Pontoon bridge - Knowledge

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direction of the stream of the Hellespont (though crosswise in respect to the Pontus), to support the tension of the ropes. They placed them together thus, and let down very large anchors, those on the one side towards the Pontus because of the winds which blow from within outwards, and on the other side, towards the West and the Egean, because of the South-East and South Winds. They left also an opening for a passage through, so that any who wished might be able to sail into the Pontus with small vessels, and also from the Pontus outwards. Having thus done, they proceeded to stretch tight the ropes, straining them with wooden windlasses, not now appointing the two kinds of rope to be used apart from one another, but assigning to each bridge two ropes of white flax and four of the papyrus ropes. The thickness and beauty of make was the same for both, but the flaxen ropes were heavier in proportion, and of this rope a cubit weighed one talent. When the passage was bridged over, they sawed up logs of wood, and making them equal in length to the breadth of the bridge they laid them above the stretched ropes, and having set them thus in order they again fastened them above. When this was done, they carried on brushwood, and having set the brushwood also in place, they carried on to it earth; and when they had stamped down the earth firmly, they built a barrier along on each side, so that the baggage-animals and horses might not be frightened by looking out over the sea.

251: 387: 1881: 1857: 49: 757: 1761: 1133: 1809: 2288: 1141: 1697: 1721: 1797: 590: 627: 2394:. Engineers realized that jackhammers could not be employed to remove the sidewalks without risking compromising the structural integrity of the entire bridge. As such, a unique process called hydrodemolition was employed, in which powerful jets of water are used to blast away concrete, bit by bit. The water used in this process was temporarily stored in the hollow chambers in the pontoons of the bridge in order to prevent it from contaminating the lake. During a week of rain and strong winds, the watertight doors were not closed and the pontoons filled with water from the storm, in addition to the water from the hydrodemolition. The inundated bridge broke apart and sank. The bridge was rebuilt in 1993. 1709: 1821: 2192: 1749: 1937: 1511:

ponton equipage. The battalion was an organic unit of army and higher echelons. The M1940 could carry up to 25 short tons (23 t). The M1 Treadway Bridge could support up to 20 short tons (18 t). The roadway, made of steel, could carry up to 50 short tons (45 t), while the center section made of 4 inches (100 mm) thick plywood could carry up to 30 short tons (27 t). The wider, heavier tanks used the outside steel treadway while the narrower, lighter jeeps and trucks drove across the bridge with one wheel in the steel treadway and the other on the plywood.

1945: 1157: 1737: 1845: 1773: 4435: 1380: 1785: 2026: 1678:. The dock piers were code named "Whale". These piers were the floating roadways that connected the "Spud" pier heads to the land. These pier heads or landing wharves, at which ships were unloaded each consisted of a pontoon with four legs that rested on the sea bed to anchor the pontoon, yet allowed it to float up and down freely with the tide. "Beetles" were pontoons that supported the "Whale" piers. They were moored in position using wires attached to "Kite" anchors which were also designed by 2070: 570:... composed of twenty three boats, of great excellence and strength attached together by a long chain of iron as thick as a man's thigh, and this was moored on each side to an iron post as thick as a man's waist extending a distance of ten cubits on the land and planted firmly in the ground, the boats being fastened to this chain by means of big hooks. There were placed big wooden planks over the boats so firmly and evenly that all the animals were made to pass over it without difficulty. 825: 1901: 1929: 1912: 1631: 4606: 281: 469:. Sun Yen comments that this shows that the boats were arranged in a row, like the beams (of a house) with boards laid (transversely) across them, which is just the same as the pontoon bridge of today. Tu Yu also thought this. ... Cheng Khang Chheng says that the Zhou people invented it and used it whenever they had occasion to do so, but the Qin people, to whom they handed it down, were the first to fasten it securely together (for permanent use). 1833: 1149: 2196: 2195: 2200: 2198: 2193: 2199: 1549:) was used to transport both the bridge's steel and rubber components. A single Brockway truck could carry material for 30 feet (9.1 m) of bridge, including two pontons, two steel saddles that were attached to the pontons, and four treadway sections. Each treadway was 15 feet (4.6 m) long with high guardrails on either side of the 2 feet (0.61 m) wide track. 1984: 2197: 1582:

half-pontons. The aluminum half-pontons were 29 feet 7 inches (9.02 m) long overall, 6 feet 11 inches (2.11 m) wide at the gunwales, and 3 feet 4 inches (1.02 m) deep except at the bow where the gunwale was raised. The gunwales were 6 feet 8 inches (2.03 m) center-to-center. At 6 inches (150 mm)

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but supported instead by inflatable rubber pontoons. The Class 60 bridge consisted of a more robust steel girder and grid deck supported by inflatable rubber pontoons. All three pontoon bridge types were cumbersome to transport and deploy, and slow to assemble, encouraging the development of an easier to transport, deploy and assemble floating bridge.

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decided to adopt the SRB with some modifications and improvements, entering service in 1979 as the Faltschwimmbrücke, or Foldable Floating Bridge (FSB). Work on designing an improved version of the U.S. SRB incorporating features of the German FSB began in the 1990s, with first deployment by the U.S.

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The truck was mounted with a 4 short tons (3.6 t) hydraulic crane that was used to unload the 45 inches (110 cm) wide steel treadways. A custom designed twin boom arm was attached to rear of the truck bed and helped unroll and place the heavy inflatable rubber pontoons upon which the bridge

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By 1943, combat engineers faced the need for bridges to bear weights of 35 tons or more. To increase weight bearing capacity, they used bigger floats to add buoyancy. This overcame the capacity limitation, but the larger floats were both more difficult to transport to the crossing site and requiring

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An Engineer Light Ponton Company consisted of three platoons: two bridge platoons, each equipped with one unit of M3 pneumatic bridge, and a lightly equipped platoon which had one unit of footbridge and equipment for ferrying. The bridge platoons were equipped with the M3 pneumatic bridge, which was

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But the most commodious invention is that of the small boats hollowed out of one piece of timber and very light both by their make and the quality of the wood. The army always has a number of these boats upon carriages, together with a sufficient quantity of planks and iron nails. Thus with the help

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includes the mass of the bridge and the pontoon itself. If the maximum load of a bridge section is exceeded, one or more pontoons become submerged. Flexible connections have to allow for one section of the bridge to be weighted down more heavily than the other parts. The roadway across the pontoons

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Most pontoon bridges are temporary and used in wartime and civil emergencies. There are permanent pontoon bridges in civilian use that can carry highway traffic. Permanent floating bridges are useful for sheltered water crossings if it is not considered economically feasible to suspend a bridge from

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A minor disaster occurs if anchors or connections between the pontoon bridge segments fail. This may happen because of overloading, extreme weather or flood. The bridge disintegrates and parts of it start to float away. Many cases are known. When the Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge sank, it severed

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Beginning in 1969 the U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command (MERADCOM) reverse-engineered the Russian PMP design to develop the improved float bridge (IFB), later known as the standard ribbon bridge (SRB). The IFB/SRB was type classified in 1972 and first deployed in service

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A treadway bridge could be built of floating spans or fixed spans. An M2 treadway bridge was designed to carry artillery, heavy duty trucks, and medium tanks up to 40 short tons (36 t). This could be of any length, and was what was used over major river obstacles such as the Rhine and Moselle.

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various forms of pontoon bridges were tried and discarded. Wooden pontoons and India rubber bag pontoons shaped like a torpedo proved impractical until the development of cotton-canvas covered pontoons, which required more maintenance but were lightweight and easier to work with and transport. From

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Floating bridges were historically constructed using wood. Pontoons were formed by simply lashing several barrels together, by rafts of timbers, or by using boats. Each bridge section consisted of one or more pontoons, which were maneuvered into position and then anchored underwater or on land. The

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From the Post-War period into the early 1980s the U.S. Army and its NATO and other allies employed three main types of pontoon bridge/raft. The M4 bridge featured a lightweight aluminum balk deck supported by rigid aluminum hull pontoons. The M4T6 bridge used the same aluminum balk deck of the M4,

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The Bailey bridge was used for the first time in 1942. The first version put into service was a Bailey Pontoon and Raft with a 30 feet (9.1 m) single-single Bailey bay supported on two pontoons. A key feature of the Bailey Pontoon was the use of a single span from the bank to the bridge level

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ferries and bridges in river-crossing operations of the armored division. Stream-crossing equipment included utility powerboats, pneumatic floats, and two units of steel treadway bridge equipment, each of which allowed the engineers to build a floating bridge about 540 feet (160 m) in length.

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An alternative proposed by Charles Pasley comprised two copper canoes, each 2 foot 8 inches wide and 22 foot long and coming in two sections which were fastened side by side to make a double canoe raft. Copper was used in preference to fast-corroding tin. Lashed at 10 foot centres, these were good

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This design for bridges is also used for permanent bridges designed for highway traffic, pedestrian traffic and bicycles, with sections for boats to ply the waterway being crossed. Seattle in the United States and Kelowna in British Columbia, Canada are two places with permanent pontoon bridges,

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and meanwhile other chief-constructors proceeded to make the bridges; and thus they made them: They put together fifty-oared galleys and triremes, three hundred and sixty to be under the bridge towards the Euxine Sea, and three hundred and fourteen to be under the other, the vessels lying in the

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A similar amphibious system, the Mobile Floating Assault Bridge-Ferry (MFAB-F) was developed in the U.S. by Chrysler between 1959 and 1962. As with the French EFA, the MFAB-F consisted of an amphibious truck with a rotating bridge deck section, but there were no outboard flotation sponsons. The

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A Heavy Ponton Bridge Battalion was provided with equipage required to provide stream crossing for heavy military vehicles that could not be supported by a light ponton bridge. The Battalion had two lettered companies of two bridge platoons each. Each platoon was equipped with one unit of heavy

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developed a new form of pontoon which was adopted in 1817 by the British Army. Each pontoon was split into two halves, and the two pointed ends could be connected together in locations with tidal flow. Each half was enclosed, reducing the risk of swamping, and the sections bore multiple lashing

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A pneumatic float was made of rubberized fabric separated by bulkheads into 12 airtight compartments and inflated with air. The pneumatic float consisted of an outer perimeter tube, a floor, and a removable center tube. The 18 short tons (16 t) capacity float was 8 feet 3 inches

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An Engineer Treadway Bridge Company consisted of company headquarters and two bridge platoons. It was an organic unit of the armored force, and normally was attached to an Armored Engineer Battalion. Each bridge platoon transported one unit of steel treadway bridge equipage for construction of

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American engineers built three types of floating bridges: M1938 infantry footbridges, M1938 ponton bridges, and M1940 treadway bridges, with numerous subvariants of each. These were designed to carry troops and vehicles of varying weight, using either an inflatable pneumatic ponton or a solid

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supports the boats, limiting the maximum load to the total and point buoyancy of the pontoons or boats. The supporting boats or floats can be open or closed, temporary or permanent in installation, and made of rubber, metal, wood, or concrete. The decking may be temporary or permanent, and

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A treadway bridge was a multi-section, prefabricated floating steel bridge supported by pontoons carrying two metal tracks (or "tread ways") forming a roadway. Depending on its weight class, the treadway bridge was supported either by heavy inflatable pneumatic pontons or by aluminum-alloy

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commonly pronounced the word "ponton" rather than "pontoon" and U.S. military manuals spelled it using a single 'o'. The U.S. military differentiated between the bridge itself ("ponton") and the floats used to provide buoyancy ("pontoon"). The original word was derived from Old French

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amphibious forward crossing apparatus conceived by French General Jean Gillois in 1955. The system consisted of a wheeled amphibious truck equipped with inflatable outboard flotation sponsons and a rotating vehicle bridge deck section. The system was developed by the West German firm

2501:, Center of Military History (U.S. Army), 1985. The bridge was built by the 85th Engineer Heavy Combat Battalion on March 26, 1945 200 feet downstream from the demolished Ernst Ludwig highway bridge. It was named the Alexander Patch Bridge after the Seventh Army commander, General 1431:. It had a continuous canvas hinge and could fold flat for storage and transportation. When assembled it could carry 15 men and with two boats and some additional toppings it could transport a 3-ton truck. Further upgrades during WW2 resulted in it moving to a Class 9 bridge. 2000:

EWK further developed the EFA system into the M2 "Alligator" Amphibious Bridging Vehicle equipped with fold-out aluminum flotation pontoons, which was produced from 1967 to 1970 and sold to the West German, British and Singapore militaries. The M2 was followed by the revised

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began development of a new kind of continuous pontoon bridge made up of short folding sections or bays that could be transported and deployed rapidly, automatically unfold in the water, and quickly be assembled into a floating bridge of variable length. Known as the

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MFAB-F was first deployed by the U.S. Army in 1964 and later by Belgium. An improved version was produced by FMC from 1970 to 1976. The MFAB-F remained in service into the early 1980s before being replaced by a simpler continuous pontoon or "ribbon bridge" system.

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The spelling "ponton" in English dates from at least 1870. The use continued in references found in U.S. patents during the 1890s. It continued to be spelled in that fashion through World War II, when temporary floating bridges were used extensively throughout the

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Several alternatives featured a self-propelled amphibious integrated transporter, floating pontoon, bridge deck section that could be delivered and assembled in the water under its own power, linking as many units as required to bridge a gap or form a raft ferry.

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The "Palsey pontoon" lasted until 1836 when it was replaced by the "Blanshard pontoon" which comprised tin cylinders 3 feet wide and 22 feet long, placed 11 feet apart, making the pontoon very buoyant. The pontoon was tested with the Palsey pontoon on the Medway.

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Pontoon". The Blood Pontoon returned to the open boat system, which enabled use as boats when not needed as pontoons. Side carrying handles helped transportation. The new pontoon proved strong enough to support loaded elephants and siege guns as well as military

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A comparison of pontoons used by each nations army shows that almost all were open boats coming in one, two or even three pieces, mainly wood, some with canvas and rubber protection. Belgium used an iron boat; the United States used cylinders split into three.

1880: 2194: 1336:, where the river was 250 feet (76 m) wide. The bridge, comprising 15 pontoons held by 14 anchors, was completed in 22 minutes and then used to move five battalions of troops across the river. It was removed in 34 minutes the next day. 1682:. These anchors had a high holding power as was demonstrated in D+13 Normandy storm where the British Mulberry survived most of the storm damage whereas the American Mulberry, which only had 20% of its Kite Anchors deployed, was destroyed. 432:

has pointed out that in all likely scenarios, the temporary pontoon bridge was invented during the 9th or 8th century BC in China, as this part was perhaps a later addition to the book (considering how the book had been edited up until the

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was laid. The 220 inches (560 cm) wheelbase chassis included a 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) front winch and extra-large air-brake tanks that also served to inflate the rubber pontoons before they were placed in the water.

2566: 1355:. Because the river level could vary by as much as 22 feet, the track was laid on an adjustable platform above the pontoons. This unique structure remained in use until the railroad was abandoned in 1961, when it was removed. 927:

constructed a portable pontoon bridge of anchored boats bound together and used it to cross the Danube during campaigns against the Avar Khaganate in the 790s. Charlemagne's army built two fortified pontoon bridges across the

2046:, it was first deployed in 1962 and subsequently adopted by Warsaw Pact countries and other states employing Soviet military equipment. The PMP proved its viability in combat when it was used by Egyptian forces to cross the 3825:

American Fury: The Truth About the Russian Deaths in Syria: Hundreds of Russian soldiers are alleged to have died in U.S. airstrikes at the beginning of February. Reporting by DER SPIEGEL shows that events were likely very

1696: 2373:, was subjected to winds of 80 miles per hour (130 km/h), gusting up to 120 miles per hour (190 km/h). Waves of 10–15 feet (3.0–4.6 m) battered the sides of the bridge, and within a few hours the western 3103: 1409:

The First World War saw developments on "trestles" to form the link between a river bank and the pontoon bridge. Some infantry bridges in WW1 used any material available, including petrol cans as flotation devices.

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who had claimed he had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae". Caligula's construction of the bridge cost a massive sum of money and added to discontent with his rule.

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for cavalry, infantry and light guns; lashed at 5 foot centres, heavy cannon could cross. The canoes could also be lashed together to form rafts. One cart pulled by two horse carried two half canoes and stores.

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The connection of the bridge to shore requires the design of approaches that are not too steep, protect the bank from erosion and provide for movements of the bridge during (tidal) changes of the water level.

3858: 2227:"By dawn on 4 April 2003, the 299th Engineer Company had emplaced a 185-meter long Assault Float Bridge—the first time in history that a bridge of its type was built in combat." This took place during the 1760: 1648:, which was made up of modular, pre-fabricated steel trusses capable of carrying up to 40 short tons (36 t) over spans up to 180 feet (55 m). While typically constructed point-to-point over 2615: 1586:, the half-ponton has a displacement of 26,500 pounds (12,000 kg). The sides and bow of the half-ponton were gradually sloped, permitting two or more to be nested for transporting or storing. 3888: 3472: 3304: 1972:, British Army, and on a very limited basis by the U.S. Army, where it was referred to as Amphibious River Crossing Equipment (ARCE). Production ended in 1973. The EFA was used in combat by the 1502:

constructed of heavy inflatable pneumatic floats and could handle up to 10 short tons (9.1 t); this was suitable for all normal infantry division loads without reinforcement, greater with.

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riding the ferocious elephant Hawa'i, pursuing another elephant across a collapsing bridge of boats (left), in Basawan and Chetar Munti's "Akbar's Adventure with the Elephant Hawa’i", dated 1561

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the floating bridge (fou chhiao) with which to cross rivers. But the Ta Ming ode in the Shih Ching (Book of Odes) says (of King Wen) that he 'joined boats and made of them a bridge' over the

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In addition to the U.S. and Germany, the IFB/SRB/FSB/IRB has been adopted by the Armed Forces of Australia, Brazil, Canada, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Korea and Sweden, among others.

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Provisional and lightweight pontoon bridges are easily damaged. The bridge can be dislodged or inundated when the load limit of the bridge is exceeded. The bridge can be induced to sway or

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Numerous pontoon bridges were constructed by the Iranians and Iraqis to cross the various rivers and marshes alongside the Iraqi border. Notable instances include one constructed over the

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near Al Musayib on the night of 3 April 2003. The 185-meter bridge was built to support retrograde operations because of the heavy-armor traffic crossing a partially destroyed adjacent

1808: 437:, 202 BC – 220 AD). Although earlier temporary pontoon bridges had been made in China, the first secure and permanent ones (and linked with iron chains) in China came first during the 1487:

aluminum-alloy ponton bridge. Both types of bridges were supported by pontons (known today as "pontoons") fitted with a deck built of balk, which were square, hollow aluminum beams.

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Eisenwerke-Kaiserslauter (EWK) and entered production by the French-German consortium Pontesa. The EFA system was first deployed by the French Army in 1965, and subsequently by the

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During the Middle Ages, pontoons were used alongside regular boats to span rivers during campaigns, or to link communities which lacked resources to build permanent bridges. The

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for lack of the arrival of the pontoon train, resulting in severe losses. The report of this disaster resulted in Britain forming and training a Pontoon Troop of Engineers.

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A floating bridge can be built in a series of sections, starting from an anchored point on the shore. Modern pontoon bridges usually use pre-fabricated floating structures.

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Solid aluminum-alloy pontons were used in place of pneumatic floats to support heavier bridges and loads. They were also pressed into service for lighter loads as needed.

3984: 1820: 1188:, close to their confluence. This allowed Cromwell to move his troops West of the Severn during the action on 3 September 1651 and was crucial to the victory by his 378:) can accumulate on the pontoons, increasing the drag from river current and potentially damaging the bridge. See below for floating pontoon failures and disasters. 1618:

hours at night. Pergrin says that in practise 50 ft/hour of treadway construction was expected, which is a little slower than the speed specified by doctrine.

3850: 3102:(in Spanish). Vol. Tomo cuarto (Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000 ed.). Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes. p. 347. 2398:

the anchor cables of the bridge parallel to it. A powerful tugboat pulled on that bridge against the wind during a subsequent storm, and prevented further damage.

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In 1995 the 502nd and 38th Engineer Companies of the U.S. Army's 130th Engineer Brigade, and the 586th Engineer Company from Ft. Benning GA, operating as part of

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on 21 July 1242. Louis IX had a pontoon bridge built across the Nile to provide unimpeded access to troops and supplies in early March 1250 during the

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Most pontoon bridges are designed for temporary use, but bridges across water bodies with a constant water level can remain in place much longer.

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once linked the majority of his fleet together with iron chains, which proved to be a fatal mistake once he was thwarted with a fire attack by

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Pontoon bridges have been in use since ancient times and have been used to great advantage in many battles throughout history, such as the

1132: 3614: 3522: 2874: 1112:, using over a thousand barrels. The bridge was strong enough to support carts. The Ottoman Army constructed a pontoon bridge during the 446: 3584: 3556: 3348: 2781: 2390:

was closed for renovations. Specifically, the sidewalks were being removed to widen the traffic lanes to the standards mandated by the

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The British Blood Pontoon MkII, which took the original and cut it into two halves, was still in use with the British Army in 1924.

2287: 3911: 2279:. At least one Russian battalion tactical group was reportedly destroyed, as well as the pontoon bridge deployed in the crossing. 791:

of cables to lash the boats together, a bridge is instantly constructed, which for the time has the solidity of a bridge of stone.

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wheeled amphibious assault bridge, while the Russian PMM-2 and Chinese GZM003 armoured amphibious assault bridge ride on tracks.

1844: 3973: 3439: 2005:, entering service in 1996 with Germany, Britain, Taiwan and Singapore. The M3 was used in combat by British Forces during the 2730: 3643: 2366:

is home to some of the longest permanent floating bridges in the world, and two of these failed in part due to strong winds.

2236: 1538: 916: 737:, paid builders to engineer an extraordinary pontoon bridge composed of gilded and tapestried ships for a festival that drew 3669: 2323:; the latter of which will become the first operational floating railway bridge upon the opening of the final phase of the 1259: 2204:

Improved ribbon bridge built by 341st Engineer General Service Regiment at Drawsko Pomorskie training area, June 11, 2018.

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During the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD), the Chinese created a very large pontoon bridge that spanned the width of the

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Organization of the Bridge Equipage of the United States Army: With Directions for the Construction of Military Bridges

153:. Such bridges can require a section that is elevated or can be raised or removed to allow waterborne traffic to pass. 1976:(IDF), which employed former U.S. Army equipment to cross the Suez Canal in their counterattack into Egypt during the 1251:

the British army transported "tin pontoons" that were lightweight and could be quickly turned into a floating bridge.

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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics

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Pontoon bridges were extensively used by both armies and civilians throughout the latter half of the 20th century.

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by American and British forces. That same night, the 299th also constructed a 40-metre (130 ft) single-story

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in 1976. It was very similar to the PMP but was constructed of lightweight aluminum instead of heavier steel.

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in a hazardous manner from the swell, from a storm, a flood or a fast moving load. Ice or floating objects (

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The Corps of Engineers-The Technical Services: The War Against Germany (United States Army in World War II)

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Deployment showing automatic unfolding of the most recent Russian ribbon bridge system PP-2005 in 2020.

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Smaller, lighter pneumatic pontons piggy-backed upon large aluminum heavy pontons for combined transport

4493: 4461: 3916: 2209: 2183:. They were extremely prominent due to their use in allowing for tanks and transports to cross rivers. 1243:. Working in cold water, Eblé's Dutch engineers constructed a 100-meter-long pontoon bridge during the 705: 4152: 3748: 3718: 2561: 4063: 2610: 2489: 2452: 2391: 2308: 2276: 1456: 1240: 1180:

delayed the start of the battle to give time for two pontoon bridges to be constructed, one over the

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In February 2018, pro-regime fighters used a pontoon bridge to cross the Euphrates river during the

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was developed in 1928 and went through several versions until it was used in WW2 to complement the

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in 1654. However, as the bridge broke apart it all ended in a sound defeat of the Spanish by local

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demanded that royal fiscal estates maintain watertight, river-fordable wagons for purposes of war.

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An open sea type of pontoon, another British war time invention, known by their code names, the

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model B666 6 short tons (5.4 t) 6x6 truck chassis (also built under license by Corbitt and

207:, connected together to cross a river or canal, with a track or deck attached on top. The water 4316: 4261: 4168: 2324: 2180: 2160: 1660: 1542: 1424: 1318: 1113: 258: 3606: 3519: 1936: 1557:(2.51 m) wide, 33 feet (10 m) long, 2 feet 9 inches (0.84 m) deep. 1196: 4141: 3578: 3540: 2708: 2648: 2408: 2228: 2109: 2051: 1973: 1871: 1455:

were responsible for bridge deployment and construction. These were formed principally into

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German engineers building a pontoon bridge across the Prut River during the advance towards

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ships by official Han troops under Commander Cen Peng. During the late Eastern Han into the

285: 4481: 4423: 4346: 3800:"OBJECTIVE PEACH NARRATIVE CPT Steven J. Thompson, Commander, 299th Engineer Company (MRB)" 2447: 2432: 2232: 2128:. Between 1993 and 1995 the pontoon served as one of the two operational land links toward 1675: 1583: 1081: 672:, records several pontoon bridges. Emperor Caligula built a 2-mile (3.2 km) bridge at 301: 262: 3494: 2675: 1239:'s engineers erected four pontoon bridges in a single night across the Dnieper during the 8: 4397: 4231: 4015: 3946: 3851:"Ukrainian forces prevented attempted Russian river crossing in the Donbas, Britain says" 3799: 3375: 2752:"The longest pontoon bridge in the world, spanning Russellville and Dardanelle, Arkansas" 2332: 2121: 2043: 1957: 1649: 1546: 1306: 1169: 1045:, including one supported by 38 boats. On 27 May 1234, Crusader troops crossed the river 1014: 940:

employed three pontoon bridges, made from pre-fabricated materials, to rapidly cross the

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was the first to create a pontoon bridge in the 11th century BC. However, the historian

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civilian and military authorities in July 1993 over a narrow sea outlet in the town of

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in December 1097. According to the chronicles, the earliest floating bridge across the

945: 881: 677: 603: 53: 2961:

Lords of the sea : the epic story of the Athenian navy and the birth of democracy

2358:

Floating bridges can be vulnerable to inclement weather, especially strong winds. The

558:(r. 1402–1424), recorded his sight and travel over a large floating pontoon bridge at 309:

should be relatively light, so as not to limit the carrying capacity of the pontoons.

89:

Various: steel, concrete, boats, barrels, plastic floats, appropriate decking material

4575: 4434: 4380: 4266: 4241: 4221: 4216: 4110: 4073: 4050: 4023: 3546: 3410: 3287: 2974: 2964: 2702: 2678:. Washington, D.C. UNT Digital Library: United States War Department. 19 April 1943. 2370: 2263:

In May 2022, Ukrainian forces repelled an attempted Russian military crossing of the

2252: 2002: 1459:, which had a wide range of duties beyond bridging, and specialized units, including 1348: 1173: 912: 688:

once engineered a 2-kilometre (1.2 mi) pontoon bridge that stretched across the

180: 165: 61: 3431: 911:

crossed the Bosporus on horseback on a large pontoon bridge in 638. The army of the

799:

is said to have ridden a horse across a pontoon bridge stretching two miles between

461:

says that in the 58th year of the Zhou King Nan (257 BC), there was invented in the

4609: 4353: 4106: 3124: 2722: 2438: 2422: 2352: 1671: 1471:; any of these could be organically attached to infantry units or directly at the 1363: 1310: 1286: 1228: 1200: 1066: 995: 979: 901: 615: 425: 226: 212:

constructed out of wood, modular metal, or asphalt or concrete over a metal frame.

204: 184: 131: 31: 3881:"The Lake Washington Floating Bridge Connects Seattle's History to the Road Ahead" 3639: 4451: 4286: 4137:

detailed World War Two article with rare photos of setting up of a pontoon bridge

3832: 3665: 3526: 3023: 2875:"Historic Hobart floating bridge declared National Engineering Heritage Landmark" 2502: 2498: 2427: 2296: 2268: 2213: 2125: 2038: 1452: 1379: 1368: 1352: 1177: 1074: 837: 648: 599: 535: 497: 394: 305: 2025: 1421:-filled canvas float and timber foot walks. America created their own version. 1220: 4591: 4412: 4402: 4301: 4291: 4251: 2541: 2272: 2176: 2147:

assembled a standard ribbon bridge under adverse weather conditions across the

2133: 2055: 1977: 1887: 1428: 1325: 1255: 1248: 1189: 1101: 1058: 963: 937: 893: 812: 782: 659: 555: 493: 429: 293: 173: 4099:

Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400-800 A.D.)

3261: 3016: 2830:

American Artillerist's Companion: Or Elements of Artillery. Treating of All ..

2355:

suffered two disasters, one natural, a gale in 1733, and then a fire in 1916.

2163:), with a total length of 2,034 feet (620 m). It was dismantled in 1996. 2069: 4624: 4392: 4236: 4019: 2978: 2172: 2105: 1679: 1645: 1472: 1054: 1030: 975: 824: 524: 407: 390: 352: 340: 269:, US, at the time reportedly the longest pontoon bridge in the world. (Photo 481:

in 33 AD, where a large pontoon bridge with fortified posts was constructed

4407: 4331: 4326: 4042: 4039:

Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788-907

3739: 2264: 2066:, involved the erection of at least 10 pontoon bridges to cross the Canal. 1928: 1911: 1900: 1329: 1181: 1136:

Parma's bridge over the Scheldt in 1584, built of ships. 1616 illustration.

1097: 956: 773: 765: 636: 632: 595: 563: 547: 520: 474: 442: 411: 192: 169: 135: 4160: 904:

in 580 to completely surround the city with their troops and siege works.

896:

forced Syriac-Roman engineers to construct two pontoon bridges across the

4363: 4336: 4281: 4256: 4211: 4206: 4145: 3836: 2751: 2383:

mile (1.2 km) of the structure had sunk. It has since been rebuilt.

2082: 1962: 1674:

floated across the English Channel to provide harbours for the June 1944

1635: 1630: 1541:

designed a self-contained bridge transportation and erection system. The

1439:

Pontoon bridges were used extensively during World War II, mainly in the

1418: 1395: 1362:

stayed in British use until the late 1870s, when it was replaced by the "

1204: 1105: 1022: 967: 924: 920: 438: 434: 356: 300:: Each pontoon can support a load equal to the mass of the water that it 3311:(Training Circular No. 5-210 ed.). 27 December 1988. Archived from 2932: 2564:, Sylvester N. Stewart, "Ponton-bridge", issued 1890-July-23 2235:

to patch the damage done to the highway span. The 299th was part of the

203:

A pontoon bridge is a collection of specialized, shallow draft boats or

4296: 4276: 4271: 4226: 2359: 2348: 2087: 2047: 2010: 1967: 1476: 1185: 1161: 889: 709: 611: 450: 330: 280: 2152: 1802:

Treadway style infantry support bridge built on light aluminum pontons

1148: 2505:. A stone tower of the former bridge is visible on the opposite bank. 2117: 1826:

British troops crossing the Seine at Vernon, France on 28 August 1944

1604:

hours to place a 362-foot section of M2 treadway during daylight and

1314: 1050: 1034: 987: 949: 908: 885: 865: 693: 663: 466: 462: 449:

once wrote of early pontoon bridges in China (spelling of Chinese in

371: 110: 2934:

The history of Herodotus — Volume 2 by Herodotus - Project Gutenberg

853: 141:

to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and vehicle travel. The

4373: 2464: 2129: 2034: 2006: 1216: 1208: 953: 941: 861: 796: 777: 738: 713: 689: 505: 416: 360: 348: 266: 208: 142: 97:

Generally not, but may have movable sections for watercraft passage

2700: 1634:

A Whale floating roadway leading to a Spud pier at Mulberry A off

692:, linking Asia to Europe, so that Darius could pursue the fleeing 4417: 2335:

is a combined cable-stayed and pontoon highway bridge in Norway.

2300: 2221: 2156: 2113: 1867: 1399: 1263: 1152:

Pontoon bridge across the James River at Richmond, Virginia, 1865

983: 974:

in 1026. Crusader forces constructed a pontoon bridge across the

857: 833: 804: 742: 701: 697: 559: 501: 489: 485: 375: 329:

to form the road surface, and the chesses were secured with side

2421:

bailey type bridge that can be made into a multi-span bridge on

1061:

in 1241 to outflank the Hungarian army. The French army of King

4191: 4102: 2063: 1443:. The United States was the principal user, with Britain next. 1391: 1046: 1007: 933: 849: 761: 746: 734: 681: 640: 607: 539: 364: 344: 4069:

The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

3771:"On Point - The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom" 2369:

In 1979, the longest floating bridge crossing salt water, the

2009:. More recently, Turkey has developed a similar system in the 1727: 1006:

in 1157 on a pontoon bridge built in advance by the people of

3717:. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from 2442: 2093:

Army in the early 2000s as the improved ribbon bridge (IRB).

2059: 1100:

across a pontoon bridge of portable leather vessels in 1441.

1018: 1003: 877: 869: 860:

in 442 to bring heavy siege towers within range of the city.

800: 750: 673: 551: 145:

of the supports limits the maximum load that they can carry.

138: 57: 3135:(in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Biblioteca Militar. p. 79. 2282: 1956:

An early example was the Engin de Franchissement de l’Avant

1766:

Infantry support bridge supported by light aluminum pontoons

1049:

in Germany on a pontoon bridge during the fight against the

325:. The balks were covered by a series of cross planks called 2240: 2148: 2144: 1622:

more and larger trucks in the divisional and corps trains.

1480: 1089: 1085: 1038: 991: 929: 915:

built a pontoon bridge over the Bosporus in 717 during the

897: 3074: 3072: 3035: 3033: 3031: 2208:

The United States Army's 299th Multi-role Bridge Company,

1247:

to allow the Grande Armée to escape to safety. During the

2435:

for another bridge type with mobile military application.

2295:, the world's longest permanent floating bridge, crosses 1120:

pioneers built a floating bridge across the Adige at the

845: 3745:"Article on the 16th anniversary of Operation Maslenica" 2179:, and another where they crossed certain marshes during 1223:

made extensive use of pontoon bridges at the battles of

3640:"Battlefront WWII Some Facts about Bridging operations" 3069: 3057: 3028: 2632:. 12–13. Society of American Military Engineers. 1920. 1742:

Heavy ponton bridge supported by large aluminum pontons

1417:

for infantry was developed for the British Army, using

2112:

was destroyed and a short pontoon bridge was built by

868:

on a quickly built pontoon bridge during the siege of

3974:"Tug Fleet Continues to Keep Seattle Bridge in Place" 3692:"Development of the Kite Anchor for Mulberry Harbour" 1468: 1309:, a folding boat system, were widely used during the 1195:

The Spanish Army constructed a pontoon bridge at the

3542:

Battle Bridges: Combat River Crossings: World War II

3045: 1351:

to carry a railroad track connecting that city with

3127:; Villaroel Carmona, Rafael; Lepe Orellana, Jaime; 2758:. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration 2704:

Operation Crossroads, the Official Pictorial Record

2585:"U.S. Army in World War II Engineers and Logistics" 2327:in 2025. There are five pontoon bridges across the 582:

Roman depictions of pontoon bridges, 2nd century AD

3972: 3912:"Washington: Floating bridge capitol of the world" 1778:Treadway being installed using truck mounted crane 1464: 716:in 480 BC to transport his huge army into Europe: 534:, the official diarist of the embassy sent by the 519:in 974 in order to secure supply lines during the 4499:List of lists of covered bridges in North America 3708: 2546:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1870. p. 4622: 4133:"Combat Engineers Take a River In Their Stride" 3949:. Inland Marine Underwriters Association. 1993. 1915:French Army mobile Pontoon bridge in Paris, 2003 1814:M2 Treadway bridge supported by pneumatic floats 562:(constructed earlier in 1372) as he crossed the 3465:"Combat Engineers Take a River in Their Stride" 3436:Chosin Reservoir Korea November - December 1950 2613:, Sylvester N. Stewart, "Ponton-bridge" 2491:The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Germany 1656:which eliminated the need for bridge trestles. 1652:, they could be supported by pontoons as well. 1386:(French Knowledge), The 3rd French Regiment of 3299: 3297: 3247:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. 3245:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol II 3150:. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers. 2707:. New York: W.H. Wise & Co., Inc. p. 1207:'s troops built a pontoon bridge to cross the 696:as well as move his army into position in the 4176: 4082:Graff, David Andrew and Robin Higham (2002). 3520:U.S. Army Explosives and Demolitions Handbook 3495:"The Right Way, a History of Brockway Trucks" 3148:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I 2212:deployed a standard ribbon bridge across the 2140:that did not go through Serb-held territory. 1390:are building a Pontoon Bridge over the river 948:in 955 and win decisively against the Slavic 367:was built in 1912 and operated for 80 years. 351:was only replaced after 21 years. The fourth 4072:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3409:. Center for Military History. p. 293. 2258: 2085: 1965: 1104:engineers built a pontoon bridge across the 932:in 789 during a campaign against the Slavic 4190: 3634: 3632: 3462: 3376:"What They Did: Building Bridges and Roads" 3294: 3181:"UK Military Bridging – Floating Equipment" 2701:United States Joint Task Force One (1946). 2516:"UK Military Bridging – Floating Equipment" 1940:German M3 amphibious bridging vehicles 2015 1923: 1714:Pneumatic pontons support a treadway bridge 1057:troops constructed a pontoon bridge at the 317:pontoons were linked together using wooden 4183: 4169: 2578: 2576: 2471:pontoon bridge specific to the Netherlands 2311:in British Columbia and three in Seattle: 876:constructed a fortified bridge across the 3909: 3733: 3458: 3456: 3370: 3368: 2963:. New York: Viking Penguin. p. 188. 2338: 2283:Permanent pontoon bridges in civilian use 1948:Mobile floating assault bridge–ferry 1980 1726:Pneumatic pontons being carried by heavy 1515:American Engineer Treadway Bridge Company 1328:, a pontoon bridge was thrown across the 1084:army erected a pontoon bridge across the 704:. Other spectacular pontoon bridges were 4096: 4009: 3629: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3183:. thinkdefence.co.uk. 11 December 2011. 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3090: 3078: 3063: 3039: 2286: 2190: 2068: 2024: 1982: 1943: 1935: 1927: 1910: 1899: 1790:Infantry footbridge supported by pontons 1629: 1378: 1155: 1147: 1139: 1131: 1017:constructed a pontoon bridge across the 823: 755: 733:(415 - 413 B.C.), the Athenian general, 385: 279: 249: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3256: 3254: 3221:"CW Pasley letter dated 28 June 1836". 3206:"CW Pasley & T Blanshard article". 2573: 2020: 1932:EWK-Gillois amphibious bridging vehicle 1895: 1069:on multiple pontoon bridges during the 986:was built in 1115. It was located near 14: 4623: 4140: 4036: 3970: 3941: 3939: 3910:Gutierrez, Scott (February 29, 2012). 3878: 3672:from the original on December 10, 2014 3453: 3365: 3285:Hegeman, J. "The Bridge That Floats", 3242: 3145: 3051: 2827: 1866:construct a pontoon bridge across the 1754:Treadway bridge atop pneumatic pontons 1506:American Heavy Ponton Bridge Battalion 1282:In 1862 the Union forces commanded by 1127: 966:completed a pontoon bridge across the 343:, a long pontoon bridge built 1943 in 4164: 3891:from the original on January 11, 2020 3711:"Combined Arms in battle since 1939: 3617:from the original on 10 December 2014 3559:from the original on 24 December 2016 3501:from the original on 19 December 2017 3386:from the original on 10 December 2014 3229: 3154: 2809:from the original on 22 November 2015 2591:from the original on 11 December 2014 1539:United States Army Corps of Engineers 1374: 1037:built two pontoon bridges across the 292:When designing a pontoon bridge, the 3747:. Hrvatski-vojnik.hr. Archived from 3587:from the original on August 19, 2020 3538: 3404: 3327: 3251: 3187:from the original on 9 December 2014 3131:; Fuenzalida Helms, Eduardo (1997). 2958: 2682:from the original on 8 February 2015 2582: 2522:from the original on 9 December 2014 1491:American Light Ponton Bridge Company 1324:In 1872 at a military review before 1289:were stuck on the wrong side of the 1260:Royal School of Military Engineering 892:' relief flotillas to the city. The 598:marching across a pontoon bridge, a 126:(or ponton bridge), also known as a 3987:from the original on August 6, 2017 3936: 3225:. p. Volumes 3 No 18 page 274. 3210:. p. Volumes 3 No 18 page 273. 2880:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2460:549th Engineer Light Ponton Company 2246: 2186: 1850:Bailey bridge supported by pontoons 1691:Pontoon bridges during World War II 1590:Doctrine stated that it would take 1305:1864 a lightweight design known as 1144:Pontoon boat of the U.S. Army, 1864 1094:John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury 745:across the sea to the sanctuary of 566:on this day. He wrote that it was: 30:For related uses of "pontoon", see 24: 4433: 4135:, December 1943, Popular Mechanics 3924:from the original on July 15, 2014 3243:Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). 3146:Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). 2844:"Floating Trail Bridges and Docks" 1469:Engineer Treadway Bridge Companies 639:by pontoon bridge, as depicted in 574: 25: 4652: 4467:medieval stone bridges in Germany 4125: 3971:Davies, John (December 3, 1990). 3646:from the original on 2 April 2015 3309:Military Float Bridging Equipment 3305:"M4T6 Floating Bridges And Rafts" 2803:"Making the Critical Connections" 2237:U.S. Army's 3rd Infantry Division 1347:was constructed in 1874 over the 1231:under the supervision of General 1010:on orders of the German Emperor. 917:siege of Constantinople (717–718) 515:had a large pontoon bridge built 488:, eventually broken through with 187:, and most recently, in the 2022 60:on a heavy pontoon bridge during 4605: 4604: 4047:University of Pennsylvania Press 4012:Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany 3768: 3475:from the original on 6 July 2022 3405:Beck, Alfred M. (Dec 31, 1985). 3017:Per Hoffmann, The Medieval Fleet 2239:as they crossed the border into 2166: 2099: 1879: 1855: 1843: 1831: 1819: 1807: 1795: 1783: 1771: 1759: 1747: 1735: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1659:For lighter vehicle bridges the 1446: 978:to expedite resupply during the 729:, to celebrate the onset of the 625: 588: 445:(960–1279 AD) Chinese statesman 401: 381: 47: 3964: 3953:from the original on 2016-03-04 3903: 3872: 3861:from the original on 2022-05-13 3843: 3817: 3806:from the original on 2011-08-10 3792: 3781:from the original on 2011-04-01 3762: 3702: 3684: 3658: 3599: 3571: 3532: 3513: 3487: 3463:O'Brine, Jack (December 1943). 3442:from the original on 2015-03-12 3429: 3423: 3398: 3354:from the original on 2015-09-24 3279: 3268:from the original on 2015-10-23 3214: 3199: 3139: 3117: 3106:from the original on 2019-10-19 3084: 3010: 2985: 2952: 2941:from the original on 2011-08-05 2925: 2916: 2907: 2904:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 160. 2898: 2887:from the original on 2015-10-31 2867: 2856:from the original on 2017-05-19 2836: 2821: 2795: 2784:from the original on 2007-08-08 2770: 2744: 2733:from the original on 2015-06-17 2715: 2636:from the original on 2016-12-24 2388:Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge 2321:Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge 2317:Evergreen Point Floating Bridge 2313:Lacey V. Murrow Memorial Bridge 2293:Evergreen Point Floating Bridge 1434: 1000:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor 610:(r. 98–117 AD) in Rome, Italy ( 3740:ASP scripting: Drago Kelemen, 3432:"General O. P Smith Interview" 3342:"Engineer Field Manual FM 5-5" 3129:Fuente-Alba Poblete, J. Miguel 2694: 2668: 2622: 2603: 2554: 2534: 2508: 2482: 1465:Heavy Ponton Bridge Battalions 1441:European Theater of Operations 1110:siege of Constantinople (1453) 1013:The French Royal Army of King 819: 651:(r. 161–180 AD) in Rome, Italy 500:in 208 AD, the Prime Minister 13: 1: 4424:Visual index to various types 4002: 2995:. Pvv.ntnu.no. Archived from 2937:. Gutenberg.org. 2001-01-01. 2419:Mabey Logistic Support Bridge 2175:to ambush Iraqi Armor during 2029:PMP folding float bridge 1996 1497:Engineer Light Ponton Company 1461:Light Ponton Bridge Companies 1092:in 1406. The English army of 1043:siege of Damietta (1218–1219) 296:must take into consideration 270: 198: 73:Pedestrian, automobile, truck 4247:Cantilever spar cable-stayed 3583:. United States Army. 1954. 3545:. Victoria, B.C.: Trafford. 3380:WW II 300th Combat Engineers 2676:"Pneumatic Ponton Bridge M3" 1667:was available for infantry. 1345:Pile-Pontoon Railroad Bridge 998:troops under the command of 807:while wearing the armour of 768:bridge of boats by Cichorius 215: 7: 4093:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 4084:A Military History of China 3262:"Civil War Pontoon Bridges" 2401: 2073:Standard ribbon bridge 2004 1676:Allied invasion of Normandy 1341:Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin 1213:Battle of Montebello (1800) 1160:A bridge of boats over the 191:, after crossings over the 189:Russian invasion of Ukraine 10: 4657: 4641:Bridges by structural type 4086:. Boulder: Westview Press. 3917:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 3879:Conroy, Bill (June 2019). 3709:George W. Gawrych (1992). 1685: 1625: 1494: 1457:Engineer Combat Battalions 1313:to transport soldiers and 1172:, the final battle of the 852:built a bridge across the 614:, from the photographs by 29: 4600: 4584: 4563: 4507: 4444: 4431: 4199: 3133:Historia militar de Chile 3100:Historia general de Chile 2609: 2560: 2488:Beck, Alfred M., et al., 2453:William R. Bennett Bridge 2392:Interstate Highway System 2309:William R. Bennett Bridge 2277:Eastern Ukraine offensive 2259:Eastern Ukraine offensive 2122:the territory was retaken 2086: 1966: 1241:Battle of Smolensk (1812) 1122:Battle of Calliano (1487) 1027:siege of Château Gaillard 725:According to John Hale's 245: 109: 101: 93: 85: 77: 69: 46: 4535:Continuous truss bridges 4508:Lists of bridges by size 4445:Lists of bridges by type 4147:"Bridge, Military" 4089:Needham, Joseph (1986). 3125:Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto 2756:National Archive catalog 2476: 2044:PMP Folding Float Bridge 1924:Amphibious float bridges 1904:M4T6 pontoon bridge 1983 1295:Battle of Fredericksburg 1025:from the English at the 684:(522–485 BC), the Greek 554:during the reign of the 517:across the Yangtze River 479:rebellion of Gongsun Shu 441:(221–207 BC). The later 36:Pontoon (disambiguation) 4153:The American Cyclopædia 3980:The Journal of Commerce 3223:Army and Navy Chronicle 3208:Army and Navy Chronicle 2778:"Archimedes' Principle" 2630:"The Military Engineer" 2414:List of pontoon bridges 1524:Materials and equipment 1203:forces. French general 1184:and the other over the 952:. Tenth-Century German 706:Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges 546:(r. 1404–1447), to the 27:Type of floating bridge 4494:List of bridge–tunnels 4438: 4262:Double-beam drawbridge 4142:Wilson, James Harrison 3539:Wong, John B. (2004). 3529:Department of the Army 3291:magazine, January 1952 2959:Hale, John R. (2010). 2656:Cite journal requires 2339:Failures and disasters 2303: 2205: 2074: 2030: 1997: 1949: 1941: 1933: 1916: 1905: 1663:could be used and the 1661:Folding Boat Equipment 1638: 1451:In the United States, 1425:Folding Boat Equipment 1403: 1165: 1164:in British India, 1895 1153: 1145: 1137: 1114:siege of Rhodes (1480) 841: 793: 769: 723: 676:in 37 AD. For Emperor 572: 471: 398: 289: 288:uses concrete pontoons 277: 34:. For other uses, see 4487:vertical-lift bridges 4437: 4097:Petersen, L. (2013). 4010:Bachrach, D. (2014). 3022:May 24, 2008, at the 2805:. 13 September 2011. 2562:US patent 1115674 2290: 2229:2003 invasion of Iraq 2203: 2072: 2028: 1995: 1974:Israel Defense Forces 1947: 1939: 1931: 1914: 1903: 1633: 1382: 1317:across rivers in the 1233:Henri Gatien Bertrand 1176:, on 30 August 1651, 1159: 1151: 1143: 1135: 1071:Battle of Taillebourg 936:. The German army of 827: 788: 759: 718: 568: 530:On October 22, 1420, 513:Emperor Taizu of Song 477:. There was also the 459:Chhun Chhiu Hou Chuan 455: 389: 298:Archimedes' principle 283: 253: 166:crossing of the Rhine 4545:Masonry arch bridges 4525:Cable-stayed bridges 2611:US patent 407422 2518:. 11 December 2011. 2448:Okanagan Lake Bridge 2433:Medium Girder Bridge 2345:Saint Isaac's Bridge 2233:Medium Girder Bridge 2021:Ribbon float bridges 1896:Modern military uses 1665:Kapok Assault Bridge 1415:Kapok Assault Bridge 1384:3e régiment du génie 1088:during the siege of 1029:in 1203. During the 856:during the siege of 532:Ghiyasu'd-Din Naqqah 414:Chinese text of the 238:("ferryboat"), from 195:had been destroyed. 158:Battle of Garigliano 4472:multi-level bridges 4037:Bowlus, C. (1995). 3092:Barros Arana, Diego 2828:de Tousard, Louis. 2333:Nordhordland Bridge 2054:, which opened the 1958:EFA (mobile bridge) 1838:Heavy ponton bridge 1307:Cumberland Pontoons 1197:Battle of Río Bueno 1170:Battle of Worcester 1128:Early modern period 1015:Philip II of France 962:The Danish Army of 874:Ostrogothic Kingdom 864:forces crossed the 809:Alexander the Great 731:Sicilian Expedition 686:Mandrocles of Samos 523:'s conquest of the 496:period, during the 162:Battle of Oudenarde 43: 4631:Chinese inventions 4530:Cantilever bridges 4520:Suspension bridges 4462:cantilever bridges 4439: 4359:Navigable aqueduct 3831:2018-03-04 at the 3823:Christoph Reuter. 3775:globalsecurity.org 3721:on 13 October 2009 3713:Combat Engineering 3580:Bridge Floating M4 3525:2020-08-20 at the 2497:2018-10-16 at the 2386:In 1990, the 1940 2304: 2243:on 20 March 2003. 2206: 2138:Bosnia-Herzegovina 2108:of the 1990s, the 2075: 2031: 1998: 1950: 1942: 1934: 1917: 1906: 1639: 1404: 1375:Early 20th century 1334:Windsor, Berkshire 1302:American Civil War 1291:Rappahannock River 1245:Battle of Berezina 1237:Jean Baptiste Eblé 1166: 1154: 1146: 1138: 1063:Louis IX of France 946:Battle on the Raxa 842: 770: 678:Darius I The Great 483:across the Yangtze 399: 290: 286:Bergsøysund Bridge 278: 54:United States Army 41: 4618: 4617: 4576:Bridge to nowhere 4477:road–rail bridges 4194:-related articles 3947:"Pontoon Bridges" 3666:"Treadway Bridge" 3607:"treadway bridge" 3469:Popular Mechanics 3288:Trains and Travel 2371:Hood Canal Bridge 2253:Battle of Khasham 2201: 1993: 1672:Mulberry harbours 1360:Blanshard Pontoon 1349:Mississippi River 1201:Mapuche-Huilliche 1174:English Civil War 913:Umayyad Caliphate 840:from 1171 to 1851 633:Roman Legionaries 596:Roman legionaries 120: 119: 62:Operation Plunder 56:troops cross the 16:(Redirected from 4648: 4608: 4607: 4564:Additional lists 4200:Structural types 4185: 4178: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4120: 4107:Brill Publishers 4060: 4033: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3976: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3885:Seattle Business 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3866: 3847: 3841: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3694:. Archived from 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3536: 3530: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3372: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3315:on 27 April 2015 3301: 3292: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3273: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3227: 3226: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3177: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3026: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2946: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2719: 2713: 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185:Operation Dawn 8 51: 44: 40: 32:Float (nautical) 21: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4636:Pontoon bridges 4621: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4596: 4580: 4571:Bridge failures 4559: 4503: 4457:bascule bridges 4452:List of bridges 4440: 4429: 4317:Rolling bascule 4195: 4189: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4057: 4030: 4005: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3969: 3965: 3956: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3873: 3864: 3862: 3857:. 13 May 2022. 3849: 3848: 3844: 3840:, 2 March 2018. 3833:Wayback Machine 3822: 3818: 3809: 3807: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3767: 3763: 3754: 3752: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3707: 3703: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3611:Merriam Webster 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3553: 3537: 3533: 3527:Wayback Machine 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3461: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3374: 3373: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3351: 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Peach 2214:Euphrates river 2191: 2189: 2169: 2136:-held areas of 2132:and Croat- and 2126:Serbian Krajina 2102: 2039:Soviet Red Army 2023: 1983: 1926: 1898: 1891: 1884: 1875: 1860: 1851: 1848: 1839: 1836: 1827: 1824: 1815: 1812: 1803: 1800: 1791: 1788: 1779: 1776: 1767: 1764: 1755: 1752: 1743: 1740: 1731: 1724: 1715: 1712: 1703: 1700: 1688: 1628: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1499: 1449: 1437: 1377: 1353:Marquette, Iowa 1178:Oliver Cromwell 1130: 1075:Seventh Crusade 1055:Imperial Mongol 822: 656: 655: 654: 653: 652: 649:Marcus Aurelius 630: 621: 620: 619: 593: 584: 583: 577: 575:Greco-Roman era 498:Battle of Chibi 424:) records that 404: 395:Akbar the Great 384: 355:that spans the 273: 248: 218: 201: 128:floating bridge 65: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Pontoon bridges 15: 12: 11: 5: 4654: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4592:Bridges in art 4588: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4552: 4547: 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3066:, p. 749. 3056: 3044: 3042:, p. 280. 3027: 3009: 2984: 2969: 2951: 2924: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2883:. 5 May 2015. 2866: 2835: 2832:. p. 424. 2820: 2794: 2769: 2743: 2723:"pontoon (n.)" 2714: 2693: 2667: 2658:|journal= 2621: 2602: 2572: 2553: 2533: 2507: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2467:, a design of 2462: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2445: 2436: 2430: 2425: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2340: 2337: 2284: 2281: 2273:Luhansk Oblast 2260: 2257: 2248: 2245: 2188: 2185: 2177:Operation Nasr 2168: 2165: 2134:Bosnian Muslim 2101: 2098: 2056:Yom Kippur War 2052:Operation Badr 2022: 2019: 1978:Yom Kippur War 1925: 1922: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1872:battle of Kiev 1861: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1627: 1624: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1564: 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4085: 4081: 4079: 4078:0-520-22154-0 4075: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4056:9780812232769 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4020:Boydell Press 4017: 4013: 4008: 4007: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3975: 3967: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3820: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3751:on 2014-08-19 3750: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3633: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3574: 3558: 3554: 3552:9781412020671 3548: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3369: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3282: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3224: 3217: 3209: 3202: 3186: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3080: 3079:Bachrach 2014 3075: 3073: 3065: 3064:Petersen 2013 3060: 3054:, p. 56. 3053: 3048: 3041: 3040:Petersen 2013 3036: 3034: 3032: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3013: 2999:on 2005-12-24 2998: 2994: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2970:9780143117681 2966: 2962: 2955: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2870: 2852: 2845: 2839: 2831: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2663: 2650: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2612: 2606: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2563: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2537: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2470: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441:– as used at 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2409:Floating dock 2407: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2280: 2278: 2275:, during the 2274: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173:Karkheh river 2167:Iran–Iraq war 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106:Yugoslav wars 2100:Yugoslav wars 2097: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2033:In the early 2027: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1946: 1938: 1930: 1921: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1793: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1745: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1680:Allan Beckett 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1646:Bailey bridge 1644:invented the 1643: 1642:Donald Bailey 1637: 1632: 1623: 1619: 1587: 1585: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1562: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1447:United States 1444: 1442: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402:in the 1930s. 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1284:Major General 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211:prior to the 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1158: 1150: 1142: 1134: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:Fifth Crusade 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 960: 958: 955: 951: 947: 944:river at the 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 882:siege of Rome 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 839: 835: 831: 826: 817: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 792: 787: 785: 784: 779: 775: 767: 763: 758: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 722: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 700:to overwhelm 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 670: 665: 661: 650: 646: 642: 638: 635:crossing the 634: 628: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 591: 571: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536:Timurid ruler 533: 528: 526: 525:Southern Tang 522: 518: 514: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 484: 480: 476: 470: 468: 464: 460: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418: 413: 409: 408:ancient China 402:Ancient China 396: 392: 388: 382:Historic uses 379: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 353:Galata Bridge 350: 346: 342: 341:Hobart Bridge 337: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 314: 310: 307: 303: 299: 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