35:
2220:
208:
free-living anaerobes covered in epibiotic bacteria in longitudinal rows are the diagnosis. A highly contractile pellicle with multiple evenly spaced microtubules and no morphogenetic pairs that are specifically distinguished. Without cytostomal or reservoir encircling fibers, cemented jaw supports,
200:
on the evolutionary most realistic sequence trees presented in the next three sections, contrary to some poorly resolved earlier trees. They were placed in the new subphylum
Postgaardia because they are radically different ultrastructurally from both euglenoids and glycomonads.
495:"Euglenoid pellicle morphogenesis and evolution in light of comparative ultrastructure and trypanosomatid biology: Semi-conservative microtubule/Strip duplication, strip shaping and transformation"
220:
confirmed that they were fundamentally similar and deserved to be classified together as a distinct order
Postgaardida and class Postgaardea , as both genera share six finger-like projections.
144:. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. Euglenozoa are represented by four major clades,
163:. Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around 15–40 μm (0.00059–0.00157 in) in size, although some euglenids get up to 500 μm (0.020 in) long.
2130:
2120:
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124:, the Postgaardia may be key to studying the evolution of Eukaryotes, including the incorporation of eukaryotic traits such as the incorporation of
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183:), which has a tubular structure in one flagellum and a latticed structure in the other. Based on this, two smaller groups are included: the
1983:
1973:
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1089:
812:
255:
2290:
2007:
1990:
1968:
1537:
1648:
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116:
treats the group as a subphylum. A 2021 review of
Euglenozoa places Cavalier-Smith's proposed members of Postgaardia in the class
2261:
196:
Postgaardea is a third deep-branching euglenozoan clade that may be a sister to
Euglenoida but does not branch within them or
620:
653:
648:
732:
722:
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2254:
391:
Kostygov, Alexei Y.; Karnkowska, Anna; Tashyreva, Daria; Maciszewski, Kacper & Lukeš, Julius (2021).
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205:
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393:"Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses"
213:
is simplified. Postgaardea is the lone included class in etymology.
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1681:
1330:
1035:
842:
784:
712:
629:
565:
156:
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754:
466:
Simpson AG (1997). "The
Identity and Composition of Euglenozoa".
176:
141:
447:. National Museum of Natural History - Smithsonian Institution
101:
598:
171:
Euglenozoa are characterized by the ultrastructure of the
175:. In addition to the normal supporting microtubules or
216:
Reconstructions of FA ultrastructure in
Postgaardi and
352:"Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa"
239:Cavalier-Smith 2016 stat. nov. Cavalier-Smith 2017
384:
209:or hard longitudinal straight cemented rods, the
2272:
909:
345:
343:
341:
339:
322:
320:
331:Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
114:Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
850:
492:
486:
349:
2255:
1757:
1712:
614:
336:
317:
16:Proposed basal clade of flagellate Euglenozoa
1812:
1703:
1803:
1750:
88:Yubuki, Edgcomb, Bernhard and Leander, 2009
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2291:Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith
13:
166:
14:
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531:
2218:
499:European Journal of Protistology
356:European Journal of Protistology
137:Euglenozoa are a large group of
33:
493:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017).
350:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2016).
120:. As Euglenozoans may be basal
433:
179:, each contains a rod (called
1:
480:10.1016/s0003-9365(97)80012-7
310:
112:. As of April 2023, the
2234:. You can help Knowledge by
628:
7:
223:
10:
2312:
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512:10.1016/j.ejop.2017.09.002
369:10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.003
329:. Retrieved through:
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468:Archiv für Protistenkunde
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30:Scientific classification
28:
23:
538:Tree of Life: Euglenozoa
250:Cavalier-Smith 1998 s.s.
2230:-related article is a
228:Cavalier-Smith (2017)
110:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
2131:Spirotrichonymphidae
2127:Spirotrichonymphida
445:Encyclopedia of Life
126:alphaproteobacterial
100:is a proposed basal
71:Cavalier-Smith, 2016
2121:Hypotrichomonadidae
2117:Hypotrichomonadida
409:10.1098/rsob.200407
297:Cavalier-Smith 2016
288:Cavalier-Smith 2016
279:Cavalier-Smith 2003
268:Cavalier-Smith 2016
259:Cavalier-Smith 2016
2178:Tritrichomonadidae
2168:Monocercomonadidae
2159:Tritrichomonadida
2065:Spirotrichosomidae
1324:Trypanoplasmatidae
1289:Metakinetoplastina
1269:Prokinetoplastida
1016:Psalteriomonadidae
1006:Paravahlkampfiidae
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2207:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
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2188:
2187:
2173:Simplicimonadidae
2143:Honigbergiellidae
2028:
2027:
1946:Carpediemonadidae
1877:
1876:
1867:Streblomastigidae
1825:Paratrimastigidae
1821:Paratrimastigida
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1735:
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1639:Euglenamorphaceae
1612:Euglenomonadaceae
1608:Euglenomonadales
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1358:
1357:
1263:Prokinetoplastina
1187:
1186:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1105:Stephanopogonidae
973:Neovahlkampfiidae
969:Neovahlkampfiida
930:
929:
920:Pharyngomonadidae
916:Pharyngomonadida
910:Pharyngomonadidea
876:
875:
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549:Taxon identifiers
505:(Pt A): 137–179.
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89:
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2070:Staurojoeninidae
2039:
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2018:Retortamonadidae
1941:Carpediemonadida
1916:
1915:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1862:Saccinobaculidae
1810:
1809:
1801:
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1755:
1754:
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1710:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
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1644:Euglenocapsaceae
1528:Heteronemataceae
1524:Heteronematales
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1502:
1373:
1372:
1348:Trypanosomatidae
1309:Rhynchomonadidae
1273:Ichthyobodonidae
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1241:
1198:
1197:
1145:
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1135:
1100:Percolomonadidae
1011:Plaesiobystridae
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987:
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888:
860:Tsukubamonadidae
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204:Postgaardia are
87:
70:
38:
37:
21:
20:
2311:
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2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2211:
2209:
2184:
2153:Trichomonadidae
2148:Tricercomitidae
2102:Cristamonadida
2086:
2080:Trichonymphidae
2075:Teratonymphidae
2024:
2013:Chilomastigidae
2003:Retortamonadida
1952:
1933:Carpediemonadea
1927:
1905:
1890:
1873:
1797:
1776:
1767:Ancyromonadidae
1731:
1727:Malawimonadidae
1684:
1655:
1585:
1554:
1494:
1469:
1448:
1442:Sphenomonadidae
1432:Sphenomonadidae
1397:
1391:Sphenomonadidae
1386:Petalomonadidae
1382:Petalomonadida
1354:
1343:Trypanosomatida
1284:
1258:
1254:Trypanophididae
1249:Bordnamonadidae
1231:
1220:Eupelagonemidae
1183:
1132:
1111:
1085:Percolomonadida
1022:
979:
963:Neovahlkampfiea
958:
926:
896:
885:
864:
852:Tsukubamonadida
822:
757:
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167:Characteristics
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2163:Dientamoebidae
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2138:Trichomonadida
2135:
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2125:
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2114:
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2111:Devescovinidae
2108:
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2098:Hexamastigidae
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2092:
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2083:
2082:
2077:
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2060:Hoplonymphidae
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2055:Burmanymphidae
2049:Trichonymphida
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2008:Caviomonadidae
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1759:Ancyromonadida
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1459:Entosiphonida
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532:External links
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1880:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:Trimastigidae
1833:
1832:
1831:Trimastigida
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1814:Anaeromonadea
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
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1749:
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1742:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
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1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:Malawimonadea
1702:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
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1627:
1623:
1622:Eutreptiaceae
1620:
1619:
1618:Eutreptiales
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:Peranematida
1574:
1570:
1569:Teloproctidae
1567:
1566:
1565:Acroglissida
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:Natomonadida
1533:
1529:
1526:
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1523:
1519:
1516:
1515:
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1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
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1497:
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1406:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:Petalomonadea
1374:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1319:Parabodonidae
1317:
1316:
1315:Parabodonida
1314:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1299:Allobodonidae
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1278:Perkinselidae
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1237:Kinetoplastea
1234:
1226:
1225:Hemistasiidae
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1178:
1177:Postgaardidae
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
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1126:
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1069:
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1059:
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1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1028:Heterolobosea
1025:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Gruberellidae
999:
998:
997:Lyromonadida
996:
995:
993:
989:
986:
982:
974:
971:
970:
968:
967:
965:
961:
953:
952:Selenaionidae
950:
949:
948:Selenaionida
947:
946:
944:
940:
937:
933:
921:
918:
917:
915:
914:
912:
908:
905:
901:
898:
895:
890:
887:
884:
883:Discicristata
879:
861:
858:
857:
855:
853:
849:
846:
844:
840:
837:
835:Tsukubamonada
833:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:Moramonadidae
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
788:
786:
782:
779:
777:
773:
770:
766:
762:
759:
756:
751:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
711:
707:
704:
702:
701:Stramenopiles
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
676:
675:
672:
670:
667:
664:(major groups
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
644:
640:
639:
635:
631:
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
605:
604:
601:
587:
582:
578:
573:
567:
563:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
545:
539:
536:
535:
522:
518:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
489:
481:
477:
473:
469:
462:
446:
442:
436:
428:
424:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
387:
379:
375:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
346:
344:
342:
340:
332:
328:
323:
321:
316:
295:
294:Postgaardidae
291:
286:
282:
281:
277:
273:
266:
262:
261:
257:
253:
252:
248:
247:
242:
241:
237:
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231:
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229:
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219:
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212:
207:
202:
199:
194:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:Kinetoplastea
147:
143:
140:
135:
133:
132:endosymbionts
130:
129:mitochondrial
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
85:
84:
82:
79:
75:
68:
65:
62:
61:
58:
55:
52:
51:
48:
45:
42:
41:
36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2286:Bikont phyla
2236:expanding it
2225:
2210:
1923:Kipferliidae
1847:Oxymonadidae
1805:Anaeromonada
1751:Planomonadea
1518:Anisonemidae
1487:
1480:
1453:Entosiphonea
1417:Keelungiidae
1412:Decastavidae
1408:Decastavida
1304:Neobodonidae
1295:Neobodonida
1215:Diplonemidae
1172:Calkinsiidae
1167:Postgaardida
1160:Bihospitidae
1156:Bihospitida
1139:
1064:Tetramitida
1058:Naegleriidae
1053:Tulamoebidae
984:Eutetramitia
818:Stygiellidae
793:Andaluciidae
723:Opisthokonta
556:
502:
498:
488:
471:
467:
461:
449:. Retrieved
444:
441:"Euglenozoa"
435:
400:
397:Open Biology
396:
386:
359:
355:
327:Postgaardia
285:Calkinsiidae
276:Postgaardida
265:Bihospitidae
244:
235:
234:Infraphylum
227:
215:
203:
195:
188:
180:
170:
160:
145:
136:
117:
108:, following
97:
96:
86:Symbiontida
66:
24:Postgaardia
18:
2034:Parabasalia
1996:Dysnectidae
1984:Hexamitidae
1974:Octomitidae
1957:Eopharyngia
1842:Oxymonadida
1744:Planomonada
1634:Euglenaceae
1543:Distigmidae
1513:Anisonemida
1438:Ploeotiida
1210:Diplonemida
1193:Glycomonada
1149:Postgaardea
1140:Postgaardia
1090:Barbeliidae
1048:Naegleriida
991:Lyromonadea
813:Ophirinidae
798:Histionidae
557:Postgaardia
362:: 250–276.
256:Bihospitida
246:Postgaardea
236:Postgaardia
211:cytopharynx
198:Glycomonada
185:diplonemids
181:paraxonemal
161:Symbiontida
118:Symbiontida
98:Postgaardia
67:Postgaardia
63:Subphylum:
2281:Euglenozoa
2275:Categories
1991:Dysnectida
1969:Giardiidae
1795:Metamonada
1629:Euglenales
1538:Astasiidae
1506:Anisonemea
1202:Diplonemea
1130:Euglenozoa
935:Tetramitia
894:Percolozoa
451:16 January
311:References
190:Postgaardi
153:Diplonemea
139:flagellate
122:eukaryotes
106:Euglenozoa
57:Euglenozoa
1911:Fornicata
1888:Trichozoa
1649:Phacaceae
1602:Rapazidae
1598:Rapazida
1559:Peranemea
1499:Spirocuta
1368:Euglenida
1336:Bodonidae
1078:Creneidae
1074:Creneida
1041:Acrasidae
803:Jakobidae
718:Amoebozoa
696:Alveolata
684:Cryptista
659:Eukaryota
581:AlgaeBase
572:Q61996438
218:Calkinsia
206:biciliate
157:Euglenids
47:Eukaryota
2228:Excavata
1722:Imasidae
1696:Neolouka
1682:Loukozoa
1482:Hemiolia
1402:Alistosa
1331:Bodonida
1036:Acrasida
843:Tsukubea
785:Jakobida
768:Jakobida
713:Amorphea
691:Rhizaria
679:Hacrobia
669:Excavata
654:Bacteria
630:Excavata
566:Wikidata
521:29073503
427:33715388
378:27889663
224:Taxonomy
173:flagella
78:Synonyms
53:Phylum:
43:Domain:
1489:Liburna
1474:Karavia
1095:Lulidae
942:Lunosea
776:Jakobea
755:Discoba
728:Animals
649:Archaea
418:8061765
292:Family
283:Family
263:Family
177:axoneme
142:Discoba
706:Plants
643:Domain
586:163218
519:
425:
415:
376:
274:Order
254:Order
243:Class
159:, and
2226:This
733:Fungi
403:(3).
146:i.e.,
102:clade
2232:stub
517:PMID
453:2020
423:PMID
374:PMID
187:and
507:doi
476:doi
472:148
413:PMC
405:doi
364:doi
2277::
583::
568::
515:.
503:61
501:.
497:.
470:.
443:.
421:.
411:.
401:11
399:.
395:.
372:.
360:56
358:.
354:.
338:^
319:^
193:.
155:,
151:,
134:.
2263:e
2256:t
2249:v
2238:.
2053:†
740:)
622:e
615:t
608:v
523:.
509::
482:.
478::
455:.
429:.
407::
380:.
366::
333:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
