesses. Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies
1135:
for a large number of people. The vast majority of electricity used is created from centralised generation. Most centralised power generation comes from large power plants run by fossil fuels such as coal or natural gas, though nuclear or large hydroelectricity plants are also commonly used.
1114:
A fundamental issue regarding centralised generation and the current electrical generation methods in use today is the significant negative environmental effects that many of the generation processes have. Processes such as coal and gas not only release carbon dioxide as they combust, but their
814:
in the 1830s. In general, some form of prime mover such as an engine or the turbines described above, drives a rotating magnetic field past stationary coils of wire thereby turning mechanical energy into electricity. The only commercial scale forms of electricity production that do not employ a
1625:
Normal emissions due to nuclear power plants are primarily waste heat and radioactive spent fuel. In a reactor accident, significant amounts of radioisotopes can be released to the environment, posing a long term hazard to life. This hazard has been a continuing concern of environmentalists.
1142:. Distributed generation is the small-scale generation of electricity to smaller groups of consumers. This can also include independently producing electricity by either solar or wind power. In recent years distributed generation as has seen a spark in popularity due to its propensity to use
495:
The earliest distribution of electricity came from companies operating independently of one another. A consumer would purchase electricity from a producer, and the producer would distribute it through their own power grid. As technology improved so did the productivity and efficiency of its
3298:
784:, often supplied by plants which run continuously. Nuclear, coal, oil, gas and some hydro plants can supply base load. If well construction costs for natural gas are below $ 10 per MWh, generating electricity from natural gas is cheaper than generating power by burning coal.
1395:. Wind farms have, however, been criticised for their visual impact and impact on the landscape. Typically they need to be spread over more land than other power stations and need to be built in wild and rural areas, which can lead to "industrialization of the countryside",
1551:. More than half of all the coal-fired electricity in the world is generated in China. In 2020 the total number of plants started falling as they are being retired in Europe and America although still being built in Asia, almost all in China. Some remain profitable because
433:. The new technology was quickly adopted by many cities around the world, which adapted their gas-fueled street lights to electric power. Soon after electric lights would be used in public buildings, in businesses, and to power public transport, such as trams and trains.
1594:
are more efficient than coal power generation, they however contribute to climate change, but not as highly as coal generation. Not only do they produce carbon dioxide from the ignition of natural gas, the extraction of gas when mined releases a significant amount of
788:
water can be harnessed for moving turbines and the generation of power. It may not be an economically viable single source of production where the ability to store the flow of water is limited and the load varies too much during the annual production cycle.
504:, however at a significantly larger scale and far more productively. The improvements of these large-scale generation plants were critical to the process of centralised generation as they would become vital to the entire power system that we now use today.
492:
With this increase in demand, the potential for profit was seen by many entrepreneurs who began investing into electrical systems to eventually create the first electricity public utilities. This process in history is often described as electrification.
855:, driven by wind, water, steam or burning gas. The turbine drives a generator, thus transforming its mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction. There are many different methods of developing mechanical energy, including
1000:
Total world generation in 2021 was 28,003 TWh, including coal (36%), gas (23%), hydro (15%), nuclear (10%), wind (6.6%), solar (3.7%), oil and other fossil fuels (3.1%), biomass (2.4%) and geothermal and other renewables (0.33%).
1227:, the other major large-scale solar generation technology, which uses heat to drive a variety of conventional generator systems. Both approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages, but to date, for a variety of reasons,
1403:). Wind farms can interfere with radar, although in most cases, according to the US Department of Energy, "siting and other mitigations have resolved conflicts and allowed wind projects to co-exist effectively with radar".
760:
The selection of electricity production modes and their economic viability varies in accordance with demand and region. The economics vary considerably around the world, resulting in widespread residential selling prices.
1670:
has the highest installed capacity per capita in the world, at about 8,990 watts. All developed countries have an average per-capita electricity capacity above the global average per-capita electricity capacity, with the
742:
driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. Installed capacity is growing by around 20% per year led by increases in
Germany, Japan, United States, China, and India.
2873:
3093:
642:. It can be seen experimentally by rotating a magnet within closed loops of conducting material, e.g. copper wire. Almost all commercial electrical generation is done using electromagnetic induction, in which
1575:
by 2030, and the rest of the world by 2040. Vietnam is among the few coal-dependent fast developing countries that fully pledged to phase out unbated coal power by the 2040s or as soon as possible thereafter.
1250:
power output. In other countries, the manufacturer states the surface and the efficiency. However, Canada, Japan, Spain, and the United States often specify using the converted lower nominal power output in
4040:
2% annual increase in the global operating coal fleet, which currently stands at 2,130 GW Figure 16: Global coal power capacity continues steady growth despite Paris
Agreement, with a 2% uptick in 2023
3474:
3443:
1087:(IEA), low-carbon electricity generation needs to account for 85% of global electrical output by 2040 in order to ward off the worst effects of climate change. Like other organizations including the
1095:(UNECE), the IEA has called for the expansion of nuclear and renewable energy to meet that objective. Some, like EIC founder Bret Kugelmass, believe that nuclear power is the primary method for
2814:
3359:
3412:
500:
had a massive impact on the efficiency of electrical generation but also the economics of generation as well. This conversion of heat energy into mechanical work was similar to that of
4156:
2865:
590:
systems. A small proportion of electric power distributed by utilities is provided by batteries. Other forms of electricity generation used in niche applications include the
4124:
351:, homes and industry. However, in 2023, it was reported that the global electricity supply was approaching peak CO2 emissions thanks to the growth of solar and wind power.
1021:
China produced a third of the world's electricity in 2021, largely from coal. The United States produces half as much as China but uses far more natural gas and nuclear.
3085:
2743:
3555:
1391:
Because they require no fuel, wind farms have less impact on the environment than many other forms of power generation and are often referred to as a good source of
1284:, but the involvement of community and utility-owned projects is increasing. Previously, almost all were supported at least in part by regulatory incentives such as
266:
Consumable electricity is not freely available in nature, so it must be "produced", transforming other forms of energy to electricity. Production is carried out in
3845:
3043:
3115:
Sedlazeck, K.; Richter, C.; Strack, S.; Lindholm, S.; Pipkin, J.; Fu, F.; Humphries, B.; Montgomery, L. (May 1, 2009). "Type testing a 2000 MW turbogenerator".
3466:
1399:, and a drop in tourism. Some critics claim that wind farms have adverse health effects, but most researchers consider these claims to be pseudoscience (see
1119:
3435:
1556:
1358:. Wind farms vary in size from a small number of turbines to several hundred wind turbines covering an extensive area. Wind farms can be either onshore or
305:
designs which aim to directly extract energy from intense magnetic fields generated by fast-moving charged particles generated by the fusion reaction (see
394:
Commercial electricity production started with the coupling of the dynamo to the hydraulic turbine. The mechanical production of electric power began the
406:. Previously the only way to produce electricity was by chemical reactions or using battery cells, and the only practical use of electricity was for the
3995:
3328:
3246:
685:. Electrochemical electricity generation is important in portable and mobile applications. Currently, most electrochemical power comes from batteries.
2797:
4524:
1045:
Variations between countries generating electrical power affect concerns about the environment. In France only 10% of electricity is generated from
3224:
969:
based cycles can provide higher conversion efficiency due to faster heat exchange, higher energy density and simpler power cycle infrastructure.
2986:
2895:
1382:
487:, Edison and Swan's invention became by far the most successful and popular of all. During the early years of the 19th century, massive jumps in
4564:
4223:
3351:
2843:
1030:
3928:
Cropper, Maureen; Cui, Ryna; Guttikunda, Sarath; Hultman, Nate; Jawahar, Puja; Park, Yongjoon; Yao, Xinlu; Song, Xiao-Peng (2 February 2021).
3753:
3408:
4464:
1660:(TW), more than four times the total global electricity capacity in 1981. The global average per-capita electricity capacity was about 1,120
1092:
3697:
582:
Several fundamental methods exist to convert other forms of energy into electrical energy. Utility-scale generation is achieved by rotating
5237:
3052:"13,670 nickel-cadmium battery cells to generate up to 40 megawatts of power for about 7 minutes, or 27 megawatts of power for 15 minutes."
3675:
3650:
1647:
1010:
211:
1258:, a measure more directly comparable to other forms of power generation. Most solar parks are developed at a scale of at least 1 MW
146:
3164:
4246:
4494:
1588:
where natural gas is added along with oxygen which in turn combusts and expands through the turbine to force a generator to spin.
1205:
3797:
3577:
Joshi, Siddharth; Mittal, Shivika; Holloway, Paul; Shukla, Priyadarshi
Ramprasad; Ó Gallachóir, Brian; Glynn, James (2021-10-05).
1584:
Natural gas is ignited to create pressurised gas which is used to spin turbines to generate electricity. Natural gas plants use a
973:, that are currently in development, can further increase efficiency by optimizing its critical pressure and temperature points.
3579:"High resolution global spatiotemporal assessment of rooftop solar photovoltaics potential for renewable electricity generation"
2956:
108:
1162:
that produce huge amounts of electricity to a large number of consumers. Most power plants used in centralised generation are
4383:
4189:
4020:
3132:
2735:
3547:
5295:
4712:
1548:
3385:
3040:
5321:
5134:
2714:
1386:
1263:
1061:. In the United States, fossil fuel combustion for electric power generation is responsible for 65% of all emissions of
527:
1365:
Many of the largest operational onshore wind farms are located in China, India, and the United States. For example, the
5326:
5242:
4557:
970:
777:
have their own pros and cons, and selection is based upon the local power requirement and the fluctuations in demand.
371:
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered in the 1820s and early 1830s by
British scientist
4143:
China generated 53% of the world's total coal-fired power in 2020, nine percentage points more that five years earlier
4862:
1653:
1220:
level, rather than to a local user or users. Utility-scale solar is sometimes used to describe this type of project.
1289:
1209:
3272:
17:
4411:
Do, Thang; Burke, Paul J (2023). "Phasing out coal power in a developing country context: Insights from
Vietnam".
2927:
2775:
5025:
4950:
4821:
3896:
3734:
947:
364:
260:
204:
3185:
1077:
820:
3067:
1652:
The table lists 45 countries with their total electricity capacities. The data is from 2022. According to the
5197:
5129:
5119:
4995:
4895:
4550:
3320:
3254:
2704:
2689:
939:
and use residual heat to generate steam. At least 20% of the world's electricity is generated by natural gas.
751:
639:
5050:
5010:
4587:
2709:
2678:
1510:
1425:
966:
946:
from the movement of water - from falling water, the rise and fall of tides or ocean thermal currents (see
395:
4098:
3871:
5277:
5272:
4990:
4965:
4955:
4931:
4926:
4632:
4516:
3875:
1491:
1323:
1084:
1016:
508:
375:. His method, still used today, is for electricity to be generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or
252:
248:
1231:
technology has seen much wider use. As of 2019, about 97% of utility-scale solar power capacity was PV.
5316:
5192:
4910:
4880:
4657:
4339:
3216:
1635:
1627:
1440:
1366:
1281:
1201:
1177:
976:
Although turbines are most common in commercial power generation, smaller generators can be powered by
816:
320:
197:
45:
4073:
2978:
5247:
4736:
4697:
4027:
2686:: the use of a heat engine or power station to generate electricity and useful heat at the same time.
1502:
1130:
Centralised generation is electricity generation by large-scale centralised facilities, sent through
1049:, the US is higher at 70% and China is at 80%. The cleanliness of electricity depends on its source.
811:
436:
The first power plants used water power or coal. Today a variety of energy sources are used, such as
328:
74:
60:
4059:
3015:
2835:
1189:
5222:
5030:
4970:
4627:
3467:"How an AP1000 Plant Is Changing the Nuclear Power Paradigm Through District Heating, Desalination"
1614:. Currently, nuclear power produces 11% of all electricity in the world. Most nuclear reactors use
1544:
1468:
1414:
1224:
1065:, the main component of acid rain. Electricity generation is the fourth highest combined source of
1058:
1054:
879:
426:
4456:
1664:
in 2022, nearly two and a half times the global average per-capita electricity capacity in 1981.
5331:
5161:
5151:
5141:
2656:
1342:
in China is the largest wind farm in the world, with a target capacity of 20,000 MW by 2020.
1103:
that removes existing carbon emissions from the atmosphere. Nuclear power plants can also create
690:
476:
240:
5082:
4945:
4728:
4617:
1139:
984:. These may used for backup generation or as a prime source of power within isolated villages.
79:
4299:"Do Two Electricity Pricing Wrongs Make a Right? Cost Recovery, Externalities, and Efficiency"
3823:
3773:
5217:
4985:
4980:
4960:
4046:
1591:
1472:
1400:
1163:
682:
599:
324:
316:
117:
1675:
having the lowest average per-capita electricity capacity of all other developed countries.
1318:
359:
4811:
4573:
3941:
3590:
3156:
2334:
2329:
1564:
1167:
nuclear forms of thermal generation. More recently solar and wind have become large scale.
1088:
919:
733:
can then convert that to AC electricity if needed. Although sunlight is free and abundant,
627:
usually provide electrical generation in conjunction with other methods of producing power.
595:
591:
418:
306:
244:
4157:"More coal power generation closed than opened around the world this year, research finds"
1559:
are not priced into the cost of generation, but there is the risk newer plants may become
935:
are driven by both steam and natural gas. They generate power by burning natural gas in a
398:
and made possible several inventions using electricity, with the major contributors being
8:
5182:
5015:
4915:
4890:
4843:
4652:
4642:
4607:
4298:
2569:
1607:
1359:
1147:
1057:
from fossil fuel-based electricity generation account for a significant portion of world
898:
770:
766:
762:
755:
718:
698:
663:
384:
256:
4486:
3945:
3595:
1334:
950:). Currently, hydroelectric plants provide approximately 16% of the world's electricity.
638:
into electricity. This is the most used form for generating electricity and is based on
5056:
4667:
4438:
3972:
3929:
3623:
3578:
3527:
3138:
2670:
1631:
1522:
1487:
1392:
1280:
Most of the existing large-scale photovoltaic power stations are owned and operated by
1235:
1100:
1096:
797:
726:
701:
systems rather than primary generation systems. Open electrochemical systems, known as
631:
615:
583:
512:
475:
In the 1880s the popularity of electricity grew massively with the introduction of the
399:
340:
274:
89:
84:
2948:
2896:"World's electricity supply close to 'peak emissions' due to growth of wind and solar"
1610:
create electricity through steam turbines where the heat input is from the process of
1377:
by 2012, with a goal of 20,000 MW by 2020. As of
December 2020, the 1218 MW
270:, also called "power plants". Electricity is most often generated at a power plant by
5207:
5087:
4692:
4442:
4393:
4271:
4197:
4164:
3977:
3959:
3904:
3628:
3610:
3532:
3519:
3128:
2806:
1534:
1530:
1378:
1131:
643:
271:
160:
69:
53:
3676:"Concentrated solar power had a global total installed capacity of 6,451 MW in 2019"
859:, hydro, wind and tidal power. Most electric generation is driven by heat engines.
831:
705:, can be used to extract power either from natural fuels or from synthesized fuels.
5156:
5097:
4801:
4796:
4773:
4682:
4622:
4428:
4420:
4313:
3967:
3949:
3618:
3600:
3514:
3509:
3498:"Quantification of the carbon intensity of electricity produced and used in Europe"
3497:
3142:
3120:
2699:
2694:
1143:
1104:
923:
871:
836:
774:
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511:
due to economic and efficiency benefits. Along with the invention of long-distance
488:
469:
449:
348:
298:
236:
185:
3086:"Will Natural Gas Stay Cheap Enough To Replace Coal And Lower Us Carbon Emissions"
1421:
1350:
or wind park, also called a wind power station or wind power plant, is a group of
5187:
5146:
5124:
5005:
4975:
4940:
4900:
4702:
3071:
3047:
1619:
1611:
1451:
1370:
1339:
1204:, also known as a solar park, solar farm, or solar power plant, is a large-scale
1111:
projects, limiting carbon emissions and the need for expanded electrical output.
1073:
908:
904:
867:
678:
372:
344:
286:
137:
127:
35:
4424:
3846:"Too many new coal-fired plants planned for 1.5C climate goal, report concludes"
1498:. World installed capacity doubled from 2000 to 2023 and increased 2% in 2023.
1483:. Worldwide there are over 2,400 coal-fired power stations, totaling over 2,130
5212:
5202:
5000:
4612:
3930:"The mortality impacts of current and planned coal-fired power plants in India"
3605:
3381:
3124:
1974:
1969:
1754:
1749:
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1560:
1540:
1526:
1429:
1293:
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1247:
1217:
1062:
1040:
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992:
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883:
866:
supplies most of the energy to these engines, with a significant fraction from
730:
694:
635:
383:. Central power stations became economically practical with the development of
312:
302:
301:. There are exotic and speculative methods to recover energy, such as proposed
290:
232:
228:
165:
155:
132:
99:
3382:"Global climate objectives fall short without nuclear power in the mix: UNECE"
5310:
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5020:
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4602:
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has been reached in most markets, external incentives are usually not needed.
1239:
1184:
1159:
1050:
981:
943:
875:
840:
706:
531:
507:
Throughout the middle of the 20th century many utilities began merging their
497:
484:
441:
430:
294:
267:
122:
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3644:
3642:
3352:"Last Energy raises $ 3 million to fight climate change with nuclear energy"
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2683:
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2109:
2054:
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958:
931:
Natural gas: turbines are driven directly by gases produced by combustion.
686:
624:
603:
587:
501:
461:
414:
403:
376:
3548:"Centralized Generation of Electricity and its Impacts on the Environment"
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3639:
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2434:
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1459:
1297:
1213:
936:
863:
856:
734:
480:
465:
445:
413:
Electricity generation at central power stations started in 1882, when a
388:
332:
278:
3735:
Winds Of Change Blow
Through China As Spending On Renewable Energy Soars
3268:
2664:
1270:. At the end of 2019, about 9,000 solar farms were larger than 4 MW
1212:. They are different from most building-mounted and other decentralized
802:
479:. Although there are 22 recognised inventors of the light bulb prior to
5040:
5035:
4848:
4831:
4687:
4542:
4433:
2919:
2767:
2414:
2409:
1506:
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1327:
1122:
are almost always at least ten times that of other generation methods.
722:
659:
453:
422:
336:
282:
4376:
3996:"Killed by coal: Air pollution deaths in Jakarta 'may double' by 2030"
3790:
1389:, resulting in fewer turbines being needed for the same total output.
654:
4756:
4751:
4637:
4597:
3193:
2394:
2389:
2274:
2269:
2034:
2029:
1525:. Thus chemical energy stored in coal is converted successively into
1484:
1347:
1311:
961:. In 2018 around 5% of the world's electricity was produced from wind
886:
in the world using a variety of heat sources. Turbine types include:
810:
Electric generators were known in simple forms from the discovery of
781:
780:
All power grids have varying loads on them. The daily minimum is the
702:
457:
407:
94:
3746:
3743:, 19 March 2012, revised on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
2650:
851:
Almost all commercial electrical power on Earth is generated with a
4870:
4125:"China generated over half world's coal-fired power in 2020: study"
3722:
Wind Power Plants: Fundamentals, Design, Construction and
Operation
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2354:
2349:
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2149:
1657:
1374:
1267:
1193:
977:
954:
844:
667:
180:
175:
30:
3384:. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. August 11, 2021.
1494:, but cause many illnesses and the most early deaths, mainly from
911:
creates steam. Less than 15% of electricity is generated this way.
620:
4791:
4781:
4129:
2798:"What would a world powered entirely by offshore wind look like?"
2636:
2614:
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2574:
2554:
2549:
2534:
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2469:
2454:
2449:
2174:
2169:
2094:
2089:
1834:
1829:
1667:
1615:
1596:
1518:
1436:
915:
852:
4224:"EU power sector emissions drop as coal collapses across Europe"
3496:
Scarlat, Nicolae; Prussi, Matteo; Padella, Monica (2022-01-01).
2920:"Pearl Street Station - Engineering and Technology History Wiki"
4786:
3758:
3409:"End new oil, gas and coal funding to reach net zero, says IEA"
3117:
2009 IEEE International
Electric Machines and Drives Conference
2514:
2509:
2494:
2489:
2314:
2309:
2254:
2249:
2214:
2209:
2134:
2129:
2014:
2009:
1994:
1989:
1914:
1909:
1874:
1869:
1854:
1849:
1814:
1809:
1656:, the total global electricity capacity in 2022 was nearly 8.9
380:
170:
4272:"China pledges to stop building new coal energy plants abroad"
3765:
3114:
2736:"Factbox: Getting out of gas - the sold and scrapped projects"
965:
Turbines can also use other heat-transfer liquids than steam.
293:
of flowing water and wind. Other energy sources include solar
3727:
2866:"Accelerated renewables-based electrification for the future"
2374:
2369:
2194:
2189:
1954:
1949:
1934:
1929:
1794:
1789:
1774:
1769:
1714:
1709:
1641:
1514:
1274:(utility scale), with a combined capacity of over 220 GW
721:
is the transformation of light into electrical energy, as in
709:
is a possibility at places where salt and fresh water merge.
4247:"4 astonishing signs of coal's declining economic viability"
4741:
4297:
Borenstein, Severin; Bushnell, James B. (1 November 2022).
4182:
3927:
3921:
3863:
2074:
2069:
1661:
1568:
1476:
1118:
Per unit of electricity generated coal and gas-fired power
894:
738:
efficiency has been demonstrated in experimental systems.
437:
3698:"Expanding Renewable Energy in Pakistan's Electricity Mix"
3041:
World's
Largest Utility Battery System Installed in Alaska
3798:"World's largest offshore wind farm fully up and running"
3576:
3436:"Want to stop climate change? Embrace the nuclear option"
1539:
Coal-fired power stations emit over 10 billion tonnes of
1246:), which refers to the solar array's theoretical maximum
1125:
1066:
3271:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 16 November 2016.
3050:(press release, 2003-09-24), U.S. Department of Energy.
1138:
Centralised generation is fundamentally the opposite of
3178:
3074:(press release, 2006-12-05), U.S. Department of Energy.
4517:"Nuclear Power and the Environment – Energy Explained"
4074:"CO2 emissions – Global Energy Review 2021 – Analysis"
3816:
3754:
In Pictures: The World's Biggest Green Energy Projects
1053:(from natural gas to fuel gas-fired power plants) and
3321:"Can nuclear power help save us from climate change?"
901:. About 41% of all electricity is generated this way.
391:
to transmit power at high voltage and with low loss.
3495:
3297:. US Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from
2836:"Electricity – Global Energy Review 2021 – Analysis"
2632:
1557:
health and environmental impact of the coal industry
4099:"It's critical to tackle coal emissions – Analysis"
3872:"It's critical to tackle coal emissions – Analysis"
662:in the United States, can provide large amounts of
4296:
3774:"Gansu Wind Farm – The World's Biggest Wind Farms"
3064:New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology
2796:
1266:operating photovoltaic power stations surpassed 1
1099:electricity generation because it can also power
5308:
4366:"Coal power developers 'risk wasting billions'"
3934:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3870:Birol, Fatih; Malpass, David (8 October 2021).
3824:"WINDExchange: Wind Turbine Radar Interference"
4384:"The dirtiest fossil fuel is on the back foot"
4190:"The dirtiest fossil fuel is on the back foot"
3214:
1385:. Individual wind turbine designs continue to
1031:Environmental impact of electricity generation
882:in 1884, currently generates about 80% of the
4558:
1093:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
729:convert sunlight directly to DC electricity.
205:
3869:
1513:. The furnace heat converts boiler water to
914:Renewable energy. The steam is generated by
1648:List of countries by electricity production
1383:the largest offshore wind farm in the world
1373:in China had a capacity of over 6,000
1238:of photovoltaic power stations is rated in
1011:List of countries by electricity production
697:(i.e. rechargeable batteries) are used for
4565:
4551:
4306:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
4030:: Global Energy Monitor. April 2024: 7, 21
3244:
1642:Electricity generation capacity by country
212:
198:
4432:
3971:
3953:
3762:, 9 January 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
3622:
3604:
3594:
3531:
3513:
3433:
3349:
3217:"Massive methane leaks mapped from space"
2893:
1618:as a source of fuel. In a process called
1463:Share of electricity production from coal
1024:
4572:
4363:
3406:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2863:
2733:
1501:A coal-fired power station is a type of
1458:
1450:
1435:
1420:
1333:
1317:
1206:grid-connected photovoltaic power system
1183:
1004:
991:
830:
806:A large generator with the rotor removed
801:
653:
619:
518:
358:
321:capturing their greenhouse gas emissions
29:
4410:
4244:
3318:
2762:
2760:
1208:(PV system) designed for the supply of
791:
666:. It has an installed capacity of 2.07
14:
5309:
4154:
3771:
3720:Robert Gasch, Jochen Twele (editors).
3446:from the original on November 28, 2020
3415:from the original on November 17, 2021
3388:from the original on November 22, 2021
3331:from the original on November 22, 2021
1126:Centralised and distributed generation
839:in China can provide large amounts of
712:
289:, but also by other means such as the
27:Process of generating electrical power
4546:
4337:
3733:Watts, Jonathan & Huang, Cecily.
3651:"Utility-scale solar sets new record"
3648:
3464:
3374:
3362:from the original on January 12, 2021
3350:Takahashi, Dean (February 25, 2020).
3083:
3001:
1688:
1683:
1573:stop generating electricity from coal
1490:. They generate about a third of the
1158:Centralised energy sources are large
693:, act as power sources directly, but
387:(AC) power transmission, using power
313:Phasing out coal-fired power stations
3434:Kugelmass, Bret (January 22, 2020).
3319:Johnson, Jeff (September 23, 2019).
3096:from the original on 2 November 2017
2757:
1543:each year, about one fifth of world
1296:fell significantly in the 2010s and
3312:
3275:from the original on 14 August 2015
2715:World energy supply and consumption
1120:life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions
987:
971:Supercritical carbon dioxide blends
649:
530:by source. Total generation was 28
496:generation. Inventions such as the
24:
5243:Renewable energy commercialization
4338:Davis, Lucas (21 September 2020).
2949:"History of Electrification Sites"
25:
5343:
4521:Energy Information Administration
4364:Harrabin, Roger (12 March 2020).
4221:
3477:from the original on June 3, 2022
3465:Patel, Sonal (November 1, 2021).
1654:Energy Information Administration
1216:because they supply power at the
343:increasing strongly with further
339:is forecast to be required, with
147:Electric power systems components
5291:
5290:
4711:
4527:from the original on 27 May 2019
4497:from the original on 8 June 2019
4467:from the original on 8 June 2019
4245:Roberts, David (14 March 2020).
3558:from the original on 19 May 2019
3247:"Carbon-emissions culprit? Coal"
2989:from the original on 8 June 2019
2959:from the original on 25 May 2019
2663:
2649:
2635:
2608:
2588:
2568:
2548:
2528:
2508:
2488:
2468:
2448:
2428:
2408:
2388:
2368:
2348:
2328:
2308:
2288:
2268:
2248:
2228:
2208:
2188:
2168:
2148:
2128:
2108:
2088:
2068:
2048:
2028:
2008:
1988:
1968:
1948:
1928:
1908:
1888:
1868:
1848:
1828:
1808:
1788:
1768:
1748:
1728:
1708:
1455:Coal-fired power station diagram
1413:This section is an excerpt from
1310:This section is an excerpt from
1176:This section is an excerpt from
677:is the direct transformation of
425:that powered public lighting on
363:Dynamos and engine installed at
4509:
4479:
4449:
4404:
4357:
4331:
4290:
4264:
4238:
4215:
4148:
4117:
4091:
4066:
4013:
3988:
3889:
3838:
3772:Kanter, Doug (April 20, 2016).
3714:
3690:
3668:
3649:Wolfe, Philip (17 March 2020).
3570:
3540:
3489:
3458:
3427:
3407:Chestney, Nina (May 18, 2021).
3400:
3343:
3325:Chemical & Engineering News
3287:
3261:
3245:Borenstein, Seth (2007-06-03).
3238:
3227:from the original on 2022-06-29
3208:
3167:from the original on 2016-08-23
3149:
3108:
3077:
3056:
3034:
2930:from the original on 2016-08-26
2894:Lempriere, Molly (2023-10-04).
2876:from the original on 2021-11-27
2846:from the original on 2021-11-27
2817:from the original on 2021-11-26
2778:from the original on 2021-11-27
2746:from the original on 2021-11-27
1153:
948:ocean thermal energy conversion
365:Edison General Electric Company
243:, it is the stage prior to its
4155:Morton, Adam (3 August 2020).
3515:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117901
2971:
2941:
2912:
2887:
2864:Shadbolt, Rory (26 Nov 2021).
2857:
2828:
2789:
2727:
1579:
1367:largest wind farm in the world
942:Water Energy is captured by a
646:forces a generator to rotate.
323:, is an important part of the
13:
1:
5238:Renewable Energy Certificates
5198:Cost of electricity by source
5120:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
4996:High-voltage shore connection
3897:"How safe is nuclear energy?"
3215:Patrick Pester (2022-02-10).
3084:Smith, Karl (22 March 2013).
2734:Chestney, Nina (2021-05-14).
2720:
2705:Generation expansion planning
2690:Cost of electricity by source
1517:, which is then used to spin
752:Cost of electricity by source
609:
227:is the process of generating
109:Electric power infrastructure
5253:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
5051:Transmission system operator
5011:Mains electricity by country
4588:Automatic generation control
2710:Steam-electric power station
2679:Glossary of power generation
1547:, so are the single largest
1511:pulverized coal-fired boiler
967:Supercritical carbon dioxide
745:
528:world electricity generation
396:Second Industrial Revolution
255:, etc.) to end users or its
7:
5278:List of electricity sectors
5273:Electric energy consumption
4991:High-voltage direct current
4966:Electric power transmission
4956:Electric power distribution
4633:Energy return on investment
4425:10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113512
4419:(May 2023 113512): 113512.
3876:International Energy Agency
3678:. HelioCSP. 2 February 2020
2628:
1689:Average per capita capacity
1638:illustrate this problem.
1324:San Gorgonio Pass wind farm
1282:independent power producers
1223:This approach differs from
1146:generation methods such as
1085:International Energy Agency
1017:Electric energy consumption
996:Yearly generation by source
826:
10:
5348:
5322:Fossil fuel power stations
5193:Carbon offsets and credits
4911:Three-phase electric power
3606:10.1038/s41467-021-25720-2
3125:10.1109/IEMDC.2009.5075247
1645:
1636:Fukushima nuclear disaster
1628:Three Mile Island accident
1602:
1441:Frimmersdorf Power Station
1412:
1354:in the same location used
1309:
1202:photovoltaic power station
1178:Photovoltaic power station
1175:
1034:
1028:
1014:
1008:
795:
749:
681:into electricity, as in a
613:
354:
5327:Electric power generation
5286:
5261:
5248:Renewable Energy Payments
5171:
5108:
5070:
4924:
4861:
4772:
4737:Fossil fuel power station
4727:
4720:
4709:
4580:
4457:"Natural gas power plant"
4028:San Francisco, California
4021:"Boom and Bust Coal 2024"
3186:"Statistics and Balances"
3016:"Yearly electricity data"
1503:fossil fuel power station
1471:or coal power plant is a
812:electromagnetic induction
379:, between the poles of a
259:, using for example, the
75:Electric power conversion
61:Electric power conversion
5031:Single-wire earth return
4971:Electrical busbar system
4628:Energy demand management
3724:. Springer, 2011. p. 11.
3157:"Coal & electricity"
3145:– via IEEE Xplore.
1592:Natural gas power plants
1545:greenhouse gas emissions
1469:coal-fired power station
1415:Coal-fired power station
1225:concentrated solar power
1170:
1059:greenhouse gas emissions
1055:carbon dioxide emissions
317:gas-fired power stations
5162:Residual-current device
5152:Power system protection
5142:Generator interlock kit
4340:"Time to Vote Out Coal"
3955:10.1073/pnas.2017936118
2657:Renewable energy portal
1549:cause of climate change
1426:Bełchatów Power Station
1407:
1304:
1234:In some countries, the
546: Natural gas (23%)
477:Incandescent light bulb
241:electric power industry
4946:Distributed generation
4618:Electric power quality
4054:Cite journal requires
3161:World Coal Association
1626:Accidents such as the
1505:. The coal is usually
1464:
1456:
1448:
1433:
1356:to produce electricity
1343:
1331:
1197:
1190:Jännersdorf Solar Park
1140:distributed generation
1025:Environmental concerns
997:
848:
807:
671:
628:
368:
277:, primarily driven by
225:Electricity generation
80:HVDC converter station
38:
5218:Fossil fuel phase-out
4986:Electricity retailing
4981:Electrical substation
4961:Electric power system
4344:Energy Institute Blog
3583:Nature Communications
2768:"Solar PV – Analysis"
1599:into the atmosphere.
1553:costs to other people
1509:and then burned in a
1473:thermal power station
1462:
1454:
1439:
1424:
1401:wind turbine syndrome
1337:
1321:
1187:
1005:Production by country
995:
843:power; it has a 22.5
834:
805:
691:zinc–carbon batteries
689:, such as the common
657:
623:
600:thermoelectric effect
519:Methods of generation
509:distribution networks
362:
325:energy transformation
118:Electric power system
33:
4574:Electricity delivery
4318:10.1257/pol.20190758
3119:. pp. 465–470.
2983:www.itc-holdings.com
2979:"Power Grid History"
2953:edisontechcenter.org
2335:United Arab Emirates
1608:Nuclear power plants
1565:UN Secretary General
1164:thermal power plants
1089:Energy Impact Center
920:solar thermal energy
792:Generating equipment
771:thermal power plants
767:nuclear power plants
763:Hydroelectric plants
658:Large dams, such as
596:piezoelectric effect
592:triboelectric effect
419:Pearl Street Station
417:driving a dynamo at
329:limit climate change
319:, or, if practical,
307:magnetohydrodynamics
5183:Availability factor
5135:Sulfur hexafluoride
5016:Overhead power line
4916:Virtual power plant
4891:Induction generator
4844:Sustainable biofuel
4653:Home energy storage
4643:Grid energy storage
4608:Droop speed control
4392:. 3 December 2020.
4278:. 22 September 2021
4196:. 3 December 2020.
3946:2021PNAS..11817936C
3596:2021NatCo..12.5738J
1492:world's electricity
899:thermal power plant
893:Water is boiled by
880:Sir Charles Parsons
835:Large dams such as
756:Electricity pricing
727:Photovoltaic panels
719:photovoltaic effect
713:Photovoltaic effect
664:hydroelectric power
632:Electric generators
584:electric generators
558: Nuclear (10%)
489:electrical sciences
385:alternating current
5057:Transmission tower
4668:Nameplate capacity
3070:2007-04-23 at the
3046:2008-06-27 at the
2671:Engineering portal
1632:Chernobyl disaster
1465:
1457:
1449:
1434:
1344:
1332:
1262:. As of 2018, the
1236:nameplate capacity
1198:
1132:transmission lines
1101:direct air capture
1078:particulate matter
998:
907:heat created in a
862:The combustion of
849:
817:photovoltaic solar
808:
798:Electric generator
672:
629:
616:Electric generator
513:power transmission
400:Thomas Alva Edison
369:
341:electricity demand
90:DC-to-DC converter
85:AC-to-AC converter
39:
5317:Power engineering
5304:
5303:
5208:Environmental tax
5088:Cascading failure
4857:
4856:
4693:Utility frequency
3804:. 30 January 2020
3752:Fahey, Jonathan.
3554:. 4 August 2015.
3251:The Seattle Times
3134:978-1-4244-4251-5
3020:ember-climate.org
2626:
2625:
1571:countries should
1535:electrical energy
1531:mechanical energy
1387:increase in power
1379:Hornsea Wind Farm
1083:According to the
957:was a very early
872:renewable sources
775:renewable sources
644:mechanical energy
552: Hydro (15%)
272:electromechanical
222:
221:
161:Grid-tie inverter
70:Voltage converter
54:Power engineering
16:(Redirected from
5339:
5294:
5293:
5203:Energy subsidies
5157:Protective relay
5098:Rolling blackout
4725:
4724:
4715:
4683:Power-flow study
4623:Electrical fault
4567:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4491:Energy Education
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4461:Energy Education
4453:
4447:
4446:
4436:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4303:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4105:. 8 October 2021
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4025:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4000:The Jakarta Post
3992:
3986:
3985:
3975:
3957:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3802:offshorewind.biz
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3769:
3763:
3750:
3744:
3731:
3725:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3608:
3598:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3517:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3269:"Sulfur Dioxide"
3265:
3259:
3258:
3253:. Archived from
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3192:. Archived from
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3081:
3075:
3060:
3054:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2731:
2700:Engine-generator
2695:Diesel generator
2673:
2668:
2667:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2613:
2612:
2593:
2592:
2573:
2572:
2553:
2552:
2533:
2532:
2513:
2512:
2493:
2492:
2473:
2472:
2453:
2452:
2433:
2432:
2413:
2412:
2393:
2392:
2373:
2372:
2353:
2352:
2333:
2332:
2313:
2312:
2293:
2292:
2273:
2272:
2253:
2252:
2233:
2232:
2213:
2212:
2193:
2192:
2173:
2172:
2153:
2152:
2133:
2132:
2113:
2112:
2093:
2092:
2073:
2072:
2053:
2052:
2033:
2032:
2013:
2012:
1993:
1992:
1973:
1972:
1953:
1952:
1933:
1932:
1913:
1912:
1893:
1892:
1873:
1872:
1853:
1852:
1833:
1832:
1813:
1812:
1793:
1792:
1773:
1772:
1753:
1752:
1733:
1732:
1713:
1712:
1678:
1677:
1330:, United States.
1144:renewable energy
1105:district heating
988:World production
924:geothermal power
837:Three Gorges Dam
675:Electrochemistry
650:Electrochemistry
576: Other (5%)
575:
570: Solar (4%)
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
540: Coal (36%)
539:
367:, New York, 1895
299:geothermal power
231:from sources of
214:
207:
200:
186:Protective relay
41:
40:
21:
18:Power Generation
5347:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5282:
5266:
5264:
5257:
5188:Capacity factor
5176:
5174:
5167:
5147:Numerical relay
5125:Circuit breaker
5113:
5111:
5104:
5066:
5006:Load management
4976:Electrical grid
4941:Demand response
4934:
4929:
4920:
4901:Microgeneration
4853:
4768:
4716:
4707:
4703:Vehicle-to-grid
4576:
4571:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4528:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4487:"Nuclear power"
4485:
4484:
4480:
4470:
4468:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4409:
4405:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4336:
4332:
4322:
4320:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4281:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4171:
4153:
4149:
4136:
4134:
4133:. 28 March 2021
4123:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4055:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4033:
4031:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4002:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3911:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3880:
3878:
3868:
3864:
3855:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3807:
3805:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3782:
3780:
3770:
3766:
3751:
3747:
3732:
3728:
3719:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3640:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3243:
3239:
3230:
3228:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3135:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3082:
3078:
3072:Wayback Machine
3061:
3057:
3048:Wayback Machine
3039:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2933:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2892:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2781:
2779:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2607:
2587:
2567:
2547:
2527:
2507:
2487:
2467:
2447:
2427:
2407:
2387:
2367:
2347:
2327:
2307:
2287:
2267:
2247:
2227:
2207:
2187:
2167:
2147:
2127:
2107:
2087:
2067:
2047:
2027:
2007:
1987:
1967:
1947:
1927:
1907:
1887:
1867:
1847:
1827:
1807:
1787:
1767:
1747:
1727:
1707:
1690:
1685:
1650:
1644:
1620:nuclear fission
1612:nuclear fission
1605:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1561:stranded assets
1418:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1371:Gansu Wind Farm
1340:Gansu Wind Farm
1315:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1294:levelized costs
1286:feed-in tariffs
1277:
1273:
1264:world's largest
1261:
1256:
1245:
1181:
1173:
1156:
1128:
1074:carbon monoxide
1070:
1043:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1007:
990:
909:nuclear reactor
905:Nuclear fission
868:nuclear fission
829:
800:
794:
758:
748:
731:Power inverters
715:
695:secondary cells
679:chemical energy
652:
618:
612:
580:
579:
578:
577:
573:
571:
567:
565:
564: Wind (7%)
561:
559:
555:
553:
549:
547:
543:
541:
537:
521:
373:Michael Faraday
357:
345:electrification
315:and eventually
287:nuclear fission
218:
138:Demand response
128:Electrical grid
36:turbo generator
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5345:
5335:
5334:
5332:Infrastructure
5329:
5324:
5319:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5269:
5267:
5263:Statistics and
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5213:Feed-in tariff
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5072:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5001:Interconnector
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4951:Dynamic demand
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4881:Combined cycle
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4733:
4731:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4658:Load-following
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4613:Electric power
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4538:
4508:
4478:
4448:
4403:
4375:
4356:
4330:
4289:
4263:
4237:
4214:
4181:
4147:
4116:
4090:
4065:
4056:|journal=
4012:
3987:
3920:
3888:
3862:
3837:
3826:. WINDExchange
3815:
3789:
3764:
3745:
3726:
3713:
3689:
3667:
3638:
3569:
3539:
3502:Applied Energy
3488:
3471:Power Magazine
3457:
3426:
3399:
3373:
3342:
3311:
3286:
3260:
3257:on 2011-04-24.
3237:
3207:
3196:on 15 May 2011
3177:
3163:. 2015-04-29.
3148:
3133:
3107:
3076:
3055:
3033:
3000:
2970:
2940:
2911:
2886:
2856:
2842:. April 2021.
2827:
2805:. 2021-11-04.
2788:
2756:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2660:
2646:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:United Kingdom
1964:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:European Union
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1684:Total capacity
1682:
1673:United Kingdom
1646:Main article:
1643:
1640:
1604:
1601:
1581:
1578:
1567:has said that
1541:carbon dioxide
1533:and, finally,
1527:thermal energy
1419:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1275:
1271:
1259:
1254:
1243:
1210:merchant power
1182:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1155:
1152:
1127:
1124:
1091:(EIC) and the
1068:
1063:sulfur dioxide
1041:Coal phase out
1037:Global warming
1029:Main article:
1026:
1023:
1009:Main article:
1006:
1003:
989:
986:
982:diesel engines
963:
962:
951:
940:
933:Combined cycle
929:
928:
927:
912:
902:
884:electric power
878:, invented by
870:and some from
828:
825:
815:generator are
796:Main article:
793:
790:
747:
744:
714:
711:
651:
648:
636:kinetic energy
614:Main article:
611:
608:
572:
566:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
532:petawatt-hours
524:
523:
522:
520:
517:
356:
353:
331:. Vastly more
303:fusion reactor
291:kinetic energy
268:power stations
261:pumped-storage
233:primary energy
229:electric power
220:
219:
217:
216:
209:
202:
194:
191:
190:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
166:Energy storage
163:
158:
156:Ring main unit
150:
149:
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
133:Interconnector
130:
125:
120:
112:
111:
105:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5344:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5297:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5260:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Pigouvian tax
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5170:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:Earth-leakage
5128:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5107:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5071:Failure modes
5069:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5021:Power station
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4906:Rankine cycle
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:Cooling tower
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4729:Non-renewable
4726:
4723:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4648:Grid strength
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Demand factor
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4452:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4413:Energy Policy
4407:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4389:The Economist
4385:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4319:
4315:
4312:(4): 80–110.
4311:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4225:
4218:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4194:The Economist
4191:
4185:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4061:
4048:
4041:
4029:
4022:
4016:
4001:
3997:
3991:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3924:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:The Economist
3898:
3892:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3825:
3819:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3677:
3671:
3652:
3645:
3643:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3301:on 2015-09-24
3300:
3296:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3181:
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2870:SelectScience
2867:
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2808:
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2803:The Economist
2799:
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2643:Energy portal
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2018:
2016:
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1991:
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1735:United States
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1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1496:air pollution
1493:
1489:
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1478:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1381:in the UK is
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1352:wind turbines
1349:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1240:megawatt-peak
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1148:rooftop solar
1145:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:decarbonizing
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Methane leaks
1048:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1002:
994:
985:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
960:
956:
952:
949:
945:
944:water turbine
941:
938:
934:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
900:
896:
892:
891:
889:
888:
887:
885:
881:
877:
876:steam turbine
874:. The modern
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
854:
846:
842:
841:hydroelectric
838:
833:
824:
822:
818:
813:
804:
799:
789:
785:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
757:
753:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
710:
708:
707:Osmotic power
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:Primary cells
684:
680:
676:
669:
665:
661:
656:
647:
645:
641:
640:Faraday's law
637:
633:
626:
625:Wind turbines
622:
617:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
535:
533:
529:
516:
514:
510:
505:
503:
502:steam engines
499:
498:steam turbine
493:
490:
486:
485:Thomas Edison
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
460:, as well as
459:
455:
451:
450:hydroelectric
447:
443:
439:
434:
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428:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
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346:
342:
338:
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330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:photovoltaics
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
264:
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258:
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148:
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139:
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129:
126:
124:
123:Power station
121:
119:
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113:
110:
107:
106:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
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68:
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62:
59:
58:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
32:
19:
5228:Net metering
5175:and policies
5093:Power outage
5062:Utility pole
5026:Pumped hydro
4932:distribution
4927:Transmission
4876:Cogeneration
4678:Power factor
4529:. Retrieved
4520:
4511:
4499:. Retrieved
4490:
4481:
4469:. Retrieved
4460:
4451:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4387:
4378:
4369:
4359:
4349:27 September
4347:. Retrieved
4343:
4333:
4321:. Retrieved
4309:
4305:
4292:
4282:22 September
4280:. Retrieved
4275:
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4250:
4240:
4228:. Retrieved
4226:. Al Jazeera
4222:Piven, Ben.
4217:
4205:. Retrieved
4193:
4184:
4172:. Retrieved
4161:The Guardian
4160:
4150:
4142:
4137:14 September
4135:. Retrieved
4128:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4102:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4077:
4068:
4047:cite journal
4039:
4032:. Retrieved
4015:
4003:. Retrieved
3999:
3990:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3912:. Retrieved
3900:
3891:
3879:. Retrieved
3865:
3854:. Retrieved
3852:. 2022-04-26
3850:the Guardian
3849:
3840:
3828:. Retrieved
3818:
3806:. Retrieved
3801:
3792:
3781:. Retrieved
3777:
3767:
3757:
3748:
3740:The Guardian
3738:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3705:. Retrieved
3701:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3656:. Wiki-Solar
3586:
3582:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3551:
3542:
3505:
3501:
3491:
3481:November 23,
3479:. Retrieved
3470:
3460:
3450:November 23,
3448:. Retrieved
3439:
3429:
3419:November 23,
3417:. Retrieved
3402:
3392:November 23,
3390:. Retrieved
3376:
3366:November 23,
3364:. Retrieved
3355:
3345:
3335:November 23,
3333:. Retrieved
3324:
3314:
3303:. Retrieved
3299:the original
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3263:
3255:the original
3250:
3240:
3229:. Retrieved
3221:Live Science
3220:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:the original
3189:
3180:
3169:. Retrieved
3160:
3151:
3116:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3089:
3079:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3036:
3024:. Retrieved
3022:. 6 Dec 2023
3019:
2991:. Retrieved
2982:
2973:
2961:. Retrieved
2952:
2943:
2932:. Retrieved
2923:
2914:
2903:. Retrieved
2900:Carbon Brief
2899:
2889:
2878:. Retrieved
2869:
2859:
2848:. Retrieved
2839:
2830:
2819:. Retrieved
2802:
2791:
2780:. Retrieved
2771:
2748:. Retrieved
2739:
2729:
2684:Cogeneration
2115:South Africa
2055:Saudi Arabia
1666:
1651:
1624:
1606:
1590:
1583:
1500:
1479:to generate
1475:which burns
1466:
1445:Grevenbroich
1397:habitat loss
1393:green energy
1364:
1345:
1233:
1229:photovoltaic
1222:
1199:
1188:The 40.5 MW
1160:power plants
1157:
1154:Technologies
1137:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1109:desalination
1082:
1047:fossil fuels
1044:
1020:
999:
975:
964:
959:wind turbine
897:burned in a
864:fossil fuels
861:
857:heat engines
850:
809:
786:
779:
759:
740:
716:
673:
630:
604:betavoltaics
588:photovoltaic
581:
525:
506:
494:
474:
462:solar energy
435:
427:Pearl Street
415:steam engine
412:
404:Nikola Tesla
393:
389:transformers
377:Faraday disc
370:
327:required to
311:
279:heat engines
265:
253:distribution
249:transmission
224:
223:
5223:Load factor
5078:Black start
5046:Transformer
4747:Natural gas
4698:Variability
4673:Peak demand
4663:Merit order
4593:Backfeeding
4434:1885/286612
4323:11 November
4207:12 December
3808:27 December
3589:(1): 5738.
3411:. Reuters.
3356:VentureBeat
2595:New Zealand
2435:Switzerland
2235:Netherlands
1895:South Korea
1586:gas turbine
1580:Natural gas
1555:due to the
1481:electricity
1298:grid parity
1290:tax credits
1214:solar power
1080:in the US.
937:gas turbine
847:capability.
735:solar power
723:solar cells
481:Joseph Swan
466:tidal power
446:natural gas
421:produced a
333:solar power
5311:Categories
5265:production
5110:Protective
5041:Super grid
5036:Smart grid
4863:Generation
4797:Geothermal
4688:Repowering
3914:2022-12-26
3856:2022-12-26
3783:2024-06-03
3707:2022-07-17
3702:World Bank
3508:: 117901.
3305:2010-04-21
3231:2022-06-29
3171:2016-08-14
2934:2016-08-14
2905:2023-11-08
2880:2021-11-27
2850:2021-11-27
2821:2021-11-27
2782:2021-11-27
2750:2021-11-27
2721:References
2415:Kazakhstan
1523:generators
1521:that turn
1507:pulverized
1328:California
1035:See also:
1015:See also:
821:fuel cells
750:See also:
703:fuel cells
660:Hoover Dam
634:transform
610:Generators
470:geothermal
423:DC current
337:wind power
283:combustion
281:fueled by
275:generators
5173:Economics
4896:Micro CHP
4774:Renewable
4757:Petroleum
4752:Oil shale
4638:Grid code
4598:Base load
4443:257356936
4398:0013-0613
4202:0013-0613
4169:0261-3077
4109:9 October
3964:0027-8424
3909:0013-0613
3881:9 October
3615:2041-1723
3533:244177261
3524:0306-2619
3440:USA Today
3295:"AirData"
2811:0013-0613
2395:Venezuela
2275:Argentina
2035:Australia
1485:gigawatts
1447:, Germany
1430:Bełchatów
1348:wind farm
1312:Wind farm
1292:, but as
1196:, Germany
782:base load
746:Economics
472:sources.
408:telegraph
349:transport
237:utilities
95:Rectifier
5296:Category
5083:Brownout
4871:AC power
4581:Concepts
4525:Archived
4495:Archived
4465:Archived
4370:BBC News
4276:BBC News
4256:21 March
4230:21 March
4174:4 August
4034:11 April
3982:33495332
3633:34611151
3556:Archived
3475:Archived
3444:Archived
3413:Archived
3386:Archived
3360:Archived
3329:Archived
3279:23 April
3273:Archived
3225:Archived
3165:Archived
3094:Archived
3068:Archived
3044:Archived
2987:Archived
2957:Archived
2928:Archived
2924:ethw.org
2874:Archived
2844:Archived
2815:Archived
2776:Archived
2744:Archived
2629:See also
2355:Malaysia
2295:Pakistan
2155:Thailand
1691:(watts)
1681:Country
1658:terawatt
1634:and the
1519:turbines
1488:capacity
1432:, Poland
1360:offshore
1268:gigawatt
1194:Prignitz
978:gasoline
955:windmill
827:Turbines
431:New York
263:method.
245:delivery
181:Recloser
176:Bus duct
100:Inverter
46:a series
44:Part of
5112:devices
4822:Thermal
4817:Osmotic
4812:Current
4792:Biomass
4782:Biofuel
4764:Nuclear
4721:Sources
4130:Reuters
4005:8 April
3973:7865184
3942:Bibcode
3830:19 June
3624:8492708
3591:Bibcode
3200:12 July
3143:9118902
3100:20 June
2740:Reuters
2615:Iceland
2575:Ireland
2555:Denmark
2535:Finland
2475:Algeria
2455:Austria
2175:Ukraine
2095:Vietnam
1835:Germany
1668:Iceland
1616:uranium
1603:Nuclear
1597:methane
1218:utility
916:biomass
853:turbine
699:storage
683:battery
442:nuclear
355:History
257:storage
239:in the
4807:Marine
4787:Biogas
4531:8 June
4501:8 June
4471:8 June
4441:
4396:
4200:
4167:
4083:7 July
3980:
3970:
3962:
3907:
3778:Forbes
3759:Forbes
3682:11 May
3660:11 May
3631:
3621:
3613:
3562:21 May
3552:US EPA
3530:
3522:
3141:
3131:
3090:Forbes
3026:23 Dec
2993:8 June
2963:8 June
2809:
2622:8,990
2602:2,320
2582:2,420
2562:3,710
2542:3,980
2522:2,520
2515:Israel
2502:2,400
2495:Greece
2462:2,890
2442:2,960
2422:1,600
2402:1,210
2382:1,930
2362:1,110
2342:4,010
2322:7,530
2315:Norway
2282:1,130
2262:5,100
2255:Sweden
2242:3,010
2222:2,440
2215:Taiwan
2182:1,440
2142:1,690
2135:Poland
2122:1,100
2062:2,380
2042:3,680
2015:Mexico
2002:1,240
1995:Turkey
1982:1,640
1962:2,580
1942:2,230
1922:2,280
1915:France
1902:3,130
1882:4,460
1875:Canada
1862:1,030
1855:Brazil
1842:3,220
1822:2,030
1815:Russia
1802:2,940
1762:2,420
1742:3,940
1722:1,740
1702:1,120
1563:. The
1076:, and
890:Steam
602:, and
598:, the
594:, the
586:or by
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
468:, and
456:, and
381:magnet
235:. For
171:Busbar
5164:(GFI)
5053:(TSO)
4839:Solar
4827:Tidal
4802:Hydro
4439:S2CID
4302:(PDF)
4024:(PDF)
3940:(5).
3654:(PDF)
3528:S2CID
3139:S2CID
2375:Chile
2195:Egypt
1955:Spain
1935:Italy
1795:Japan
1775:India
1759:1,080
1739:1,330
1719:2,510
1715:China
1699:8,890
1696:World
1686:(GW)
1662:watts
1515:steam
1171:Solar
922:, or
526:2021
4930:and
4849:Wind
4832:Wave
4742:Coal
4533:2019
4503:2019
4473:2019
4394:ISSN
4351:2020
4325:2022
4284:2021
4258:2020
4232:2020
4209:2020
4198:ISSN
4176:2020
4165:ISSN
4139:2021
4111:2021
4085:2021
4060:help
4036:2024
4007:2022
3978:PMID
3960:ISSN
3905:ISSN
3883:2021
3832:2019
3810:2020
3684:2020
3662:2010
3629:PMID
3611:ISSN
3564:2019
3520:ISSN
3483:2021
3452:2021
3421:2021
3394:2021
3368:2021
3337:2021
3281:2010
3202:2011
3129:ISBN
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