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2015:, commander of the Papal troops in Rome, he highlighted "the strength of the forces involved in the attack compared to those on the defense", and renewed the request that the Papal army offered no resistance. Kanzler refused, responding to Cadorna that he and the Italian government would be responsible, "before God and before the tribunal of history", for any casualties that would result from an attack.
2118:, through where the troops flooded into Rome. 49 Italian soldiers and 19 Papal soldiers died in the fighting. According to slightly different figures in a 2009 history of the Vatican military, the defence of Rome was far from bloodless, leaving 12 dead and 47 wounded among the Papal forces and 32 dead plus 145 wounded of the regular Italian troops.
1855:, "is not merely a right; it is an inexorable necessity." In regard to the future relations between church and state, Cavour's famous dictum was, "A free Church in a free State"; by which he meant that the former should be entirely free to exercise her spiritual powers and leave politics entirely to the latter.
1981:
The Pope's reception of San
Martino was unfriendly. Pius IX allowed violent outbursts to escape him. Throwing the King's letter upon the table he exclaimed, "Fine loyalty! You are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith." He was perhaps alluding to other letters received from
1973:
and envoys in foreign lands and for foreign diplomats at the Holy See. The government would supply a permanent annual fund for the pope and the cardinals, equal to the amount currently assigned to them by the budget of the pontifical state, and would assume all Papal civil servants and soldiers onto
2109:
The
Italian army reached the Aurelian Walls on 19 September and placed Rome under siege. Pius IX decided that the surrender of the city would only be granted after his troops had put up enough resistance, to make it plain that the Italian takeover was achieved through force and not freely accepted.
2299:
Constitution of the
Italian Republic, adopted in 1948, states that relations between the State and the Catholic Church "are regulated by the Lateran Treaties". In 1984, the concordat was significantly revised. Both sides declared: "The principle of the Catholic religion as the sole religion of the
2210:
The
Italian government promised Pius sovereignty over the Leonine City and gave him assurances of his inviolability, but the pope still would not agree to give up his claims to a broader territory, and claimed that since his army had been disbanded, apart from a few guards, he was unable to ensure
2125:
to meet the pope, including the ambassadors of France, Austria-Hungary and
Prussia. Pius, members of his entourage, and the diplomatic corps later gathered at his library, where, at around 9 am, he received the news from Kanzler's chief of staff of the opening of the breach near Porta Pia.
1851:, died soon after the proclamation of Italian national unity, leaving to his successors the solution of the knotty Venetian and Roman problems. Cavour had firmly believed that without Rome as the capital, Italy's unification would be incomplete. "To go to Rome", said his successor,
2215:, granting the pope extensive prerogatives, such as independence on foreign affairs and an annual grant from the Italian government. While these measures satisfied the international community, including the Catholic countries, Pius refused to accept the law, proclaiming himself a "
2085:
gave
Cadorna the order to attack Rome, but informed that the Leonine City, which would be reserved for the pope, should be spared, while also advising moderation. The plan of attack was left entirely up to the general. When the Italian army approached the city's ancient
2010:
and other strongholds in Lazio. Under instructions from the
Italian government, which still hoped to avoid seizing the capital by force, Cadorna sent a final appeal to the Papacy later the same day for the peaceful surrender of Rome. In a letter addressed to General
1883:
began, and by early August, Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome. The French not only needed the troops to defend their homeland, but were concerned that Italy might use the French presence in Rome as a pretext to join the war against France. In the
2300:
Italian State, originally referred to by the
Lateran Pacts, shall be considered to be no longer in force". The exclusive state financial support for the Church was also ended, and replaced by financing through a dedicated personal income tax called the
1912:
was clearly not in a military position to retaliate against Italy. In any case, the republican government was far less sympathetic to the Holy See than the Empire and did not possess the political will to protect the pope's position.
1956:
offering a face-saving proposal that agreed to the peaceful entry of the
Italian army into Rome, under the guise of protecting the pope. Along with this letter, Ponza carried a list of provisions from Italian Prime Minister
2110:
At 5 a.m. on 20 September, Italian artillery began firing at the city walls. Cadorna commanded the major line of assault, while troops on the other side of the city, charged with creating a distraction, were led by
General
1968:
would remain "under the full jurisdiction and sovereignty of the Pontiff". The Italian state would guarantee the pope's freedom to communicate with the Catholic world, as well as diplomatic immunity both for papal
1892:, and Italian public opinion favored the Prussian side at the start of the Franco-Prussian War. The removal of the French garrison allowed Italy to remain neutral and eased tensions between France and Italy.
1866:
and declared Rome the capital of Italy. However, the Italian government could not take its seat in Rome because it did not control the territory. Also, a French garrison was maintained in the city by Emperor
1899:
on 2 September that the situation changed radically. The French Emperor was captured and deposed. The best French units had been captured by the Prussians, who quickly followed up their success at Sedan by
332:
1982:
the King. After, growing calmer, he exclaimed: "I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!" San Martino was so mortified that he left the next day.
2898:
2102:—volunteers from France, Austria, the Netherlands, Spain, and other countries—for a total of 13,157 defenders against some 50,000 Italians. The American consul in Rome,
2288:, that "the Catholic, Apostolic and Roman Religion is the only religion of the State". To commemorate the successful conclusion of the negotiations, Mussolini commissioned the
2184:
in Rome on 2 October 1870. Out of 167,548 eligible voters, an overwhelming majority of 133,681 voted in favor of union with Italy, with 1,507 votes against. On 9 October, a
726:
587:
581:
1760:, and led to the establishment of Rome as the capital of unified Italy. It is widely commemorated in Italy, especially in cathedral cities, by naming streets for the date:
3074:
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2106:, described the civilian population as unwilling to defend the pope's rule, and only two hundred people in the whole city answered the papacy's call for volunteers.
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As part of the terms of surrender, the Papal Army was disbanded and its foreign soldiers were immediately repatriated. The pope was allowed to retain the Swiss,
1483:
1088:
2245:
For nearly sixty years thereafter, relations between the Papacy and the Italian government were hostile, and the status of the Pope became known as the "
1603:
1093:
2849:
The world's smallest sovereign state was born on February 11, 1929, with the signing of the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy
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1232:
2061:, first of all by Princess Cristina, and was preserved by the noble family for almost 141 years, until Prince Sforza Ruspoli handed it back to the
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2170:, and Palatine guard units. With most of the papal military demobilized, protests against Pius took place in the Leonine City on 21 September.
1704:
1083:
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confirmed the incorporation of Rome and surrounding Lazio into the Kingdom of Italy. Pius denounced the plebiscite's result and instances of
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Ponza then informed Lanza of the pope's refusal of the ultimatum. The next day, 11 September, Italian troops led by General
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1737:. After a plebiscite held on 2 October 1870, Rome was officially made capital of Italy on 3 February 1871, completing the
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The flag that flew over Porta Pia during the fall of the city, it was preserved by the Ruspoli princes of the
30:
This article is about the 1870 event in Italian unification. For other events in which Rome was captured, see
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Shortly afterwards, the terms of the Act of Capitulation were presented by Cadorna and signed by Kanzler at
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1871:
in support of Pope Pius IX, who was determined not to hand over temporal power in the State of the Church.
1833:
1543:
1143:
968:
704:
469:
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Prisoner of the Vatican: The Popes, the Kings, and Garibaldi's Rebels in the Struggle to Rule Modern Italy
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2162:, in 1871, of the Roman plebiscite of 2 October 1870, which confirmed the city's incorporation into Italy
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2292:(Road of the Conciliation), which would symbolically link the Vatican City to the heart of Rome.
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2049:(left), opened by Italian artillery fire during the Capture of Rome, in a contemporary photograph
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Negotiations for the settlement of the Roman Question began in 1926 between the government of
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on 17 March 1861. The new state had not yet incorporated Rome and the surrounding region of
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public order even in such a small area. On 13 May 1871, the Italian Parliament passed the
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2418:(Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1921, Revised Edition), p. 218
2402:(Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1921, Revised Edition), p. 208
1961:, setting out ten articles as the basis of an agreement between Italy and the Holy See.
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1990:
entered the Papal States with the objective of taking Rome, occupying the port city of
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By 6 am, one hour after the attack began, foreign envoys began to arrive at the
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2862:"Patti lateranensi, 11 febbraio 1929 – Segreteria di Stato, card. Pietro Gasparri"
2306:, to which other religious groups, Christian and non-Christian, also have access.
2233:
1904:. Faced with a pressing need to defend the capital with its remaining forces, the
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1588:
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1318:
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3035:(Houghton Mifflin Company, The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1921, Revised Edition)
56:
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2892:"Agreement between the Italian Republic and the Holy See (English translation)"
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2087:
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1958:
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2130:, by which all of Rome, excluding the Leonine City, came under control of the
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Fundamental Statute for the Secular Government of the States of the Church
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The Pope would retain his sovereign inviolability and prerogatives. The
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2114:. After a few hours, the Italian army breached the Aurelian Walls near
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2090:, the Papal force, commanded by General Kanzler, was composed of the
2046:
2007:
1916:
In July 1870, at the last moment of the papacy's rule over Rome, the
958:
1974:
the state payroll, with full pensions as long as they were Italian.
1895:
It was only after the surrender of Napoleon III and his army at the
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855:
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7:14 where the Prophet defies the emissary of the King of Israel;
2357:"Cirkevné dejiny / Pred 150 rokmi sa skončila svetská moc pápežov"
2041:
3987:
3712:
2173:
To legitimize the city's annexation, Prime Minister Lanza held a
1999:
1995:
1953:
322:
2241:
to the Capture of Rome, at the site of the breach near Porta Pia
1752:
brought an end to the Papal States, which had existed since the
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2003:
1970:
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2582:"Vaticano, la bandiera di Porta Pia ritorna dopo 141 anni"
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2280:, on 11 February 1929. The agreements were signed in the
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on 16 September. The papal garrisons had retreated from
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Pope Pius IX blesses his troops for the last time, at
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1792:, much of the Papal States had been conquered by the
3033:
Modern and Contemporary European History (1815–1921)
2813:
2798:
2720:
2708:
2463:
2448:
2416:
Modern and Contemporary European History (1815–1921)
2400:
Modern and Contemporary European History (1815–1921)
1089:
Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
4227:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
2421:
1484:
Santa Maria della PietĂ in Camposanto dei Teutonici
1094:
Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See
2436:
1729:) occurred on 20 September 1870, as forces of the
2268:, Prime Minister and Head of Government, and for
2142:, and the defeated Papal forces were escorted to
1449:Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
1233:Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City
5246:
2975:The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence
2045:The breach in the Aurelian Walls (right), near
981:Section for Relations with States (Roman Curia)
542:Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State
3728:
3100:
2897:. The American Society of International Law.
2872:
2410:
2408:
2199:on 1 November, in which he proclaimed a mass
1698:
3054:Historical summary at cronologia.leonardo.it
991:Undersecretaries for Relations with States:
577:Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State
2679:. University Press of Kansas. p. 248.
2192:employed to secure it. The pope issued the
1820:, which remained part of Papal States, and
1003:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See
695:List of diplomatic missions of the Holy See
3735:
3721:
3107:
3093:
2503:These words are derived from the Biblical
2405:
1705:
1691:
1619:Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes
3233:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
3018:
2777:
2386:
2374:
2351:
2349:
2347:
393:History of the Catholic Church since 1962
27:Final event of Italian unification (1870)
2825:
2256:and the Holy See, and culminated in the
2232:
2153:
2052:
2040:
2022:
1931:
1771:
1539:Saints Martin and Sebastian of the Swiss
3651:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
3320:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
3076:Papal States and all that : Part 2
3068:Papal States and all that : Part 1
3021:A History of International Law in Italy
2960:
2957:. London: Archibald Constable & Co.
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1394:Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica
14:
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2904:from the original on 22 September 2020
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2069:on the occasion of the anniversary of
2018:
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1764:(spoken form: "Via Venti Settembre").
1444:Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
1228:Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah
934:Prefecture of the Pontifical Household
515:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
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1489:Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope
1248:Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
985:Secretary for Relations with States:
450:Fundamental Law of Vatican City State
108:Completion of the Italian unification
4273:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
3615:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
3315:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
2286:Constitution of the Kingdom of Italy
1814:proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1733:took control of the city and of the
547:Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City
3656:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
2509:s:Bible, King James, Amos#Chapter 7
1054:Institute for the Works of Religion
1034:The Holy See and the United Nations
24:
3742:
3630:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
3620:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
3295:Second Italian War of Independence
1808:resulted in the annexation of the
1790:Second Italian War of Independence
1604:Collection of Modern Religious Art
630:List of newspapers in Vatican City
572:Association of Vatican Lay Workers
455:Capital punishment in Vatican City
25:
5316:
5270:Sieges involving the Papal States
3625:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
3330:Third Italian War of Independence
3300:United Provinces of Central Italy
3255:First Italian War of Independence
3039:
2081:On 18 September, Minister of War
1977:According to Raffaele De Cesare:
1838:Third Italian War of Independence
1599:Gallery of Sistine Chapel ceiling
1059:Telephone numbers in Vatican City
954:Section for Relations with States
690:Foreign relations of the Holy See
645:.va (Vatican City internet sites)
111:Rome becomes the capital of Italy
5229:
5228:
5217:
3179:
2879:Constitution of Italy, article 7
2203:of the invaders, including King
1672:
1660:
1284:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore
715:Holy See–United States relations
423:Vatican City during World War II
268:
218:
207:
189:
178:
155:
142:
55:
4958:Orders, decorations, and medals
2884:
2854:
2668:
2615:
2588:(in Italian). 29 September 2011
2574:
2534:
2513:
2497:
2330:, 1905 silent film directed by
1888:of 1866, Italy had allied with
1454:Public holidays in Vatican City
1304:Fountains of St. Peter's Square
1238:Public holidays in Vatican City
1084:Financial Information Authority
3589:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
3397:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
3345:Italian entry into World War I
2392:
1944:In early September 1870, King
1849:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1758:temporal power of the Holy See
1243:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
1074:Rail transport in Vatican City
1016:Vatican and Holy See passports
605:Secretariat for Communications
500:Tribunal of Vatican City State
495:Temporal power of the Holy See
13:
1:
3442:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
3046:Article by Angela Pellicciari
2919:
2675:Alvarez, David (9 May 2011).
2138:was hoisted from the dome of
1767:
1549:Santo Stefano degli Ungheresi
1329:Monument to the Royal Stuarts
810:President: G. di Sanguinetto
3513:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
3208:Revolutions during the 1820s
2951:De Cesare, Raffaele. (1909).
2338:
2149:
1950:Gustavo Ponza di San Martino
1812:by Sardinia, leading to the
1544:Santo Stefano degli Abissini
1144:Coat of arms of Vatican City
710:Holy See–Palestine relations
624:L'Osservatore della Domenica
470:Legal status of the Holy See
105:Collapse of the Papal States
7:
4998:Water supply and sanitation
4422:Italian geographical region
4290:Monarchy and the World Wars
4232:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
4118:War of the Sicilian Vespers
3771:Timeline of Italian history
3692:Revisionism of Risorgimento
3270:Sicilian revolution of 1848
3151:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
3146:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2954:The Last Days of Papal Rome
2309:
2278:Cardinal Secretary of State
2031:at the capture of Porta Pia
1810:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1748:The capture of Rome by the
1519:Cardinal Secretary of State
1324:Mater Ecclesiae (monastery)
1079:Secretariat for the Economy
969:Status in international law
964:Multilateral foreign policy
727:Governorate of Vatican City
640:Vatican Information Service
532:LGBT rights in Vatican City
403:Roman Historical Institutes
10:
5321:
4917:Inventions and discoveries
4327:Fall of the Fascist regime
4310:Fourth War of Independence
4268:Expedition of the Thousand
4258:Second War of Independence
3599:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
3305:Expedition of the Thousand
3171:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
3031:Schapiro, J. Salwyn, PhD,
3019:Bartolini, Giulio (2020).
2414:Schapiro, J. Salwyn, PhD,
2398:Schapiro, J. Salwyn, PhD,
2321:Roman Republic (1849–1850)
2226:
2063:Vatican Secretary of State
1927:
1858:On 27 March 1861, the new
1806:Expedition of the Thousand
1479:Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri
1474:San Pellegrino in Vaticano
1109:Properties of the Holy See
29:
5213:
5011:
4857:
4848:
4712:
4703:
4691:Security and intelligence
4564:
4555:
4417:
4408:
4351:
4278:Third War of Independence
4253:First War of Independence
4240:
4133:
4042:
3923:
3860:
3779:
3763:
3754:
3664:
3643:
3607:
3584:Franz Joseph I of Austria
3571:
3461:Literature and philosophy
3460:
3379:
3358:
3310:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
3188:
3177:
3126:
2961:Rendina, Claudio (2000).
2935:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
2222:
2075:Vatican Gerdarmerie corps
2067:Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone
1920:affirmed the doctrine of
1334:Palace of the Holy Office
1314:Geography of Vatican City
1208:Languages of Vatican City
1069:Transport in Vatican City
798:President: Pio Vito Pinto
700:Holy See–Israel relations
660:Vatican Television Center
418:Vatican Historical Museum
246:
233:
168:
135:
72:
54:
46:
41:
5295:1870 in the Papal States
5280:Holy See–Italy relations
4369:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
4364:Institutional referendum
2519:De Cesare, 1909, p. 444.
2158:Celebration outside the
1908:of the newly proclaimed
1614:Redemptoris Mater Chapel
1534:Redemptoris Mater Chapel
1384:Old St. Peter's Basilica
1254:The Story of the Vatican
885:Universi Dominici gregis
873:Universi Dominici Gregis
739:Military of Vatican City
732:Governor of Vatican City
705:Holy See–Italy relations
650:Vatican Publishing House
619:(Vatican City newspaper)
386:2010 Vatican sex scandal
381:Governor of Vatican City
328:Congregation for Borders
277:This article is part of
4892:Emigration and diaspora
4101:Guelphs and Ghibellines
4086:the Sardinian Judicates
3563:Francesco Saverio Salfi
3553:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
3025:Oxford University Press
2965:. Rome: Newton Compton.
2833:"Vatican City turns 91"
2621:De Cesare, 1909, p. 443
2290:Via della Conciliazione
2217:prisoner in the Vatican
2071:Saint Michael Archangel
1845:Prime Minister of Italy
1756:in 756, along with the
1667:Vatican City portal
1594:Vatican Gallery of Maps
1459:Vatican Secret Archives
1419:Via della Conciliazione
1309:Gardens of Vatican City
1064:Tourism in Vatican City
560:Politics and government
521:Apostolic Constitution
477:Alperin v. Vatican Bank
347:Prisoner in the Vatican
127:by the Kingdom of Italy
123:Annexation of Rome and
5265:Sieges involving Italy
4774:Science and technology
4722:Italian regions by GDP
4523:Marine protected areas
4195:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3594:Klemens von Metternich
3161:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3116:Unification of Italy (
2242:
2163:
2083:Cesare Ricotti-Magnani
2078:
2073:, patron saint of the
2050:
2038:
1984:
1941:
1906:provisional government
1785:
1726:
1679:Catholicism portal
1629:Sistine Chapel ceiling
1424:Vatican Climate Forest
1349:Saint Peter's Basilica
1218:Vatican Christmas Tree
537:Pontifical Swiss Guard
510:1983 Code of Canon Law
444:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
169:Commanders and leaders
5305:September 1870 events
4973:Public administration
4081:the Holy Roman Empire
3635:Tricolour Flag Museum
3407:Federico Confalonieri
3238:Republic of San Marco
3002:Bloomsbury Publishing
2236:
2157:
2056:
2044:
2026:
1979:
1935:
1918:First Vatican Council
1824:, which was ruled by
1780:and the Papal States
1776:The Kingdom of Italy
1775:
1559:Cortile del Belvedere
1464:St. Peter's Baldachin
1399:Paul VI Audience Hall
1299:Domus Sanctae Marthae
1223:Sport in Vatican City
1213:Women in Vatican City
1196:Music of Vatican City
685:Fabric of Saint Peter
635:Vatican Radio lawsuit
610:Holy See Press Office
598:Pontifical Commission
460:Crime in Vatican City
398:History of the Papacy
247:Casualties and losses
5201:World Heritage Sites
4656:Council of Ministers
4394:Coronavirus pandemic
3792:Currency and coinage
3290:Plombières Agreement
2963:Enciclopedia di Roma
2542:Enciclopedia di Roma
2140:St. Peter's Basilica
1788:In 1859, during the
1739:unification of Italy
1569:Porta San Pellegrino
1504:Bibliotheca Palatina
1354:Saint Peter's Square
1274:Apostolic nunciature
1201:Sistine Chapel Choir
751:College of Cardinals
667:Secretariat of State
616:L'Osservatore Romano
49:unification of Italy
5260:Italian unification
4732:Automotive industry
4671:Metropolitan cities
4217:Early Modern period
4190:Kingdom of Sardinia
4141:Italian city-states
3682:Italian nationalism
3677:Italian irredentism
3672:Altare della Patria
3468:Giovanni Arrivabene
3275:Ten Days of Brescia
3228:Revolutions of 1848
3213:Revolutions of 1830
3198:Rimini Proclamation
3136:Kingdom of Sardinia
2996:Field, Ron (2012).
2677:The Pope's Soldiers
2262:Victor Emmanuel III
2146:by Italian troops.
2019:The capture of Rome
1922:papal infallibility
1886:Austro-Prussian War
1881:Franco-Prussian War
1875:Franco-Prussian War
1794:Kingdom of Sardinia
1494:Vatican Observatory
1268:Buildings/geography
1132:List of Papal flags
720:Papal apocrisiarius
62:Breach of Porta Pia
4794:Telecommunications
4161:Maritime republics
3533:Alessandro Manzoni
3523:Francesco Lomonaco
3452:Victor Emmanuel II
3417:Giuseppe Garibaldi
3260:Five Days of Milan
3128:Pre-unitary states
2839:. 11 February 2020
2260:, signed for King
2243:
2205:Victor Emmanuel II
2190:electoral violence
2164:
2144:St. Peter's Square
2132:Royal Italian Army
2104:Maitland Armstrong
2079:
2051:
2039:
1946:Victor Emmanuel II
1942:
1938:St. Peter's Square
1879:In July 1870, the
1860:Italian Parliament
1832:and would only be
1802:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1798:Victor Emmanuel II
1786:
1750:Royal Italian Army
1439:Vatican Necropolis
1409:Torre San Giovanni
1359:Saint Peter's tomb
1294:Bramante Staircase
1257:, 1941 documentary
1099:Vatican euro coins
880:(Papal elections)
785:Dominique Mamberti
778:Court of Cassation
185:Victor Emmanuel II
5255:Conflicts in 1870
5242:
5241:
5209:
5208:
4844:
4843:
4779:Southern question
4699:
4698:
4631:Political parties
4579:Foreign relations
4551:
4550:
4404:
4403:
4125:Kingdom of Naples
4113:Kingdom of Sicily
3710:
3709:
3697:Southern question
3508:Vincenzo Gioberti
3488:Felice Cavallotti
3387:Massimo d'Azeglio
3340:Law of Guarantees
3062:The Papal Zouaves
2927:Kertzer, David I.
2756:, pp. 57–58.
2686:978-0-7006-1770-8
2665:, pp. 55–56.
2556:, pp. 51–52.
2213:Law of Guarantees
2160:Palazzo Senatorio
2035:Michele Cammarano
1902:marching on Paris
1800:. The next year,
1754:Donation of Pepin
1715:
1714:
1635:The Last Judgment
1564:Passetto di Borgo
1554:Teutonic Cemetery
1404:Tomb of the Julii
1339:Palazzi Pontifici
1289:Borgia Apartments
1021:Visa requirements
993:Antoine Camilleri
947:Foreign relations
892:Recent conclaves
592:Giuseppe Bertello
413:Vatileaks scandal
358:Law of Guarantees
311:Donation of Pepin
263:
262:
131:
130:
80:20 September 1870
16:(Redirected from
5312:
5232:
5231:
5224:Italy portal
5221:
5220:
5161:National symbols
4855:
4854:
4710:
4709:
4562:
4561:
4415:
4414:
4295:Kingdom of Italy
4222:Napoleonic Italy
3761:
3760:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3518:Giacomo Leopardi
3498:Giuseppe Ferrari
3432:Bettino Ricasoli
3427:Giuseppe Mazzini
3412:Francesco Crispi
3392:Agostino Bertani
3366:Cockade of Italy
3350:Impresa di Fiume
3280:Belfiore martyrs
3265:Sortie on Mestre
3183:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3086:
3085:
3078:. Vatican Radio.
3070:. Vatican Radio.
3058:
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2361:
2360:
2353:
2332:Filoteo Alberini
2327:La presa di Roma
2266:Benito Mussolini
2183:
2123:Apostolic Palace
1988:Raffaele Cadorna
1853:Bettino Ricasoli
1762:Via XX Settembre
1731:Kingdom of Italy
1707:
1700:
1693:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1514:Cappella Paolina
1499:Vatican Pharmacy
1429:Vatican Heliport
1379:Niccoline Chapel
1364:Lateran Basilica
1344:Papal Apartments
1279:Apostolic Palace
1164:Papal coronation
902:
793:Court of Appeals
761:
526:
376:
272:
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264:
223:
222:
212:
211:
196:Raffaele Cadorna
194:
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161:
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150:Kingdom of Italy
148:
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101:Italian victory
74:
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18:Porta Pia breach
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5309:
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5205:
5176:Public holidays
5007:
4953:Life expectancy
4840:
4695:
4611:Law enforcement
4547:
4400:
4347:
4336:Social Republic
4300:Colonial Empire
4283:Capture of Rome
4236:
4129:
4038:
3931:Ancient peoples
3919:
3856:
3817:Historic states
3775:
3750:
3741:
3711:
3706:
3660:
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3567:
3558:Antonio Rosmini
3528:Goffredo Mameli
3478:Giosuè Carducci
3456:
3447:Ruggero Settimo
3375:
3354:
3335:Capture of Rome
3184:
3175:
3122:
3113:
3056:
3048:
3042:
3012:
2989:
2971:Coppa, Frank J.
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2341:
2316:History of Rome
2312:
2274:Pietro Gasparri
2231:
2225:
2201:excommunication
2177:
2152:
2021:
2013:Hermann Kanzler
1940:, 25 April 1870
1930:
1910:French Republic
1897:Battle of Sedan
1877:
1834:annexed in 1866
1770:
1719:Capture of Rome
1711:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1642:
1641:
1637:by Michelangelo
1589:Vatican Museums
1584:
1582:Vatican Museums
1574:
1573:
1509:Cappella Giulia
1319:Gregorian Tower
1269:
1261:
1260:
1191:Vatican Library
1186:Vatican Museums
1181:
1171:
1170:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1049:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1012:
999:
949:
939:
938:
927:Papal Gentleman
922:Papal household
916:
900:
861:Diocese of Rome
844:Catholic Church
827:
817:
816:
811:
799:
787:
759:
679:
594:
562:
552:
551:
519:
486:Doe v. Holy See
438:
428:
427:
374:
340:Capture of Rome
300:
290:
258:
253:
229:
225:Hermann Kanzler
217:
216:
206:
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42:Capture of Rome
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5300:Sieges of Rome
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4784:Stock exchange
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4686:Municipalities
4683:
4678:
4673:
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4658:
4653:
4646:Prime Minister
4643:
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4603:
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4528:National parks
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4437:Climate change
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4200:Duchy of Savoy
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4108:Lombard League
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4033:
4032:
4030:Western Empire
4022:
4017:
4015:Roman conquest
4012:
4007:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3936:Italic peoples
3927:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3740:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Carlo Pisacane
3545:
3543:Silvio Pellico
3540:
3538:Ippolito Nievo
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3493:Vincenzo Cuoco
3490:
3485:
3483:Carlo Cattaneo
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3325:Roman Question
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3243:Roman Republic
3240:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3166:Duchy of Parma
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3140:House of Savoy
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3041:
3040:External links
3038:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3016:
3011:978-1849083225
3010:
2993:
2988:978-1317900443
2987:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2943:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2883:
2871:
2866:www.vatican.va
2853:
2824:
2812:
2810:, p. 145.
2797:
2782:
2780:, p. 324.
2778:Bartolini 2020
2770:
2758:
2746:
2744:, p. 143.
2719:
2717:, p. 142.
2707:
2692:
2685:
2667:
2655:
2640:
2623:
2614:
2599:
2573:
2558:
2546:
2533:
2521:
2512:
2496:
2477:
2462:
2447:
2435:
2420:
2404:
2391:
2389:, p. 334.
2387:Bartolini 2020
2379:
2377:, p. 311.
2375:Bartolini 2020
2362:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:otto per mille
2282:Lateran Palace
2247:Roman Question
2239:victory column
2229:Roman Question
2224:
2221:
2151:
2148:
2096:Palatine Guard
2088:Aurelian Walls
2059:black nobility
2020:
2017:
1959:Giovanni Lanza
1929:
1926:
1876:
1873:
1769:
1766:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1624:Sistine Chapel
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Circus of Nero
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1369:Lateran Palace
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
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1281:
1276:
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1263:
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1259:
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1215:
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1205:
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1177:
1176:
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1172:
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1168:
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1166:
1156:
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1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
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1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1010:
1005:
998:
997:
996:
995:
989:
987:Paul Gallagher
978:
977:
976:
974:Lateran Treaty
966:
961:
956:
950:
945:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
931:
930:
929:
919:
918:
917:
915:
914:
909:
904:
895:
890:
889:
888:
878:Papal conclave
875:
870:
869:
868:
863:
853:
852:
851:
841:
840:
839:
828:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
813:
812:
809:
802:
801:
800:
797:
790:
789:
788:
782:
775:
770:
769:
768:
763:
748:
747:
746:
736:
735:
734:
724:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
687:
682:
681:
680:
677:Pietro Parolin
671:
664:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
620:
612:
602:
601:
600:
595:
586:
584:
574:
569:
563:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
528:
527:
517:
512:
502:
497:
492:
491:
490:
481:
467:
465:Lateran Treaty
462:
457:
452:
447:
439:
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
389:
388:
383:
368:
365:Lateran Treaty
362:
361:
360:
355:
353:Roman Question
349:" (1870–1929)
343:
337:
336:
335:
330:
325:
314:
308:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:
286:
283:
282:
274:
273:
261:
260:
255:
249:
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
231:
230:
228:
227:
203:
201:
199:
198:
174:
171:
170:
166:
165:
152:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
128:
121:
115:
114:
113:
112:
109:
106:
98:
94:
93:
88:
86:
82:
81:
78:
70:
69:
66:Carlo Ademollo
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5317:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:1870s in Rome
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:1870 in Italy
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5235:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:Years of Lead
4377:
4375:
4374:Economic Boom
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4317:Fascist Italy
4315:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:Niçard exodus
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3983:Magna Graecia
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:National days
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Aurelio Saffi
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Daniele Manin
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:Celso Ceretti
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3371:Flag of Italy
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Neo-Guelphism
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2900:
2893:
2887:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2795:, p. 60.
2794:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2768:, p. 58.
2767:
2762:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2705:, p. 57.
2704:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2653:, p. 56.
2652:
2647:
2645:
2638:, p. 55.
2637:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2618:
2612:, p. 53.
2611:
2606:
2604:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2571:, p. 52.
2570:
2565:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2537:
2531:, p. 48.
2530:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2494:, p. 45.
2493:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2475:, p. 44.
2474:
2469:
2467:
2460:, p. 51.
2459:
2454:
2452:
2445:, p. 54.
2444:
2439:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2258:Lateran Pacts
2255:
2254:Fascist Italy
2250:
2248:
2240:
2237:Monument and
2235:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:Papal Zouaves
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:Civitavecchia
1989:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:in early 1870
1783:
1779:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:Presa di Roma
1724:
1720:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
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1658:
1656:
1653:
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1638:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Raphael Rooms
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
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1578:
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1570:
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1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1524:Casina Pio IV
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
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1455:
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1397:
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1390:
1387:
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1377:
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1370:
1367:
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1362:
1360:
1357:
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1347:
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1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
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1080:
1077:
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1067:
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1062:
1060:
1057:
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1051:
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1035:
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1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
994:
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988:
984:
983:
982:
979:
975:
972:
971:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
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952:
951:
948:
943:
942:
935:
932:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
897:
896:
894:
893:
891:
887:
886:
882:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
854:
850:
847:
846:
845:
842:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
821:
820:
808:
807:
806:
803:
796:
795:
794:
791:
786:
781:
780:
779:
776:
774:
773:Vical General
771:
767:
764:
762:
760:(Chamberlain)
758:
754:
753:
752:
749:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
733:
730:
729:
728:
725:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
691:
688:
686:
683:
678:
674:
670:
669:
668:
665:
661:
658:
656:
655:Vatican Radio
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
599:
596:
593:
589:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:
556:
555:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
525:
524:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
488:
487:
482:
479:
478:
473:
472:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:
441:
440:
437:
432:
431:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
369:
366:
363:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
305:Duchy of Rome
303:
302:
299:
294:
293:
289:
285:
284:
280:
276:
275:
271:
267:
266:
256:
251:
250:
245:
241:
238:
237:
232:
226:
221:
215:
210:
205:
204:
202:
197:
192:
186:
181:
176:
175:
173:
172:
167:
164:
153:
151:
140:
139:
134:
126:
122:
117:
116:
110:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
96:
95:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
76:
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5285:Pope Pius IX
5061:Architecture
5031:Quattrocento
4988:Social class
4968:Prostitution
4882:Demographics
4804:Trade unions
4747:Central Bank
4589:Human rights
4569:Constitution
4352:Contemporary
4322:World War II
4282:
4210:Italian Wars
4134:Early modern
4076:Papal States
4054:Italy under
4000:Ancient Rome
3579:Pope Pius IX
3473:Cesare Balbo
3380:Main leaders
3334:
3250:Quadrilatero
3156:Papal States
3118:Risorgimento
3117:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3057:(in Italian)
3049:(in Italian)
3032:
3020:
2997:
2974:
2962:
2952:
2930:
2906:. Retrieved
2886:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2848:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:Vatican News
2836:
2827:
2822:, p. 3.
2820:Kertzer 2006
2815:
2793:Kertzer 2006
2773:
2766:Kertzer 2006
2761:
2754:Kertzer 2006
2749:
2710:
2703:Kertzer 2006
2676:
2670:
2663:Kertzer 2006
2658:
2651:Kertzer 2006
2636:Kertzer 2006
2617:
2610:Kertzer 2006
2590:. Retrieved
2585:
2576:
2569:Kertzer 2006
2554:Kertzer 2006
2549:
2541:
2536:
2529:Kertzer 2006
2524:
2515:
2505:Book of Amos
2499:
2492:Kertzer 2006
2473:Kertzer 2006
2458:Kertzer 2006
2438:
2433:, p. 7.
2431:Kertzer 2006
2415:
2399:
2394:
2382:
2325:
2301:
2297:World War II
2294:
2270:Pope Pius XI
2251:
2244:
2209:
2197:Respicientes
2196:
2186:royal decree
2172:
2165:
2128:Villa Albani
2120:
2108:
2080:
2027:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1966:Leonine City
1963:
1943:
1915:
1894:
1878:
1869:Napoleon III
1857:
1842:
1836:, after the
1787:
1781:
1777:
1761:
1747:
1743:Risorgimento
1742:
1735:Papal States
1718:
1716:
1634:
1434:Vatican Hill
1374:Leonine City
1252:
1104:Vatican lira
883:
849:Latin Church
756:
622:
614:
523:Pastor Bonus
522:
484:
475:
442:
408:Savoyard Era
371:Vatican City
339:
317:Papal States
288:Vatican City
214:Pope Pius IX
163:Papal States
136:Belligerents
100:
61:
47:Part of the
36:
32:Fall of Rome
5126:Italophilia
5086:Coat of arm
5036:Cinquecento
4912:Immigration
4862:Aristocracy
4727:Agriculture
4621:Nationality
4594:LGBT rights
4508:Earthquakes
4389:Mani pulite
4305:World War I
4248:Unification
4241:Late modern
4205:Renaissance
4050:Middle Ages
4043:Middle Ages
4020:Roman Italy
3787:Citizenship
3503:Ugo Foscolo
3285:Crimean War
3218:Young Italy
2908:2 September
2843:2 September
2178: [
2092:Swiss Guard
2029:Bersaglieri
1948:sent Count
1414:Scala Regia
1389:Papal tombs
1159:Papal tiara
1026:Visa policy
866:Roman Curia
783:President:
744:Noble Guard
319:(754–1870)
254:132 wounded
118:Territorial
5249:Categories
5196:Traditions
5186:Television
5171:Philosophy
5136:Literature
5076:Cathedrals
5046:Settecento
4907:Healthcare
4872:Corruption
4867:Censorship
4626:Parliament
4584:Government
4384:Maxi Trial
4332:Resistance
4061:Ostrogoths
3993:Messapians
3878:Villanovan
3868:Prehistory
3861:Prehistory
3702:Third Rome
2944:0618619194
2920:References
2808:Coppa 2014
2742:Coppa 2014
2715:Coppa 2014
2592:3 November
2443:Field 2012
2227:See also:
2194:encyclical
2175:plebiscite
2136:white flag
2112:Nino Bixio
1843:The first
1830:crown land
1768:Background
1469:Sala Regia
959:Concordats
837:Popemobile
757:Camerlengo
259:68 wounded
5156:Mythology
5131:Libraries
5051:Ottocento
4993:Terrorism
4934:Languages
4887:Education
4809:Transport
4759:Companies
4666:Provinces
4636:President
4601:Judiciary
4574:Elections
4486:Volcanoes
4481:Volcanism
4474:Apennines
4459:Mountains
4427:Peninsula
4410:Geography
4341:Civil War
4066:Byzantium
3973:Etruscans
3908:Canegrate
3903:Golasecca
3888:Rinaldone
3883:Terramare
3873:Neolithic
3687:Redshirts
3572:Opponents
3203:Carbonari
2998:Garibaldi
2979:Routledge
2586:La Stampa
2540:Rendina,
2339:Citations
2295:The post-
2150:Aftermath
2116:Porta Pia
2077:, in 2011
2047:Porta Pia
2008:Frosinone
1151:(Vatican
805:Tribunale
673:Secretary
588:President
582:President
505:Canon law
307:(554–751)
257:19 killed
252:49 killed
5234:Category
5121:Internet
5111:Folklore
5041:Seicento
5026:Trecento
5021:Duecento
4983:Religion
4944:Regional
4922:Italians
4897:Gambling
4789:Taxation
4616:Military
4557:Politics
4359:Republic
4146:Florence
4071:Lombards
4010:Republic
3956:Samnites
3951:Picentes
3893:Apennine
3852:Railways
3832:Military
3780:By topic
3764:Overview
3748:articles
3190:Timeline
2973:(2014).
2929:(2006).
2899:Archived
2544:, p. 985
2310:See also
2098:and the
1952:to Pope
1782:(purple)
1153:postcode
856:Holy See
567:Archives
279:a series
234:Strength
85:Location
5191:Theatre
5166:Palaces
5146:Museums
5116:Gardens
5101:Fashion
5091:Cuisine
5071:Castles
5013:Culture
4963:Poverty
4939:Italian
4850:Society
4831:Welfare
4799:Tourism
4769:Exports
4737:Banking
4717:Economy
4705:Economy
4661:Regions
4543:Valleys
4513:Islands
4493:Beaches
4464:Prealps
4444:Geology
4432:Climate
4096:Normans
4056:Odoacer
4005:Kingdom
3988:Ligures
3924:Ancient
3898:Nuragic
3847:Postage
3822:Judaism
3812:Genetic
3802:Fashion
3797:Economy
3756:History
3608:Museums
3359:Symbols
2000:Viterbo
1996:Orvieto
1971:nuncios
1954:Pius IX
1928:Prelude
1890:Prussia
1862:met in
1826:Austria
1778:(azure)
1723:Italian
1650:Outline
1179:Culture
1121:Symbols
1047:Economy
1008:Nuncios
375:present
323:Annates
298:History
120:changes
5222:
5096:Design
5081:Cinema
5056:Anthem
4978:Racism
4927:People
4902:Health
4764:Energy
4754:Brands
4681:Comune
4676:Cities
4538:Rivers
4498:Canals
4181:Amalfi
4166:Venice
4025:Empire
3966:Veneti
3941:Latins
3913:Latial
3746:
3008:
2985:
2941:
2683:
2223:Legacy
2094:, the
2037:(1871)
2004:Alatri
1822:Veneto
1796:under
1139:Anthem
825:Papacy
373:(1929–
367:(1929)
342:(1870)
313:(750s)
242:13,157
239:50,000
160:
147:
97:Result
68:(1880)
5181:Sport
5151:Music
5141:Media
5003:Women
4877:Crime
4742:Banks
4518:Lakes
4503:Caves
4454:Flora
4449:Fauna
4171:Genoa
4156:Milan
4151:Siena
4091:Arabs
3978:Celts
3961:Umbri
3837:Music
3807:Flags
3744:Italy
3665:Other
2902:(PDF)
2895:(PDF)
2182:]
2168:Noble
2033:, by
1864:Turin
1828:as a
1818:Lazio
1655:Index
1149:00120
901:(Oct)
899:1978
125:Lazio
64:, by
5106:Flag
4836:Wine
4824:road
4819:rail
4650:List
4640:List
4469:Alps
4334:and
4176:Pisa
3946:Osci
3842:Name
3827:LGBT
3006:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2939:ISBN
2910:2021
2845:2021
2681:ISBN
2594:2023
2134:. A
1717:The
1127:Flag
912:2013
907:2005
832:Pope
766:Dean
90:Rome
77:Date
5066:Art
4814:air
4606:Law
2272:by
2264:by
2249:".
2219:".
1804:'s
1745:).
436:Law
5251::
3023:.
3004:.
3000:.
2981:.
2977:.
2937:.
2933:.
2864:.
2847:.
2835:.
2800:^
2785:^
2722:^
2695:^
2643:^
2626:^
2602:^
2584:.
2561:^
2480:^
2465:^
2450:^
2423:^
2407:^
2365:^
2346:^
2276:,
2207:.
2180:it
2065:,
2006:,
2002:,
1998:,
1924:.
1847:,
1840:.
1725::
675::
590::
377:)
281:on
4652:)
4648:(
4642:)
4638:(
3736:e
3729:t
3722:v
3142:)
3138:(
3120:)
3108:e
3101:t
3094:v
3027:.
3014:.
2991:.
2947:.
2912:.
2881:.
2868:.
2689:.
2596:.
2359:.
2334:.
1741:(
1721:(
1706:e
1699:t
1692:v
1155:)
489:)
483:(
480:)
474:(
345:"
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
