Structural steel - Knowledge

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example would be parking garages. Some parking garages are constructed using structural steel columns and reinforced concrete slabs. The concrete will be poured for the foundational footings, giving the parking garage a surface to be built on. The steel columns will be connected to the slab by bolting and/or welding them to steel studs extruding from the surface of the poured concrete slab. Pre-cast concrete beams may be delivered on site to be installed for the second floor, after which a concrete slab may be poured for the pavement area. This can be done for multiple stories. A parking garage of this type is just one possible example of many structures that may use both reinforced concrete and structural steel.

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however, construction may continue after 1–2 weeks, depending on the nature of the structure. Concrete can be constructed into nearly any shape and size. Approximately half of the cost of using reinforced concrete in a structural project is attributed to the construction of the form-work. In order to save time, and therefore costs, structural concrete members may be pre-cast. This refers to a reinforced concrete beam, girder, or column being poured off site and left to cure. After the curing process, the concrete member may be delivered to the construction site and installed as soon as it is needed. Since the concrete member was cured off location beforehand, construction may continue immediately after erection.

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structural steel members are fabricated from recycled metals, called A992 steel. This member material is cheaper and has a higher strength to weight ratio than previously used steel members (A36 grade). Concrete's material components are naturally occurring materials that are not harmful to the environment, and concrete can now be poured to be permeable, letting water flow through a paved surface to reduce the need for drainage or runoff infrastructure. Concrete can also be crushed and used as aggregate in future concrete applications, avoiding the use of land fill.

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aggregate, lumber for form-work, etc.) is constantly changing. If a structure could be constructed using either material, the cheapest of the two will likely control. Another significant variable is the location of the project. The closest steel fabrication facility may be much further from the construction site than the nearest concrete supplier. The high cost of energy and transportation will control the selection of the material as well. All of these costs will be taken into consideration before the conceptual design of a construction project is begun.

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reinforcing bars in order to carry said tension. Cracks in concrete provide a direct path for water to travel to the reinforcing bars. Some reinforcing bars are coated in epoxy to prevent corrosion due to water contact. Epoxy coated bars are more expensive and offer less friction. Reinforced concrete members using epoxy coated bars must therefore be designed larger and stronger, due to the lower friction, or bond strength, between coated reinforcing bars and concrete. Bond strength is important to the structural integrity of a reinforced concrete member.

92: 703:. When designing a structure, an engineer must decide which, if not both, material is most suitable for the design. There are many factors considered when choosing a construction material. Cost is commonly the primary controlling element; however, other considerations such as weight, strength, constructability, availability (with regards to geographic location as well as market availability), sustainability, and fire resistance will be taken into account before a final decision is made. 911: 898:, is 1,130 °C (2,070 °F). Steel never turns into a liquid below this temperature. Pure Iron ('Steel' with 0% Carbon) starts to melt at 1,492 °C (2,718 °F), and is completely liquid upon reaching 1,539 °C (2,802 °F). Steel with 2.1% Carbon by weight begins melting at 1,130 °C (2,070 °F), and is completely molten upon reaching 1,315 °C (2,399 °F). 'Steel' with more than 2.1% Carbon is no longer Steel, but is known as 31: 843:) are constructed using structural steel due to its constructability, as well as its high strength-to-weight ratio. In comparison, concrete, while being less dense than steel, has a much lower strength-to-weight ratio. This is due to the much larger volume required for a structural concrete member to support the same load; steel, though denser, does not require as much material to carry a load. However, this advantage becomes insignificant for 111: 645: 732:

condition. Reinforced concrete characteristically does not pose a threat in the event of a fire and even resists the spreading of fire, as well as temperature changes. This makes concrete excellent insulation, improving the sustainability of the building it surrounds by reducing the required energy to maintain climate.

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can be performed, the critical temperature of which is set by the standard accepted to the Authority Having Jurisdiction, such as a building code. In Japan, this is below 400 °C. In China, Europe and North America (e.g., ASTM E-119), this is approximately 1000–1300 °F (530–810 °C). The

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Corrosion – Some structural materials are susceptible to corrosion from such surrounding elements such as water, heat, humidity, or salt. Special precautions must be taken when installing a structural material to prevent it, and the occupants of the building must know of any accompanying maintenance

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Corrosion – Steel, when in contact with water, can corrode, creating a potentially dangerous structure. Measures must be taken in structural steel construction to prevent any lifetime corrosion. The steel can be painted, providing water resistance. Also, the fire resistance material used to envelope

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The normal yield strength grades available are 195, 235, 275, 355, 420, and 460, although some grades are more commonly used than others e.g. in the UK, almost all structural steel is grades S275 and S355. Higher grades are available in quenched and tempered material (500, 550, 620, 690, 890 and 960

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Constructability - Structural steel can be developed into nearly any shape, which are either bolted or welded together in construction. Structural steel can be erected as soon as the materials are delivered on site, whereas concrete must be cured at least 1–2 weeks after pouring before construction

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has become an entirely new consideration for materials that will be in the environment for generations. A sustainable material minimally affects the environment upon installation and throughout its life cycle. Reinforced concrete and structural steel can be sustainable if used properly. Over 80% of

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A structural engineer understands that there are an infinite number of designs that will produce an efficient, safe, and affordable building. It is the engineer's job to work alongside the owners, contractors, and all other parties involved to produce an ideal product that suits everyone's needs.

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Corrosion – Reinforced concrete, when constructed properly, has excellent corrosion resistance properties. Concrete is not only resistant to water, but needs it to cure and develop its strength over time. However, the steel reinforcement in the concrete must not be exposed in order to prevent its

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Constructability – Reinforced concrete must be poured and left to set, or harden. After setting (typically 1–2 days), a concrete must cure, the process in which concrete experiences a chemical reaction between the cementitious particles and the water. The curing process is complete after 28 days;

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a popular option for designers due to the reduced costs and time required. With steel being sold by weight, the structural designer must specify the lightest members possible while maintaining a safe structural design. Utilizing a large number of identical steel members rather that unique size or

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Fire resistance – Steel is inherently a noncombustible material. However, when heated to temperatures seen in a fire scenario, the strength and stiffness of the material is significantly reduced. The International Building Code requires steel be enveloped in sufficient fire-resistant materials,

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Fire resistance - One of the most dangerous hazards to a building is a fire hazard. This is especially true in dry, windy climates and for structures constructed using wood. Special considerations must be taken into account with structural steel to ensure it is not under a dangerous fire hazard

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Most construction projects require the use of hundreds of different materials. These range from concrete of all different specifications, structural steel, clay, mortar, ceramics, wood, and so on. In terms of a load bearing structural frame, materials will generally consist of structural steel,

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Structures consisting of both materials utilize the benefits of structural steel and reinforced concrete. This is already common practice in reinforced concrete in that the steel reinforcement is used to provide steel's tensile strength capacity to a structural concrete member. A commonly seen

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of a steel member is the temperature at which it cannot safely support its load . Building codes and structural engineering standard practice defines different critical temperatures depending on the structural element type, configuration, orientation, and loading characteristics. The critical

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Structural steel and reinforced concrete are not always chosen solely because they are the most ideal material for the structure. Companies rely on the ability to turn a profit for any construction project, as do the designers. The price of raw materials (steel, cement, coarse aggregate, fine

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provides the necessary design specifications for an engineer to ensure there is enough concrete covering any steel reinforcement to prevent exposure to water. This cover distance must be specified because concrete will inevitably crack at locations carrying tension, or at locations containing

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A beam drill line (drill line) has long been considered an indispensable way to drill holes and mill slots into beams, channels and HSS elements. CNC beam drill lines are typically equipped with feed conveyors and position sensors to move the element into position for drilling, plus probing

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Cost – The cost of these construction materials will depend entirely on the geographical location of the project and the availability of the materials. Just as the price of gasoline fluctuates, so do the prices of cement, aggregate, steel, etc. Reinforced concrete derives about half of its

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standards. However, concrete buildings will still likely use other materials that are not fire resistant. Therefore, a designer must still take into account the use of the concrete and where it will require fire hazardous materials in order to prevent future complications in the overall

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Fabricating flat plate is performed on a plate processing center where the plate is laid flat on a stationary 'table' and different cutting heads traverse the plate from a gantry-style arm or "bridge". The cutting heads can include a punch, drill or torch.

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1. S275JOH Specification S275JOH is steel grade in EN 10219 specification, EN 10210 standard. And the most widely used specification is EN10219 standard, which is Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels.

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fuel fire is more likely, as flammable liquid fires provides more heat to the structural element as compared to a fire involving ordinary combustibles during the same fire period. Structural steel fireproofing materials include intumescent,

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was replaced by steel for commercial purposes. They have lived on after the era of commercial wrought iron and are still sometimes heard today, informally, in reference to steel angle stock, channel stock, and sheet, despite that they are

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torches are the most common technology and range from simple hand-held torches to automated CNC coping machines that move the torch head around the structural element in accordance with cutting instructions programmed into the machine.

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The steel manufacturing process shall be at the discretion of the steel producer. S275JOH carbon steel pipes can be made in ERW, SAW or seamless process. All S275JOH steel material and S275JOH pipes should conform to EN10219 standards.

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EN10219-1 specifies the technical delivery conditions for cold formed welded structural hollow sections of circular, square or rectangular forms and applies to structural hollow sections formed cold without subsequent heat treatment.

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strength/ductility. This inherently makes concrete a useful material for carrying the weight of a structure. Concrete reinforced with steel rebar give the structure a stronger tensile capacity, as well as an increase in

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construction costs from the required form-work. This refers to the lumber or framework necessary to build the "box" or container in which the concrete is poured and held until it cures. The expense of the forms makes

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When choosing the structural materials for their structure, the engineer has many variables to consider, such as the cost, strength/weight ratio, sustainability of the material, constructability, etc.

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Concrete building structures often meet code required fire-resistance ratings, as the concrete thickness over the steel rebar provides sufficient fire resistance. However, concrete can be subject to

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Strength – Having high strength, stiffness, toughness, and ductile properties, structural steel is one of the most commonly used materials in commercial and industrial building construction.

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Sustainability - Primarily due to public image and government incentives, many construction companies and material vendors are having to focus efforts more on environmental friendliness.

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crystal structure, for steel starts at 900 °C (1,650 °F) for pure iron, then, as more carbon is added, the temperature falls to a minimum 724 °C (1,335 °F) for

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has been reduced to 60% of the room temperature yield stress. In order to determine the fire resistance rating of a steel member, accepted calculations practice can be used, or a

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structures, making concrete the economical choice. This is especially true for simple structures, such as parking garages, or any building that is a simple, rectilinear shape.

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Best Practice Guidelines for Structural Fire Resistance Design of Concrete and Steel Buildings, NIST Technical Note 1681, L. T. Phan, J. L. Gross, and T. P. McAllister, 2010.

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requirements. For example, structural steel cannot be exposed to the environment without suitable protection, because any moisture, or contact with water, will cause

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Typical grades are described as the 'S275J2' or 'S355K2W'. In these examples, 'S' denotes structural rather than engineering steel; 275 or 355 denotes the

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The shapes available are described in many published standards worldwide, and a number of specialist and proprietary cross sections are also available.

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products such as sections, bolts and fabricated steelwork the CE Marking demonstrates that the product complies with the relevant harmonized standard.

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together flat or bent plates (for example, the largest circular hollow sections are made from flat plate bent into a circle and seam-welded).

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system under which they are produced has been assessed by a suitable certification body that has been approved to the European Commission.

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time it takes for the steel element that is being tested to reach the temperature set by the test standard determines the duration of the

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Fire resistance – Concrete has excellent fire resistance properties, requiring no additional construction costs to adhere to the

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Manual of Steel Construction, 8th Edition, 2nd revised printing, American Institute of Steel Construction, 1987, ch 1 page 1-5

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Characteristics – Structural steel differs from concrete in its attributed compressive strength as well as tensile strength.

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For cutting irregular openings or non-uniform ends on dimensional (non-plate) elements, a cutting torch is typically used.

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Requirements for S275JOH pipe tolerances, dimensions and sectional s275 pipe properties are contained in EN 10219-2.

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commonly used for mechanical engineering, machines, and vehicles are a completely different specification series.

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Strength – Concrete is a composite material with relatively high compressive strength properties, but lacking in

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cladding, and mineral or high temperature insulation wool blankets. Attention is given to connections, as the

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Strength/weight ratio – Construction materials are commonly categorized by their strength to weight ratio—or

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buildings, or those with several stories or less. Low-rise buildings distribute much smaller loads than

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to occur, compromising the structural integrity of the building and endangering occupants and neighbors.

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Steels used for building construction in the US use standard alloys identified and specified by

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also known as SHS (structural hollow section) and including square, rectangular, circular (

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corrosion as this could significantly reduce the ultimate strength of the structure. The

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Bar, a long piece with a rectangular cross section, but not so wide so as to be called a

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that ensures the free movement of all construction products within the European Union.

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Mold – Steel provides a less suitable surface environment for mold to grow than wood.

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Because steel components are "safety critical", CE Marking is not allowed unless the

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capability to determine the precise location where the hole or slot is to be cut.

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Metal deck and open web steel joist receiving spray fireproofing plaster, made of

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Guide to the CE Marking of Structural Steelwork, BCSA Publication No. 46/08. p.1.

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Guide to the CE Marking of Structural Steelwork, BCSA Publication No. 46/08.

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The lowest temperature at which a plain carbon steel can begin to melt, its

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The austenizing temperature, the temperature where a steel transforms to an

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steel (steel with only .83% by weight of carbon in it). As 2.1% carbon (by

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The properties of steel vary widely, depending on its alloying elements.

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of structural elements can compromise fire-resistance rated assemblies.

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steel ('Q' or 'QL'); and thermomechanically rolled steel ('M' or 'ML').

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for all construction products and steel products is introduced by the

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can continue, making steel a schedule-friendly construction material.

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Most steels used throughout Europe are specified to comply with the

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Rod, a round or square section long compared to its width; see also

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Alread, Jason; Leslie, Thomas; Whitehead, Rob (21 March 2014).

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The standard that covers CE Marking of structural steelwork is

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temperature is often considered the temperature at which its

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Steel detailing for structural engineering and construction

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define the shape of a set of standard structural profiles:

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For steel structures the main harmonized standards are:

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and then two, three, or four numbers. The four-number

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Manufacturer Certification in Compliance with EN 1090

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increasing overall cost of steel structure buildings.

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Cutting workpieces to length is usually done with a

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A steel Ɪ-beam, in this case used to support timber

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http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/images/FeC.gif

925:Steel loses strength when heated sufficiently. The 457:– structural shapes and plates (Superseded by A572) 303:in newtons per square millimetre or the equivalent 492:Corrosion resistant high strength low alloy steels 402:The standard commonly used structural steels are: 382: 1528:International Association for Fire Safety Science 1434: 448: 3741: 1226:. – SteelConstruction.org:CE-Marking.08/02/2011. 1571:Encyclopedia for steel construction information 835:The tallest structures today (commonly called " 758:(coarse and fine), and steel reinforcing bars ( 205:Plate, metal sheets thicker than 6 mm or 133:Z-Shape (half a flange in opposite directions) 49:in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel 3440: 2854: 2649: 2126: 1861: 1639: 1601: 1437:"Properties and Prevention of Household Mold" 1467:Reinforced Concrete Design of Tall Buildings 1405: 1403: 1224:British Constructional Steelwork Association 481:– Quenched and Self Tempered (QST) W shapes. 53:take the form of an elongated beam having a 2140: 1543: 1460: 1458: 605:Hollow sections – EN 10219-1 and EN 10210-1 531:– Inexpensive aerospace and weaponry items. 475:– Possible applications are W or S I-Beams. 335:2. S275JOH Steel Pipes manufacture Process 102: 3447: 3433: 2861: 2847: 2656: 2642: 2133: 2119: 1868: 1854: 1646: 1632: 1608: 1594: 1359:Designing Steel Structures for Fire Safety 750:Characteristics – Generally consisting of 1400: 1464: 1455: 1255: 1253: 909: 555: 547: 109: 90: 29: 1356: 1346:. voelstapine Metsec. 15 December 2020. 859:Combining steel and reinforced concrete 14: 3742: 2868: 1259: 744: 635:Choosing the ideal structural material 72:Most structural steel shapes, such as 3428: 2842: 2637: 2114: 1849: 1627: 1589: 1518: 1250: 871: 629: 602:Steel sections and plate – EN 10025-1 575:Construction Products Directive (CPD) 255:have been in common use since before 1409: 1381: 638: 552:Non-preload bolt assembly (EN 15048) 1344:"The Environmental Impact of Steel" 1284: 1186:"EN10219 S275JOH Carbon Steel Pipe" 807: 372:European channels: UPN – DIN 1026-1 285:Standard structural steels (Europe) 24: 1435:Armstrong, Robert (7 March 2014). 1320:Handbook of Structural Engineering 905: 828:steel is commonly water resistant. 611:Non-preloadable bolts – EN 15048-1 511:Quenched and tempered alloy steels 153:, or {C-beam, or 'C' cross-section 69:in most industrialized countries. 61:. Structural steel shapes, sizes, 27:Type of steel used in construction 25: 3771: 1559: 560:Pre-load bolt assembly (EN 14399) 307:; J2 or K2 denotes the materials 1615: 1521:"FIRE RATING PROCEDURE IN JAPAN" 1465:Taranath, Bungale (2009-12-14). 1439:. Absolute Steel. Archived from 1384:Sustainability and Design Ethics 982: 967:and plaster coatings as well as 713:shape members also reduces cost. 643: 586:Factory Production Control (FPC) 405: 225:While many sections are made by 144:) and elliptical cross sections) 3507:Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW) 3497:Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW) 1534: 1512: 1503: 1483: 1428: 1412:Principles of Structural Design 1375: 1350: 1336: 1278: 608:Pre-loadable bolts – EN 14399-1 535: 525:– boilers and pressure vessels. 519:– structural shapes and plates. 506:– structural shapes and plates. 500:– structural shapes and plates. 487:– structural shapes and plates. 463:– structural shapes and plates. 383:Standard structural steels (US) 130:(WF or W-Shape) and H sections) 34:Various structural steel shapes 3492:Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW) 2392:Electrical discharge machining 2181:Numerical control (NC and CNC) 1828:Semi-finished casting products 1238: 1229: 1216: 1207: 1178: 1164: 1143: 1106: 449:High strength low alloy steels 438:– structural shapes and plate. 414:– structural shapes and plate. 147:Angle (L-shaped cross-section) 13: 1: 1099: 669:in tone and meet Knowledge's 564: 469:– structural pipe and tubing. 444:– structural pipe and tubing. 432:– structural pipe and tubing. 426:– structural pipe and tubing. 420:– structural pipe and tubing. 3472:Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW) 2663: 1357:Zaharia, Raul (2009-05-06). 366:European flange beams: HE – 315:values; and the 'W' denotes 279: 156:Tee (T-shaped cross-section) 7: 3454: 2239:List of drill and tap sizes 1653: 1115:"Beams: Shape and Strength" 1010: 800:American Concrete Institute 787:International Building Code 97:Manchester Victoria Station 10: 3776: 3206:Magnetic switchable device 2555:Magnetic switchable device 1151:"Steel structure workshop" 3684: 3649: 3608: 3530:Electric resistance (ERW) 3520: 3462: 3424: 3367: 3229: 3156: 3058: 3007: 2919: 2876: 2838: 2778: 2737: 2671: 2633: 2578: 2505: 2397:Electrochemical machining 2372: 2262: 2194: 2149: 2110: 2053: 2017: 1916: 1890: 1845: 1795: 1744: 1661: 1623: 1576:Structural Steel Handbook 1287:Estimating Building Costs 1260:Levitt, M. (1982-03-01). 1043:Hollow structural section 138:Hollow structural section 95:Structural steel roof at 1939:Electrohydraulic forming 1469:. Taylor & Francis. 1414:. Taylor & Francis. 1386:. Taylor & Francis. 1382:Russ, Tom (2010-03-25). 1361:. Taylor & Francis. 1264:. Taylor & Francis. 1088:Structural shape rolling 375:European cold formed IS 103:Common structural shapes 3264:Engineer's spirit level 2477:Rotary transfer machine 2462:Photochemical machining 2402:Electron-beam machining 2364:Tool and cutter grinder 1944:Electromagnetic forming 360:European I-beam: IPN – 354:European I-beam: IPE – 3755:Structural engineering 2979:Oxy-fuel cutting torch 1929:Casting (metalworking) 1410:Chen, Wai-Fah (2005). 1083:Structural engineering 945:fireproofing materials 941:fire-resistance rating 922: 756:construction aggregate 561: 553: 162:(asymmetrical Ɪ-beam) 119: 99: 78:second moments of area 47:construction materials 35: 3724:Tools and terminology 3231:Measuring instruments 1701:Investment (Lost wax) 1127:10.4324/9781315817057 1058:Light steel structure 913: 559: 551: 321:quenched and tempered 236:, others are made by 113: 94: 33: 2591:Machining vibrations 2497:Ultrasonic machining 1979:Progressive stamping 1121:. pp. 282–300. 1063:Open web steel joist 927:critical temperature 663:improve this article 63:chemical composition 3560:Friction stir (FSW) 3535:Electron-beam (EBW) 2611:Tool and die making 2299:Cylindrical grinder 2055:Finishing processes 1684:Evaporative-pattern 1322:. CRC Press. 1997. 1222:The website of the 745:Reinforced concrete 701:reinforced concrete 614:Fabricated steel – 3657:Heat-affected zone 3585:Oxyacetylene (OAW) 3354:Thread pitch gauge 3319:Optical comparator 3073:Combination square 2870:Metalworking tools 2279:Abrasive machining 1172:"Structural Steel" 1078:Structural channel 923: 872:Thermal properties 630:Steel vs. concrete 579:European Directive 562: 554: 389:ASTM International 313:Charpy impact test 151:Structural channel 120: 100: 84:without excessive 36: 3737: 3736: 3680: 3679: 3540:Electroslag (ESW) 3487:Flux-cored (FCAW) 3420: 3419: 2834: 2833: 2629: 2628: 2106: 2105: 2018:Joining processes 1949:Explosive forming 1917:Forming processes 1841: 1840: 1540:Zalosh, Table 3.3 1519:Shigekura, Yuko. 1476:978-1-4398-0480-3 1443:on 6 October 2014 1421:978-0-8493-7235-3 1393:978-1-4398-0854-2 1368:978-0-415-54828-1 1329:978-0-8493-2674-5 1271:978-0-85334-994-5 977:thermal expansion 718:specific strength 688: 687: 671:quality standards 397:AISI steel grades 291:European standard 41:is a category of 16:(Redirected from 3767: 3750:Structural steel 3570:Laser beam (LBW) 3477:Electrogas (EGW) 3449: 3442: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3294:Machinist square 3103:Needlegun scaler 3098:Machinist square 2911:Water jet cutter 2878:Cutting machines 2863: 2856: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2658: 2651: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2596:Speeds and feeds 2349:Sharpening stone 2324:Grinding machine 2319:Grinding dresser 2186:Stewart platform 2135: 2128: 2121: 2112: 2111: 1885: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1721:Semi-solid metal 1648: 1641: 1634: 1625: 1624: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1587: 1586: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1462: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1407: 1398: 1397: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1316: 1291: 1290: 1285:Popescu, Calin. 1282: 1276: 1275: 1262:Precast Concrete 1257: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1201: 1192:. Archived from 1182: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1162: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1110: 973:calcium silicate 808:Structural steel 710:precast concrete 683: 680: 674: 647: 646: 639: 544:– Steel Forgings 317:weathering steel 311:by reference to 214: 213: 209: 45:used for making 39:Structural steel 21: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3676: 3667:Residual stress 3645: 3604: 3522:Other processes 3516: 3512:Submerged (SAW) 3458: 3453: 3416: 3363: 3259:Engineer's blue 3225: 3158:Machine tooling 3152: 3054: 3030:Hydraulic press 3003: 2915: 2872: 2867: 2830: 2774: 2750:Pattern welding 2733: 2667: 2662: 2625: 2574: 2501: 2368: 2359:Surface grinder 2294:Coated abrasive 2265: 2258: 2229:Drill bit sizes 2224:Drill bit shank 2199: 2190: 2152: 2145: 2139: 2102: 2049: 2013: 1974:Press hardening 1912: 1886: 1884:, and finishing 1876: 1874: 1837: 1803:Casting defects 1791: 1740: 1657: 1652: 1619: 1614: 1562: 1557: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1523: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1463: 1456: 1446: 1444: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1408: 1401: 1394: 1380: 1376: 1369: 1355: 1351: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1318: 1317: 1294: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1258: 1251: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1197: 1190:CHINA HYSP PIPE 1184: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1137: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1013: 985: 908: 906:Fire resistance 874: 861: 810: 791:fire protection 752:portland cement 747: 684: 678: 675: 660: 648: 644: 637: 632: 591:In the case of 577:. The CPD is a 569:The concept of 567: 538: 513: 494: 451: 408: 385: 341: 336: 334: 332: 329: 326: 287: 282: 218:Open web steel 211: 207: 206: 105: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3773: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3662:Photokeratitis 3659: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3580:Magnetic pulse 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3437: 3429: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3369:Smithing tools 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3284:Go/no go gauge 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3254:Dial indicator 3251: 3246: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3050:Stamping press 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2969:Milling cutter 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2925: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2843: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2660: 2653: 2646: 2638: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2452:Milling cutter 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2329:Grinding wheel 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2151:Computer-aided 2147: 2146: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2115: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2078:Mass finishing 2075: 2070: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1706:Permanent mold 1703: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1628: 1621: 1620: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1598: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1560:External links 1558: 1555: 1554: 1542: 1533: 1511: 1509:Zalosh, Pg. 70 1502: 1493: 1482: 1475: 1454: 1427: 1420: 1399: 1392: 1374: 1367: 1349: 1335: 1328: 1292: 1277: 1270: 1249: 1237: 1228: 1215: 1206: 1177: 1163: 1142: 1135: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1028:Flame cleaning 1025: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1009: 984: 981: 907: 904: 873: 870: 860: 857: 833: 832: 829: 825: 821: 817: 814: 809: 806: 805: 804: 795: 783: 779: 763: 746: 743: 742: 741: 733: 729: 725:Sustainability 721: 714: 686: 685: 651: 649: 642: 636: 633: 631: 628: 620: 619: 612: 609: 606: 603: 566: 563: 546: 545: 537: 534: 533: 532: 526: 520: 512: 509: 508: 507: 501: 493: 490: 489: 488: 482: 476: 470: 464: 458: 450: 447: 446: 445: 439: 433: 427: 421: 415: 407: 404: 384: 381: 380: 379: 373: 370: 368:Euronorm 53-62 364: 358: 356:Euronorm 19-57 301:yield strength 286: 283: 281: 278: 223: 222: 216: 203: 192: 185: 184: 183: 178: 176:Flanged R rail 173: 168: 157: 154: 148: 145: 134: 131: 104: 101: 57:of a specific 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3772: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650:Related terms 3648: 3642: 3641:Shielding gas 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3565:Friction stud 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3359:Vernier scale 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3344:Surface plate 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3304:Marking gauge 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3201:Machine taper 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3186:Indexing head 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3035:Machine press 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3025:English wheel 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008:Forming tools 3006: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2921:Cutting tools 2918: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2586:Cutting fluid 2584: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2550:Machine taper 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2535:Indexing head 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2507:Machine tools 2504: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2354:Spark testing 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2309:Flick grinder 2307: 2305: 2304:Diamond plate 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2289:Bench grinder 2287: 2285: 2284:Angle grinder 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2148: 2144:and computing 2143: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2073:Heat treating 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1757:Cope and drag 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1731:Shell molding 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1552: 1551:(View report) 1546: 1537: 1529: 1522: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1491: 1486: 1478: 1472: 1468: 1461: 1459: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1423: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1404: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1370: 1364: 1360: 1353: 1345: 1339: 1331: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1288: 1281: 1273: 1267: 1263: 1256: 1254: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1225: 1219: 1210: 1196:on 2019-09-22 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1173: 1167: 1152: 1146: 1138: 1136:9781315817057 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1105: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1019: 1018:Diamond plate 1016: 1015: 1008: 1004: 1001: 996: 992: 990: 983:Manufacturing 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 942: 937: 933: 928: 921: 917: 912: 903: 901: 897: 892: 890: 886: 882: 877: 869: 865: 856: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 830: 826: 822: 818: 815: 812: 811: 801: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 777: 773: 768: 764: 761: 757: 753: 749: 748: 739: 734: 730: 726: 722: 719: 715: 711: 706: 705: 704: 702: 698: 694: 682: 672: 668: 664: 658: 657: 654:reads like a 652:This article 650: 641: 640: 627: 625: 617: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 600: 599: 596: 594: 589: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 558: 550: 543: 540: 539: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 514: 505: 502: 499: 496: 495: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 452: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 409: 406:Carbon steels 403: 400: 398: 394: 390: 378: 374: 371: 369: 365: 363: 359: 357: 353: 352: 351: 349: 344: 339: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 292: 277: 275: 271: 270:channel stock 267: 263: 258: 254: 250: 246: 241: 239: 235: 232: 228: 221: 217: 204: 201: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 171:Vignoles rail 169: 167: 164: 163: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 139: 135: 132: 129: 125: 122: 121: 117: 112: 108: 98: 93: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 68: 64: 60: 59:cross section 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 32: 19: 18:Plate (metal) 3631:Power supply 3621:Filler metal 3575:Laser-hybrid 3502:Plasma (PAW) 3402:Steam hammer 3349:Tape measure 3339:Straightedge 3324:Radius gauge 3299:Marking blue 3289:Height gauge 3269:Feeler gauge 3249:Center gauge 3216:Rotary table 3196:Lathe center 3108:Piercing saw 3093:Hand scraper 2964:Hand scraper 2816:Steam hammer 2565:Rotary table 2545:Lathe center 2432:Machine tool 2264:Grinding and 2009:Tube bending 1964:Hydroforming 1772:Molding sand 1726:Shaw process 1711:Plaster mold 1617:Metalworking 1545: 1536: 1527: 1514: 1505: 1496: 1485: 1466: 1445:. 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1119:Design-Tech 965:endothermic 960:hydrocarbon 949:intumescent 916:polystyrene 837:skyscrapers 738:oxidisation 665:to make it 529:Eglin steel 305:megapascals 266:angle stock 136:HSS-Shape ( 3744:Categories 3714:Metallurgy 3595:Ultrasonic 3590:Spot (RSW) 3545:Exothermic 3314:Micrometer 3239:Bore gauge 3060:Hand tools 2755:Planishing 2729:Whitesmith 2684:Bladesmith 2679:Blacksmith 2457:Pantograph 2249:Tap wrench 2083:Patination 1903:Piece work 1745:Components 1674:Continuous 1447:2 November 1200:2014-10-25 1100:References 918:-leavened 776:elasticity 571:CE marking 565:CE marking 362:DIN 1025-1 276:are used. 253:sheet iron 245:angle iron 243:The terms 118:in a house 3709:Machining 3704:Jewellery 3616:Electrode 3609:Equipment 3143:Workbench 3078:Drift pin 2901:Miter saw 2738:Processes 2704:Locksmith 2694:Goldsmith 2621:Workpiece 2616:Tramp oil 2606:Tolerance 2437:Machining 2427:Jig borer 2412:Engraving 2387:Broaching 2374:Machining 2254:Threading 2219:Drill bit 2201:threading 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