400:
20:
81:
53:. They "had become unusually powerful in the 1950s because the legislative districts of the state had not been redrawn to account for the massive growth of urban areas in earlier years." The key figure in the group, coordinating their activities, although not a legislator, was industrialist
43:
and conserve the disproportionate political power of mostly rural northern
Florida. The origins of the name are obscure, referring either to a purported divide in the state's cuisine (pork supposedly being preferred in the north and lamb being preferred in the south) or to the
415:, devoted its efforts to identifying homosexuals in Florida universities and schools. "By 1963, more than 39 college professors and deans had been dismissed from their positions at the three state universities, and 71 teaching certificates were revoked." See
430:, which ended decades of misapportionment that favored rural north Florida over more populated central and south Florida, and eliminated mandatory school segregation. However, it took a new state constitution to get them out.
636:
48:
that the members of the Gang were allegedly awarding themselves. They were active primarily from the 1930s to the 1960s, although the final "nail in their coffin" was in 1977. The spokesperson was
Senator
499:
758:
1110:
692:
573:
1060:
1095:
626:
399:
101:
The following legislators were members of the Pork Chop Gang in 1956, according to the captions on a photo of them in the state archives of
Florida:
509:
19:
1115:
765:
80:
420:
696:
1105:
1080:
563:
477:
805:
423:, popularly called the Johns Committee, since it was Johns' legislative project (to get the committee set up) and he was its chair.
938:
446:
416:
933:
40:
1100:
1075:
604:
427:
1090:
964:
729:
32:
675:
408:
798:
1065:
864:
1070:
907:
54:
980:
791:
473:
326:
1055:
823:
1085:
1029:
912:
902:
856:
62:
892:
836:
663:
533:
467:
388:
331:
278:
376:
259:
206:
187:
127:
8:
283:
230:
735:
631:
384:
319:
254:
235:
199:
194:
163:
151:
846:
725:
671:
367:
338:
307:
247:
242:
223:
182:
146:
134:
1005:
959:
869:
542:
362:
290:
271:
175:
89:
58:
596:
Group portrait of the Pork Chop Gang during the 1956 special session of the Senate
407:
For nine years, the Pork Chop Gang, having failed in its investigation of alleged
831:
667:
627:"Rise of The Pork Chop Gang. Conservative Racist Control from the 30s to the 60s"
594:
380:
355:
350:
343:
314:
295:
266:
211:
139:
469:
Bourbon, Pork Chops, and Red
Peppers: Political Immorality in Florida, 1945-1968
39:
who worked together to dominate the
Florida legislature, especially to maintain
600:
569:
302:
531:
Miller, James Nathan (July 1971). "How
Florida threw out the pork chop gang".
1049:
1022:
504:
218:
170:
85:
66:
50:
36:
739:
546:
158:
719:
433:
Professor Judith
Poucher called the Johns Committee "Florida's version of
897:
434:
122:
45:
74:
954:
70:
783:
917:
815:
759:"Cold Warriors in the Hot Sunshine: USF and the Johns Committee"
660:
The Negro and
Southern Politics. A Chapter of Florida History
412:
721:
Challenging the Johns
Committee's Assault on Civil Liberties
565:
The
Aucilla River Hideaway of Florida's 'Pork Chop Gang'
1111:
Discrimination against LGBT people in the United States
658:
Price, H. D. (1973) . "The Negro and the Legislature".
391:, as it was at most companies in Florida at the time).
57:. Their favorite haunt was the fish camp of legislator
375:
Their public spokesman was Florida Senate President
690:
1061:History of racial segregation in the United States
717:
1096:History of LGBT civil rights in the United States
1047:
500:"The final nail in the 'Pork Chop Gang' coffin"
16:Group of North Floridian Democratic legislators
799:
421:Florida Legislative Investigation Committee
806:
792:
558:
556:
939:World AIDS Museum and Educational Center
934:Stonewall National Museum & Archives
447:Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
417:Homosexuality and Citizenship in Florida
398:
79:
18:
1048:
691:ABC Television News (March 16, 2015).
553:
530:
403:The Raeburn C. Horne fish camp (1960s)
787:
657:
465:
108:Members of the Pork Chop Gang in 1956
624:
1116:Anti-communism in the United States
813:
639:from the original on March 22, 2021
508:. September 1, 2013. Archived from
13:
756:
750:
607:from the original on July 15, 2015
576:from the original on July 15, 2015
14:
1127:
1106:Conservatism in the United States
1081:Race and law in the United States
965:The Pride Center at Equality Park
480:from the original on June 6, 2021
35:legislators from rural areas of
724:. University Press of Florida.
693:"The Last Standing Porkchopper"
625:Dare, Stephen (July 31, 2010).
387:(which was practiced at Ball's
711:
684:
651:
618:
587:
524:
492:
466:Weitz, Seth (March 16, 2007).
459:
1:
1101:Political scandals in Florida
452:
394:
96:
1076:History of racism in Florida
865:Same-sex marriage in Florida
7:
718:Poucher, Judith G. (2014).
440:
419:, a report prepared by the
327:Basil Charles "Bill" Pearce
10:
1132:
383:. The coalition supported
1014:
995:
973:
947:
926:
885:
878:
855:
822:
1091:LGBTQ history in Florida
474:Florida State University
426:Their downfall was the
1030:South Florida Gay News
903:Riverside and Avondale
547:10.1002/ncr.4100600704
472:. Ph.D. dissertation,
404:
123:James E. "Nick" Connor
93:
24:
837:LGBT culture in Miami
664:Westport, Connecticut
534:National Civic Review
402:
389:St. Joe Paper Company
279:Scott Dilworth Clarke
83:
69:. The group targeted
61:, at Nutall Rise, in
23:Pork Chop Gang, 1956.
22:
670:. pp. 103–106.
428:Constitution of 1968
377:Charley Eugene Johns
207:Charley Eugene Johns
1066:Florida Legislature
771:on February 6, 2018
231:Philip D. Beall Jr.
742:– via JSTOR.
632:Metro Jacksonville
405:
385:racial segregation
255:F. Wilson Carraway
195:W. Randolph Hodges
109:
94:
88:at Nutall Rise by
84:Photograph of the
31:was a group of 20
25:
1071:Florida Democrats
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1002:Miami Beach Pride
974:Clubs and resorts
847:Save Our Children
757:Schnur, James A.
373:
372:
339:Woodrow M. Melvin
243:Harry O. Stratton
183:William A. Shands
147:Irlo Bronson, Sr.
135:L. K. Edwards Jr.
107:
1123:
1006:River City Pride
981:Parliament House
960:Equality Florida
883:
882:
870:Brenner v. Scott
808:
801:
794:
785:
784:
780:
778:
776:
770:
764:. Archived from
763:
744:
743:
715:
709:
708:
706:
704:
699:on July 16, 2015
695:. Archived from
688:
682:
681:
655:
649:
648:
646:
644:
622:
616:
615:
614:
612:
591:
585:
584:
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572:, July 2, 2014,
560:
551:
550:
528:
522:
521:
519:
517:
512:on July 15, 2015
496:
490:
489:
487:
485:
463:
363:J. C. Getzen Jr.
291:Dewey M. Johnson
104:
103:
90:Raeburn C. Horne
59:Raeburn C. Horne
46:legislative pork
33:Democratic Party
1131:
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832:Johns Committee
818:
812:
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768:
761:
753:
751:Further reading
748:
747:
732:
716:
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702:
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689:
685:
678:
668:Greenwood Press
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351:J. Graham Black
315:Edwin G. Fraser
267:W. Turner Davis
99:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1113:
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1056:Pork Chop Gang
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842:Pork Chop Gang
839:
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828:
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683:
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601:Florida Memory
586:
570:Florida Memory
552:
541:(7): 366–380.
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303:J. Edwin Baker
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29:Pork Chop Gang
15:
9:
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1114:
1112:
1109:
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1086:North Florida
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1023:Gay City News
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948:Organizations
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913:Wilton Manors
911:
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731:9780813049939
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511:
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505:Tampa Tribune
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219:John S. Rawls
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171:H. B. Douglas
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86:Aucilla River
82:
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68:
67:Aucilla River
64:
63:Taylor County
60:
56:
52:
51:Charley Johns
47:
42:
38:
37:North Florida
34:
30:
21:
1028:
1021:
841:
773:. Retrieved
766:the original
720:
713:
701:. Retrieved
697:the original
686:
659:
653:
641:. Retrieved
630:
620:
609:, retrieved
595:
589:
578:, retrieved
564:
538:
532:
526:
514:. Retrieved
510:the original
503:
494:
484:February 10,
482:. Retrieved
468:
461:
432:
425:
406:
374:
332:East Palatka
159:W. E. Bishop
100:
92:'s fish camp
28:
26:
1015:Print media
988:Twist Miami
908:Springfield
898:Miami Beach
775:February 4,
740:j.ctvx075bh
435:McCarthyism
260:Tallahassee
188:Gainesville
128:Brooksville
114:Legislator
75:homosexuals
41:segregation
1050:Categories
677:0837168244
453:References
395:Activities
284:Monticello
97:Membership
71:communists
985:The Manor
955:SAVE Dade
409:communism
320:Macclenny
236:Pensacola
200:Cedar Key
164:Lake City
152:Kissimmee
117:Hometown
814:LGBT in
703:July 14,
637:Archived
611:July 14,
605:archived
603:, 1956,
580:July 14,
574:archived
516:July 14,
478:Archived
441:See also
368:Bushnell
308:Umatilla
248:Callahan
224:Marianna
927:Museums
918:Wynwood
879:Culture
824:History
816:Florida
643:June 2,
411:in the
272:Madison
176:Bonifay
65:on the
55:Ed Ball
996:Events
886:Places
857:Rights
738:
728:
674:
381:Starke
356:Jasper
344:Milton
296:Quincy
212:Starke
140:Irvine
893:Miami
769:(PDF)
762:(PDF)
736:JSTOR
413:NAACP
379:from
777:2018
726:ISBN
705:2015
672:ISBN
645:2016
613:2015
582:2015
518:2015
486:2021
73:and
27:The
543:doi
437:".
1052::
734:.
666::
662:.
635:.
629:.
599:,
568:,
555:^
539:60
537:.
502:.
476:.
77:.
807:e
800:t
793:v
779:.
707:.
680:.
647:.
549:.
545::
520:.
488:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
