94:
396:
273:, known as "little snowies" for their snowy-white feathers; even more prized were the "nuptial plumes", grown during the mating season and displayed by birds during courtship. So-called "osprey" plumes, actually egret plumes, were used as part of British army uniforms until they were discontinued in 1889. Poachers often entered the densely populated rookeries, where they would shoot and then pluck the roosting birds clean, leaving their carcasses to rot. Unprotected eggs became easy prey for predators, as were newly hatched birds, who also starved or died from exposure. One ex-poacher would later write of the practice, "The heads and necks of the young birds were hanging out of the nests by the hundreds. I am done with bird hunting forever!"
233:
36:
258:
423:
387:. At the time, plume feathers—selling for more than $ 20 an ounce ($ 501 in 2011)—were reportedly more valuable per weight than gold. On their expedition, which lasted several weeks, the young men and Chevalier's party killed 1,397 birds of 36 species. Bradley eventually became a warden protecting birds from the plume hunting trade.
476:
Following the modest trend begun with
Pelican Island, many other islands and parcels of land and water were quickly dedicated to the protection of various species of colonial nesting birds that were being destroyed for their plumes and other feathers. Such refuge areas included
291:
and other birds during the nesting season, shoot the parents with small-bore rifles, and leave the chicks to starve. Plumes from
Everglades water birds could be found in Havana, New York City, London, and Paris. Hunters could collect plumes from a hundred birds on a good day.
253:
concentrated in and around the
Everglades area, which had abundant food and seasonal dry periods, ideal for nesting birds. By the late 1880s, there were no longer any large numbers of plume birds within reach of Florida's most settled cities.
248:
trade at a rate of five million a year; many species faced extinction as a result. In
Florida, plume birds were first driven away from the most populated areas in the northern part of the state, and forced to nest further south.
287:
business, sold for $ 32 an ounce in 1915 — which was also the price of gold then. Millinery was a $ 17 million a year industry that motivated plume harvesters to lie in wait at the nests of
279:
In 1886, 5 million birds were estimated to be killed for their feathers. They were shot usually in the spring when their feathers were colored for mating and nesting. The plumes, or
596:
As he hoped, the birds returned to Avery Island in the spring, bringing with them even more snowy egrets. This pattern continued until, by 1911, the refuge served as the summer
376:
554:, whose family owned Avery Island. McIlhenny established the refuge around 1895 on his own personal tract of the 2,200-acre (8.9 km) island, a 250-acre (1.0 km)
419:
to pass a model non-game bird protection law in 1901. These organizations then employed wardens to protect rookeries, in effect establishing colonial bird sanctuaries.
498:
490:
446:
and other birds from extinction by plume hunters. This resulted in the initial federal land specifically set aside for a non-marketable form of wildlife (the
482:
197:
were engaged in efforts to curtail the hunting for plumes. By 1900, more than five million birds were being killed every year, including 95 percent of
93:
276:
Egrets, including the great egret, were decimated in the past by plume hunters, but numbers recovered when given protection in the 20th century.
46:
300:
According to
Gilbert Pearson, there was "a special trade name for the feathers of almost every kind of bird known in the millinery business."
240:
At the turn of the 20th century, thousands of birds were being killed in order to provide feathers to decorate women's hats. The fashion
585:
and located several surviving egrets, which he took back to his estate on Avery Island. There he turned the birds loose in a type of
137:
623:
172:
216:
are feather standards worn by the chiefly class. Kanaka Maoli (Native
Hawaiians) did not hunt and kill the birds. Native American
455:
589:
he called a "flying cage," where the birds soon adapted to their new surroundings. In the fall McIlhenny set the birds loose to
1050:
973:
864:
845:
826:
804:
760:
719:
700:
681:
948:
Theodore, Roosevelt, "Bird
Reserves at the Mouth of the Mississippi River," A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open (1916), n.p.
486:
494:
1085:
395:
630:
in the plume-hunting era and was the first bird of paradise to breed in captivity. It was bred and observed by Prince
1075:
1035:
1017:
1002:
987:
783:
502:
442:
on March 14, 1903, establishing
Pelican Island as the first national wildlife refuge in the United States to protect
80:
614:
Today, snowy egrets continue to return to Bird City each spring to nest until resuming their migration in the fall.
379:
on his trip to the
Everglades. Accompanied by their friend Charlie Pierce, the men set sail on Pierce's craft, the
478:
435:
439:
408:
17:
458:
is said to be the first bona fide "refuge". The first warden employed by the government at
Pelican Island,
631:
517:
1126:
416:
232:
961:
733:
451:
412:
62:
193:, some of which were nearly extinguished by overhunting. By 1899, early environmentalists such as
551:
1028:
Death in the Everglades: The Murder of Guy Bradley, America's First Martyr to Environmentalism
244:, which began in the 1870s, became so widespread that by 1886 birds were being killed for the
548:
337:
8:
185:, ribbons, and exotic plumes. Hats sometimes included entire exotic birds that had been
144:
was at its height in the late 19th and was brought to an end in the early 20th century.
1131:
1056:
604:
431:
190:
58:
54:
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1136:
1081:
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1121:
1100:
528:
133:
879:
608:
524:
113:
1097:
Endemic birds in Papua New Guinea's montane forests: human use and conservation
590:
559:
555:
328:
129:
611:, once referred to Bird City as "the most noteworthy reserve in the country."
1115:
1023:
617:
544:
536:
447:
356:
346:
194:
1104:
532:
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and his older brother Louis served as scouts for noted French plume hunter
304:
98:
322:
Feathers of eagles, bustards, albatrosses, bush turkeys, turkey buzzards,
567:
470:
467:
463:
400:
372:
313:
262:
257:
182:
160:
148:
1061:
They Lived in the Park: The Story of Man in the Everglades National Park
422:
181:
included large hats with wide brims decorated in elaborate creations of
778:. Hanover, New Hampshire, and London: University Press of New England.
582:
217:
202:
125:
995:
Everglades Lawmen: True Stories of Danger and Adventure in the Glades
947:
776:
Connecticut Wildlife: Biodiversity, Natural History, and Conservation
566:
in response to late 19th century plume hunters nearly wiping out the
540:
430:
Such public concern, combined with the conservation-minded President
284:
245:
186:
117:
213:
575:
521:
384:
280:
152:
403:
family; plume birds were often shot while sitting on their nests.
250:
221:
198:
168:
147:
By the late 19th century, plume hunters had nearly wiped out the
109:
980:
The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise
586:
209:
450:) when 3-acre (12,000 m) Pelican Island was proclaimed a
635:
563:
443:
288:
270:
45:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
597:
571:
411:
and the National Association of Audubon Societies (now the
618:
Empress of Germany's bird of paradise and captive breeding
116:
which were sold for use as ornamentation, particularly in
925:". Everglades Digital Library. Retrieved on July 1, 2010.
466:
whose salary was $ 1 a month. Plume hunter guide turned
241:
570:
population of the United States while in pursuit of the
884:. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page. pp. 158–159.
407:
In Florida, in an effort to control plume hunting, the
1030:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2003.
136:, and other women and led to the establishment of the
938:(Boston: Christopher Publishing House, 1935), passim.
603:
Because of its early founding and example to others,
473:
was shot and killed after confronting plume hunters.
269:
The most popular plumes came from various species of
1063:. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press, 1963.
968:. 60th Anniversary Edition, Pineapple Press (2007).
774:
Hammerson, Geoffrey A. (2004). "Chapter 20: Birds".
1113:
236:Early 20th century illustration of plume types
171:have also been targeted by plume hunters. The
108:is the hunting of wild birds to harvest their
43:The examples and perspective in this article
982:. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
816:
814:
175:was also a popular target of plume hunters.
759:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHuffstodt (
1045:. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2008.
803:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGrunwald (
138:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
863:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcCally (
844:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDouglas (
825:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcCally (
811:
773:
718:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShearer (
101:wearing a plume-covered hat, around 1909.
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Hunting of wild birds to harvest feathers
1010:The Everglades: An Environmental History
707:
699:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcIver (
680:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcIver (
600:ground for an estimated 100,000 egrets.
421:
394:
256:
231:
92:
997:. Sarasota, FL: Pineapple Press, 2000.
877:
456:Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge
189:. Plumage often came from birds in the
14:
1114:
1094:
120:(millinery). The movement against the
1099:(phd thesis). James Cook University.
1073:
754:
624:Empress of Germany's bird of paradise
173:Empress of Germany's bird of paradise
798:
487:Passage Key National Wildlife Refuge
29:
923:Everglades Biographies: Guy Bradley
915:
858:
839:
820:
713:
626:was one of the most heavily hunted
495:Shell Keys National Wildlife Refuge
24:
1067:
694:
675:
227:
25:
1148:
767:
503:Key West National Wildlife Refuge
151:population of the United States.
124:in the United Kingdom was led by
112:, especially the more decorative
34:
1043:It Happened in the Florida Keys
1012:. University Press of Florida.
941:
928:
906:
897:
888:
871:
852:
833:
479:Breton National Wildlife Refuge
390:
295:
1077:Mrs Pankhurst's Purple Feather
966:The Everglades: River of Grass
792:
748:
726:
688:
669:
647:
366:
13:
1:
641:
562:because of its lush tropical
409:American Ornithologists Union
283:, as they were called in the
878:Pearson, T. Gilbert (1917).
512:
7:
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
1153:
955:
655:"Everglades National Park"
383:, ending their journey in
417:Florida State Legislature
338:Manchurian eared pheasant
261:The Bird on Nellie's Hat
934:Edward Avery McIlhenny,
452:Federal Bird Reservation
413:National Audubon Society
1095:Supuma, Miriam (2018).
1008:McCally, David (1999).
581:McIlhenny searched the
224:also feature feathers.
1105:10.25903/5d0194ca93995
632:R.S. Dharmakumarsinhji
593:south for the winter.
552:Edward Avery McIlhenny
427:
404:
266:
237:
102:
1074:Boase, Tessa (2018).
734:"In the Queen's name"
607:, father of American
499:Shell Keys, Louisiana
425:
398:
371:In 1885, 15-year-old
260:
235:
179:Victorian-era fashion
96:
558:known eventually as
491:Passage Key, Florida
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
1041:Shearer, Victoria.
978:Grunwald, Michael.
881:The bird study book
738:Bird Notes and News
222:feather headdresses
1057:Tebeau, Charlton W
861:, pp. 117–118
605:Theodore Roosevelt
432:Theodore Roosevelt
428:
426:Pelican Island NWR
405:
267:
238:
191:Florida Everglades
157:roseate spoonbills
103:
1127:Bird conservation
1051:978-0-7627-4091-8
974:978-1-56164-394-3
628:birds of paradise
507:Key West, Florida
483:Breton, Louisiana
462:, was an Audubon
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
1144:
1108:
1091:
1024:McIver, Stuart B
993:Huffstodt, Jim.
962:Douglas, Marjory
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415:) persuaded the
134:Emily Williamson
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1068:Further reading
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609:conservationism
549:conservationist
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436:executive order
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369:
361:paradise plumes
318:cross aigrettes
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230:
228:Hunt for plumes
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912:McIver, p. 29.
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903:McIver, p. 16.
896:
894:Tebeau, p. 75.
887:
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744:(1): 20. 1906.
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678:, p. xiii
668:
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619:
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560:Jungle Gardens
529:bird sanctuary
514:
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392:
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377:Jean Chevalier
368:
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363:
357:paradise birds
353:
344:
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329:Crowned pigeon
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229:
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130:Eliza Phillips
89:
88:
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
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2:
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1018:0-8130-2302-5
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1003:1-56164-192-8
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988:0-7432-5105-9
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842:, p. 310
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801:, p. 120
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785:1-58465-369-8
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546:
545:Tabasco sauce
543:, founded by
542:
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537:Iberia Parish
534:
530:
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520:is a private
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500:
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448:brown pelican
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434:, led to his
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347:Marabou stork
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195:Adeline Knapp
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150:
145:
143:
142:feather trade
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106:Plume hunting
100:
97:Opera singer
95:
85:
82:
74:
64:
60:
56:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Plume hunters
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716:, p. 36
709:
697:, p. 46
690:
671:
659:. Retrieved
649:
621:
613:
602:
595:
580:
574:'s delicate
533:Avery Island
516:
501:(1907), and
475:
460:Paul Kroegel
429:
406:
391:Conservation
380:
370:
360:
350:
341:
332:
324:eagle quills
323:
317:
308:
299:
296:Nomenclature
278:
275:
268:
265:, circa 1910
239:
220:and various
207:
183:silk flowers
177:
161:great egrets
146:
141:
121:
105:
104:
99:Emmy Destinn
77:
68:
44:
661:November 7,
568:snowy egret
535:in coastal
531:located on
471:Guy Bradley
468:game warden
401:great egret
373:Guy Bradley
367:Guy Bradley
355:New Guinea
314:Snowy egret
263:sheet music
218:war bonnets
203:shore birds
165:blue herons
149:snowy egret
122:plume trade
1116:Categories
642:References
583:Gulf Coast
349:feathers,
340:feathers,
331:feathers,
316:feathers,
307:feathers,
305:Black cock
153:Flamingoes
126:Etta Lemon
118:hat-making
71:April 2022
1132:Hatmaking
1080:. Aurum.
936:Bird City
755:Huffstodt
638:in 1940.
547:heir and
541:Louisiana
518:Bird City
513:Bird City
454:in 1903.
440:President
285:millinery
281:aigrettes
251:Rookeries
246:millinery
59:talk page
1137:Feathers
964:(1947).
799:Grunwald
576:feathers
522:wildfowl
509:(1908).
493:(1905),
485:(1904),
385:Key West
110:feathers
53:You may
1122:Fowling
956:Sources
859:McCally
840:Douglas
821:McCally
714:Shearer
598:nesting
591:migrate
351:maribou
342:numidie
199:Florida
187:stuffed
169:peafowl
1084:
1049:
1034:
1016:
1001:
986:
972:
782:
695:McIver
676:McIver
587:aviary
556:estate
525:refuge
464:warden
444:egrets
381:Bonton
289:egrets
214:Kāhili
210:Hawaii
167:, and
140:. The
114:plumes
657:. PBS
636:India
564:flora
333:goura
309:coque
271:egret
242:craze
61:, or
1082:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1032:ISBN
1014:ISBN
999:ISBN
984:ISBN
970:ISBN
865:help
846:help
827:help
805:help
780:ISBN
761:help
720:help
701:help
682:help
663:2011
622:The
572:bird
1101:doi
634:of
527:or
505:in
497:in
489:in
481:in
438:of
208:In
201:'s
1118::
1059:.
1026:.
813:^
740:.
736:.
578:.
539:,
399:A
359:,
212:,
205:.
163:,
159:,
155:,
132:,
128:,
1107:.
1103::
1090:.
1053:.
1038:.
1020:.
1005:.
990:.
921:"
867:)
848:)
829:)
807:)
788:.
763:)
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722:)
703:)
684:)
665:.
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
51:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
