674:
type 2 receptor (AT2R) (olodanrigan), inhibition of the ι2δ subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC)(crisugabalin, mirogabalin and pregabalin), activated sodium channel (VGSC) blockade (funapide and lidocaine), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibition (TRK-700), adapter-associated kinase 1 inhibition ( AAK1) (LX9211), lanthionine synthase C-like protein (LANCL) activation (LAT8881), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism (esketamine), mu opioid receptor agonism (tramadol, oxycodone e hydromorphone) and nerve growth factor (NGF) inhibition (fulranumab). Of them, some of them report promising results while others did not work. Hopefully, these experimental treatments will result in better clinical management of PHN.
49:
609:, are effective in reducing postherpetic neuralgia pain but are limited by their numerous side effects. For every three people treated with a tricyclic antidepressant, one person is expected to have a clinically significant reduction in their pain (NNT=3). Additionally, of every sixteen people treated with a TCA, one person is expected to stop the medication due to a bothersome side effect, such as
201:. PHN is defined as dermatomal nerve pain that persists for more than 90 days after an outbreak of herpes zoster affecting the same dermatome. Several types of pain may occur with PHN including continuous burning pain, episodes of severe shooting or electric-like pain, and a heightened sensitivity to gentle touch which would not otherwise cause pain (mechanical
695:
The incidence of herpes zoster, and also developing postherpetic neuralgia, both increase with age. The frequency and severity of postherpetic neuralgia increase with advancing age, occurring in 20% of people age 60â65 years old who have had herpes zoster, and in more than 30% of people over 80 years
673:
Pharmacological treatment of PHN is unsatisfactory for many patients and there is a clinical need for new treatments. Between 2016 and 2023, 18 clinical trials have been carried out evaluating 15 molecules with pharmacological actions on nine different molecular targets: antagonism of the angiotensin
588:
with a topical anesthetic has also been found to relieve PHN-associated pain. For every eleven people treated with a high-dose capsaicin patch for up to 12 weeks, one person experienced a significant improvement in their pain. (number needed to treat=11). Due to the need for topical anesthesia before
583:
and a burning or stinging sensation with application) and the need to apply it four times daily. Approximately three people must be treated with low-dose capsaicin cream for one person to experience significant pain relief (number needed to treat =3.3). A single topical application of a high-dose
524:
treatment were not included in the meta-analysis. PHN was defined as pain at the site of the dermatomic rash at 120 days after the onset of rash, and incidence was evaluated at 1, 4, and 6 months after rash onset. Patients who are prescribed oral antiviral agents after the onset of rash should be
637:
also effectively relieve postherpetic neuralgia pain. Treatment with pregabalin leads to a reduction in pain intensity of 50% or more in one person out of every 4â5 people treated (NNT=4â5). Similarly, treatment with gabapentin also leads to a 50% reduction in pain intensity in one person out of
289:
PHN is the most common long-term complication of herpes zoster. The incidence and prevalence of PHN are uncertain due to varying definitions. Approximately 20% of people affected by herpes zoster report pain in the affected area three months after the initial episode of herpes zoster, and 15% of
103:
that lasts for at least 90 days after an outbreak of herpes zoster. Several types of pain may occur with PHN including continuous burning pain, episodes of severe shooting or electric-like pain, and a heightened sensitivity to gentle touch which would not otherwise
511:
of 6 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating oral antiviral medications given within 72 hours after the onset of herpes zoster rash in immunocompetent people for preventing postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) found no significant difference between placebo and
3292:
1411:
Huerta MĂ, Garcia MM, GarcĂa-Parra B, Serrano-Afonso A, Paniagua N. Investigational Drugs for the
Treatment of Postherpetic Neuralgia: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(16):12987.
147:. The pain from postherpetic neuralgia can be very severe and debilitating. There is no treatment which modifies the course of the disease and management primarily aims to control symptoms. Affected individuals often experience a decrease in their
691:
In the United States each year approximately 1,000,000 individuals develop herpes zoster, with nearly 1 in 3 people in the United States developing it in their lifetime. Of those individuals, approximately 10â18% develop postherpetic neuralgia.
3265:
499:, which also protects against PHN from a herpes zoster infection. Vaccination decreases the overall incidence of virus reactivation, and also decreases the severity of disease development and incidence of PHN if reactivation does occur.
439:
to herpes zoster can be measured. A 4-fold increase has been used to support the diagnosis of subclinical herpes zoster (zoster sine herpete). However, a rising titer secondary to viral exposure rather than reactivation cannot be ruled
3242:
3145:
395:
glutamate receptor-dependent excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons and are restricted to the ipsilateral (injured) side. A combination of these factors could contribute to the neuropathic pain state of postherpetic neuralgia.
386:
loss. Following nerve damage, NaCl channel accumulation causes hyperexcitability, and downregulation of the TTX-resistant Nav1.8 (sensory neuron specific, SNS1) channel and upregulation of TTX-sensitive Nav1.3 (brain type III) and
547:
Medications applied to the skin can be used alone if the pain from PHN is mild or in combination with oral medications if the pain is moderate to severe. Topical medications for PHN include low-dose (0.075%) and high-dose (8%)
3224:
263:
medications are not generally recommended for treatment except in specific circumstances. Such cases should involve a pain specialist in patient care due to mixed evidence of efficacy and concerns about potential for
1659:
1643:
682:
The natural history of postherpetic neuralgia involves slow resolution of the pain syndrome. A subgroup of affected individuals may develop severe, long-lasting pain that does not respond to medical therapy.
533:
The pain from postherpetic neuralgia can be very severe and requires immediate treatment. There is no treatment which modifies the course of the disease and management primarily aims to control symptoms.
3120:
3173:
220:
The nerve pain of PHN is thought to result from damage in a peripheral nerve that was affected by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus. PHN typically begins when the herpes zoster
290:
people similarly report this pain two years after the herpes zoster rash. Since herpes zoster occurs due to reactivation of the varicella zoster virus, which is more likely to occur with a
123:
Postherpetic neuralgia is the most common long-term complication of herpes zoster, and occurs in approximately 20% of patients with shingles. Risk factors for PHN include older age, severe
231:
There is no treatment that modifies the disease course of PHN; therefore, controlling the affected person's symptoms is the main goal of treatment. Medications applied to the skin such as
3090:
382:. Injury to sensory nerves induces neurochemical, physiological, and anatomical modifications to afferent and central neurons, such as afferent terminal sprouting and inhibitory
3215:
480:
is the only way for adults to be protected against both shingles and postherpetic neuralgia, with two vaccines approved for use in people over age 50. The zoster vaccine
3081:
516:. Additionally, there was no significant difference in preventing the incidence of PHN found in the one RCT included in the meta-analysis that compared placebo to oral
560:
patches. Lidocaine patches (5% concentration) are approved in the United States and Europe to treat PHN though evidence supporting their use is limited. A
3392:
1907:
2957:
454:
At three months after onset of herpes zoster, 56% (5/9) of patients with an abnormal magnetic resonance image had developed postherpetic neuralgia.
2105:
572:
found that for every two people treated with topical lidocaine, one person experienced at least a 50% reduction in their PHN-associated pain (
1994:
2145:
2140:
589:
application of the high-dose capsaicin patch, referral to a pain specialist is generally recommended if this approach is being considered.
355:
In rare cases, the patient might also experience muscle weakness, tremor, or paralysis if the nerves involved also control muscle movement.
3377:
1759:
1433:
2537:
334:
With resolution of the herpes zoster eruption, pain that continues for three months or more is defined as postherpetic neuralgia.
2326:
484:
provides around 90% protection from postherpetic neuralgia, and has been used in many countries since 2017. The earlier vaccine
2155:
433:
staining may be used to differentiate herpes simplex from herpes zoster in cases that are difficult to distinguish clinically.
364:
Postherpetic neuralgia is thought to be due to nerve damage caused by herpes zoster. The damage causes nerves in the affected
3008:
2936:
1464:
883:
2542:
932:
Chen N, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhou M, Zhou D, He L (March 2011). He L (ed.). "Vaccination for preventing postherpetic neuralgia".
2574:
2331:
2257:
2110:
662:
1937:
3064:
2984:
2296:
1929:
1823:
457:
Of the seven patients who had no herpes-zoster-related lesions on the magnetic resonance image, none had residual pain.
193:, also known as shingles). Typically, the nerve pain (neuralgia) is confined to an area of skin innervated by a single
2396:
318:. PHN is often very painful and can be quite debilitating. Affected individuals often experience a decrease in their
3025:
2963:
1938:
3382:
2584:
2552:
2547:
2381:
352:
Sensation may be altered over the areas involved, in the form of either hypersensitivity or decreased sensation.
243:) are used for mild pain and can be used in combination with oral medications for moderate to severe pain. Oral
2642:
2252:
1752:
451:
lesions attributable to herpes zoster were seen in the brain stem and cervical cord in 56% (9/16) of patients.
274:
is the only way for adults to be protected against both shingles and postherpetic neuralgia, with the vaccine
157:
is the only way for adults to be protected against both shingles and postherpetic neuralgia, with the vaccine
3310:
3196:
3158:
2440:
2150:
294:, both herpes zoster and PHN occur more often in the elderly. Risk factors for PHN include older age, severe
525:
informed that their chances of developing PHN are no different than those not taking oral antiviral agents.
3255:
3103:
3278:
1813:
569:
375:
A key factor in the neural plasticity underlying neuropathic pain is altered gene expression in sensory
337:
Pain is variable, from discomfort to very severe, and may be described as burning, stabbing, or gnawing.
2562:
2004:
1987:
1828:
1818:
903:
844:
448:
1365:"Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without codeine or dihydrocodeine for neuropathic pain in adults"
224:
have crusted over and begun to heal, but can begin in the absence of herpes zosterâa condition called
2612:
1745:
1459:(10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 232.
1481:
1455:
Sayaprakash A, Ravanfar P, Tyring SK (2010). "Dermatological
Virology". In Hall BJ, Hall JC (eds.).
368:
of the skin to send abnormal electrical signals to the brain. These signals may convey excruciating
48:
3330:
2567:
2532:
2527:
2522:
1674:
598:
256:
579:
Low-dose capsaicin may be useful for reducing PHN-associated pain but is limited by side effects (
3013:
2946:
2927:
2723:
2695:
2657:
2652:
2632:
2160:
3315:
3133:
3057:
2994:
2923:
1922:
1774:
597:
Multiple oral medications have demonstrated efficacy in relieving postherpetic neuralgia pain.
573:
186:
88:
1703:
2989:
2823:
2818:
2274:
2220:
2130:
1120:"Antiepileptic drugs for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia - an overview of Cochrane reviews"
622:
221:
3351:
3300:
3186:
2872:
2813:
2604:
2247:
2125:
2076:
2043:
1977:
721:
20:
1428:
8:
3305:
3181:
2795:
2761:
2647:
2470:
2413:
2408:
2359:
2190:
2058:
2030:
1982:
1854:
1725:
1663:
1523:"Postherpetic neuralgia: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and pain management pharmacology"
1118:
Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, Aldington D, Cole P, Rice AS, et al. (November 2013).
412:
376:
265:
198:
100:
2465:
2210:
989:
964:
2828:
2662:
2403:
2369:
2354:
2230:
2215:
2200:
2120:
2038:
1896:
1668:
1604:
1577:
1549:
1522:
1389:
1364:
1340:
1315:
1291:
1266:
1242:
1217:
1193:
1168:
1144:
1119:
1092:
1067:
1043:
1016:
430:
57:
3356:
3050:
2951:
2918:
2751:
2592:
2482:
2376:
2237:
2062:
2025:
1915:
1870:
1609:
1554:
1496:
1460:
1394:
1345:
1296:
1265:
Cooper TE, Chen J, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Carr DB, Aldington D, et al. (May 2017).
1247:
1198:
1149:
1097:
1048:
994:
945:
879:
821:
733:
618:
492:
311:
307:
291:
279:
162:
140:
136:
37:
2897:
1714:
3153:
3128:
3110:
2877:
2862:
2718:
2579:
2492:
1599:
1589:
1544:
1534:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1038:
1028:
984:
980:
976:
941:
937:
813:
426:
These findings are not predictive of the clinical course of postherpetic neuralgia.
303:
182:
178:
132:
84:
80:
2418:
3201:
3191:
2882:
2680:
2487:
2445:
2336:
2316:
2286:
2269:
2195:
2185:
2115:
2054:
2050:
1999:
1679:
1594:
1033:
804:
Johnson RW, Rice AS (October 2014). "Clinical practice. Postherpetic neuralgia".
365:
319:
148:
1521:
Mallick-Searle, Theresa; Snodgrass, Brett; Brant, Jeannine M. (September 2021).
3320:
3250:
3163:
3019:
2746:
2637:
2597:
2477:
2303:
2242:
1875:
1782:
1578:"Analgesic therapy in postherpetic neuralgia: a quantitative systematic review"
1068:"Topical capsaicin (high concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
1017:"Analgesic therapy in postherpetic neuralgia: a quantitative systematic review"
626:
477:
467:
271:
244:
154:
1652:
3387:
3371:
2902:
2887:
2857:
2852:
2707:
2460:
2455:
2364:
2009:
1803:
720:
Saguil, Aaron; Kane, Shawn; Mercado, Michael; Lauters, Rebecca (2017-11-15).
665:
are thought to be ineffective and have not undergone rigorous study for PHN.
658:
602:
561:
508:
194:
190:
92:
16:
Pain due to peripheral nerve damage following infection by the shingles virus
2264:
1363:
Wiffen PJ, Knaggs R, Derry S, Cole P, Phillips T, Moore RA (December 2016).
1167:
Duehmke RM, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Bell RF, Aldington D, Moore RA (June 2017).
2979:
2622:
2517:
2450:
2391:
2071:
1962:
1942:
1613:
1558:
1500:
1398:
1349:
1300:
1251:
1202:
1153:
1101:
1052:
998:
949:
825:
737:
614:
521:
206:
109:
817:
2766:
2756:
2617:
2423:
2311:
2279:
2205:
2067:
1958:
1950:
1698:
1539:
606:
517:
418:
383:
210:
113:
1635:
1576:
Hempenstall K, Nurmikko TJ, Johnson RW, A'Hern RP, Rice AS (July 2005).
1413:
1015:
Hempenstall K, Nurmikko TJ, Johnson RW, A'Hern RP, Rice AS (July 2005).
963:
Chen N, Li Q, Yang J, Zhou M, Zhou D, He L (February 2014). He L (ed.).
3346:
3232:
2892:
2867:
2557:
2507:
1849:
1798:
1720:
634:
630:
610:
585:
553:
496:
436:
283:
252:
248:
236:
166:
2941:
2512:
2385:
1954:
1880:
1844:
1709:
722:"Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia: Prevention and Management"
650:
646:
557:
549:
513:
346:
240:
232:
202:
105:
42:
1575:
1014:
3273:
3098:
3073:
2783:
2776:
2771:
2741:
2497:
2433:
2428:
1737:
654:
642:
580:
295:
214:
124:
117:
63:
286:, which also protects against PHN from a herpes zoster infection.
169:, which also protects against PHN from a herpes zoster infection.
2502:
1946:
657:
have not been well-studied for postherpetic neuralgia treatment.
565:
421:
is observed in 46%, elevated protein in 26%, and VZV DNA in 22%.
2805:
2790:
2081:
1647:
379:
260:
2800:
2685:
2291:
2225:
388:
315:
144:
1520:
3042:
2100:
965:"Antiviral treatment for preventing postherpetic neuralgia"
392:
372:, and may persist or recur for months, years, or for life.
369:
299:
259:
reduce PHN pain, but their use is limited by side effects.
128:
1066:
Derry S, Rice AS, Cole P, Tan T, Moore RA (January 2017).
520:
treatment within 72 hours of HZ rash onset. Studies using
278:
providing 90% protection from postherpetic neuralgia. The
161:
providing 90% protection from postherpetic neuralgia. The
1454:
1313:
1117:
719:
1482:"Herpes zoster overview: natural history and incidence"
1215:
845:"Shingles Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know - CDC"
1314:
Gaskell H, Derry S, Stannard C, Moore RA (July 2016).
1166:
488:
provides lesser protection against shingles, and PHN.
1362:
1264:
62:
burning or stabbing pain, pain doesn't end after the
1625:
897:
895:
873:
869:
867:
865:
345:
Area of previous herpes zoster may show evidence of
1489:
The
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
878:(3rd ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders.
874:Benzon H, Raja SN, Fishman S, Liu S, Cohen (2011).
2958:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
1267:"Morphine for chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
1010:
1008:
892:
862:
3369:
1216:McNicol ED, Ferguson MC, Schumann R (May 2017).
1065:
391:channels. These changes contribute to increased
1429:"Clinical Overview of Herpes Zoster (Shingles)"
1423:
1421:
931:
1005:
962:
839:
837:
835:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
3058:
1923:
1753:
1113:
1111:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
584:capsaicin patch over the affected area after
1418:
904:"Neuropathic Pain of Postherpetic Neuralgia"
1369:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1320:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1307:
1271:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1222:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1209:
1173:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1160:
1124:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1072:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
969:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
956:
934:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
832:
803:
715:
713:
711:
709:
3393:Varicella zoster virus-associated diseases
3065:
3051:
1930:
1916:
1760:
1746:
1434:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1356:
1316:"Oxycodone for neuropathic pain in adults"
1258:
1218:"Methadone for neuropathic pain in adults"
1108:
901:
849:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
744:
47:
19:"PHN" redirects here. For other uses, see
1603:
1593:
1548:
1538:
1388:
1371:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
1339:
1322:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
1290:
1273:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
1241:
1224:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
1192:
1175:(Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis).
1169:"Tramadol for neuropathic pain in adults"
1143:
1091:
1042:
1032:
988:
1059:
706:
408:No laboratory work is usually necessary.
255:are also approved for treatment of PHN.
1527:Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare
1126:(Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis).
1074:(Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis).
1023:(Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis).
502:
3370:
1479:
542:
3046:
1911:
1741:
1414:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612987
472:
325:
1767:
663:nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
638:every 7-8 people treated (NNT=7.5).
806:The New England Journal of Medicine
592:
495:is approved for infants to prevent
282:is approved for infants to prevent
165:is approved for infants to prevent
13:
3378:Virus-related cutaneous conditions
2985:Eradication of infectious diseases
2742:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
1824:Progressive outer retinal necrosis
1569:
902:Gharibo C, Kim C (December 2011).
668:
359:
185:caused by the reactivation of the
87:caused by the reactivation of the
14:
3404:
2575:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
1621:
310:, and chronic conditions such as
139:, and chronic conditions such as
2964:Alternative vaccination schedule
1939:Artificial induction of immunity
415:evaluation are abnormal in 61%.
177:Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is
1514:
1473:
1457:Sauer's manual of skin diseases
1448:
1405:
686:
181:that occurs due to damage to a
99:). PHN is defined as pain in a
83:that occurs due to damage to a
2796:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
1381:10.1002/14651858.CD012227.pub2
1332:10.1002/14651858.CD010692.pub3
1283:10.1002/14651858.CD011669.pub2
1234:10.1002/14651858.CD012499.pub2
1185:10.1002/14651858.CD003726.pub4
1136:10.1002/14651858.CD010567.pub2
1084:10.1002/14651858.CD007393.pub4
981:10.1002/14651858.CD006866.pub3
942:10.1002/14651858.CD007795.pub2
925:
537:
1:
3311:External compression headache
3197:New daily persistent headache
3159:Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
2332:Group B streptococcal disease
2151:Vaccines for Children Program
699:
461:
3256:Post-dural-puncture headache
3072:
1814:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II
1595:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020164
1034:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020164
677:
574:number needed to treat (NNT)
570:randomized controlled trials
528:
399:
302:, severe acute zoster pain,
131:, severe acute zoster pain,
7:
3279:Medication overuse headache
876:Essentials of pain medicine
172:
10:
3409:
1819:Disseminated herpes zoster
465:
449:Magnetic resonance imaging
18:
3339:
3291:
3264:
3241:
3223:
3214:
3172:
3144:
3119:
3089:
3080:
3003:
2972:
2911:
2843:
2734:
2706:
2673:
2347:
2178:
2171:
2090:
2018:
1970:
1889:
1863:
1837:
1791:
1773:
1689:
1629:
726:American Family Physician
599:Tricyclic antidepressants
257:Tricyclic antidepressants
205:) or to painful stimuli (
56:
36:
31:
2327:Clostridioides difficile
2585:Tick-borne encephalitis
1480:Weaver BA (June 2009).
101:dermatomal distribution
3383:Neurological disorders
3326:Postherpetic neuralgia
3316:Cold-stimulus headache
3134:Mixed tension migraine
2995:List of vaccine topics
1995:Mathematical modelling
1809:Postherpetic neuralgia
1775:Varicella zoster virus
1726:Postherpetic neuralgia
1375:(CD012227): CD012227.
1326:(CD010692): CD010692.
1277:(CD011669): CD011669.
1228:(CD012499): CD012499.
1179:(CD003726): CD003726.
292:weakened immune system
197:, which is known as a
187:varicella zoster virus
89:varicella zoster virus
73:Postherpetic neuralgia
32:Postherpetic neuralgia
2990:Vaccinate Your Family
2441:Japanese encephalitis
818:10.1056/NEJMcp1403062
623:number needed to harm
3331:TolosaâHunt syndrome
3301:Trigeminal neuralgia
3187:Thunderclap headache
2873:John Franklin Enders
1540:10.2147/JMDH.S106340
913:. McMahon Publishing
503:Secondary prevention
478:Shingles vaccination
272:Shingles vaccination
247:medications such as
155:Shingles vaccination
21:PHN (disambiguation)
3306:Occipital neuralgia
3182:Hemicrania continua
3104:Familial hemiplegic
2059:Virus-like particle
1983:Vaccine ingredients
1855:VZV immune globulin
1495:(6 Suppl 2): S2-6.
543:Topical medications
413:cerebrospinal fluid
377:dorsal root ganglia
266:abuse and addiction
226:zoster sine herpete
211:Abnormal sensations
114:Abnormal sensations
3030:Never to phase III
2829:Hexavalent vaccine
2643:EpsteinâBarr virus
2538:OxfordâAstraZeneca
2231:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
1897:Michiaki Takahashi
1690:External resources
911:Pain Medicine News
564:of multiple small
473:Primary prevention
431:immunofluorescence
326:Signs and symptoms
280:chickenpox vaccine
163:chickenpox vaccine
3365:
3364:
3287:
3286:
3210:
3209:
3040:
3039:
2952:Vaccines and SIDS
2839:
2838:
2613:Hepatitis A and B
2589:Varicella zoster
2051:Subunit/component
1905:
1904:
1871:Varicella vaccine
1829:Ophthalmic zoster
1735:
1734:
1466:978-1-60547-077-1
885:978-1-4377-2242-0
619:urinary retention
493:varicella vaccine
444:Imaging studies:
429:Viral culture or
312:diabetes mellitus
308:immunosuppression
141:diabetes mellitus
137:immunosuppression
70:
69:
26:Medical condition
3400:
3221:
3220:
3111:Retinal migraine
3087:
3086:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3043:
2931:MMR autism fraud
2878:Maurice Hilleman
2863:Hilary Koprowski
2176:
2175:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1768:Varicella zoster
1762:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1607:
1597:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1425:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1130:(11): CD010567.
1115:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1036:
1012:
1003:
1002:
992:
960:
954:
953:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
908:
899:
890:
889:
871:
860:
859:
857:
856:
841:
830:
829:
801:
742:
741:
717:
641:Opioids such as
601:(TCAs), such as
593:Oral medications
586:numbing the area
507:A 2013 Cochrane
217:may also occur.
183:peripheral nerve
179:neuropathic pain
120:may also occur.
95:, also known as
85:peripheral nerve
81:neuropathic pain
52:
51:
29:
28:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3335:
3283:
3260:
3237:
3206:
3202:Hypnic headache
3192:Sexual headache
3168:
3140:
3115:
3076:
3071:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3020:Clinical trials
2999:
2968:
2907:
2883:Stanley Plotkin
2845:
2835:
2747:Cancer vaccines
2730:
2724:Schistosomiasis
2702:
2696:Trypanosomiasis
2669:
2633:Cytomegalovirus
2543:PfizerâBioNTech
2343:
2167:
2116:Vaccine wastage
2086:
2014:
1966:
1936:
1906:
1901:
1885:
1859:
1833:
1787:
1769:
1766:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1685:
1684:
1638:
1624:
1572:
1570:Further reading
1567:
1566:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1361:
1357:
1312:
1308:
1263:
1259:
1214:
1210:
1165:
1161:
1116:
1109:
1078:(7): CD007393.
1064:
1060:
1013:
1006:
975:(2): CD006866.
961:
957:
936:(3): CD007795.
930:
926:
916:
914:
906:
900:
893:
886:
872:
863:
854:
852:
843:
842:
833:
812:(16): 1526â33.
802:
745:
732:(10): 656â663.
718:
707:
702:
689:
680:
671:
669:New medications
595:
545:
540:
531:
505:
475:
470:
464:
402:
366:dermatomic area
362:
360:Pathophysiology
328:
320:quality of life
175:
149:quality of life
110:painful stimuli
46:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:Optic neuritis
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3251:Ictal headache
3247:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2898:Katalin KarikĂł
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Herpes simplex
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Sinopharm BIBP
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Bharat Biotech
2500:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2131:Vaccine injury
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2094:
2092:
2091:Administration
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2065:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1876:Zoster vaccine
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1783:Varicellovirus
1779:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1717:
1706:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1671:
1656:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:Classification
1623:
1622:External links
1620:
1619:
1618:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1513:
1472:
1465:
1447:
1417:
1404:
1355:
1306:
1257:
1208:
1159:
1107:
1058:
1004:
955:
924:
891:
884:
861:
831:
743:
704:
703:
701:
698:
688:
685:
679:
676:
670:
667:
627:anticonvulsant
594:
591:
544:
541:
539:
536:
530:
527:
504:
501:
474:
471:
468:Zoster vaccine
466:Main article:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
452:
442:
441:
434:
427:
424:
423:
422:
409:
401:
398:
361:
358:
357:
356:
353:
350:
339:
338:
335:
327:
324:
245:anticonvulsant
174:
171:
68:
67:
60:
54:
53:
40:
34:
33:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3405:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2903:Drew Weissman
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:H. Fred Clark
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Louis Pasteur
2856:
2854:
2853:Edward Jenner
2851:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:DTwP-HepB-Hib
2822:
2820:
2819:DTaP-IPV-HepB
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:combination:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2708:Helminthiasis
2705:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:combination:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
2310:
2309:
2308:combination:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2221:Meningococcus
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:Leptospirosis
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Vaccine court
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:GAVI Alliance
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Herpes zoster
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:PLOS Medicine
1579:
1574:
1573:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
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1943:Immunization
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2648:Hepatitis C
2593:Chicken pox
2419:Hepatitis E
2414:Hepatitis B
2409:Hepatitis A
2360:Chikungunya
2337:Shigellosis
2191:Brucellosis
2077:Therapeutic
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1971:Development
1959:Inoculation
1951:Vaccination
1699:MedlinePlus
1588:(7): e164.
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1027:(7): e164.
607:desipramine
554:anesthetics
538:Medications
518:famciclovir
419:Pleocytosis
411:Results of
384:interneuron
237:anesthetics
235:or topical
3372:Categories
3347:Eye strain
3233:Migralepsy
2947:Thiomersal
2893:Paul Offit
2868:Jonas Salk
2844:Inventors/
2715:research:
2692:research:
2629:research:
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2493:SARS-CoV-2
2404:Hantavirus
2370:rVSV-ZEBOV
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2323:research:
2201:Diphtheria
2039:Attenuated
1864:Prevention
1850:Vidarabine
1799:Chickenpox
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808:(Review).
700:References
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631:pregabalin
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462:Prevention
437:Antibodies
330:Symptoms:
304:ophthalmic
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253:pregabalin
249:gabapentin
167:chickenpox
133:ophthalmic
106:cause pain
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3014:Withdrawn
2942:Pox party
2752:ALVAC-CEA
2674:Protozoan
2563:Sputnik V
2513:CoronaVac
2483:Rotavirus
2386:Pandemrix
2238:Pertussis
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2063:Synthetic
2026:Conjugate
1978:Adjuvants
1955:Infection
1881:Pox party
1845:Aciclovir
1838:Treatment
1715:neuro/317
1710:eMedicine
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1506:6 October
917:6 October
678:Prognosis
651:oxycodone
647:methadone
611:dry mouth
558:lidocaine
550:capsaicin
529:Treatment
514:aciclovir
400:Diagnosis
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347:cutaneous
241:lidocaine
233:capsaicin
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2005:Timeline
1947:Vaccines
1792:Diseases
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556:such as
486:Zostavax
482:Shingrix
296:prodrome
276:Shingrix
222:vesicles
173:Overview
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3129:Tension
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2919:General
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2528:Moderna
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2000:Storage
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380:neurons
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239:(e.g.,
215:itching
118:itching
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3091:ICHD 1
3009:WHO-EM
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2806:TA-NIC
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