Knowledge

Posthumous publication

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to be published until 100 years after his death because he did not like the idea that people would be hurt by what he said about them. After Twain died in 1910, various abridged versions his autobiography were published, but the most complete version was not released until 2010, as he had requested.
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Brian Norman describes a particular characteristic of the posthumously completed autobiography: that it is described as a first-person account but has not been seen by that person. He comments on the use of the word "autobiography" and the omission of any author names on the cover (such as on
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industry and thought that he had destroyed everything of his that he had not chosen to publish himself." Anthony Palmer states that Ryle "certainly would not have approved" that a couple of his papers have been published since he died. In contrast, Austrian–German philosopher
49:. It can also be because the creator chose to delay publication until after their death. Posthumous publication can be viewed as controversial when people believe the author would not have wanted the work made public or would not have approved the version that was published. 278:
Works that were published during the author's lifetime may be edited after the author's death for posthumous re-publication. Examples include texts that have been edited many times previously and where the author's original words are not universally agreed, such as in
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The editor of posthumously published works cannot receive feedback from the author. There is therefore no way of knowing what the author would have thought of the final result. Francesca Peacock describes posthumous edits to Ernest Hemingway's
169:(Theodor Seuss Geisel) proposed a story in 1988 but "worried educators wouldn't like it". After Seuss's death, his sketches for the book were found, and with the blessing of his widow, the book was published in 1998 as 372:
are used in many creative fields to help improve quality or increase the quantity of material produced. Such arrangements can continue after death. This might be for a single text, such as
1356: 335: 1484: 562:'s diary was first published in 1825, more than 100 years after his death. Pepys did not arrange for its publication but he did arrange for it to be available to read in the 194:
but Forster still did not publish because "He knew the endless fuss and brouhaha it would to". The novel was finally published in 1971, a few months after Forster's death.
803: 306:'s children's novels would be republished in the United Kingdom with changes to the text to keep them "relevant for each new generation". The edits were described by 613:. Some authors leave instructions for these documents to be destroyed after their death, or attempt to destroy them themselves. For example, the British philosopher 287:
into more modern language or as an attempt to represent the original text more accurately. In the 19th and early 20th centuries performing musicians would release
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Other books described as posthumous autobiographies were not written as such, but are collections of the subject's work collated after their death. For example,
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A creator may die when publication was planned during their lifetime and the material is ready for publication in its final form. For example, the composer
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is a story of love between two men. The first draft was written in 1913 when homosexuality was illegal in England. Homosexual acts were legalised by the
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have been published with him listed as an author. Erdős's posthumous publications attracted particular attention as any co-authors consequently had an
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wrote, "It is my wish that none of the letters written by me during my lifetime shall be published" but many of them were subsequently published in
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When a scholar dies they may leave many unfinished and unpublished documents and notes. These documents may be referred to by the German word
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argued that many of the poems were unfinished or from early in his career, and that he would never have wished them to be made public.
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as a private journal, then rewrote it with plans for publication. Her father had it published in 1947, two years after her death.
499:) to foster this first-person impression. But he also comments on how the subject of the autobiography may be referred to in the 503:
by the end of the book, as happens for example in the epilogue of Malcolm X's autobiography and the final pages of Alan Clark's
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A creator may decide not to release work because they feel it is not of sufficient quality. Critics of a collection of poems by
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as "an editorial version of Frankenstein's monster ... without the hand of the author to make it truly whole", and she quotes
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Similarly, work may remain unpublished because of external censorship or reluctance of publishers to promote the work.
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Diaries may be published posthumously when the author's death has come suddenly or soon after the events recorded.
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are published posthumously. Some authors plan to publish their diaries but die before publication is completed.
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was not published during his lifetime because his publisher thought its sexual content would lead to protests.
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An author may die before the work is completed. Such works may be published in their unfinished state, such as
437: 147:. A prolonged period may pass between the death of the initial author and completion of the work: following 567: 171: 153: 468: 488: 261: 102: 165:
Works may be published posthumously because the author did not wish to publish during their lifetime.
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after the creator's death. This can be because the creator died during the publishing process or
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include rules on who can be included as an author, and similar rules apply in other fields (see
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was found by his mother after his death in 1969. It was finally published in 1980, and won the
1212:"How to obtain Erdős number 1 in the 21th century? Some thoughts on posthumous co-authorship" 1458: 578: 343: 229: 27: 663: 475:
Some autobiographies are planned as collaborations between the subject and a second author.
1509: 1211: 1034: 1023:"Dynamics of co-authorship and productivity across different fields of scientific research" 299: 284: 129: 1305:"Composers are under no threat from AI, if Huawei's finished Schubert symphony is a guide" 968:"Historically, men translated the Odyssey. Here's what happened when a woman took the job" 8: 1651: 659: 574: 339: 331: 139: 1038: 749: 1595: 1278: 1192: 1167:
Seife, Charles (5 April 2002). "Erdös's hard-to-win prizes still draw bounty hunters".
1149: 1100: 1057: 1022: 893: 854: 670: 519: 511: 456: 98: 19: 1625: 1438: 1335: 1282: 1184: 1141: 1104: 1062: 897: 858: 460: 395: 322: 1196: 1153: 1268: 1176: 1131: 1092: 1052: 1042: 997:"Rewriting Roald Dahl: A society reckoning with its past or posthumous censorship?" 885: 846: 354: 237: 224: 889: 850: 143:. In other cases, additional authors add to the surviving manuscript to produce a 1357:"Margaret Thatcher to have final word with approved new posthumous autobiography" 1047: 518:
is a collection of private writing and public statements collated by her husband
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in which ineligible deceased co-authors are included in a paper's author list.
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Parish, Austin J.; Boyack, Kevin W.; Ioannidis, John P. A. (10 January 2018).
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as saying that "in almost no significant respect is this book the author's".
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may be published posthumously for the same reasons as other material. When
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of 1. At least four people have gained an Erdős number of 1 since 2000.
584: 484: 464: 452: 418: 373: 303: 38: 23: 1256: 476: 166: 1136: 1119: 608: 600: 577:'s final diary entries describe conditions outside his tent on the 421:
to generate a melody for third and fourth movements of Schubert's
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International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations
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Lázaro, Alberto (2019). "The Spanish version of E. M. Forster's
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Lázaro, Alberto (2019). "The Spanish version of E. M. Forster's
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Kosmulski, Marek (2021). "Posthumous co-authorship revisited".
913:"From Tolkien to Burgess: the ethics of posthumous publication" 410: 401:
with the intention that it would be continued after his death.
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should be burnt after his death, but in 2009 it was published.
1624:. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. pp. 245–246. 553: 459:
and had begun preparing the second volume for publication.
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is credited with publishing 48 novels since her death, and
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An author may also have intended text to remain private.
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that differed from the composer's original notation.
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was completed by Claude Schopp and published in 2005.
1020: 942:"Posthumous publication is a wicked literary problem" 773:"Claude Schopp: The man who gave Dumas 40 mistresses" 52: 540:
List of posthumous publications of Holocaust victims
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Co-authorship between multiple authors is common in
160: 1620:Bernet, Rudolf; Kern, Iso; Marbach, Eduard (1993). 57: 463:prepared an autobiography for posthumous release. 298:Posthumous editing can be controversial. In 2023, 1619: 1643: 548:A facsimile of the first entry in Pepys's diary 1546: 579:Antarctic expedition that would claim his life 1520: 687:"Swedish crime writer finds fame after death" 665:"On the eve of a new life, an untimely death" 243:Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917–1961 1078: 1076: 524:The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. 455:died in 1999 he had published one volume of 80:died, he had submitted the first two of the 1622:An introduction to Husserlian phenomenology 1120:"Call for clear policy on deceased authors" 797: 795: 793: 746:"Geoffrey Chaucer : an overall survey" 16:Publishing a work after the creator's death 1409:"The Autobiography of Mark Twain – review" 935: 933: 713: 711: 709: 707: 658: 491:, Haley had to complete the work himself. 404: 1577: 1575: 1272: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1135: 1082: 1073: 1056: 1046: 801: 1502: 1451: 1348: 1328:Trewin, Ion (2003). "Introduction". In: 940:Peacock, Francesca (22 September 2022). 790: 717: 543: 436: 382:. It can also extend to multiple books. 321: 18: 1383:"Dead 100 years, Mark Twain lets loose" 1354: 1302: 1296: 1209: 1203: 990: 988: 939: 930: 910: 704: 652: 314:was said to be "shocked and dismayed". 1644: 1613: 1581: 1572: 1476: 1254: 1237: 1117: 1111: 1014: 904: 871: 832: 821: 802:Pomerantz, Dorothy (27 October 2005). 738: 684: 594: 1437:. London: Phoenix. pp. 467–493. 1432: 1426: 1406: 1400: 1329: 1166: 1160: 994: 965: 959: 865: 770: 764: 720:"Publishing manuscripts posthumously" 718:McDowell, Edwin (10 September 1984). 678: 254: 249: 215:Material not intended for publication 1380: 1374: 985: 640:List of works published posthumously 105:in 1981. A posthumous collection of 1588:Revue Internationale de Philosophie 1303:Richter, Goetz (13 February 2019). 274:Editing material for re-publication 116: 13: 1528:"The two versions of Anne's diary" 1482: 1118:Nijman, Vincent (15 August 2012). 911:Biswell, Andrew (31 August 2018). 685:Rising, Malin (17 February 2009). 626:invited colleagues to work on his 53:Reasons for posthumous publication 14: 1673: 1510:"Captain Scott's diary, volume 3" 1334:. London: Phoenix. p. xxii. 748:. 6 December 2000. Archived from 227:left instructions that drafts of 161:Intentionally delayed publication 145:completed version for publication 1210:Glänzel, Wolfgang (March 2011). 966:North, Anna (20 November 2017). 432: 364: 317: 66:died the day before his musical 58:Death before planned publication 1407:Adams, Tim (21 November 2012). 1322: 1554:"The publication of the diary" 1381:Glor, Jeff (17 October 2010). 1355:Sherwin, Adam (9 April 2013). 995:Joshi, Kalrav (4 March 2023). 876:: a curious censorship case". 837:: a curious censorship case". 497:The Autobiography of Malcolm X 443:The Autobiography of Malcolm X 379:The Autobiography of Malcolm X 1: 890:10.1080/0907676X.2019.1639781 851:10.1080/0907676X.2019.1639781 645: 516:To Be Young, Gifted and Black 425:. Composer Lucas Cantor then 47:before the work was completed 1662:Works published posthumously 1489:The European Museums Network 1048:10.1371/journal.pone.0189742 568:Magdalene College, Cambridge 334:. For medical journals, the 310:as "absurd censorship", and 172:Hooray for Diffendoofer Day! 154:The Knight of Sainte-Hermine 151:'s death in 1870, his novel 7: 1181:10.1126/science.296.5565.39 633: 617:is said to have "hated the 353:died in 1996, more than 60 10: 1678: 1097:10.1007/s11192-021-04107-6 771:Crace, John (6 May 2008). 630:while he was still alive. 598: 537: 533: 120: 103:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction 30:was published posthumously 1459:"Memoirs of Samuel Pepys" 489:Malcolm X's assassination 449:Autobiographical material 429:the smartphone's melody. 111:Pulitzer Prize for Poetry 1582:Palmer, Anthony (2003). 349:Since the mathematician 192:Sexual Offences Act 1967 123:Unfinished creative work 1261:African American Review 831:N. Furbank, quoted in: 415:artificial intelligence 405:Artificial intelligence 94:A Confederacy of Dunces 82:Millennium novel series 1255:Norman, Brian (2020). 549: 445: 327: 293:classical compositions 268:Barbara Probst Solomon 35:Posthumous publication 31: 1274:10.1353/afa.2020.0009 662:(December 13, 1996). 547: 440: 344:scientific misconduct 325: 289:interpretive editions 283:. Material can be re- 230:The Original of Laura 22: 1433:Clark, Alan (2003). 1330:Clark, Alan (2003). 660:Van Gelder, Lawrence 587:initially wrote her 300:Penguin Random House 130:The Canterbury Tales 1534:. 28 September 2018 1039:2018PLoSO..1389742P 595:Academic publishing 575:Robert Falcon Scott 441:The front cover of 423:Unfinished Symphony 340:Academic authorship 332:academic publishing 281:Shakespeare's plays 140:Unfinished Symphony 724:The New York Times 671:The New York Times 550: 526:is a collation of 520:Robert B. Nemiroff 512:Lorraine Hansberry 446: 328: 326:Paul ErdĹ‘s in 1992 263:The Garden of Eden 255:Role of the editor 250:Additional authors 99:John Kennedy Toole 32: 1560:. 15 October 2018 752:on 25 August 2006 481:his autobiography 479:had been writing 469:his autobiography 461:Margaret Thatcher 355:scientific papers 109:'s poems won the 1669: 1636: 1635: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1579: 1570: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1558:Anne Frank House 1550: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1532:Anne Frank House 1524: 1518: 1517: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1435:The Last Diaries 1430: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1332:The Last Diaries 1326: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1309:The Conversation 1300: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1276: 1252: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1216: 1207: 1201: 1200: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1139: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1091:(9): 8227–8231. 1080: 1071: 1070: 1060: 1050: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1007: 992: 983: 982: 980: 978: 963: 957: 956: 954: 952: 946:Engelsberg Ideas 937: 928: 927: 925: 923: 917:The Conversation 908: 902: 901: 869: 863: 862: 830: 825: 819: 818: 816: 814: 799: 788: 787: 785: 783: 768: 762: 761: 759: 757: 742: 736: 735: 733: 731: 715: 702: 701: 699: 697: 682: 676: 675: 667: 656: 505:The Last Diaries 483:with the author 387: 238:Ernest Hemingway 225:Vladimir Nabokov 202: 181: 117:Unfinished works 84:to a publisher. 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1632: 1618: 1614: 1604: 1602: 1580: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1537: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1514:British Library 1508: 1507: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1481: 1477: 1467: 1465: 1463:British Library 1457: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1405: 1401: 1391: 1389: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1363: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1327: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1253: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1219:ISSI Newsletter 1214: 1208: 1204: 1175:(5565): 39–40. 1165: 1161: 1137:10.1038/488281d 1116: 1112: 1081: 1074: 1033:(1): e0189742. 1019: 1015: 1005: 1003: 993: 986: 976: 974: 964: 960: 950: 948: 938: 931: 921: 919: 909: 905: 870: 866: 828: 826: 822: 812: 810: 804:"Ghost writers" 800: 791: 781: 779: 769: 765: 755: 753: 744: 743: 739: 729: 727: 716: 705: 695: 693: 691:Washington Post 683: 679: 657: 653: 648: 636: 603: 597: 542: 536: 435: 407: 385: 367: 320: 276: 257: 252: 217: 200: 179: 163: 149:Alexandre Dumas 125: 119: 64:Jonathan Larson 60: 55: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1675: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1638: 1637: 1630: 1612: 1584:"Introduction" 1571: 1545: 1519: 1501: 1475: 1450: 1443: 1425: 1399: 1373: 1347: 1340: 1321: 1295: 1236: 1202: 1159: 1110: 1085:Scientometrics 1072: 1013: 984: 958: 929: 903: 884:(6): 785–796. 864: 845:(6): 785–796. 820: 789: 763: 737: 703: 677: 650: 649: 647: 644: 643: 642: 635: 632: 624:Edmund Husserl 599:Main article: 596: 593: 535: 532: 434: 431: 406: 403: 366: 363: 319: 316: 308:Salman Rushdie 302:announced the 275: 272: 256: 253: 251: 248: 216: 213: 162: 159: 135:Franz Schubert 118: 115: 59: 56: 54: 51: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1674: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1633: 1631:0-8101-1030-X 1627: 1623: 1616: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1576: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1533: 1529: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1490: 1486: 1483:Miller, Ben. 1479: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1446: 1444:0-75381-695-4 1440: 1436: 1429: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1388: 1384: 1377: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1343: 1341:0-75381-695-4 1337: 1333: 1325: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1224: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1130:(7411): 281. 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1079: 1077: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1017: 1002: 998: 991: 989: 973: 969: 962: 947: 943: 936: 934: 918: 914: 907: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 868: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 824: 809: 805: 798: 796: 794: 778: 774: 767: 751: 747: 741: 725: 721: 714: 712: 710: 708: 692: 688: 681: 673: 672: 666: 661: 655: 651: 641: 638: 637: 631: 629: 625: 620: 616: 612: 611: 610: 602: 592: 590: 586: 582: 580: 576: 571: 569: 565: 564:Pepys Library 561: 557: 555: 546: 541: 531: 529: 525: 522:. Similarly, 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 492: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 470: 467:did not want 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 444: 439: 433:Autobiography 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 402: 400: 398: 393: 392:Robert Ludlum 389: 381: 380: 375: 371: 365:Ghost authors 362: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 324: 318:Co-authorship 315: 313: 312:Queen Camilla 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 271: 269: 265: 264: 247: 245: 244: 239: 234: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221:Philip Larkin 212: 210: 209: 204: 195: 193: 189: 188: 183: 175: 174: 173: 168: 158: 156: 155: 150: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 124: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 95: 90: 85: 83: 79: 78:Stieg Larsson 75: 71: 70: 65: 50: 48: 44: 43:creative work 40: 36: 29: 25: 21: 1621: 1615: 1603:. Retrieved 1594:(223): 3–4. 1591: 1587: 1562:. Retrieved 1557: 1548: 1536:. Retrieved 1531: 1522: 1513: 1504: 1492:. Retrieved 1488: 1478: 1466:. Retrieved 1462: 1453: 1434: 1428: 1416:. Retrieved 1413:The Observer 1412: 1402: 1390:. 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Retrieved 690: 680: 669: 654: 627: 618: 615:Gilbert Ryle 607: 606: 604: 583: 572: 560:Samuel Pepys 558: 551: 523: 515: 509: 504: 501:third person 496: 493: 474: 447: 442: 427:orchestrated 422: 408: 396: 394:created the 377: 370:Ghostwriters 368: 359:ErdĹ‘s number 348: 329: 297: 277: 262: 258: 241: 235: 228: 218: 206: 196: 185: 176: 170: 164: 152: 138: 128: 126: 107:Sylvia Plath 92: 86: 74:off-Broadway 68: 61: 34: 33: 1361:Independent 457:his diaries 376:completing 203:H. Lawrence 89:carbon copy 1652:Publishing 1646:Categories 1225:(1): 20–22 646:References 585:Anne Frank 538:See also: 485:Alex Haley 465:Mark Twain 453:Alan Clark 419:smartphone 397:Covert-One 388:C. Andrews 374:Alex Haley 351:Paul ErdĹ‘s 304:Roald Dahl 285:translated 182:M. Forster 121:See also: 39:publishing 37:refers to 24:Anne Frank 1605:27 August 1564:27 August 1538:27 August 1494:27 August 1468:27 August 1418:27 August 1392:1 October 1366:28 August 1314:28 August 1288:27 August 1283:216204746 1229:27 August 1105:237207124 1006:28 August 977:28 August 951:28 August 922:1 October 898:199015141 859:199015141 813:28 August 756:28 August 730:28 August 696:1 October 477:Malcolm X 409:In 2019, 205:'s novel 184:'s novel 167:Dr. Seuss 113:in 1982. 1600:23955671 1387:CBS News 1197:34952867 1189:11935003 1154:52848411 1146:22895326 1067:29320509 1027:PLOS ONE 1001:The Wire 782:21 April 634:See also 628:Nachlass 619:Nachlass 609:Nachlass 601:Nachlass 487:. After 26:, whose 1169:Science 1058:5761855 1035:Bibcode 874:Maurice 835:Maurice 554:diaries 534:Diaries 208:Mr Noon 187:Maurice 76:. 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Index

Photograph of Anne Frank taken in May 1942
Anne Frank
diary
publishing
creative work
before the work was completed
Jonathan Larson
Rent
off-Broadway
Stieg Larsson
Millennium novel series
carbon copy
A Confederacy of Dunces
John Kennedy Toole
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
Sylvia Plath
Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
Unfinished creative work
The Canterbury Tales
Franz Schubert
Unfinished Symphony
completed version for publication
Alexandre Dumas
The Knight of Sainte-Hermine
Dr. Seuss
Hooray for Diffendoofer Day!
E. M. Forster
Maurice
Sexual Offences Act 1967
D. H. Lawrence

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