20:
855:
124:
195:
where the radius of the bend is smallest, and slowest where the radius is greatest. The shallows around the point bar can become treacherous when the stream is rising. As the water depth increases over the shallows of the point bar, the vortex flow can extend closer toward the convex bank and the water speed at any point can increase dramatically in response to only a small increase in water depth.
172:
commences as the primary flow, a secondary flow also commences and flows partly across the floor of the stream toward the convex bank (the bank with the smaller radius). Sand, gravel and polished stones that have travelled with the stream for a great distance where the stream was following a straight course may finally come to rest in the point bar of the first stream bend.
176:
near the concave bank than near the convex bank. This pressure gradient drives the slower boundary layer across the floor of the stream toward the convex bank. The pressure gradient is capable of driving the boundary layer up the shallow sloping floor of the point bar, causing sand, gravel and polished stones to be swept and rolled up-hill.
263:
In the settled low-gradient parts of a meandering watercourse the water speed is slow, turbulence is low, and the water is not capable of holding coarse sand and gravel in suspension. In contrast, point bars comprise coarse sand, gravel, polished stones and other submerged objects. These materials
255:
In a steady-gradient section of a watercourse, sedimentation may occur where the water is saturated and the shallow bank has high flow resistance but does not agitate the suspension. Similarly, the fallacy has scant explanation as to why deposition occurs at a stream bend, and little or none occurs
175:
Due to the circular path of a stream around a bend the surface of the water is slightly higher near the concave bank (the bank with the larger radius) than near the convex bank. This slight slope on the water surface of the stream causes a slightly greater water pressure on the floor of the stream
194:
The point bar typically has a gently sloping floor with shallow water. The shallow water is mostly the accumulated boundary layer and does not have a fast speed. However, in the deepest parts of the stream where the stream is flowing freely, vortex flow prevails and the stream is flowing fastest
171:
Where a stream is following a straight course the slower boundary layer along the floor of the stream is also following the same straight course. It sweeps and rolls sand, gravel and polished stones downstream, along the floor of the stream. However, as the stream enters a bend and vortex flow
155:
along the floor of the stream does not flow parallel to the banks of the stream but flows partly across the floor of the stream toward the inside of the stream (where the radius of curvature is smallest). This movement of the boundary layer is capable of sweeping and rolling loose particles
219:
toward the inside of a bend. This fallacy relies on the erroneous notion that the momentum of the water is "always" slowest on the inside of the bend (where the radius is smallest) and fastest on the outside of the bend (where the radius is greatest), which ignores its increased
357:"In the absence of secondary flow, bend flow seeks to conserve angular momentum so that it tends to conform to that of a free vortex with high velocity at the smaller radius of the inner bank and lower velocity at the outer bank where radial acceleration is lower."
247:
Point bars typically have a gently sloping floor with shallow water. Clearly a higher proportion of the water in very shallow water does much more work to overcome friction above and below (especially in a countervailing breeze) which lowers its speed, see
264:
have not been carried in suspension and then dropped on the point bar – they have been swept and rolled into place by the secondary flow that exists across the floor/bed in the vicinity of a stream bend, which will be intensified if there is
240:. Any relatively steady gradient open flow not met with complex interactions with contrary flows, such as tides, or major obstacles, flows around a bend in a simple model of vortex flow, with relatively few variables and
163:
will quickly sweep the solid particles into a neat pile in the center of the bowl or cup. The primary flow (the vortex) might be expected to sweep the solid particles to the perimeter of the bowl or cup, but instead the
235:
flow being faster on the inner bank compensates for the greater height and therefore mass of water flowing downstream along the concave bank, and the rough, shallow bed usually provides per liter of water above more
415:"One of the important consequences of helical flow in meanders is that sediment eroded from the outside of a meander bend tends to be moved to the inner bank or point bar of the next downstream bend."
159:
This can be demonstrated at home. Partly fill a circular bowl or cup with water and sprinkle a little sand, rice or sugar into the water. Set the water in circular motion with a hand or spoon. The
252:. It is probably this close-quarters observation which led early geographers to believe in deposition by sedimentation of suspended matter rather than close-to-bed secondary currents.
89:
and the fact that the water speed is slow in the shallows of the point bar they are popular rest stops for boaters and rafters. However, camping on a point bar can be dangerous as a
147:, and the spinning motion of water as it escapes down a drain are all visible examples of vortex flow.) In the case of water flowing around a bend in a stream the
891:
115:
of the stream sweeps and rolls sand, gravel and small stones laterally across the floor of the stream and up the shallow sloping floor of the point bar.
139:
flow. In vortex flow the speed of the fluid is fastest where the radius of the flow is smallest, and slowest where the radius is greatest. (
840:
516:
256:
where the stream is following a straight course, with exception of a steep slope (river gradient) where the river has formed a natural
884:
1122:
1490:
381:
Chant, R. J. (2002). "Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge".
62:
streams. They are crescent-shaped and located on the inside of a stream bend, being very similar to, though often smaller than,
877:
191:
and may be deposited on the point bar only a small distance downstream from its original location in the concave bank.
427:
369:
156:
including sand, gravel, small stones and other submerged objects along the floor of the stream toward the point bar.
260:
or waterfall and may then deposit some of its load at the point of meeting a less steep section e.g. great meander.
2116:
1647:
549:
2111:
509:
1672:
325:
160:
93:
that raises the stream level by as little as a few inches (centimetres) can overwhelm a campsite in moments.
1813:
1763:
1657:
2091:
85:
and can accumulate driftwood and other debris during times of high water levels. Due to their near flat
2137:
1317:
2101:
2053:
1936:
858:
502:
128:
2086:
1803:
1768:
1610:
257:
249:
440:
2096:
1788:
1553:
672:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2142:
2038:
1896:
1447:
1332:
602:
283:
237:
27:
1876:
1723:
1685:
1134:
1073:
784:
779:
2106:
1828:
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1412:
1269:
1219:
1013:
805:
452:
390:
331:
265:
208:
148:
112:
97:
8:
2002:
1997:
1798:
1642:
1264:
1117:
1038:
945:
456:
394:
73:
and typically reflects the overall capacity of the stream. They also have a very gentle
2152:
2028:
1941:
1906:
1758:
1274:
1179:
1083:
975:
908:
835:
789:
464:
23:
1748:
491:, 7th Edition. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2002. pp. 277, 279.
334: – Relatively minor flow superimposed on the primary flow by inviscid assumptions
328: – Relatively minor flow superimposed on the primary flow by inviscid assumptions
2007:
1846:
1838:
1778:
1738:
1627:
1442:
1204:
1194:
980:
830:
667:
423:
365:
295:
140:
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1728:
1477:
1327:
1322:
1299:
1239:
1068:
940:
597:
525:
460:
398:
221:
286: – Elevated region of sediment in a river that has been deposited by the flow
1926:
1886:
1881:
1485:
1372:
1367:
1151:
1088:
1058:
1023:
1018:
985:
950:
921:
825:
612:
574:
559:
304:
187:. The eroded material is swept and rolled across the floor of the stream by the
81:
very close to water level. Since they are low-lying, they are often overtaken by
417:
Hickin, Edward J. (2003), "Meandering
Channels", in Middleton, Gerard V. (ed.),
359:
Hickin, Edward J. (2003), "Meandering
Channels", in Middleton, Gerard V. (ed.),
292: – Outside bank of a water channel, which is continually undergoing erosion
1987:
1871:
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212:
188:
165:
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55:
869:
2131:
2068:
2063:
2048:
2033:
1982:
1977:
1743:
1708:
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1622:
1617:
1377:
1249:
1209:
955:
935:
820:
702:
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2058:
1808:
1793:
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1397:
1312:
1254:
1129:
1028:
990:
965:
753:
564:
316:
277:
184:
168:
along the floor of the bowl or cup sweeps the particles toward the center.
105:
1967:
1891:
1595:
1558:
1505:
1229:
1214:
1189:
1063:
769:
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687:
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569:
402:
241:
90:
70:
19:
2073:
1753:
1637:
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1112:
1053:
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960:
810:
774:
715:
642:
622:
310:
204:
135:
Any fluid, including water in a stream, can only flow around a bend in
86:
319: – List of definitions of terms and concepts related to geography
227:
Mass deposition of suspended solids rarely occurs on one bank save in
2043:
1992:
1962:
1931:
1861:
1773:
1530:
1402:
1342:
1289:
1284:
1184:
1107:
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637:
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78:
1713:
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1199:
1166:
743:
617:
494:
289:
180:
101:
63:
43:
123:
2023:
1972:
1500:
1495:
1457:
1362:
1234:
1171:
730:
692:
627:
554:
144:
59:
47:
31:
203:
An old fallacy exists regarding the formation of point bars and
127:
Point bar at a river meander: the Cirque de la
Madeleine in the
1818:
1690:
1515:
1510:
1462:
1452:
1422:
1347:
1102:
1033:
1005:
904:
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337:
232:
136:
82:
1916:
1901:
1856:
1600:
1573:
1520:
1387:
1382:
1352:
1337:
1146:
916:
900:
298: – Sediment processes associated with rivers and streams
51:
198:
1946:
1911:
1467:
1427:
1392:
748:
228:
1866:
1307:
738:
340: – Fluid flow revolving around an axis of rotation
321:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
300:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
268:
particularly from an irregular, scoured opposing bank.
307: – Cork-screw-like flow of water in a meander
58:. Point bars are found in abundance in mature or
2129:
26:erosion and point bar deposition as seen on the
899:
419:Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
361:Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
215:claiming the velocity and energy of the stream
885:
510:
238:agitation to maintain any suspended particles
69:Point bars are composed of sediment that is
841:List of rivers that have reversed direction
892:
878:
517:
503:
199:Fallacy regarding formation of point bars
122:
18:
1491:International scale of river difficulty
441:"Albert Einstein and Meandering Rivers"
46:that accumulates on the inside bend of
2130:
438:
416:
358:
280: – Marginal wear of a watercourse
207:which suggests they are formed by the
16:Landform related to streams and rivers
873:
498:
380:
524:
13:
487:Tarbuck, E. J. and F. K. Lutgens.
465:10.17704/eshi.7.1.yk72n55q84qxu5n6
42:is a depositional feature made of
14:
2174:
421:, New York: Springer, p. 432
363:, New York: Springer, p. 432
854:
853:
1648:Flooded grasslands and savannas
550:Drainage system (geomorphology)
383:Journal of Geophysical Research
326:Secondary flow in a bowl or cup
560:Strahler number (stream order)
432:
409:
374:
351:
211:(dropping) of a watercourse's
1:
481:
332:Secondary flow in river bends
313: – U-shaped lake or pool
111:Point bars are formed as the
1814:Universal Soil Loss Equation
1764:Hydrological transport model
1658:Storm Water Management Model
179:The concave bank is often a
118:
7:
271:
10:
2179:
1318:Antecedent drainage stream
96:A point bar is an area of
2082:
2054:River valley civilization
2016:
1955:
1937:Riparian-zone restoration
1837:
1699:
1671:
1572:
1544:
1476:
1298:
1165:
1082:
1004:
915:
849:
798:
762:
729:
701:
583:
532:
2117:Countries without rivers
2092:Rivers by discharge rate
1804:Runoff model (reservoir)
1769:Infiltration (hydrology)
439:Bowker, Kent A. (1988).
344:
1789:River Continuum Concept
1554:Agricultural wastewater
673:River channel migration
2112:River name etymologies
2039:Hydraulic civilization
1897:Floodplain restoration
1673:Point source pollution
1448:Sedimentary structures
603:Bar (river morphology)
284:Bar (river morphology)
132:
35:
1724:Discharge (hydrology)
1686:Industrial wastewater
1167:Sedimentary processes
785:Erosion and tectonics
780:Degradation (geology)
445:Earth Science History
250:Bernoulli's principle
126:
22:
1829:Volumetric flow rate
1413:Riffle-pool sequence
806:Deposition (geology)
533:Large-scale features
403:10.1029/2001JC001082
66:, or river islands.
2003:Whitewater kayaking
1998:Whitewater canoeing
1799:Runoff curve number
1643:Flood pulse concept
457:1988ESHis...7...45B
395:2002JGRC..107.3131C
129:Gorges de l'Ardèche
2029:Aquatic toxicology
1942:Stream restoration
1907:Infiltration basin
1759:Hydrological model
1275:Sediment transport
1098:Estavelle/Inversac
976:Subterranean river
836:Sediment transport
790:River rejuvenation
763:Regional processes
389:(C9): 14-1–14-11.
133:
36:
2138:Fluvial landforms
2125:
2124:
2102:Whitewater rivers
2008:Whitewater slalom
1839:River engineering
1739:Groundwater model
1700:River measurement
1628:Flood forecasting
1443:Sedimentary basin
1300:Fluvial landforms
1205:Bed material load
981:River bifurcation
867:
866:
668:River bifurcation
296:Fluvial processes
141:Tropical cyclones
2170:
2087:Rivers by length
1922:River morphology
1824:Wetted perimeter
1729:Drainage density
1240:Headward erosion
1069:Perennial stream
941:Blackwater river
894:
887:
880:
871:
870:
857:
856:
598:Avulsion (river)
526:River morphology
519:
512:
505:
496:
495:
475:
474:
472:
471:
436:
430:
422:
413:
407:
406:
378:
372:
364:
355:
322:
301:
222:angular momentum
2178:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2097:Drainage basins
2078:
2012:
1951:
1927:Retention basin
1887:Erosion control
1882:Detention basin
1833:
1749:Hjulström curve
1701:
1695:
1667:
1611:Non-water flood
1568:
1540:
1486:Helicoidal flow
1472:
1373:Fluvial terrace
1368:Floating island
1294:
1169:
1161:
1152:Rhythmic spring
1086:
1078:
1059:Stream gradient
1000:
986:River ecosystem
951:Channel pattern
919:
911:
898:
868:
863:
845:
826:Helicoidal flow
794:
758:
725:
697:
613:Channel pattern
585:Alluvial rivers
579:
575:River sinuosity
528:
523:
484:
479:
478:
469:
467:
437:
433:
414:
410:
379:
375:
356:
352:
347:
320:
305:Helicoidal flow
299:
274:
229:tidal estuaries
201:
183:and an area of
121:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:Stone skipping
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:Drop structure
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:Balancing lake
1849:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Playfair's law
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:Exner equation
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Bradshaw model
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1606:Urban flooding
1598:
1593:
1591:Crevasse splay
1588:
1586:100-year flood
1582:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1546:Surface runoff
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:Stream capture
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1438:Rock-cut basin
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1280:Suspended load
1277:
1272:
1270:Secondary flow
1267:
1262:
1260:Retrogradation
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:Dissolved load
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1157:Spring horizon
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:Mineral spring
1139:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:list in the US
1120:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1049:Stream channel
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
971:Drainage basin
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
931:Alluvial river
927:
925:
913:
912:
897:
896:
889:
882:
874:
865:
864:
862:
861:
850:
847:
846:
844:
843:
838:
833:
831:Playfair's law
828:
823:
818:
816:Exner equation
813:
808:
802:
800:
796:
795:
793:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
766:
764:
760:
759:
757:
756:
754:Current ripple
751:
746:
741:
735:
733:
727:
726:
724:
723:
718:
713:
707:
705:
699:
698:
696:
695:
690:
685:
683:Slip-off slope
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
633:Meander cutoff
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
589:
587:
581:
580:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
545:Drainage basin
542:
540:Alluvial plain
536:
534:
530:
529:
522:
521:
514:
507:
499:
493:
492:
483:
480:
477:
476:
431:
408:
373:
349:
348:
346:
343:
342:
341:
335:
329:
323:
314:
308:
302:
293:
287:
281:
273:
270:
213:suspended load
200:
197:
189:secondary flow
166:secondary flow
161:secondary flow
153:boundary layer
149:secondary flow
120:
117:
113:secondary flow
104:is an area of
56:slip-off slope
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2175:
2164:
2163:Water streams
2161:
2159:
2158:River islands
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:Sedimentology
2146:
2144:
2143:Geomorphology
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Surface water
2067:
2065:
2064:Sacred waters
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Riparian zone
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Body of water
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Riverboarding
1981:
1979:
1978:River surfing
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:and modelling
1698:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1663:Return period
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Flood control
1621:
1619:
1618:Flood barrier
1616:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1250:Palaeochannel
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Granular flow
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:Channel types
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:Braided river
934:
932:
929:
928:
926:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
890:
888:
883:
881:
876:
875:
872:
860:
852:
851:
848:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
811:Water erosion
809:
807:
804:
803:
801:
797:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
765:
761:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
734:
732:
728:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
706:
704:
703:Bedrock river
700:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
663:Riparian zone
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
608:Braided river
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
588:
586:
582:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
535:
531:
527:
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
501:
500:
497:
490:
486:
485:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
435:
429:
428:1-4020-0872-4
425:
420:
412:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
377:
371:
370:1-4020-0872-4
367:
362:
354:
350:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
275:
269:
267:
261:
259:
253:
251:
245:
243:
239:
234:
230:
225:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
167:
162:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
130:
125:
116:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2107:Flash floods
2059:River cruise
1956:River sports
1809:Stream gauge
1794:Rouse number
1784:Relief ratio
1633:Flood-meadow
1564:Urban runoff
1478:Fluvial flow
1463:River valley
1433:River island
1417:
1398:Meander scar
1313:Alluvial fan
1255:Progradation
1130:Karst spring
1074:Winterbourne
1029:Chalk stream
991:River source
966:Distributary
647:
565:River valley
488:
468:. Retrieved
448:
444:
434:
418:
411:
386:
382:
376:
360:
353:
317:River pocket
278:Bank erosion
262:
254:
246:
242:coefficients
226:
216:
202:
193:
178:
174:
170:
158:
134:
110:
95:
74:
68:
39:
37:
28:Powder River
1968:Fly fishing
1892:Fish ladder
1877:Daylighting
1596:Flash flood
1559:First flush
1506:Plunge pool
1230:Downcutting
1215:Debris flow
1190:Aggradation
1064:Stream pool
770:Aggradation
721:Plunge pool
688:Stream pool
678:River mouth
570:River delta
231:; instead,
205:oxbow lakes
100:where as a
91:flash flood
71:well sorted
2132:Categories
2074:Wild river
1754:Hydrograph
1744:Hack's law
1709:Baer's law
1653:Inundation
1638:Floodplain
1578:stormwater
1536:Whitewater
1408:Oxbow lake
1245:Knickpoint
1220:Deposition
1113:Hot spring
1054:Streamflow
1044:Stream bed
961:Confluence
821:Hack's law
775:Base level
716:Knickpoint
643:Oxbow lake
623:Floodplain
482:References
470:2016-07-01
311:Oxbow lake
266:reflection
209:deposition
98:deposition
87:topography
60:meandering
54:below the
2153:Limnology
2044:Limnology
1993:Triathlon
1963:Canyoning
1932:Revetment
1862:Check dam
1774:Main stem
1531:Waterfall
1418:Point bar
1403:Mouth bar
1343:Billabong
1290:Water gap
1285:Wash load
1265:Saltation
1185:Anabranch
1108:Holy well
996:Tributary
799:Mechanics
648:Point bar
638:Mouth bar
593:Anabranch
451:(1): 45.
217:decreases
145:tornadoes
131:, France.
119:Formation
79:elevation
40:point bar
1847:Aqueduct
1714:Baseflow
1681:Effluent
1358:Cut bank
1323:Avulsion
1200:Bed load
1180:Abrasion
859:Category
744:Antidune
731:Bedforms
618:Cut bank
290:Cut bank
272:See also
181:cut bank
102:cut bank
64:towheads
44:alluvium
24:Cut bank
2024:Aquifer
2017:Related
1973:Rafting
1501:Meander
1496:Log jam
1458:Thalweg
1363:Estuary
1235:Erosion
1172:erosion
1084:Springs
1039:Current
1006:Streams
946:Channel
909:springs
905:streams
693:Thalweg
628:Meander
555:Estuary
453:Bibcode
391:Bibcode
185:erosion
151:in the
106:erosion
77:and an
48:streams
32:Montana
1819:WAFLEX
1691:Sewage
1574:Floods
1516:Riffle
1511:Rapids
1453:Strath
1423:Ravine
1348:Canyon
1103:Geyser
1034:Coulee
1019:Bourne
1014:Arroyo
917:Rivers
901:Rivers
711:Canyon
658:Rapids
653:Riffle
426:
368:
338:Vortex
233:vortex
137:vortex
83:floods
52:rivers
1917:Levee
1902:Flume
1857:Canal
1601:Flood
1521:Shoal
1388:Gully
1383:Gulch
1353:Chine
1338:Bayou
1195:Armor
1147:Ponor
922:lists
489:Earth
345:Notes
75:slope
1947:Weir
1912:Leat
1576:and
1468:Wadi
1428:Rill
1393:Glen
1378:Gill
1328:Bank
1170:and
1135:list
1118:list
1089:list
1024:Burn
907:and
749:Dune
424:ISBN
366:ISBN
50:and
1867:Dam
1333:Bar
1308:Ait
739:Ait
461:doi
399:doi
387:107
258:cut
30:in
2134::
903:,
459:.
447:.
443:.
397:.
385:.
244:.
224:.
143:,
108:.
38:A
1091:)
1087:(
924:)
920:(
893:e
886:t
879:v
518:e
511:t
504:v
473:.
463::
455::
449:1
405:.
401::
393::
34:.
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