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Negroes because they could then be used to help hold the
Negroes in slavery. The Negroes were taught to show contempt for the poor white because this would increase the hatred between them and each side could be used by the master to control the other. The real interest of the poor whites and the Negroes were the same, that of resisting the oppression of the master class. But ignorance stood in the way. This race hatred was at first used to perpetuate
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backgrounds historically rooted among the Poor Whites still carry much of the culture and often continue many of the practices of their forefathers. Hunting and fishing, while practiced by their ancestors as a method of survival, is now seen as a means of recreation. Variations on folk music, particularly
Country, still have strong resonance among their descendants. Traditional country music still uses the
558:". The use of the term "Poor White" by the white Southern elite was to distance themselves from elements of society they viewed as "undesirable", "lesser" or "antisocial." It denoted a separation, reflective of a social hierarchy, with "poor" used to demonstrate a low position, while "white" was used to subjugate rather than to classify. Author Wayne Flynt in his book,
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and those who live in the flatlands farther east and west. Affluent whites (known in the South as the
Bourbon class) had little interaction with the poor, oftentimes limited to no more than, "whom he would wonder see staring at him from the sides of the highway." The physical and geographic isolation
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A broad characterization of the culture, of the descendants of the Poor Whites, includes such elements as strong kinship ties, non-hierarchical religious affiliations, emphasis on manual labor, connection to rural living and nature, and inclination toward self-reliance. In addition, individuals from
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with enslaved individuals and seeking what employment they could find. Some moved to take jobs in cotton mills and factories, which were originally reserved for whites. Many slaveowners refused to use enslaved individuals for skilled labor because doing so would both increase owners' dependence on
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For the sake of dear dependents the will forces the weary muscles to act and knits the relaxed nerves. Surely, fatally, the joy dies out of the eyes of childhood, girlhood is but a flickering shadow, and maturity an enforced decrepitude, a lingering old age, a quenching of the fires of life before
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In the past, white men have hated white men quite as much as some of them hate the Negro, and have vented their hatred with as much savagery as they ever have against the Negro. The best educated people have the least race prejudice. In the United States the poor white were encouraged to hate the
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led to new economic opportunities; millions of poor farmers moved to industrial centers for high paying jobs. As the century progressed, economic and social conditions for the Poor White continued to improve. However while many social prejudices have since been lifted, popularized stereotypes
717:
The drafting and recruitment of physically fit individuals in the First World War revealed the first practical comparisons between the
Appalachian region, the South, and the rest of the country. The Poor Whites were unequal in terms of income, education, and medical treatment than other White
699:, which required an annual payment of $ 1.00 (equivalent to $ 34 in 2023), to vote, in some cases, or at least payment before voting. The poll tax excluded not only African Americans, but also the many Poor Whites, from voting, as they lived in a barter economy and were cash poor.
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Much of the character and condition of Poor Whites is rooted in the institution of slavery. Rather than provide wealth as it had for the
Southern elite, in stark contrast, slavery considerably hindered progress of whites who did not own enslaved individuals by exerting a
562:(2004), argues that "one difficulty in defining poor whites stems from the diverse ways in which the phrase has been used. It has been applied to economic and social classes as well as to cultural and ethical values." While other regions of the United States have
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policies to provide greater opportunities for Blacks, but this has had the side-effect of forcing some working-class whites out of employment, creating a small, impoverished and often homeless white underclass.
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flourished in a region suffering from a lack of public education and competition for resources. Southern politicians of the day built on conflict between Poor Whites and
African Americans in a form of
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Historically, especially in
Appalachia, Poor Whites lived somewhat removed from mainstream Southern society. At the turn of the 20th century, Abbott H. Ernest subdivided the Poor White group into the
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encouraged the legalization of forced sterilizations. In practice, individuals who came from Poor White backgrounds were often targeted, particularly institutionalized individuals and fertile women.
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As was typical in general rural society for generations, the Poor White continued to make many of their necessities by hand. They sewed their own garments and constructed houses in the fashion of
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Canning, Charlotte, et al. "White trash fetish: representations of poor white southern women and constructions of class, gender, race and region, 1920-1941." (PhD Diss. U Texas, 2005).
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Throughout
American history the Poor Whites have regularly been referred to by various terms; the majority of which are often considered disparaging. They have been known as "
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Jones, Jacqueline. "Encounters, likely and
Unlikely between Black and Poor White Women in the Rural South, 1865-1940." The Georgia Historical Quarterly, vol. 76 pp 333-353.
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Many fictional depictions in literature used poor whites as foils in reflecting the positive traits of the protagonist against their perceived "savage" traits. In her novel
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in 1906. The Civil War also caused poor whites to experience intense dire economic conditions and was brought into poverty along with enslaved
African-Americans.
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and a collarless, cuffless unbleached-muslin shirt; and for women, a straight skirt with a bonnet of the same material. The Poor White survived by small-scale
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Fourie, Johan (2007). David, Lamond; Rocky, Dwyer (eds.). "The South African poor White problem in the early twentieth century: Lessons for poverty today".
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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refers to a distinct sociocultural group, with members who belong to families with a history of multi-generational poverty and cultural divergence.
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refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white European descent.
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Further evidence of the hostility of the ruling class towards the Poor White is found in the enactment by several southern states of a
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389:, the term was historically used to describe lower-class whites, notably in the context of the "poor white problem" in South Africa.
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specific enslaved peoples, and increase the likelihood that those enslaved would run away in pursuit of self-employment elsewhere.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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643:, the Poor White comprised a majority of the combatants in the Confederate Army; afterwards, many labored in the rural South as
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382:, consisting of white, agrarian, economically disadvantaged laborers or squatters, who usually owned neither land nor slaves.
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710:(1920) explored how a poor white youth from Missouri tried to adjust to a middle-class world by moving to the Midwest. The
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1497:"Campbell, John T. "John T. Campbell Sets Forth In a Very Convincing Manner, His Views on the Race Problem in America."
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Mell, R. Mildred. Poor Whites of the South: Social Forces (Oxford University Press), December 1938, vol.17 pp 153-167
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1685:"Whisnant, Heather. "Poor White Trash: The Legacy of Carrie Buck and Eugenical Sterilization in the United States."
1094:"Seabrook, E. B. "Poor Whites of the South." The Galaxy Volume. p. 681-691 04 Issue 6 (Oct 1867). Web. 10 July 2012"
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Hurst, Allison L. "Beyond the Pale: Poor Whites as Uncontrolled Social Contagion in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Dred."
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Poor Whites of the Antebellum South: Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi
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In the early 20th century, the image of the Poor White was a prominent stereotype in American media.
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1987:
Huber, Patrick. "A Short History of Redneck: The Fashioning of a Southern White Masculine Identity,"
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McD. Beckles, Hilary (1988). "Black over white: The 'poor-white' problem in Barbados slave society".
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Glossner, Jeffrey. Poor Whites in the Antebellum U.S. South (Topical Guide), H-Slavery, July 2019
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Jackson, Will (2013). "Dangers to the Colony: Loose women and the "poor white" problem in Kenya".
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illustrates a commonly held stereotype that marriage to them results in generic degradation and
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Ann R. Tickamyer and Cynthia M. Duncan, "Poverty and opportunity structure in rural America."
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Tayler, Judith (1992). "'Our poor': the politicisation of the Poor White problem, 1932–1942".
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Race Relations at the Margins: Slaves and Poor Whites in the Antebellum Southern Countryside
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Forrett, Jeff. "Slaves, Poor Whites, and the Underground Economy of the Rural Carolinas."
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in politics in the South. The poor whites are almost injured by it as are the Negroes.
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1217:. Washington: Republican Executive Congressional Committee, 1860. Web. 10 July 2012"
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Roach, Jack L. “The Effects of Race and Socio-Economic Status on Family Planning.”
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1798:"Special Correspondent. "Poor Whites in the South, Their Poverty and Principles."
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Lockley, Tim. "Survival Strategies of Poor White Women in Savannah, 1800-1860,"
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1129:"Provosty, Laura, and Donovan Douglas. "White Trash in the Twentieth Century."
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is a sociocultural classification used to describe economically disadvantaged
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1761:"Ernest, Abbott H. "The South and the Negro: II. The Confusion of Tongues."
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687:, an icon of 20th century America, was born into a Poor White family in
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Forret, Jeff. "Slave-Poor White Violence in the Antebellum Carolinas."
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still controlling the majority of the country's wealth. Post-Apartheid
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427: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1992:
718:
Americans; only African Americans in the Southern states fared worse.
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1461:"De Graffenreid, Clare. "The Georgia Cracker in the Cotton Mills."
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From Tobacco Road to Route 66: The Southern Poor White in Fiction
1901:
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790:
740:, especially in the South. In the late 1960s under the President
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280:
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enabled poor whites in Appalachia to develop their own culture.
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was founded to deal with persistent poverty in the region. The
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A question of class: The redneck stereotype in southern fiction
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3174:
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2016:
Southern Folks, Plain & Fancy: Native White Social Types
362:
sociocultural group, of generally Western and/or Northern
1865:"End of Apartheid in South Africa? Not in Economic Terms"
1189:
Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology
601:, prevented low-income and low-wealth free laborers from
2006:
The Southern Poor-White: From Lubberland to Tobacco Road
1999:
Media-Made Dixie: The South in the American Imagination
1392:
White Trash: The Construction of An American Scapegoat.
1191:. Berkeley: University of California, 1968. 391. Print.
1724:
University of Georgia, 06 Feb. 2004. Web. 13 May 2014.
1521:
The Seattle Republican. "Afro-American Observations."
1418:
Hubbs, Jolene. "William Faulkner's Rural Modernism."
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helped create new jobs for the rural poor during the
358:, Poor White is the historical classification for an
2939:
1167:
Marxists' Internet Archive, 1999. Web. 16 Nov. 2012"
651:
at the turn of the 20th century, intense violence,
178:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
37:For the specific cultural group in Appalachia, see
1078:Dixie's Forgotten People: The South's Poor Whites.
1982:Hillbilly: A cultural history of an American icon
1962:Dixie's Forgotten People: The South's Poor Whites
560:Dixie's Forgotten People: The South's Poor Whites
3614:
3300:Social and economic stratification in Appalachia
1627:Encyclopedia of the Chicago Literary Renaissance
1624:Jan Pinkerton; Randolph H. Hudson, eds. (2009).
1394:University of Virginia, 2004. Web. 25 July 2012"
1032:Social and economic stratification in Appalachia
1503:. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 29, 1906
1133:University of Virginia, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2012"
963:. This inequality continues to this day, with
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2925:
2078:
1159:"Marx, Karl. "The North American Civil War."
98:The examples and perspective in this article
30:For the 1920 novel by Sherwood Anderson, see
1622:"Poor White" by Sherwood Anderson (1920) in
1553:
1237:
1165:Articles by Marx in the U.S. Civil War 1861.
793:. Traditional clothing was simple: for men,
1275:Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History
1163:. Vol. 19. Moscow: Progress, 1964. N. pag.
852:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
285:Portrayals of Poor Whites in U.S. state of
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
27:United States social caste and ethnic group
3098:
3084:
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2071:
1957:(University of North Carolina Press, 1976)
1736:New Deal Policy and Southern Rural Poverty
1713:
1687:University of North Carolina at Asheville.
1515:
1491:
1489:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1118:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1957. Print.
1088:
1086:
509:North Carolina Emigrants: Poor White Folks
279:
1131:White Trash: Transit of an American Icon.
916:Learn how and when to remove this message
770:Poor White sharecroppers in Alabama, 1936
487:Learn how and when to remove this message
374:regions. They were first classified as a
256:Learn how and when to remove this message
238:Learn how and when to remove this message
136:Learn how and when to remove this message
2001:(Louisiana State University Press, 1978)
1765:(New York) 28 May 1904: 225-230. Print".
1677:
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1501:(Salt Lake City) 29 Dec. 1906: 4. Print"
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3628:European-American culture in Appalachia
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1802:13 May 1877: n. pag. Web. 10 July 2012"
1754:
1672:White Trash: Race and Class in America.
1603:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
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1121:
1083:
1072:
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566:this does not have the same meaning as
14:
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3254:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
1863:Goodman, Peter S. (October 24, 2017).
1469:
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1315:
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753:surrounding the Poor White continued.
3623:Culture of the Southern United States
3079:
2961:Asian and Pacific Islander Americans
2913:
2066:
2035:Journal of Health and Social Behavior
1601:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
1429:
1412:
1396:. Xroads.virginia.edu. Archived from
1379:
1194:
1135:. Xroads.virginia.edu. Archived from
1080:Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2004. Print.
997:Culture of the Southern United States
2992:Native Americans and Alaskan Natives
2892:
2018:(U of Georgia Press, 1986), pp 34–47
1664:
1630:. Infobase Publishing. p. 263.
1181:
1065:
850:adding citations to reliable sources
817:
663:. As John T. Campbell summarizes in
526:" (especially in modern context), "
425:adding citations to reliable sources
396:
299:Regions with significant populations
176:adding citations to reliable sources
147:
84:
43:
2570:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
1790:
1151:
24:
3658:Working class in the United States
3638:Rural culture in the United States
2037:, vol. 8, no. 1, 1967, pp. 40–45.
1116:Caste and Class in a Southern Town
25:
3679:
2044:
1465:Feb. 1891: 483-98. 10 July 2012".
59:This article has multiple issues.
3643:Stereotypes of the working class
3141:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
2941:Stereotypes in the United States
2891:
2844:White genocide conspiracy theory
2150:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2092:
2050:
1984:(Oxford University Press, 2003).
1670:Wray, Matt, and Annalee Newitz.
1477:North Carolina Historical Review
1463:The Century; a Popular Quarterly
955:system created a massive racial
822:
724:rural life programs such as the
649:nadir of American race relations
588:Indentured servitude in Virginia
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392:
152:
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1689:22 Nov 2004. Web. 21 Oct. 2012"
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746:Appalachian Regional Commission
554:" in St. Louis, Missouri, and "
412:needs additional citations for
163:needs additional citations for
67:or discuss these issues on the
3310:Childbirth in rural Appalachia
3105:
2982:Hispanics and Latino Americans
2684:Negative stereotypes of Whites
1929:(Duke University Press, 1993).
1266:
1231:
761:
13:
1:
3511:John Gordon (militia captain)
3215:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
2834:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
1943:, with bibliography pp 225–36
1830:Journal of the Early Republic
1252:10.1080/02619288.1988.9974674
1187:Weber, Max. "Ethnic Groups."
1096:. Digital.library.cornell.edu
1053:
959:and widespread poverty among
3633:Poverty in the United States
3590:The Hatfields and the McCoys
3564:Moonshine in popular culture
3119:in the Eastern United States
2620:Missing white woman syndrome
2057:Poverty in the United States
1720:Boney, F. N. "Poor Whites."
1595:American Antiquarian Society
1575:American Antiquarian Society
1047:Poverty in the United States
971:governments have instituted
730:Farm Security Administration
7:
2957:African and Black Americans
2772:US definitions of whiteness
1897:White Slums of South Africa
1847:Journal of Southern History
1240:Immigrants & Minorities
1161:Marx/Engels Collected Works
1017:Poor Whites in South Africa
1012:Plain Folk of the Old South
979:
726:Resettlement Administration
630:Clare de Graffenreid, "The
499:
112:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3684:
3450:Cumberland Gap (folk song)
2887:European native population
1749:Annual Review of Sociology
1674:New York: Routledge, 1997.
756:
734:Tennessee Valley Authority
712:American eugenics movement
603:moving to the middle class
581:
577:
570:in the South. In context,
564:white people who are poor,
36:
29:
3599:
3534:
3488:
3445:Cripple Creek (folk song)
3425:Blackberry Blossom (tune)
3407:
3354:
3328:
3287:
3244:Kentucky County, Virginia
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2665:White demographic decline
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2100:
1936:(2nd ed. 1990), pp 33–38.
1834:Academic Search Complete.
1722:New Georgia Encyclopedia.
1481:Academic Search Complete.
1424:Academic Search Complete.
1365:10.1080/00232089285310061
1330:10.1108/00251740710819032
366:, with many being in the
315:
310:
303:
298:
278:
3279:1920 Alabama coal strike
3191:Battle of Blair Mountain
1851:Academic Search Complete
1540:New Georgia Encyclopedia
1444:Academic Search Complete
1215:Poor Whites of the South
3542:Appalachian stereotypes
3274:West Virginia coal wars
2696:Appalachian stereotypes
1442:63.3/4 (2010): 635-53.
799:subsistence agriculture
3489:Historical individuals
2603:phenomena and theories
2586:The White Man's Burden
2580:White Australia policy
2376:Southern United States
1953:Cook, Sylvia Jenkins.
1849:70.4 (2004): 783-824.
1778:Cite journal requires
1525:29 May 1903: 7. Print.
1523:The Seattle Republican
771:
692:
678:
627:
584:Scotch-Irish Americans
519:
368:Southern United States
341:English-speaking world
305:Southern United States
3305:Appalachian Americans
3163:Kanawha Valley people
3147:Chestnut Ridge people
3117:Appalachian Mountains
3006:Regional & social
2949:Ethnic & national
2804:Identitarian movement
2389:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1894:(December 26, 2020).
1832:32.3 (2001): 415-35.
1479:81.2 (2004): 139-67.
1440:Mississippi Quarterly
1422:61.3 (2008): 461-75.
1420:Mississippi Quarterly
1287:10.1353/cch.2013.0029
769:
683:
669:
661:political opportunism
622:
619:of the better class.
613:Harriet Beecher Stowe
582:Further information:
517:Cincinnati Art Museum
507:
311:Related ethnic groups
3601:Part of a series on
3455:East Tennessee Blues
3420:Appalachian dulcimer
3341:Appalachian folk art
3206:French–Eversole feud
2691:In the United States
2655:Whitewashing in film
2059:at Wikimedia Commons
2014:Reed, John Shelton.
2004:McIlwaine, Shields.
1997:Kirby, Jack Temple.
1853:. Web. 10 July 2012.
1446:. Web. 10 July 2012.
965:White South Africans
961:Black South Africans
846:improve this section
805:, charity, fishing,
744:administration, the
634:in the Cotton Mills"
421:improve this article
387:British Commonwealth
289:, as illustrated by
172:improve this article
118:create a new article
110:improve this article
3547:Appalachian studies
3516:Devil Anse Hatfield
3369:chicken fried steak
3336:Appalachian English
3259:Southwest Territory
3221:Lincoln County feud
3211:Hatfield–McCoy feud
3201:Coal strike of 1902
2809:Non-Hispanic whites
2650:Whitewashing in art
2575:Settler colonialism
2508:Historical concepts
2318:Trinidad and Tobago
2116:European emigration
1964:(Indiana UP, 2004).
1925:Bolton, Charles C.
1836:Web. 29 Sept. 2012.
1426:Web. 29 Sept. 2012.
1400:on January 13, 2013
1318:Management Decision
1213:"Weston, George M.
1139:on October 25, 2012
689:Tupelo, Mississippi
595:crowding-out effect
275:
3535:In popular culture
3475:Shady Grove (song)
3320:Urban Appalachians
2977:European Americans
2794:European New Right
2789:Christian Identity
2565:Play the white man
2278:Dominican Republic
1980:Harkins, Anthony.
1971:(LSU Press, 2006).
1870:The New York Times
1656:has generic name (
1483:Web. 10 Dec. 2012.
987:Country (identity)
973:affirmative action
772:
693:
641:American Civil War
520:
273:
32:Poor White (novel)
3610:
3609:
3480:Tom Dooley (song)
3415:Appalachian music
3408:Traditional music
3315:Settlement school
3226:Hillbilly Highway
3073:
3072:
3060:White Southerners
2997:Arabs and Muslims
2907:
2906:
2859:White nationalism
2799:Great Replacement
2764:identity politics
2645:Whiteness studies
2555:First white child
2503:
2502:
2055:Media related to
1989:Southern Cultures
1960:Flynt, J. Wayne.
1076:Flynt, J. Wayne.
926:
925:
918:
900:
779:"mountain whites"
742:Lyndon B. Johnson
704:Sherwood Anderson
513:James Henry Beard
497:
496:
489:
471:
330:
329:
317:White Southerners
266:
265:
258:
248:
247:
240:
222:
146:
145:
138:
120:, as appropriate.
82:
16:(Redirected from
3675:
3668:Antebellum South
3648:Race and society
3605:around the world
3430:Bluegrass fiddle
3384:Goo Goo Clusters
3264:Trans-Appalachia
3249:Overmountain Men
3100:
3093:
3086:
3077:
3076:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2895:
2894:
2738:Angry white male
2614:Passing as white
2123:
2122:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2054:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1860:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1701:on March 7, 2014
1700:
1694:. Archived from
1693:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1641:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1532:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1493:
1484:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1447:
1436:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1324:(8): 1270–1296.
1313:
1307:
1306:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1219:. March 10, 2001
1209:
1192:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1125:
1119:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1090:
1081:
1074:
921:
914:
910:
907:
901:
899:
858:
826:
818:
803:hunter-gathering
750:Second World War
738:Great Depression
653:defense of honor
635:
625:they half burn.
492:
485:
481:
478:
472:
470:
429:
405:
397:
380:Antebellum South
364:European descent
283:
276:
272:
261:
254:
243:
236:
232:
229:
223:
221:
180:
156:
148:
141:
134:
130:
127:
121:
93:
92:
85:
74:
52:
51:
44:
21:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3663:White Americans
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3595:
3530:
3521:Abraham Lincoln
3484:
3435:Bluegrass music
3403:
3350:
3324:
3283:
3269:Wilderness Road
3179:
3120:
3109:
3104:
3074:
3069:
3043:Mountain Whites
3001:
2943:
2938:
2908:
2903:
2873:
2869:White supremacy
2757:
2706:Mountain whites
2679:
2675:White supremacy
2640:White privilege
2602:
2596:
2560:Honorary whites
2499:
2462:
2393:
2215:
2199:
2118:
2110:
2096:
2091:
2047:
1934:Southerners All
1920:Further reading
1917:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1844:
1840:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1800:New York Times,
1796:
1795:
1791:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1734:Paul E. Mertz,
1733:
1729:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1590:
1582:McCusker, J. J.
1570:
1562:McCusker, J. J.
1558:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1437:
1430:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1390:"Price, Angel.
1388:
1387:
1380:
1349:
1345:
1314:
1310:
1271:
1267:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1114:Dollard, John.
1113:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1056:
1051:
982:
947:
922:
911:
905:
902:
859:
857:
843:
827:
816:
764:
759:
674:white supremacy
657:white supremacy
637:
632:Georgia Cracker
629:
590:
580:
502:
493:
482:
476:
473:
430:
428:
418:
406:
395:
345:White Americans
325:White Americans
294:
271:
262:
251:
250:
249:
244:
233:
227:
224:
181:
179:
169:
157:
142:
131:
125:
122:
107:
94:
90:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3653:Social classes
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3569:Mountain white
3566:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:Francis Asbury
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Coal Creek War
3193:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3115:People of the
3114:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Ugly Americans
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:White identity
2851:
2849:White Hispanic
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2768:
2766:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2670:Reverse racism
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Skin whitening
2622:
2617:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2529:
2526:Blanqueamiento
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2254:Cayman Islands
2251:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2046:
2045:External links
2043:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2002:
1995:
1985:
1978:
1972:
1967:Forret, Jeff.
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1915:
1914:
1883:
1855:
1838:
1821:
1809:New York Times
1789:
1780:|journal=
1753:
1751:(1990): 67-86.
1740:
1727:
1712:
1676:
1663:
1654:|author2=
1636:
1615:
1599:1800–present:
1552:
1527:
1514:
1485:
1468:
1448:
1428:
1411:
1378:
1343:
1308:
1265:
1230:
1193:
1180:
1169:. Marxists.org
1150:
1120:
1107:
1082:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
992:Cracker (term)
989:
983:
981:
978:
950:South Africa's
946:
943:
924:
923:
830:
828:
821:
815:
812:
763:
760:
758:
755:
621:
579:
576:
572:the Poor White
568:the Poor White
501:
498:
495:
494:
409:
407:
400:
394:
391:
328:
327:
321:Mountain white
313:
312:
308:
307:
301:
300:
296:
295:
284:
269:
264:
263:
246:
245:
160:
158:
151:
144:
143:
104:of the subject
102:worldwide view
97:
95:
88:
83:
57:
56:
54:
47:
39:Mountain white
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3680:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3582:
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3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Davy Crockett
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Nottamun Town
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:sorghum syrup
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:Ethnic groups
3123:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2777:One-drop rule
2775:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
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2483:New Caledonia
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2399:South America
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2342:San Francisco
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2324:United States
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2220:North America
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2026:
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2020:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:Carr, Duane.
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:Boney, F. N.
1931:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1872:
1871:
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1659:
1647:
1639:
1637:9781438109145
1633:
1629:
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1619:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1541:
1537:
1536:"Poor Whites"
1531:
1524:
1518:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1457:
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1234:
1218:
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1198:
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1184:
1168:
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1111:
1095:
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1038:
1035:
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1005:
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932:
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917:
909:
898:
895:
891:
888:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867: –
866:
862:
861:Find sources:
855:
851:
847:
841:
840:
836:
831:This section
829:
825:
820:
819:
811:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
780:
777:
768:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
690:
686:
685:Elvis Presley
682:
677:
675:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:. During the
646:
645:sharecroppers
642:
636:
633:
626:
620:
618:
614:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
589:
585:
575:
573:
569:
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541:
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514:
510:
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491:
488:
480:
469:
466:
462:
459:
455:
452:
448:
445:
441:
438: –
437:
433:
432:Find sources:
426:
422:
416:
415:
410:This section
408:
404:
399:
398:
393:United States
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:United States
352:
350:
346:
343:, especially
342:
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206:
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199:
196:
192:
189: –
188:
184:
183:Find sources:
177:
173:
167:
166:
161:This article
159:
155:
150:
149:
140:
137:
129:
119:
115:
111:
105:
103:
96:
87:
86:
81:
79:
72:
71:
66:
65:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3588:
3584:Redneck joke
3573:
3551:
3501:Daniel Boone
3465:In the Pines
3389:Shucky beans
3364:apple butter
3157:Scotch-Irish
3055:Valley Girls
3022:
3013:Appalachians
2970:South Asians
2896:
2839:White ethnic
2753:White monkey
2710:
2660:White savior
2630:White flight
2610:Acting white
2601:Sociological
2584:
2545:
2540:Peninsulares
2538:
2531:
2524:
2492:
2475:
2450:
2423:
2406:
2374:
2360:
2353:
2329:
2322:
2265:
2258:
2241:
2180:South Africa
2104:
2094:White people
2034:
2015:
2005:
1998:
1988:
1981:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1905:. Retrieved
1896:
1892:Reggie Yates
1886:
1874:. Retrieved
1868:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1799:
1792:
1771:cite journal
1762:
1756:
1748:
1743:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1696:the original
1686:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1626:
1618:
1608:February 29,
1606:. Retrieved
1586:
1566:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1499:The Broad Ax
1498:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1462:
1443:
1439:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:the original
1391:
1359:(1): 40–65.
1356:
1352:
1346:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1214:
1188:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1164:
1160:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1137:the original
1130:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1098:. Retrieved
1077:
1058:
1057:
948:
945:South Africa
927:
912:
903:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:"Poor White"
860:
844:Please help
832:
814:Contemporary
784:
773:
720:
716:
707:
701:
694:
670:
665:The Broad Ax
664:
638:
628:
623:
609:
607:
591:
571:
567:
563:
559:
521:
508:
483:
474:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:"Poor White"
431:
419:Please help
414:verification
411:
384:
376:social caste
353:
332:
331:
293:, circa 1891
291:E. W. Kemble
270:Ethnic group
267:
252:
234:
225:
215:
208:
201:
194:
187:"Poor White"
182:
170:Please help
165:verification
162:
132:
123:
99:
75:
68:
62:
61:Please help
58:
3603:hill people
3553:Deliverance
3526:Belle Starr
3379:country ham
3346:Affrilachia
3132:Black-Dutch
3065:White Trash
3023:Poor Whites
2965:East Asians
2864:White pride
2726:White trash
2711:Poor Whites
2635:White guilt
2494:New Zealand
2382:Puerto Rico
2337:Los Angeles
2283:El Salvador
2119:by location
1991:1#2 (1995)
1763:The Outlook
1579:1700–1799:
1559:1634–1699:
1246:(1): 1–15.
1037:White trash
776:Appalachian
762:Traditional
639:During the
556:white trash
528:hillbillies
349:low incomes
18:Poor whites
3617:Categories
3574:Poor White
3460:Hootenanny
3399:soup beans
3295:Appalachia
3107:Appalachia
2827:Quebeckers
2813:Old Stock
2592:White gods
2331:California
2260:Costa Rica
1814:January 6,
1705:January 6,
1507:January 6,
1404:January 6,
1223:January 6,
1173:January 6,
1143:January 6,
1100:January 6,
1054:References
1007:Peckerwood
957:wealth gap
876:newspapers
787:log cabins
708:Poor White
532:Appalachia
447:newspapers
372:Appalachia
333:Poor White
274:Poor White
198:newspapers
64:improve it
3559:Hillbilly
3374:chow-chow
3230:Baltimore
3161:formerly
3152:Melungeon
2822:Canadians
2817:Americans
2784:Alt-right
2701:Hillbilly
2515:Apartheid
2477:Australia
2458:Venezuela
2408:Argentina
2368:Baltimore
2355:Louisiana
2288:Guatemala
2249:Caribbean
1907:August 1,
1900:(Video).
1876:August 1,
1646:cite book
1545:March 30,
1373:0023-2084
1338:0025-1747
1303:144107953
1295:1532-5768
1260:0261-9288
1002:Hillbilly
953:Apartheid
906:July 2022
833:does not
807:bartering
706:'s novel
617:barbarism
477:July 2024
228:July 2021
126:July 2020
114:talk page
70:talk page
3440:Clogging
3137:Cherokee
3038:Rednecks
3028:Crackers
2721:Rednecks
2547:Criollos
2446:Suriname
2436:Paraguay
2431:Colombia
2362:Maryland
2298:Honduras
2273:Dominica
2232:Barbados
2211:Pakistan
2195:Zimbabwe
2145:Botswana
1584:(1992).
1564:(1997).
980:See also
935:dulcimer
791:dogtrots
732:and the
722:New Deal
697:poll tax
599:endogamy
536:crackers
524:rednecks
515:, 1845,
500:Identity
360:American
108:You may
3579:Redneck
3356:Cuisine
3329:Culture
3288:Society
3238:Detroit
3234:Chicago
3184:History
3171:Shawnee
3167:Koasati
3033:Redlegs
3018:Cowboys
2898:Commons
2716:Redlegs
2468:Oceania
2452:Uruguay
2414:Bolivia
2303:Jamaica
2237:Bermuda
2227:Bahamas
2185:Tunisia
2175:Reunion
2170:Namibia
2165:Morocco
2135:Algeria
2008:(1939)
1950:(1996).
1902:YouTube
1738:(1978).
1027:Redneck
890:scholar
854:removed
839:sources
757:Culture
578:History
552:Hoosier
548:Florida
544:Georgia
461:scholar
385:In the
378:in the
354:In the
339:in the
287:Georgia
212:scholar
3173:, and
2762:White
2533:Castas
2488:Hawaii
2419:Brazil
2349:Hawaii
2313:Panama
2308:Mexico
2243:Canada
2190:Zambia
2160:Malawi
2140:Angola
2127:Africa
2039:online
2029:online
2023:online
2010:online
1993:online
1976:online
1941:online
1634:
1371:
1336:
1301:
1293:
1258:
1059:Notes
1022:Redleg
939:fiddle
892:
885:
878:
871:
863:
728:, the
546:, and
463:
456:
449:
442:
434:
337:Whites
214:
207:
200:
193:
185:
3175:Yuchi
2748:Basic
2743:Becky
2733:Karen
2520:Aryan
2425:Chile
2293:Haiti
2155:Kenya
1805:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1692:(PDF)
1591:(PDF)
1571:(PDF)
1353:Kleio
1299:S2CID
1281:(2).
1042:Yokel
931:banjo
897:JSTOR
883:books
795:jeans
610:Dred,
540:Texas
538:" in
530:" in
511:, by
468:JSTOR
454:books
347:with
219:JSTOR
205:books
116:, or
2987:Jews
2882:Race
2441:Peru
2267:Cuba
2204:Asia
2105:Bold
1909:2022
1878:2022
1816:2013
1784:help
1707:2013
1658:help
1632:ISBN
1610:2024
1547:2024
1509:2013
1406:2013
1369:ISSN
1334:ISSN
1291:ISSN
1256:ISSN
1225:2013
1175:2013
1145:2013
1102:2013
937:and
869:news
837:any
835:cite
655:and
586:and
440:news
370:and
191:news
1361:doi
1326:doi
1283:doi
1248:doi
969:ANC
848:by
801:,
789:or
550:, "
534:, "
423:by
174:by
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1320:.
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1818:.
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1709:.
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1340:.
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1227:.
1177:.
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1104:.
919:)
913:(
908:)
904:(
894:·
887:·
880:·
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475:(
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444:·
417:.
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235:(
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209:·
202:·
195:·
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
