225:), authorized in 1989 by Law no. 183/89 to oversee "protection of lands, water rehabilitation, the use and management of hydro resources for the national economic and social development, and protection of related environment" within the Po basin, has authority in several administrative regions of north Italy, including the plain north of the Adriatic and the territory south of the lower Po, as shown in the regional depiction included with this article. The law defines the Po basin as "the territory from which rainwater or snow and glacier melt flows on the surface, gathers in streams of water either directly or via tributaries...". The United Nations Environment Program includes the Alps and Apennines as far as the sources of the tributaries of the Po but excludes Veneto and that portion of Emilia-Romagna south of the lower Po; that is, it includes the region drained by the Po but only the Po and its tributaries.
1354:, which are mainly produced by cars' diesel and petrol engines. To shed light on the danger for humans living polluted environments, Chicago Energy Policy Institute has developed the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI), a system capable of analyzing air pollution worldwide. According to AQLI findings, Po valley air pollution affects inhabitants so hard that it cuts off about half a year of their life expectancy. The main reasons for the high amount of air pollution over the Po valley are strictly connected to livestock and factories. The so-called "NPK fertilizers", made of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, along with manure emissions from intensive breeding and high levels of nitrogen dioxide released by diesel and petrol engines are all accountable for this disastrous air condition in Northern Italy. The region of
1063:
centuries before, leading populations to reconfigure the medieval natural landscape for agricultural purposes. In creating new land for cultivation and settlement, the
European communities triggered a massive landscape transformation through woodland clearance, arable intensification, the development of irrigation systems and the drainage of wetlands. Land reclamations works profoundly modified many European regions. In Central Po Plain the earliest evidence of attempts to clear the forests and drain the wetlands is mentioned in historical documents from the late 8th century, but only from the 10th to 13th centuries were land and water management activities actually carried out widely.
414:
758:
70:
428:
50:
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626:
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along pleistocene. The valley was covered by sea level in warm times, but glaciations could cause a lower sea level that allowed big mammals and humans to migrate from Africa and the Middle East to central and western Europe through an empty and open Po valley, avoiding the barrier of the Alps, reaching the Loire Valley, and
Iberian Peninsula, and then, when glaciation retreated, the rest of continental Europe.
342:
38:
847:
1007:, always with its capital in Pavia. The affirmation of large landownership from the eighth/ninth centuries accelerated the process of land reclamation and intensified land use, transforming the landscape of the Po Valley. After the chaotic feudal dissolution of the empire and much fighting among pretenders to the imperial crown,
551:
transport. The cost of purifying it for human consumption makes that process less feasible. The fresh drinking water comes from hundreds of thousands of wells concentrated especially in the fontanili zone. The major settlements, therefore, are also in that zone, which has become the centre of economic development and
783:
The Po Valley has had traces of inhabitation since at least 780,000 years ago, when the first big glaciation of pleistocene took place. Sites like Monte
Poggiolo may have served as refuges of human populations fleeing the terribly cold conditions of northern Europe during the subsequent glaciations
1437:
The data show that many cities in the Po Valley suffer the most serious impact at
European level due to poor air quality, first of all the metropolitan area of Milan, thirteenth in the ranking in terms of fine particulate impact, where any year 3967 premature deaths occur â approximately 9% of the
1062:
climate phase, the
European population grew substantially, almost tripling (in Northern and Central Italy, the urban population doubled), and increasing the demand for cultivated lands. Cereals became a more significant constituent in the average diet and in the agrarian regime compared to the
550:
water (the Po and its affluents) is not of much value to the valley's dense population for drinking and other immediate uses, being unreliable, often destructive, and heavily polluted by sewage and fertilizers. Its main anthropic value is for hydro-electric power, irrigation, and industrial
373:
factors. Until about 1950, the Po delta was prograding into the
Adriatic. After that time due to human alteration of geologic factors, such as the sedimentation rate, the delta has been degrading and the coastline subsiding, resulting in ongoing contemporaneous crises in the city of
528:("spring") line or zone, a band of springs around the Val Po, heaviest on the north, on the lowermost slopes of the anticline. It varies from a few kilometres to as much as 50 km (30 miles) wide. The fontanili line is the outcrop, or intersection, of the anticline's
1541:
Errico, G., Groppi, G., Savelli, S., and Vaghi, G.C., 1980, Malossa Field: A deep
Discovery in the Po Valley, Italy, in Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the decade: 1968-1978, AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists,
1279:
was using for war production, preventing their destruction: on 25 April 1945 a general insurrection in the wake of the German defeat was a huge success. Most cities and towns, notably Milan and Turin, were freed by the partisans days before the Allies arrived.
696:,beyond the Po River plain itself, is downwind of the mountains and upwind of moisture sources from nearby is an exception. Spring and autumn are well-marked and pleasant. Both winter and summer are less mild in the lower parts along the Po, while the
1585:
378:, where much irreplaceable art and architecture is claimed to be likely to be lost due to soaring sea level in the next centuries. Where the land surface now dips below sea level the river must run at a relative elevation between dikes.
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of 1348) reached unprecedented peaks of prosperity. Vast areas were irrigated and cultivated with the most modern techniques available. The population averaged some 50 people per square kilometer, a very high standard for those times.
1593:. Italian Habitats. Italian Ministry of the Environment and Territory Protection / Ministero dellâAmbiente e della Tutela del Territorio, Friuli Museum of Natural History / Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale, Comune di Udine. 2002.
463:, or dip in the crust due to compression at the edges. Regardless of whether this concept accurately describes its geology, the valley is manifestly a sediment-filled trough, or virtual syncline, continuous with the deeps of the
1358:
produces also vast amounts of animal waste, a big contributor to pollution. It delivers more than 40 percent of Italy's milk production, for example, while over half of the
Italian pig production is located in the Po Valley.
900:
By 196 BC, Rome was master of the woody plains and soon displaced the
Etruscans, dotting the region with bustling colonies, clearing the land, fighting the last rebel tribes and gradually imposing its own civilisation.
1413:
are also at the top of the
European ranking â 3rd and 5th respectively â in terms of increased mortality from nitrogen dioxide, a gas that is produced mainly from traffic and in particular from diesel vehicles, while
1313:
The Po Valley is one of the most important industrial and agricultural areas in Europe. Hydroelectricity is produced by the flow of the Po. The river is extensively used for irrigation for the region's agriculture.
586:
turned in vast swamp basins. The waterlogging process of the area continued until the 10th century influencing the human sustenance and settling practices. According to historical-archaeological data, indeed, the
2004:
Campopiano, Michele (January 2013). "The evolution of the landscape and the social and political organisation of water management: the Po Valley in the Middle Ages (fifth to fourteenth centuries)".
1604:
676:
can deny sufficient moisture to the soil for agriculture. Summers are hot and humid, with July mean temperatures ranging between 22 and 25 °C (72 and 77 °F) (1971â2000 averages). Frequent
617:(17thâ18th centuries), with the last marsh areas only being reclaimed in the 20th century: channels and drainage system are still active and allow the Po Valley to be drained and be cultivatable.
706:
varies between 700 and 1,200 mm (30 and 45 inches) and equally distributed during the year. Rainfall maximums are during autumn and spring. Winds are usually weak, although sudden bursts of
937:
devastated the Padan population. In this scenario of desolation, from which many people had fled to the mountains for safety (making them fairly populated till the 20th century) came the
2269:
Khomenko, Sasha; Cirach, Marta; Pereira-Barboza, Evelise; Mueller, Natalie; Barrera-GĂłmez, Jose; Rojas-Rueda, David; de Hoogh, Kees; Hoek, Gerard; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark (March 2021).
2363:
1938:
498:, "the low (plain)". The upper areas of the Po valley take local names which reflect in their meanings their being modestly suited for farming. So we have the Piedmontese
180:
in the south to the Alps in the north, including the northern Adriatic. In addition to the Po and its affluents, the contemporary surface may be considered to include the
1862:
Brandolini, F.; Trombino, L.; Sibilia, E.; Cremaschi, M. (August 2018). "Micromorphology and site formation processes in the Castrum Popilii Medieval Motte (N Italy)".
486:
The valley is broadly divided into an upper, drier part, often not particularly suited for agriculture, and a lower, very fertile, and well-irrigated section, known in
710:
or thunderstorms can sweep the air clean. The almost enclosed nature of the Padan basin with much road traffic, makes it prone to a high level of pollution in winter,
787:
Urban development began in the Po Valley much later than in southern Italy or Greece. The first known ancient inhabitants of the thick forests and swamps were the
2121:"Terra, Silva et Paludes. Assessing the Role of Alluvial Geomorphology for Late-Holocene Settlement Strategies (Po Plain â N Italy) Through Point Pattern Analysis"
1695:
BĂŒntgen, Ulf; Tegel, Willy; Nicolussi, Kurt; McCormick, Michael; Frank, David; Trouet, Valerie; Kaplan, Jed O.; Herzig, Franz; Heussner, Karl-Uwe (2011-02-04).
1497:. United Nations Environment Programme, Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA), Global Resource Information Database (GRID) - Europe. Archived from
1951:
Human migration into Europe during the late Early Pleistocene climate transition Article in Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology · October 2010
1334:
satellite. These images show a big red area, made of nitrogen dioxide and fine particles, situated above the Po Valley area, which incorporates the city of
754:, and other central-European trees. The largest remaining fragments of forest are located around the Ticino River and are protected by a Biosphere Reserve.
1809:
Marchetti, Mauro (May 2002). "Environmental changes in the central Po Plain (northern Italy) due to fluvial modifications and anthropogenic activities".
228:
The altitude of the valley through which the Po flows, exclusive of its tributaries, varies from approximately 4 m (15 feet) below sea level in the
145:. It extends approximately 650 km (400 mi) in an east-west direction, with an area of 46,000 km (18,000 square miles) including its
1494:
1194:, government and administration improved significantly. Though the peasantry began a century-long plunge into misery, cities prospered and grew.
357:
collision of an offshore land mass, Tyrrhenis, with the mainland, an incident within the collision of the African and Eurasian plates. Since the
578:(5th century AD), lack of maintenance of the irrigation systems associated with a cooling climate phase (i.e. the so-called Migration Period or
169:
are often considered apart since they do not drain into the Po, but they effectively combine into an unbroken plain, making it the largest in
2332:
2247:
956:
and Friuli, in the extreme west and east end respectively, seem to have been the most powerful, whereas the capital soon shifted from
2087:
Tecniche digitali e geoarcheologia per lo studio del paesaggio medievale: Uno studio interdisciplinare in Pianura Padana centrale
831:. The Etruscan domination left significant marks and introduced urban civilisation, but was short-lived. Its inhabitants, the
2184:
1039:
became the most powerful city of the central plain of Lombardy proper, and despite being razed in 1162, it was a Milan-driven
2103:
2025:
1646:
1598:
1569:
1762:"The extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere temperature in the last two millennia: reconstructions of low-frequency variability"
73:
The regions of Italy as defined by the government of Italy. According to the Po Basin Water Board, the valley includes: 14)
2383:
1004:
2205:
595:
sites settled on the fluvial ridges, in topographically higher and strategic position in the surrounding swampy meadows.
1671:
1070:
reciprocate bloodbath of the 13th and 14th centuries. The Signorie came from spent out Communal institutions. With
255:
running down from the Alps in the north and from the Apennines in the south. The Po's major affluents include the
835:, likely being a distinct group who, being skillful merchants, were, in time, also culturally influenced by both
1923:
1898:
176:
The plain is the surface of an in-filled system of ancient canyons (the "Apennine Foredeep") extending from the
2378:
2373:
1547:
948:. In the Middle Ages the term was used to indicate all of northern Italy. The Lombards divided their domain in
660:
Winters are cool and damp, with January mean temperatures ranging between 0 and 5 °C (32 and 41 °F).
369:
but also from the Alps. The shoreline of the Adriatic depends on a balance between the sedimentation rate and
1206:
1136:
609:
According to historical maps and documents the land reclamation of the Po Valley reached its peak during the
582:) led to the progressive waterlogging of the Po Valley and the natural depressions on the right side of the
2388:
1201:
entered the Po Valley during some of his brightest campaigns (1796 and 1800, culminating in the historical
1253:
well into the 20th century. Industry grew rapidly, thanks to an abundance of water and literate manpower.
1249:, a phenomenon which subsided in the central region towards the end of the 19th century, but persisted in
1272:
1209:. With Napoleon's final defeat the Austrians came back, but they were no longer welcome. In the west, in
579:
2226:
1978:
1498:
1472:
1183:
413:
1831:
483:
formed from the outwash of the more severe anticlinal terrain; that is, the Apennines and the Alps.
215:
Geo-political definitions of the valley depend on the defining authority. The Po Basin Water Board (
2368:
2158:
1962:
1284:
930:
491:
17:
1067:
792:
556:
212:
to the north, among the many streams that empty into the north Adriatic from the west and north.
1826:
1638:
1631:
1261:
1159:
715:
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throughout the year. The climate is increasingly warmer and more humid farther south and east.
2336:
1323:
1015:
set the stage for the following phase of the region's history by adding the Po Valley to the
762:
693:
606:
converged. The older and smaller cities deriving from ancient times are still located there.
521:, areas remote from easily reachable water tables and covered with dense woods or dry soils.
102:
1910:
1818:
1773:
1708:
1369:
in January 2021, which estimates the death rate associated with fine particulate matter (PM
1167:
1059:
1048:
812:
432:
1939:"Valle del Ticino | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
385:
field was discovered in 1973 and produces at depths of 6 km (4 miles) from the Upper
8:
2271:"Premature mortality due to air pollution in European cities: a health impact assessment"
1174:, especially in the neighboring Alpine lands. During this bleak period, however, Lombard
1140:
934:
887:
843:. By 500 BC the Etruscans were gradually displaced from the region by migrating Gauls.
537:
448:
98:
1914:
1822:
1777:
1712:
574:
was settled and farmed earliest, in Etruscan and Roman times. After the collapse of the
2310:
2085:
2043:"The Impact of Late Holocene Flood Management on the Central Po Plain (Northern Italy)"
1742:
1155:
1128:
1000:
177:
2287:
2270:
1840:
2393:
2314:
2302:
2140:
2099:
2021:
1879:
1844:
1791:
1734:
1726:
1677:
1667:
1642:
1594:
1565:
1543:
1405:(Lombardy) are in fourth and eighth place, respectively, in a top ten of ten cities.
1322:
Po valley is considered the worst area in Europe for air quality. In March 2019, the
1296:
1264:
1202:
1175:
1052:
1016:
918:
857:
811:), the southern and central regions were conquered and colonised here and there by a
711:
669:
654:
634:
592:
552:
244:
1746:
1078:'s supremacy in the center and west the region (not significantly diminished by the
69:
2292:
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2132:
2091:
2064:
2054:
2013:
1918:
1871:
1836:
1781:
1716:
1327:
1028:
938:
727:
603:
217:
133:
125:
2136:
524:
This specific meaning for "lower plain" derive from a geologic feature called the
1875:
1434:
rank eleventh, fourteenth, fifteenth, seventeenth and twenty-third respectively.
1351:
1144:
1100:
988:
832:
757:
540:
of the mountains tends to disappear below ground only to spring out again in the
390:
170:
2120:
1520:
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has made winters less foggy and cold than before in some areas. Snow and winter
1455:
1074:'s expansion on the eastern mainland in the first half of the 15th century and
1040:
883:
735:
547:
382:
350:
336:
288:
268:
209:
197:
185:
146:
142:
94:
1899:"A General Description of the Hail Problem in the Po Valley of Northern Italy"
2357:
2144:
1883:
1848:
1795:
1730:
1229:, after an unsuccessful start in 1848 and 1849, triumphed ten years later in
1214:
1163:
1124:
944:, a warrior people who gave their name to almost the whole of the Po valley:
922:
719:
677:
427:
292:
201:
181:
173:. It has a population of 17 million, or a third of Italy's total population.
58:
2017:
1721:
1696:
1681:
2306:
2185:"Nitrogen dioxide and fine particles are threatening Po valley air quality"
2095:
1738:
1226:
1108:
747:
697:
650:
575:
480:
464:
300:
276:
240:) to about 2,100 m (6,900 feet) at the river's origin in the southern
189:
158:
78:
1786:
1761:
1135:
into neutrality as an independent power. In the end, Spain prevailed with
684:
can produce large hail, dump large quantities of rain, and destroy crops.
629:
Natural vegetation (central-European broadleaved trees) of the Padan Plain
1637:(4, illustrated ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p.
1331:
1276:
1260:
did not significantly damage the area, despite the destruction caused by
1120:
1079:
992:
981:
976:-like rule over the natives softened somewhat with their conversion from
610:
599:
541:
529:
280:
233:
205:
49:
2297:
2069:
2059:
2042:
1587:
Springs and spring watercourses: Springs in the Northern Italian plains
1364:
1257:
1198:
1171:
1096:
766:
688:
thunderstorms produce large hail, with significant agricultural costs.
614:
583:
443:
421:
417:
398:
362:
320:
150:
54:
625:
591:
were exploited for fishing as well as for transport by boat while the
1697:"2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility"
1292:
1288:
1091:
914:
873:
836:
816:
685:
646:
472:
467:. The surface terrain is therefore divided into two overall types of
366:
358:
312:
304:
252:
2268:
1291:, a federation of Northern regionalist parties, has promoted either
1628:
1386:
1355:
1246:
1230:
1210:
977:
945:
941:
909:
808:
804:
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people. After the progressive immigration in the 7th century BC of
751:
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and the great lakes moderate the local climate in their proximity.
673:
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468:
460:
452:
436:
394:
386:
370:
354:
241:
229:
82:
74:
31:
1861:
846:
598:
The Po Valley has been completely turned to agriculture since the
365:) the system has been filling with sediment mainly from the older
1419:
1402:
1394:
1382:
1378:
1343:
1301:
1268:
1242:
1238:
1191:
1179:
1027:, emerged a great sea power in alliance with its old master, the
886:" which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the
828:
824:
788:
743:
723:
689:
588:
564:
476:
353:
and a system of deeply buried ancient canyons surviving from the
272:
264:
260:
237:
90:
1564:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 225.
1523:. Consorzio di Bonifica II Circondario - Polesine di San Giorgio
1217:
would emerge to serve as a springboard for Italian unification.
1119:, which lasted for decades. Land changed hands frequently. Even
1431:
1423:
1415:
1398:
1250:
1234:
1132:
1112:
1071:
1044:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
996:
957:
840:
515:
375:
341:
316:
296:
256:
166:
162:
86:
1694:
1410:
1406:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1187:
1151:
1116:
1075:
1036:
973:
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968:
also was an important town in that time, more so than ruined
965:
961:
953:
949:
895: areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today
820:
796:
739:
731:
707:
560:
324:
308:
284:
193:
42:
37:
1389:
have the highest death rate from fine particulate matter (PM
1233:, which was conquered by a Franco-Piedmontese army. In 1866
641:) climate. The conformation of the plain, surrounded by the
475:
at the edges, taking the form of hilly country in which the
1924:
10.1175/1520-0450(1973)012<0338:AGDOTH>2.0.CO;2
1427:
681:
665:
642:
602:, when efforts from monastic orders, feudal lords and free
402:
154:
62:
536:. The rock above the line is porous. Surface water in the
1245:. Poverty in the countryside increased emigration to the
1058:
Between the 10th and 13th centuries, concurrent with the
661:
1629:
Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G.; Bella Bychkova Jordan (2001).
45:(green) and the Po river basin in the Plain (red circle)
1127:, not technically a part of the Padan region), and the
544:. The spring zone is often called "the middle valley."
2364:
Geographical, historical and cultural regions of Italy
1759:
1664:
Water and society in early medieval Italy, AD 400-1000
57:
and tributaries in the Padan Plain. Note the numerous
2119:
Brandolini, Filippo; Carrer, Francesco (2021-09-03).
1205:), he found an advanced country and made it into his
2041:
Brandolini, Filippo; Cremaschi, Mauro (2018-10-31).
1154:
domination was oppressive, adding its burden to the
2040:
2008:. Comparative Rural History of the North Sea Area.
1283:After the war, the Padan area took the lead in the
1123:
received some Italian-speaking lands in the north (
2165:. Sandbox Networks, Inc., publishing as Infoplease
1760:Christiansen, B.; Ljungqvist, F. C. (2012-04-18).
1630:
471:: the plain, or flat surface of the fill, and the
1633:The European culture area: a systematic geography
876:area of Iberia where Celtic presence is uncertain
2355:
2248:"Italy's polluted Po Valley gasps for fresh air"
2118:
1661:
1267:of many cities and heavy frontline fighting in
1220:
1166:was prevented from making inroads in the area.
1903:Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
1095:1585 map depicting the eastern Po Valley and
514:, or, exiting from the Po valley proper, the
2335:. Red Geographics. 2004â2009. Archived from
1035:emerged, as towns thrived in commerce. Soon
692:are common in the plains of the valley. The
479:of the original rock are visible along with
850:Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples:
778:
613:(15thâ16th centuries) and continued in the
2083:
2003:
1864:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
866: maximal Celtic expansion, by 275 BCE
555:in Italy, and now is an almost continuous
2296:
2286:
2068:
2058:
1922:
1830:
1808:
1785:
1720:
1666:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1275:protected the main industries, which the
620:
349:The Po Valley and the Adriatic overlay a
1090:
908:
845:
756:
624:
442:
426:
412:
397:Zandobbio dolomite, capped by the Lower
340:
68:
48:
36:
1960:
1559:
1346:. Milan and Turin share high levels of
251:. The valley is crossed by a number of
14:
2356:
2206:"Nitrogen dioxide over northern Italy"
1896:
999:armies, becoming a prized part of the
807:sometimes being given to northwestern
447:Landscape of the Bassa: a farm in the
153:river basin; it runs from the Western
149:extension not actually related to the
1377:) pollution in 1000 European cities,
459:The Po Valley is often regarded as a
141:) is a major geographical feature of
132:
1066:Further civil wars escalated in the
532:with the surface at the edge of the
327:in its upper reaches) in the north.
1362:According to research published in
1299:for the Padan area which they call
1019:of the Germanic nation in 962. In
952:, often contending for the throne;
24:
2227:"Air pollution hotspots in Europe"
1287:of the 1950s and 60s. Since 1989,
1047:benediction that defeated emperor
345:Po near source in the western Alps
25:
2405:
2325:
1473:"The Po Basin Water Board, Italy"
860:territory, by the 6th century BCE
827:and Felsina, the ancient name of
1979:"Ethnic identity and government"
1897:Morgan, Griffith M. Jr. (1973).
712:when cold air clings to the soil
2262:
2240:
2219:
2198:
2177:
2151:
2112:
2077:
2034:
1997:
1971:
1961:Authors, Several (2015-12-17).
1954:
1945:
1931:
1890:
1855:
1802:
1753:
1688:
1560:Bridges, Edwin Michael (1990).
1086:
718:is a mixed broadleaf forest of
222:AutoritĂ di bacino del fiume Po
1655:
1622:
1578:
1553:
1535:
1513:
1487:
1465:
1448:
1330:concentrations taken from the
1237:joined young Italy, thanks to
1170:became common practice during
904:
633:The Po Valley has a generally
13:
1:
2288:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30272-2
2137:10.1080/14614103.2020.1740866
1841:10.1016/s0169-555x(01)00183-0
1441:
1182:branch, its pillar. When the
761:The Po Valley as seen by the
2084:Brandolini, Filippo (2021).
1967:. Self-Publish. p. 167.
1876:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.04.017
1456:"FACT SHEET: Po River Basin"
1317:
1221:Late modern and contemporary
1131:domain was invaded, forcing
408:
41:The Padan Plain in Northern
7:
2384:Landforms of Emilia-Romagna
2275:The Lancet Planetary Health
668:are frequent, although the
649:, and the influence of the
134:[pjaËnuËrapaËdaËna]
10:
2410:
1373:) and nitrogen dioxide (NO
1326:(ESA) published images of
1308:
1178:recovered, especially the
773:
716:vegetation of the Po basin
334:
330:
29:
2125:Environmental Archaeology
1985:. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1662:Squatriti, Paolo (2002).
1184:War of Spanish Succession
991:was overthrown in 774 by
819:, who left names such as
2333:"Po Valley panorama map"
2006:Landscapes or Seascapes?
1023:, the lagoon capital of
779:Prehistory and antiquity
714:. The natural potential
580:The Dark Age Cold Period
30:Not to be confused with
2018:10.1484/M.CORN.1.101558
1722:10.1126/science.1197175
972:. The Lombards' harsh,
791:, who may have been an
420:, countryside near the
27:Plain in Northern Italy
2096:10.30861/9781407358543
1160:archbishopric of Milan
1104:
926:
897:
770:
630:
621:Climate and vegetation
456:
440:
424:
346:
221:
192:to the south, and the
129:
105:
66:
53:Map showing the river
46:
2379:Landforms of Lombardy
2374:Landforms of Piedmont
1787:10.5194/cp-8-765-2012
1324:European Space Agency
1107:In 1494, the ruinous
1094:
912:
849:
799:peoples known as the
760:
694:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
653:cause high levels of
628:
446:
430:
416:
344:
103:Friuli-Venezia Giulia
72:
61:on the margin of the
52:
40:
1168:Burning at the stake
1060:Medieval Warm Period
1049:Frederick Barbarossa
538:intermittent streams
433:province of Vercelli
247:, also known as the
2389:Landforms of Veneto
2339:on 23 December 2009
1915:1973JApMe..12..338M
1823:2002Geomo..44..361M
1778:2012CliPa...8..765C
1713:2011Sci...331..578B
1610:on 15 December 2019
1562:World geomorphology
1141:Francis I of France
913:The defence of the
888:Early Modern period
803:(hence the name of
449:province of Cremona
431:Rice fields in the
389:Dolomia Principale
161:. The flatlands of
99:Trentino-Alto Adige
2250:. 28 February 2019
2090:. BAR Publishing.
2060:10.3390/su10113968
1156:Counterreformation
1105:
1001:Carolingian Empire
935:Justinian's plague
927:
898:
771:
631:
457:
441:
425:
401:Marne di Bruntino
347:
106:
67:
47:
2105:978-1-4073-5855-0
2027:978-2-503-54058-0
1707:(6017): 578â582.
1648:978-0-7425-1628-1
1600:978-88-88192-04-8
1571:978-0-521-28965-8
1521:"the Water Board"
1203:Battle of Marengo
1068:Guelph-Ghibelline
1053:Battle of Legnano
1017:Holy Roman Empire
919:battle of Legnano
813:pre-Indo-European
728:European hornbeam
670:urban heat effect
655:relative humidity
635:humid subtropical
245:province of Cuneo
16:(Redirected from
2401:
2348:
2346:
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2281:(3): e121âe134.
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1817:(3â4): 361â373.
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1603:. Archived from
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1501:on 1 August 2009
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1452:
1367:Planetary Health
1328:nitrogen dioxide
1285:economic miracle
1207:Kingdom of Italy
1139:'s victory over
1029:Byzantine Empire
1005:kingdom of Italy
894:
881:
871:
865:
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559:stretching from
249:Provincia granda
136:
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1320:
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1158:imposed by the
1145:Battle of Pavia
1101:Vatican Museums
1089:
989:Lombard kingdom
907:
896:
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232:subregion (the
171:Southern Europe
118:Plain of the Po
35:
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2047:Sustainability
2033:
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1996:
1983:britannica.com
1970:
1953:
1944:
1930:
1909:(2): 338â353.
1889:
1854:
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1772:(2): 765â786.
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1673:978-0521522069
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1265:aerial bombing
1222:
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1111:began between
1088:
1085:
1041:Lombard League
1031:. In time the
1003:, forming the
906:
903:
891:
884:Celtic nations
878:
868:
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622:
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593:early medieval
548:Surface runoff
506:, the Lombard
410:
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393:and the Lower
383:gas condensate
351:foreland basin
335:Main article:
332:
329:
275:in the south,
210:Venetian Plain
143:Northern Italy
130:Pianura Padana
95:Emilia-Romagna
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1550:, pp. 525-538
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59:Italian Lakes
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39:
33:
19:
2351:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2278:
2274:
2264:
2252:. Retrieved
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2162:
2153:
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2124:
2114:
2086:
2079:
2053:(11): 3968.
2050:
2046:
2036:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1964:Roman legion
1963:
1956:
1947:
1933:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1663:
1657:
1632:
1624:
1612:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1586:
1580:
1561:
1555:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1515:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1467:
1450:
1436:
1363:
1361:
1321:
1312:
1300:
1282:
1255:
1227:Risorgimento
1224:
1196:
1149:
1109:Italian Wars
1106:
1087:Early modern
1065:
1057:
986:
928:
899:
815:people, the
786:
782:
702:
698:Adriatic Sea
659:
651:Adriatic Sea
638:
632:
608:
597:
576:Roman Empire
572:bassa Padana
571:
569:
546:
533:
525:
523:
518:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:and western
485:
465:Adriatic Sea
458:
381:The Malossa
380:
348:
337:The river Po
277:Dora Riparia
248:
227:
216:
214:
175:
159:Adriatic Sea
138:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:
79:Aosta Valley
2298:10230/53387
2070:2434/598152
2012:: 313â332.
1332:Sentinel-5P
1277:Third Reich
1121:Switzerland
1097:river delta
1080:Black Death
993:Charlemagne
982:Catholicism
925:(1832â1891)
917:during the
905:Middle Ages
856: core
680:and sudden
611:Renaissance
600:Middle Ages
557:megalopolis
542:spring zone
530:water table
451:, southern
323:and called
281:Dora Baltea
242:Piedmontese
206:Tagliamento
122:Padan Plain
2358:Categories
2254:27 January
2232:29 January
2211:28 January
2190:27 January
2169:3 December
2163:Infoplease
1766:Clim. Past
1548:0891813063
1442:References
1365:The Lancet
1295:or larger
1273:Resistance
1258:World Wars
1199:Napoleon I
1172:witchhunts
931:Gothic War
921:(1176) by
874:Lusitanian
767:Sentinel-2
736:elderberry
682:hailstorms
615:Modern Age
435:, eastern
418:Carmagnola
399:Cretaceous
321:Lake Garda
319:(draining
311:(draining
303:(draining
291:(draining
139:Val Padana
2315:231687871
2145:1461-4103
1989:2 October
1884:2352-409X
1870:: 18â32.
1849:0169-555X
1827:CiteSeerX
1796:1814-9332
1731:0036-8075
1318:Pollution
1293:secession
1289:Lega Nord
1147:in 1525.
1137:Charles V
1055:in 1176.
915:Carroccio
858:Hallstatt
837:Etruscans
817:Etruscans
789:Ligurians
690:Tornadoes
686:Supercell
647:Apennines
637:(Köppen:
526:fontanili
508:brughiere
473:anticline
409:Geography
371:isostatic
367:Apennines
359:Messinian
313:Lake Iseo
305:Lake Como
253:affluents
178:Apennines
110:Po Valley
101:, and 8)
2394:Po basin
2307:33482109
1747:27661057
1739:21233349
1682:49550805
1387:Lombardy
1356:Lombardy
1297:autonomy
1247:Americas
1231:Lombardy
1211:Piedmont
1176:industry
1129:Venetian
997:Frankish
995:and his
978:Arianism
946:Lombardy
942:Lombards
939:Germanic
833:Venetics
809:Lombardy
805:Insubria
801:Insubres
704:Rainfall
674:droughts
645:and the
604:communes
589:wetlands
584:Po River
553:industry
516:Friulian
496:la Bassa
488:Lombardy
477:outcrops
469:landform
461:syncline
453:Lombardy
437:Piedmont
422:river Po
395:Jurassic
391:dolomite
387:Triassic
355:tectonic
230:Polesine
114:Po Plain
83:Lombardy
75:Piedmont
32:Valle Po
18:Po plain
1911:Bibcode
1819:Bibcode
1774:Bibcode
1709:Bibcode
1701:Science
1438:total.
1420:Treviso
1403:Saronno
1395:Vicenza
1383:Bergamo
1379:Brescia
1344:Bologna
1309:Economy
1302:Padania
1269:Romagna
1243:Austria
1239:Prussia
1192:Austria
1186:traded
1180:textile
1152:Spanish
1143:at the
1051:at the
950:duchies
829:Bologna
825:Ravenna
774:History
744:willows
724:poplars
565:Trieste
519:magredi
504:baragge
331:Geology
273:Secchia
265:Trebbia
261:Scrivia
238:Ferrara
236:around
218:Italian
208:of the
157:to the
147:Venetic
126:Italian
91:Liguria
2343:3 June
2313:
2305:
2143:
2102:
2024:
1882:
1847:
1829:
1794:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1680:
1670:
1645:
1614:6 June
1597:
1568:
1546:
1527:6 June
1505:4 June
1479:4 June
1432:Venice
1424:Padova
1416:Verona
1401:) and
1399:Veneto
1342:, and
1271:. The
1262:Allied
1251:Veneto
1235:Veneto
1213:, the
1133:Venice
1113:France
1072:Venice
1033:Comuni
1025:Venice
1021:Veneto
1013:Saxony
1009:Otto I
958:Verona
893:
880:
872:
870:
864:
854:
841:Greeks
797:Celtic
748:maples
732:alders
512:Groane
492:Emilia
376:Venice
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