1621:
4396:
582:
1476:
891:
1628:
The matrix above can be used with the molar refractivity equation and other data to produce density data for crystallography. Each polarizability measurement along with the refractive index associated with its direction will yield a direction specific density that can be used to develop an accurate
1229:. Many crystalline materials have directions that are easier to polarize than others and some even become polarized in directions perpendicular to the applied electric field, and the same thing happens with non-spherical bodies. Some molecules and materials with this sort of anisotropy are
2893:
1303:
2938:
are expected to have larger polarizability than alkanes because of their higher reactivity compared to alkanes, alkanes are in fact more polarizable. This results because of alkene's and arene's more electronegative sp carbons to the alkane's less electronegative sp carbons.
395:
2309:
753:
2562:
1988:
2081:
2910:
Generally, polarizability increases as the volume occupied by electrons increases. In atoms, this occurs because larger atoms have more loosely held electrons in contrast to smaller atoms with tightly bound electrons. On rows of the
2443:
1900:
2209:
2379:
154:. Electric and magnetic polarizabilities determine the dynamical response of a bound system (such as a molecule or crystal) to external fields, and provide insight into a molecule's internal structure. "Polarizability" should
2769:
2761:
1022:
1471:{\displaystyle \mathbb {\alpha } ={\begin{bmatrix}\alpha _{xx}&\alpha _{xy}&\alpha _{xz}\\\alpha _{yx}&\alpha _{yy}&\alpha _{yz}\\\alpha _{zx}&\alpha _{zy}&\alpha _{zz}\\\end{bmatrix}}}
331:
577:{\displaystyle \alpha '(\mathrm {cm} ^{3})={\frac {10^{6}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\alpha (\mathrm {C{\cdot }m^{2}{\cdot }V^{-1}} )={\frac {10^{6}}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\alpha (\mathrm {F{\cdot }m^{2}} )}
1517:
734:
886:{\displaystyle R={\displaystyle \left({\frac {4\pi }{3}}\right)N_{\text{A}}\alpha _{c}=\left({\frac {M}{p}}\right)\left({\frac {\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }-1}{\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }+2}}\right)}}
2915:, polarizability therefore decreases from left to right. Polarizability increases down on columns of the periodic table. Likewise, larger molecules are generally more polarizable than smaller ones.
2217:
68:. Note that the local electric field seen by a molecule is generally different from the macroscopic electric field that would be measured externally. This discrepancy is taken into account by the
2473:
1908:
118:
628:
2660:
1996:
2595:
64:
The polarizability of an atom or molecule is defined as the ratio of its induced dipole moment to the local electric field; in a crystalline solid, one considers the dipole moment per
2930:
molecules are more polarizable. Water with its permanent dipole is less likely to change shape due to an external electric field. Alkanes are the most polarizable molecules. Although
1761:
2139:
2108:
658:
2942:
Ground state electron configuration models are often inadequate in studying the polarizability of bonds because dramatic changes in molecular structure occur in a reaction.
1785:
1695:
687:
387:
3001:
2465:
1832:
1810:
1719:
1550:
1227:
1165:
929:
267:
245:
960:
1273:
3010:. Additional tensors composed of products of three or more spin matrices are needed only for the exhaustive description of polarization of particles/nuclei with spin
1640:
and bulk property. In crystalline structures, the interactions between molecules are considered by comparing a local field to the macroscopic field. Analyzing a cubic
1610:
1295:
1057:
362:
216:
138:
2703:
1083:
2683:
2618:
1666:
1590:
1570:
1205:
1185:
1143:
1123:
1103:
2384:
1837:
2148:
2317:
3264:
Schwerdtfeger, Peter (2006). "Computational
Aspects of Electric Polarizability Calculations: Atoms, Molecules and Clusters". In G. Maroulis (ed.).
4430:
4319:
2888:{\displaystyle R_{\mathrm {M} }={\frac {N_{\mathrm {A} }\alpha }{3\varepsilon _{0}}}=\left({\frac {M}{\rho }}\right){\frac {n^{2}-1}{n^{2}+2}}}
340:
of C¡m¡V = A¡s¡kg while its cgs unit is cm. Usually it is expressed in cgs units as a so-called polarizability volume, sometimes expressed in
2974:
2708:
977:
275:
4069:
3253:
4307:
1487:
1059:
as a scalar implies both that applied electric fields can only induce polarization components parallel to the field and that the
2304:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} ={\frac {N\alpha }{V}}\mathbf {F} ={\frac {N\alpha }{3V}}(\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }+2)\mathbf {E} }
3246:
3187:
3154:
2557:{\displaystyle {\frac {\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }-1}{\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }+2}}={\frac {N\alpha }{3\varepsilon _{0}V}}}
1983:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\mathbf {E} -\mathbf {E} _{\mathrm {in} }=\mathbf {E} +{\frac {\mathbf {P} }{3\varepsilon _{0}}}}
3288:
A. J. Silenko (18 Nov 2008). "Manifestation of tensor magnetic polarizability of the deuteron in storage ring experiments".
1522:
The elements describing the response parallel to the applied electric field are those along the diagonal. A large value of
692:
2076:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =\varepsilon _{0}(\varepsilon _{r}-1)\mathbf {E} =\chi _{\text{e}}\varepsilon _{0}\mathbf {E} }
3349:
82:
587:
2623:
4205:
3129:
4286:
2571:
166:
dipole moment of an atom, molecule, or bulk substance; these do not depend on the presence of an external field.
744:
69:
4435:
1724:
337:
24:
3124:
Introduction to
Electrodynamics (3rd Edition), D.J. Griffiths, Pearson Education, Dorling Kindersley, 2007,
1902:
We can then define the local field as the macroscopic field without the contribution of the internal field:
4302:
1629:
three dimensional assessment of molecular stacking in the crystal. This relationship was first observed by
3169:
Electrodynamics of
Continuous Media, L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz, Pergamon Press, 1960, pp. 7 and 192.
1105:
directions respond in the same way to the applied electric field. For example, an electric field in the
2117:
2086:
636:
4425:
4378:
1620:
2977:
to more easily describe spin dynamics. Vector and tensor polarization of particle/nuclei with spin
3790:
3180:
Electrostatics and
Magnetostatics of Polarized Ellipsoidal Bodies: The Depolarization Tensor Method
1765:
1675:
2984:
2448:
1815:
1793:
1702:
1525:
1210:
1148:
907:
250:
228:
4420:
4346:
3981:
3608:
3342:
3146:
3037:
2142:
938:
740:
77:
4281:
3618:
2970:
polarizabilities of nucleons yields important information about spin-dependent nuclear forces.
1669:
1252:
223:
50:
38:
3274:
667:
367:
4368:
1595:
1280:
1042:
347:
201:
123:
45:. When subject to an electric field, the negatively charged electrons and positively charged
1035:
Polarizability for anisotropic or non-spherical media cannot in general be represented as a
3297:
3056:
3047:
2688:
1275:
73:
20:
8:
4383:
3366:
3234:
3042:
2111:
1062:
1025:
54:
3301:
3096:
2438:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} =\varepsilon _{0}(\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }-1)\mathbf {E} }
1895:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} _{\mathrm {in} }={\tfrac {-\mathbf {P} }{3\varepsilon _{0}}}}
4326:
3335:
3313:
2668:
2603:
2204:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\tfrac {1}{3}}(\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }+2)\mathbf {E} }
1651:
1575:
1555:
1190:
1170:
1128:
1108:
1088:
901:
16:
Tendency of matter subjected to an electric field to acquire an electric dipole moment
4395:
4363:
4276:
3755:
3500:
3427:
3317:
3242:
3183:
3150:
3125:
2919:
1641:
1187:-direction the induced polarization would be the same in magnitude but appear in the
932:
2374:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }=1+{\tfrac {N\alpha }{\varepsilon _{0}V}}}
179:
Electric polarizability is the relative tendency of a charge distribution, like the
4373:
4144:
3919:
3780:
3765:
3447:
3358:
3305:
2899:
2663:
2598:
1637:
1230:
1036:
1029:
159:
58:
3309:
4341:
4266:
4250:
4190:
3600:
3525:
3515:
3505:
3417:
147:
42:
4400:
4314:
4271:
4007:
3795:
3568:
3490:
3485:
3407:
2951:
2912:
192:
180:
151:
34:
1648:
spherical region to represent the entire sample. Giving the region the radius
4414:
4358:
4210:
4177:
3969:
3939:
3871:
3730:
3510:
3437:
3422:
1630:
1234:
664:, is ~8.854 Ă 10 (F/m). If the polarizability volume in cgs units is denoted
46:
4336:
3886:
3876:
3866:
3627:
3578:
3520:
3442:
3397:
661:
41:
in proportion to that applied field. It is a property of particles with an
2763:, adjusting the final form of our equation to include molar refractivity:
4351:
4119:
4022:
4017:
3934:
3929:
3859:
3813:
3770:
3735:
3694:
3586:
3550:
3412:
2927:
2902:) to the molecular property (polarizability) as a function of frequency.
4093:
3987:
3977:
3959:
3849:
3750:
3685:
3402:
3327:
3094:
3032:
971:
2445:. These two terms can both be set equal to the other, eliminating the
4235:
4225:
4195:
4088:
4054:
4047:
3924:
3914:
3909:
3881:
3649:
3432:
3269:
739:
The polarizability of individual particles is related to the average
65:
4331:
4159:
4114:
4098:
4059:
4032:
3745:
3740:
3720:
3690:
3680:
3675:
3495:
3470:
3465:
3392:
3199:
2959:
2756:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {N}{V}}={\tfrac {N_{\mathrm {A} }\rho }{M}}}
1645:
1017:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }=\epsilon /\epsilon _{0}}
341:
219:
188:
163:
4240:
4230:
4200:
4154:
4149:
4124:
4042:
4027:
3954:
3949:
3854:
3839:
3785:
3760:
3725:
3654:
3636:
3375:
3208:
McHale, J.L. (2017). Molecular
Spectroscopy (2nd ed.). CRC Press.
2955:
2931:
2923:
2662:
for a low-pressure gas. The number density can be related to the
1668:, the field would be given by the volume of the sphere times the
1612:
have been given for homogeneous anisotropic ellipsoidal bodies.
326:{\displaystyle \alpha ={\frac {|\mathbf {p} |}{|\mathbf {E} |}}}
4220:
4215:
3844:
3831:
3822:
3644:
3558:
3457:
3097:"Magnetic polarizability of hadrons particles from lattice QCD"
3052:
2967:
2963:
2935:
1246:
33:
usually refers to the tendency of matter, when subjected to an
4245:
4185:
4037:
3896:
3775:
3715:
3670:
3563:
3541:
3384:
1993:
The polarization is proportional to the macroscopic field by
4012:
3944:
3904:
3480:
3475:
3103:
1512:{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} =\mathbb {\alpha } \mathbf {E} }
184:
3084:. The Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. pp. 12â17.
2145:. Using this proportionality, we find the local field as
1245:
To describe anisotropic media a polarizability rank two
1572:-direction would strongly polarize the material in the
191:, to be distorted from its normal shape by an external
3095:
L. Zhou; F. X. Lee; W. Wilcox; J. Christensen (2002).
2728:
2713:
2343:
2161:
1862:
1320:
2987:
2772:
2711:
2691:
2671:
2626:
2606:
2574:
2476:
2451:
2387:
2320:
2220:
2211:
which can be used in the definition of polarization
2151:
2120:
2089:
1999:
1911:
1840:
1818:
1796:
1768:
1727:
1705:
1678:
1654:
1636:
Polarizability and molecular property are related to
1598:
1578:
1558:
1528:
1490:
1306:
1283:
1255:
1213:
1193:
1173:
1151:
1131:
1111:
1091:
1065:
1045:
980:
941:
910:
764:
756:
729:{\displaystyle \alpha =4\pi \varepsilon _{0}\alpha '}
695:
670:
639:
590:
398:
370:
350:
278:
253:
231:
204:
126:
85:
1167:
and if that same electric field were applied in the
3182:, Free Scientific Information, 2016 (2nd edition),
689:the relation can be expressed generally (in SI) as
113:{\displaystyle \chi =\varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }-1}
76:due to an external electric field according to the
3059:which uses polarizability as one of its parameters
2995:
2887:
2755:
2697:
2677:
2654:
2612:
2589:
2556:
2459:
2437:
2373:
2303:
2203:
2133:
2102:
2075:
1982:
1894:
1826:
1804:
1779:
1755:
1713:
1689:
1660:
1604:
1584:
1564:
1544:
1511:
1470:
1289:
1267:
1221:
1199:
1179:
1159:
1137:
1117:
1097:
1077:
1051:
1016:
954:
923:
885:
728:
681:
652:
623:{\displaystyle \alpha (\mathrm {F{\cdot }m^{2}} )}
622:
576:
381:
356:
325:
261:
239:
210:
132:
112:
2898:This equation allows us to relate bulk property (
2655:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }=n^{2}}
1834:, and the field due to matter within the sphere,
1615:
1552:here means that an electric-field applied in the
53:. Polarizability is responsible for a material's
4412:
3232:
3140:
3102:. European Organization for Nuclear Research (
2981:are specified by the unit polarization vector
150:moment to appear in proportion to an external
3343:
3287:
3263:
3257:
3141:Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2010). "17".
222:media is defined as the ratio of the induced
3290:The European Physical Journal Special Topics
1624:Macroscopic Field Applied to a Cubic Crystal
143:
2590:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\mathrm {r} }}
1024:is the material's relative permittivity or
72:(below) which connects the bulk behaviour (
49:are subject to opposite forces and undergo
3350:
3336:
3296:(1). Springer Berlin / Heidelberg: 59â62.
3283:
3281:
2945:
169:
3082:The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2568:We can replace the relative permittivity
3357:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
1619:
344:= 10 cm. One can convert from SI units (
57:and, at high (optical) frequencies, its
3278:
1756:{\displaystyle {\frac {4\pi a^{3}}{3}}}
4431:Electric and magnetic fields in matter
4413:
3821:
3190:, pp. 20, 23, 32, 30, 33, 114 and 133.
146:likewise refers to the tendency for a
3331:
3266:Atomic Static Dipole Polarizabilities
3211:
3134:
1592:-direction. Explicit expressions for
3079:
3075:
3073:
120:) with the molecular polarizability
3088:
2973:The method of spin amplitudes uses
2950:Magnetic polarizability defined by
13:
2797:
2779:
2737:
2633:
2581:
2506:
2486:
2415:
2327:
2281:
2181:
1939:
1936:
1852:
1849:
987:
962:is the electronic polarizability,
862:
842:
607:
598:
561:
552:
494:
479:
470:
415:
412:
269:that produces this dipole moment.
98:
14:
4447:
3239:Modern Physical Organic Chemistry
3070:
2966:. In particular, measurement of
1028:(or in optics, the square of the
247:of an atom to the electric field
4394:
4287:Timeline of particle discoveries
2989:
2453:
2431:
2389:
2297:
2245:
2222:
2197:
2153:
2134:{\displaystyle \chi _{\text{e}}}
2103:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}
2069:
2041:
2001:
1959:
1949:
1930:
1921:
1913:
1869:
1843:
1820:
1798:
1770:
1707:
1680:
1505:
1492:
1215:
1153:
653:{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}
311:
294:
255:
233:
1125:-direction can only produce an
19:For electromagnetic waves, see
3202:
3193:
3172:
3163:
3118:
2427:
2406:
2293:
2272:
2193:
2172:
2112:electric permittivity constant
2037:
2018:
1616:Application in crystallography
617:
594:
571:
548:
507:
466:
425:
407:
316:
306:
299:
289:
1:
3063:
2958:is an important parameter of
2905:
1780:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} .}
1690:{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} .}
966:is the density of molecules,
174:
25:Polarization (disambiguation)
4303:History of subatomic physics
3003:and the polarization tensor
2996:{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} }
2460:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }
1827:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }
1805:{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }
1790:We can call our local field
1714:{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} }
1545:{\displaystyle \alpha _{yx}}
1222:{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} }
1160:{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} }
924:{\displaystyle N_{\text{A}}}
262:{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }
240:{\displaystyle \mathbf {p} }
7:
3310:10.1140/epjst/e2008-00776-9
3055:, an estimation method for
3026:
2975:quantum mechanics formalism
955:{\displaystyle \alpha _{c}}
10:
4452:
3143:Atkins' Physical Chemistry
745:ClausiusâMossotti relation
70:ClausiusâMossotti relation
18:
4392:
4295:
4259:
4176:
4137:
4107:
4081:
4077:
4068:
4000:
3968:
3895:
3830:
3812:
3708:
3663:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3599:
3577:
3549:
3540:
3456:
3383:
3374:
3365:
1268:{\displaystyle 3\times 3}
1240:
4320:mathematical formulation
3915:Eta and eta prime mesons
1812:, our macroscopic field
682:{\displaystyle \alpha '}
382:{\displaystyle \alpha '}
140:due to the local field.
3982:Double-charm tetraquark
3147:Oxford University Press
3038:Electric susceptibility
2946:Magnetic polarizability
2143:electric susceptibility
1605:{\displaystyle \alpha }
1290:{\displaystyle \alpha }
1052:{\displaystyle \alpha }
741:electric susceptibility
357:{\displaystyle \alpha }
336:Polarizability has the
211:{\displaystyle \alpha }
170:Electric polarizability
144:Magnetic polarizability
133:{\displaystyle \alpha }
78:electric susceptibility
3241:. University Science.
2997:
2889:
2757:
2699:
2679:
2656:
2614:
2591:
2558:
2461:
2439:
2375:
2305:
2205:
2135:
2104:
2077:
1984:
1896:
1828:
1806:
1781:
1757:
1715:
1691:
1662:
1625:
1606:
1586:
1566:
1546:
1513:
1472:
1291:
1269:
1223:
1201:
1181:
1161:
1139:
1119:
1099:
1079:
1053:
1018:
956:
925:
887:
730:
683:
654:
624:
578:
383:
358:
327:
263:
241:
212:
134:
114:
39:electric dipole moment
23:. For other uses, see
4379:Waveâparticle duality
4369:Relativistic particle
3506:Electron antineutrino
3057:activity coefficients
2998:
2890:
2758:
2700:
2698:{\displaystyle \rho }
2680:
2657:
2615:
2592:
2559:
2462:
2440:
2376:
2306:
2206:
2136:
2105:
2078:
1985:
1897:
1829:
1807:
1782:
1758:
1716:
1692:
1663:
1623:
1607:
1587:
1567:
1547:
1514:
1473:
1292:
1270:
1224:
1202:
1182:
1162:
1140:
1120:
1100:
1080:
1054:
1019:
957:
926:
888:
743:of the medium by the
731:
684:
655:
625:
579:
384:
359:
328:
264:
242:
213:
158:be confused with the
135:
115:
4436:Polarization (waves)
3609:FaddeevâPopov ghosts
3359:Particles in physics
3149:. pp. 622â629.
3080:Lide, David (1998).
3048:Polarization density
2985:
2770:
2709:
2689:
2669:
2624:
2604:
2572:
2474:
2449:
2385:
2318:
2314:and simplified with
2218:
2149:
2118:
2087:
1997:
1909:
1838:
1816:
1794:
1766:
1725:
1703:
1676:
1652:
1644:, we can imagine an
1596:
1576:
1556:
1526:
1488:
1304:
1281:
1253:
1233:, or exhibit linear
1211:
1191:
1171:
1149:
1129:
1109:
1089:
1063:
1043:
978:
939:
908:
754:
693:
668:
637:
588:
396:
368:
348:
276:
251:
229:
202:
124:
83:
74:polarization density
21:Polarization (waves)
4384:Particle chauvinism
4327:Subatomic particles
3302:2008EPJST.162...59S
3043:Hyperpolarizability
1078:{\displaystyle x,y}
1039:quantity. Defining
1026:dielectric constant
662:vacuum permittivity
198:The polarizability
55:dielectric constant
2993:
2885:
2753:
2751:
2722:
2695:
2675:
2652:
2610:
2587:
2554:
2457:
2435:
2371:
2369:
2301:
2201:
2170:
2131:
2100:
2073:
1980:
1892:
1890:
1824:
1802:
1777:
1753:
1711:
1687:
1658:
1626:
1602:
1582:
1562:
1542:
1509:
1468:
1462:
1287:
1265:
1219:
1197:
1177:
1157:
1135:
1115:
1095:
1075:
1049:
1014:
952:
921:
902:molar refractivity
883:
881:
726:
679:
650:
620:
574:
379:
354:
323:
259:
237:
208:
160:intrinsic magnetic
130:
110:
4408:
4407:
4364:Massless particle
4172:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4133:
4132:
3996:
3995:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3756:Magnetic monopole
3704:
3703:
3595:
3594:
3536:
3535:
3516:Muon antineutrino
3501:Electron neutrino
3248:978-1-891389-31-3
3235:Dougherty, Dennis
3188:978-987-28304-0-3
3156:978-0-19-954337-3
2883:
2839:
2822:
2750:
2721:
2685:and mass density
2678:{\displaystyle M}
2613:{\displaystyle n}
2552:
2519:
2368:
2270:
2242:
2169:
2128:
2055:
1978:
1889:
1751:
1661:{\displaystyle a}
1585:{\displaystyle y}
1565:{\displaystyle x}
1200:{\displaystyle y}
1180:{\displaystyle y}
1138:{\displaystyle x}
1118:{\displaystyle x}
1098:{\displaystyle z}
933:Avogadro constant
918:
875:
823:
795:
782:
543:
461:
321:
51:charge separation
4443:
4426:Chemical physics
4398:
4374:Virtual particle
4145:Mesonic molecule
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
3920:Bottom eta meson
3828:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3791:WⲠand ZⲠbosons
3781:Sterile neutrino
3766:Majorana fermion
3633:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3547:
3546:
3526:Tau antineutrino
3381:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3285:
3276:
3273:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3230:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3191:
3178:C.E. SolivĂŠrez,
3176:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3138:
3132:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2980:
2954:interactions of
2918:Water is a very
2900:refractive index
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2729:
2723:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2664:molecular weight
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2599:refractive index
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2467:term giving us
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2405:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2344:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2044:
2030:
2029:
2017:
2016:
2004:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1916:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1672:per unit volume
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1638:refractive index
1611:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1495:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1458:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1428:
1412:
1411:
1397:
1396:
1382:
1381:
1365:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1335:
1334:
1311:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1231:optically active
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1030:refractive index
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1003:
992:
991:
990:
961:
959:
958:
953:
951:
950:
930:
928:
927:
922:
920:
919:
916:
892:
890:
889:
884:
882:
880:
876:
874:
867:
866:
865:
854:
847:
846:
845:
834:
828:
824:
816:
807:
806:
797:
796:
793:
787:
783:
778:
770:
735:
733:
732:
727:
725:
717:
716:
688:
686:
685:
680:
678:
659:
657:
656:
651:
649:
648:
629:
627:
626:
621:
616:
615:
614:
605:
583:
581:
580:
575:
570:
569:
568:
559:
544:
542:
541:
540:
524:
523:
514:
506:
505:
504:
492:
487:
486:
477:
462:
460:
459:
458:
442:
441:
432:
424:
423:
418:
406:
388:
386:
385:
380:
378:
364:) to cgs units (
363:
361:
360:
355:
332:
330:
329:
324:
322:
320:
319:
314:
309:
303:
302:
297:
292:
286:
268:
266:
265:
260:
258:
246:
244:
243:
238:
236:
217:
215:
214:
209:
139:
137:
136:
131:
119:
117:
116:
111:
103:
102:
101:
59:refractive index
37:, to acquire an
4451:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4388:
4342:Nuclear physics
4291:
4255:
4191:Davydov soliton
4164:
4129:
4103:
4064:
3992:
3964:
3891:
3800:
3700:
3659:
3613:
3591:
3573:
3532:
3452:
3361:
3356:
3326:
3325:
3286:
3279:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3231:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3139:
3135:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3029:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2948:
2908:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2831:
2827:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2524:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2430:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2296:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2262:
2254:
2252:
2244:
2231:
2229:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2196:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1642:crystal lattice
1618:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1008:
1004:
999:
986:
985:
981:
979:
976:
975:
946:
942:
940:
937:
936:
915:
911:
909:
906:
905:
861:
860:
856:
855:
841:
840:
836:
835:
833:
829:
815:
811:
802:
798:
792:
788:
771:
769:
765:
763:
755:
752:
751:
718:
712:
708:
694:
691:
690:
671:
669:
666:
665:
644:
640:
638:
635:
634:
610:
606:
601:
597:
589:
586:
585:
564:
560:
555:
551:
536:
532:
525:
519:
515:
513:
497:
493:
488:
482:
478:
473:
469:
454:
450:
443:
437:
433:
431:
419:
411:
410:
399:
397:
394:
393:
371:
369:
366:
365:
349:
346:
345:
315:
310:
305:
304:
298:
293:
288:
287:
285:
277:
274:
273:
254:
252:
249:
248:
232:
230:
227:
226:
203:
200:
199:
177:
172:
148:magnetic dipole
125:
122:
121:
97:
96:
92:
84:
81:
80:
43:electric charge
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4449:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4421:Atomic physics
4406:
4405:
4401:Physics portal
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4315:Standard Model
4312:
4311:
4310:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4282:Quasiparticles
4279:
4274:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4178:Quasiparticles
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4085:
4083:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3974:
3972:
3970:Exotic hadrons
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3796:X and Y bosons
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3569:W and Z bosons
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:Strange (quark
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3323:
3277:
3256:
3247:
3233:Anslyn, Eric;
3210:
3201:
3192:
3171:
3162:
3155:
3133:
3117:
3087:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3007:
2991:
2947:
2944:
2922:molecule, but
2913:periodic table
2907:
2904:
2896:
2895:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2694:
2674:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2630:
2609:
2583:
2578:
2566:
2565:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2483:
2455:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2124:
2097:
2093:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1822:
1800:
1788:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1750:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1709:
1686:
1682:
1657:
1617:
1614:
1601:
1581:
1561:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1479:
1478:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1286:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1242:
1239:
1217:
1207:component of
1196:
1176:
1155:
1134:
1114:
1094:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1048:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
995:
989:
984:
949:
945:
914:
894:
893:
879:
873:
870:
864:
859:
853:
850:
844:
839:
832:
827:
822:
819:
814:
810:
805:
801:
791:
786:
781:
777:
774:
768:
762:
759:
724:
721:
715:
711:
707:
704:
701:
698:
677:
674:
647:
643:
631:
630:
619:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
593:
573:
567:
563:
558:
554:
550:
547:
539:
535:
531:
528:
522:
518:
512:
509:
503:
500:
496:
491:
485:
481:
476:
472:
468:
465:
457:
453:
449:
446:
440:
436:
430:
427:
422:
417:
414:
409:
405:
402:
389:) as follows:
377:
374:
353:
334:
333:
318:
313:
308:
301:
296:
291:
284:
281:
257:
235:
207:
193:electric field
181:electron cloud
176:
173:
171:
168:
152:magnetic field
129:
109:
106:
100:
95:
91:
88:
35:electric field
31:Polarizability
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4448:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Exotic matter
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:Eightfold way
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Antiparticles
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Atomic nuclei
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Upsilon meson
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Lambda baryon
3870:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3731:Dual graviton
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:Superpartners
3625:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3511:Muon neutrino
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3443:Bottom (quark
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3205:
3196:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3131:
3130:81-7758-293-3
3127:
3121:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3006:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2903:
2901:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2792:
2785:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2747:
2743:
2732:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2692:
2672:
2665:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2628:
2607:
2600:
2576:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2481:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2424:
2421:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2322:
2290:
2287:
2276:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2190:
2187:
2176:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2144:
2122:
2113:
2095:
2091:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2045:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1945:
1925:
1917:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1858:
1774:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1684:
1671:
1670:dipole moment
1655:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1631:Linus Pauling
1622:
1613:
1599:
1579:
1559:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1463:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1284:
1277:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1248:
1238:
1236:
1235:birefringence
1232:
1194:
1174:
1145:component in
1132:
1112:
1092:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
993:
982:
973:
969:
965:
947:
943:
934:
912:
903:
899:
877:
871:
868:
857:
851:
848:
837:
830:
825:
820:
817:
812:
808:
803:
799:
789:
784:
779:
775:
772:
766:
760:
757:
750:
749:
748:
746:
742:
737:
722:
719:
713:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
675:
672:
663:
645:
641:
611:
602:
591:
584:â 8.988Ă10 Ă
565:
556:
545:
537:
533:
529:
526:
520:
516:
510:
501:
498:
489:
483:
474:
463:
455:
451:
447:
444:
438:
434:
428:
420:
403:
400:
392:
391:
390:
375:
372:
351:
343:
339:
282:
279:
272:
271:
270:
225:
224:dipole moment
221:
205:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
127:
107:
104:
93:
89:
86:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:atomic nuclei
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
4399:
4070:Hypothetical
4018:Exotic atoms
3887:Omega baryon
3877:Sigma baryon
3867:Delta baryon
3619:Hypothetical
3601:Ghost fields
3587:Higgs boson
3521:Tau neutrino
3413:Charm (quark
3293:
3289:
3265:
3259:
3238:
3204:
3195:
3179:
3174:
3165:
3142:
3136:
3120:
3108:. Retrieved
3090:
3081:
3004:
2972:
2949:
2941:
2917:
2909:
2897:
2567:
2313:
1992:
1789:
1635:
1627:
1521:
1480:
1297:is defined,
1244:
1034:
967:
963:
897:
895:
738:
632:
335:
197:
178:
155:
142:
63:
30:
29:
4352:Quark model
4120:Theta meson
4023:Positronium
3935:Omega meson
3930:J/psi meson
3860:Antineutron
3771:Dark photon
3736:Graviphoton
3695:Stop squark
3403:Down (quark
2928:hydrophobic
4415:Categories
4094:Heptaquark
4055:Superatoms
3988:Pentaquark
3978:Tetraquark
3960:Quarkonium
3850:Antiproton
3751:Leptoquark
3686:Neutralino
3448:antiquark)
3438:antiquark)
3433:Top (quark
3428:antiquark)
3418:antiquark)
3408:antiquark)
3398:antiquark)
3367:Elementary
3064:References
3033:Dielectric
2926:and other
2906:Tendencies
1237:of light.
972:molar mass
175:Definition
4332:Particles
4277:Particles
4236:Polariton
4226:Plasmaron
4196:Dropleton
4089:Hexaquark
4060:Molecules
4048:Protonium
3925:Phi meson
3910:Rho meson
3882:Xi baryon
3814:Composite
3650:Gravitino
3393:Up (quark
3318:122690288
3270:IOS Press
2960:deuterons
2859:−
2837:ρ
2813:ε
2804:α
2744:ρ
2693:ρ
2629:ε
2577:ε
2540:ε
2531:α
2502:ε
2493:−
2482:ε
2422:−
2411:ε
2398:ε
2356:ε
2350:α
2323:ε
2277:ε
2259:α
2236:α
2177:ε
2123:χ
2092:ε
2060:ε
2050:χ
2032:−
2023:ε
2010:ε
1969:ε
1926:−
1880:ε
1866:−
1735:π
1646:isotropic
1600:α
1531:α
1501:α
1481:so that:
1449:α
1434:α
1419:α
1402:α
1387:α
1372:α
1355:α
1340:α
1325:α
1309:α
1285:α
1260:×
1047:α
1006:ϵ
997:ϵ
983:ε
944:α
858:ε
849:−
838:ε
800:α
776:π
720:α
710:ε
706:π
697:α
673:α
642:ε
603:⋅
592:α
557:⋅
546:α
534:ε
530:π
499:−
490:⋅
475:⋅
464:α
452:ε
448:π
401:α
373:α
352:α
280:α
220:isotropic
206:α
128:α
105:−
94:ε
87:χ
66:unit cell
4308:timeline
4160:R-hadron
4115:Glueball
4099:Skyrmion
4033:Tauonium
3746:Inflaton
3741:Graviton
3721:Curvaton
3691:Sfermion
3681:Higgsino
3676:Chargino
3637:Gauginos
3496:Neutrino
3481:Antimuon
3471:Positron
3466:Electron
3376:Fermions
3237:(2006).
3027:See also
2956:nucleons
2705:through
2620:, since
723:′
676:′
404:′
376:′
338:SI units
189:molecule
164:electric
4296:Related
4267:Baryons
4241:Polaron
4231:Plasmon
4206:Fracton
4201:Exciton
4155:Diquark
4150:Pomeron
4125:T meson
4082:Baryons
4043:Pionium
4028:Muonium
3955:D meson
3950:B meson
3855:Neutron
3840:Nucleon
3832:Baryons
3823:Hadrons
3786:Tachyon
3761:Majoron
3726:Dilaton
3655:Photino
3491:Antitau
3458:Leptons
3298:Bibcode
3017:⁄
2964:hadrons
2932:alkenes
2924:alkanes
2381:to get
2141:is the
2110:is the
970:is the
931:is the
900:is the
4272:Mesons
4221:Phonon
4216:Magnon
4138:Others
4108:Mesons
4001:Others
3897:Mesons
3845:Proton
3709:Others
3664:Others
3645:Gluino
3579:Scalar
3559:Photon
3542:Bosons
3385:Quarks
3316:
3245:
3186:
3153:
3128:
3110:25 May
3053:MOSCED
2968:tensor
2936:arenes
2083:where
1276:matrix
1247:tensor
1241:Tensor
1037:scalar
974:, and
896:where
660:, the
633:where
183:of an
4260:Lists
4251:Trion
4246:Roton
4186:Anyon
4013:Atoms
3776:Preon
3716:Axion
3671:Axino
3564:Gluon
3551:Gauge
3314:S2CID
3100:(PDF)
2979:S ⼠1
2920:polar
2597:with
4211:Hole
4038:Onia
3945:Kaon
3905:Pion
3476:Muon
3243:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3126:ISBN
3112:2010
3104:CERN
3012:S âĽ
2962:and
2952:spin
2934:and
2114:and
1085:and
185:atom
3486:Tau
3306:doi
3294:162
1249:or
1032:).
747::
218:in
187:or
162:or
156:not
4417::
3312:.
3304:.
3292:.
3280:^
3268:.
3213:^
3145:.
3072:^
3023:.
1721:=
1633:.
935:,
904:,
736:.
517:10
435:10
195:.
61:.
3984:)
3980:(
3697:)
3693:(
3351:e
3344:t
3337:v
3320:.
3308::
3300::
3272:.
3251:.
3159:.
3114:.
3106:)
3019:2
3015:3
3008:`
3005:P
2990:p
2880:2
2877:+
2872:2
2868:n
2862:1
2854:2
2850:n
2842:)
2834:M
2829:(
2825:=
2817:0
2809:3
2798:A
2793:N
2786:=
2780:M
2775:R
2748:M
2738:A
2733:N
2725:=
2719:V
2716:N
2673:M
2648:2
2644:n
2640:=
2634:r
2608:n
2582:r
2564:.
2549:V
2544:0
2536:3
2528:N
2522:=
2516:2
2513:+
2507:r
2496:1
2487:r
2454:E
2432:E
2428:)
2425:1
2416:r
2407:(
2402:0
2394:=
2390:P
2365:V
2360:0
2347:N
2340:+
2337:1
2334:=
2328:r
2298:E
2294:)
2291:2
2288:+
2282:r
2273:(
2267:V
2264:3
2256:N
2250:=
2246:F
2240:V
2233:N
2227:=
2223:P
2198:E
2194:)
2191:2
2188:+
2182:r
2173:(
2167:3
2164:1
2158:=
2154:F
2127:e
2096:0
2070:E
2064:0
2054:e
2046:=
2042:E
2038:)
2035:1
2027:r
2019:(
2014:0
2006:=
2002:P
1973:0
1965:3
1960:P
1954:+
1950:E
1946:=
1940:n
1937:i
1931:E
1922:E
1918:=
1914:F
1884:0
1876:3
1870:P
1859:=
1853:n
1850:i
1844:E
1821:E
1799:F
1775:.
1771:P
1749:3
1743:3
1739:a
1732:4
1708:p
1685:.
1681:P
1656:a
1580:y
1560:x
1538:x
1535:y
1506:E
1497:=
1493:p
1464:]
1456:z
1453:z
1441:y
1438:z
1426:x
1423:z
1409:z
1406:y
1394:y
1391:y
1379:x
1376:y
1362:z
1359:x
1347:y
1344:x
1332:x
1329:x
1318:[
1313:=
1263:3
1257:3
1216:p
1195:y
1175:y
1154:p
1133:x
1113:x
1093:z
1073:y
1070:,
1067:x
1010:0
1001:/
994:=
988:r
968:M
964:p
948:c
917:A
913:N
898:R
878:)
872:2
869:+
863:r
852:1
843:r
831:(
826:)
821:p
818:M
813:(
809:=
804:c
794:A
790:N
785:)
780:3
773:4
767:(
761:=
758:R
714:0
703:4
700:=
646:0
618:)
612:2
608:m
599:F
595:(
572:)
566:2
562:m
553:F
549:(
538:0
527:4
521:6
511:=
508:)
502:1
495:V
484:2
480:m
471:C
467:(
456:0
445:4
439:6
429:=
426:)
421:3
416:m
413:c
408:(
342:Ă
317:|
312:E
307:|
300:|
295:p
290:|
283:=
256:E
234:p
108:1
99:r
90:=
27:.
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