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while the other spins counter clockwise. It has been shown that, for a given cross sectional area and degree of overlap (intermeshing), axial velocity and degree of mixing is higher in co-rotating twin extruders. However, pressure buildup is higher in counter-rotating extruders. The screw design is commonly modular in that various conveying and mixing elements are arranged on the shafts to allow for rapid reconfiguration for a process change or replacement of individual components due to wear or corrosive damage. The machine sizes range from as small as 12 mm to as large as 380mm
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303:, plastic conducts its heat away 2,000 times more slowly. In a tube or pipe extrusion line, a sealed water bath is acted upon by a carefully controlled vacuum to keep the newly formed and still molten tube or pipe from collapsing. For products such as plastic sheeting, the cooling is achieved by pulling through a set of cooling rolls. For films and very thin sheeting, air cooling can be effective as an initial cooling stage, as in blown film extrusion.
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490:. If the film is drawn more than it is blown (the final tube diameter is close to the extruded diameter) the polymer molecules will be highly aligned with the draw direction, making a film that is strong in that direction, but weak in the transverse direction. A film that has significantly larger diameter than the extruded diameter will have more strength in the transverse direction, but less in the draw direction.
143:
538:, such as PVC pipes, is manufactured using very similar dies as used in blown film extrusion. Positive pressure can be applied to the internal cavities through the pin, or negative pressure can be applied to the outside diameter using a vacuum sizer to ensure correct final dimensions. Additional lumens or holes may be introduced by adding the appropriate inner mandrels to the die.
482:
exiting the die; this can result in uneven flow. Spider dies consist of a central mandrel attached to the outer die ring via a number of "legs"; while flow is more symmetrical than in annular dies, a number of weld lines are produced which weaken the film. Spiral dies remove the issue of weld lines and asymmetrical flow, but are by far the most complex.
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There are two different types of die tooling used for coating over a wire, tubing (or jacketing) and pressure. In jacketing tooling, the polymer melt does not touch the inner wire until immediately before the die lips. In pressure tooling, the melt contacts the inner wire long before it reaches the
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This process starts by feeding plastic material (pellets, granules, flakes or powders) from a hopper into the barrel of the extruder. The material is gradually melted by the mechanical energy generated by turning screws and by heaters arranged along the barrel. The molten polymer is then forced into
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traditional extrusion, there is a wide range in machine sizes depending on application and desired throughput. While either single- or double-screw extruders may be used in traditional extrusion, the necessity of adequate mixing in compounding extrusion makes twin-screw extruders all but mandatory.
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is using a blown or cast film process to coat an additional layer onto an existing rollstock of paper, foil or film. For example, this process can be used to improve the characteristics of paper by coating it with polyethylene to make it more resistant to water. The extruded layer can also be used
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that are too thick to be blown. There are two types of dies used: T-shaped and coat hanger. The purpose of these dies is to reorient and guide the flow of polymer melt from a single round output from the extruder to a thin, flat planar flow. In both die types ensure constant, uniform flow across
261:
Extra heat is contributed by the intense pressure and friction taking place inside the barrel. In fact, if an extrusion line is running certain materials fast enough, the heaters can be shut off and the melt temperature maintained by pressure and friction alone inside the barrel. In most extruders,
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There are two sub-types of twin screw extruders: co-rotating and counter-rotating. This nomenclature refers to the relative direction each screw spins compared to the other. In co-rotation mode, both screws spin either clockwise or counter clockwise; in counter-rotation, one screw spins clockwise
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Coextrusion is the extrusion of multiple layers of material simultaneously. This type of extrusion utilizes two or more extruders to melt and deliver a steady volumetric throughput of different viscous plastics to a single extrusion head (die) which will extrude the materials in the desired form.
485:
The melt is cooled somewhat before leaving the die to yield a weak semi-solid tube. This tube's diameter is rapidly expanded via air pressure, and the tube is drawn upwards with rollers, stretching the plastic in both the transverse and draw directions. The drawing and blowing cause the film to be
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in the barrel. Back pressure is required for uniform melting and proper mixing of the polymer, and how much pressure is generated can be "tweaked" by varying screen pack composition (the number of screens, their wire weave size, and other parameters). This breaker plate and screen pack combination
606:
Compounding extrusion is a process that mixes one or more polymers with additives to give plastic compounds. The feeds may be pellets, powder and/or liquids, but the product is usually in pellet form, to be used in other plastic-forming processes such as extrusion and injection molding. As with
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Often screw length is referenced to its diameter as L:D ratio. For instance, a 6-inch-diameter (150 mm) screw at 24:1 will be 144 inches (12 ft) long, and at 32:1 it is 192 inches (16 ft) long. An L:D ratio of 25:1 is common, but some machines go up to 40:1 for more mixing and more
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After passing through the breaker plate, molten plastic enters the die. The die is what gives the final product its profile and must be designed so that the molten plastic evenly flows from a cylindrical profile, to the product's profile shape. Uneven flow at this stage can produce a product with
514:
or "chill" rolls). In sheet extrusion, these rolls not only deliver the necessary cooling but also determine sheet thickness and surface texture. Often co-extrusion is used to apply one or more layers on top of a base material to obtain specific properties such as UV-absorption, texture, oxygen
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In many real-world scenarios, a single polymer cannot meet all the demands of an application. Compound extrusion allows a blended material to be extruded, but coextrusion retains the separate materials as different layers in the extruded product, allowing appropriate placement of materials with
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This process is the same as a regular extrusion process up until the die. There are three main types of dies used in this process: annular (or crosshead), spider, and spiral. Annular dies are the simplest, and rely on the polymer melt channeling around the entire cross section of the die before
249:
The material enters through the feed throat (an opening near the rear of the barrel) and comes into contact with the screw. The rotating screw (normally turning at e.g. 120 rpm) forces the plastic beads forward into the heated barrel. The desired extrusion temperature is rarely equal to the set
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A great advantage of extrusion is that profiles such as pipes can be made to any length. If the material is sufficiently flexible, pipes can be made at long lengths even coiling on a reel. Another advantage is the extrusion of pipes with integrated coupler including rubber seal.
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254:-controlled heater zones gradually increase the temperature of the barrel from the rear (where the plastic enters) to the front. This allows the plastic beads to melt gradually as they are pushed through the barrel and lowers the risk of overheating which may cause
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die lips; this is done at a high pressure to ensure good adhesion of the melt. If intimate contact or adhesion is required between the new layer and existing wire, pressure tooling is used. If adhesion is not desired/necessary, jacketing tooling is used instead.
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There are five possible zones in a thermoplastic screw. Since terminology is not standardized in the industry, different names may refer to these zones. Different types of polymer will have differing screw designs, some not incorporating all of the possible zones.
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The first precursors to the modern extruder were developed in the early 19th century. In 1820, Thomas
Hancock invented a rubber "masticator" designed to reclaim processed rubber scraps, and in 1836 Edwin Chaffee developed a two-roller machine to mix additives into
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plastic leaves the screw and travels through a screen pack to remove any contaminants in the melt. The screens are reinforced by a breaker plate (a thick metal puck with many holes drilled through it) since the pressure at this point can exceed 5,000
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There are a variety of dies used in plastics extrusion. While there can be significant differences between die types and complexity, all dies allow for the continuous extrusion of polymer melt, as opposed to non-continuous processing such as
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This technology is used on any of the processes described above (blown film, overjacketing, tubing, sheet). The layer thicknesses are controlled by the relative speeds and sizes of the individual extruders delivering the materials.
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into the barrel of the extruder. Additives such as colorants and UV inhibitors (in either liquid or pellet form) are often used and can be mixed into the resin prior to arriving at the hopper. The process has much in common with
526:. Orientation (i.e. ability/ available density of the sheet to be drawn to the mold which can vary in depths from 1 to 36 inches typically) is highly important and greatly affects forming cycle times for most plastics.
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HDPE pipe during extrusion. The HDPE material is coming from the heater, into the die, then into the cooling tank. This Acu-Power conduit pipe is co-extruded - black inside with a thin orange jacket, to designate power
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Decompression zone. In this zone, about two-thirds down the screw, the channel suddenly gets deeper, which relieves the pressure and allows any trapped gases (moisture, air, solvents, or reactants) to be drawn out by
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or other raw materials after cleaning, sorting and/or blending. This material is commonly extruded into filaments suitable for chopping into the bead or pellet stock to use as a precursor for further processing.
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The product must now be cooled, and this is usually achieved by pulling the extrudate through a water bath. Plastics are very good thermal insulators and are therefore difficult to cool quickly. Compared to
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Metering zone (also called the melt conveying zone): this zone melts the last particles and mixes to a uniform temperature and composition. Like the feed zone, the channel depth is constant throughout this
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can offer many similar profiles in continuous lengths, usually with added reinforcing, this is achieved by pulling the finished product out of a die instead of extruding the polymer melt through a die.
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Second metering zone. This zone is similar to the first metering zone, but with greater channel depth. It serves to repressurize the melt to get it through the resistance of the screens and the die.
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497:. As the film continues to cool, it is drawn through several sets of nip rollers to flatten it into lay-flat tubing, which can then be spooled or slit into two or more rolls of sheeting.
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cooling fans are present to keep the temperature below a set value if too much heat is generated. If forced air cooling proves insufficient then cast-in cooling jackets are employed.
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in the barrel wall for temperature control. The "temperature profile" i.e., the temperature of each zone is very important to the quality and characteristics of the final extrudate.
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unwanted residual stresses at certain points in the profile which can cause warping upon cooling. A wide variety of shapes can be created, restricted to continuous profiles.
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Over jacketing extrusion allows for the application of an outer layer of plastic onto an existing wire or cable. This is the typical process for insulating wires.
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temperature of the barrel due to viscous heating and other effects. In most processes, a heating profile is set for the barrel in which three or more independent
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Melting zone (also called the transition or compression zone): most of the polymer is melted in this section, and the channel depth gets progressively smaller.
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Feed zone (also called the solids conveying zone): this zone feeds the resin into the extruder, and the channel depth is usually the same throughout the zone.
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Multi-layer tubing applications are also ever present within the automotive industry, plumbing & heating industry and packaging industry.
878:
Shah, A and Gupta, M (2004). "Comparison of the flow in co-rotating and counter-rotating twin-screw extruders". ANTEC, www.plasticflow.com.
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522:, where the sheet is heated until soft (plastic), and formed via a mold into a new shape. When vacuum is used, this is often described as
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thinner than the extruded tube, and also preferentially aligns the polymer molecular chains in the direction that sees the most
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In the case of polyethylene and other semi-crystalline polymers, as the film cools it crystallizes at what is known as the
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output at the same screw diameter. Two-stage (vented) screws are typically 36:1 to account for the two extra zones.
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from the point of the extruder technology, although it differs in that it is usually a continuous process. While
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the entire cross sectional area of the die. Cooling is typically by pulling through a set of cooling rolls (
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also eliminates the "rotational memory" of the molten plastic and creates instead, "longitudinal memory".
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differing properties such as oxygen permeability, strength, stiffness, and wear resistance.
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Typical plastic materials that are used in extrusion include but are not limited to:
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Tadmor and Gogos (2006). ‘’Principles of
Polymer Processing’’. John Wiley and Sons.
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In the extrusion of plastics, the raw compound material is commonly in the form of
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232:(small beads, often called resin) that are gravity fed from a top mounted
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a die, which shapes the polymer into a shape that hardens during cooling.
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Plastic extruders are also extensively used to reprocess recycled
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Giles, Harold F.; Wagner, John R.; Mount, Eldridge M. (2005),
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TEPPFA, The
European Plastic Pipes and Fittings Association.
801:
Process, Methods and
Features of plastic extrusion technology
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TEPPFA, The
European Plastic Pipes and Fittings Association.
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A common post-extrusion process for plastic sheet stock is
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Sheet/film extrusion is used to extrude plastic sheets or
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855:
Extrusion: the definitive processing guide and handbook
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as an adhesive to bring two other materials together.
907:
Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994),
138:
Cross-section of a plastic extruder to show the screw
788:. Intermediate Technology Publication. pp. 6–7.
163:
is a high-volume manufacturing process in which raw
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Plastic extruder cut in half to show the components
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
577:5 :5 Layer co-extrusion of cosmetic "squeeze" tube
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851:
171:. Extrusion produces items such as pipe/tubing,
995:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
906:
746:
474:, and continuous sheeting is achieved using a
381:
943:
515:permeation resistance, or energy reflection.
354:In addition, a vented (two-stage) screw has:
156:Short video on injection molding (9 min 37 s)
2129:Hazard analysis and critical control points
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552:
950:
936:
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2039:Automatic identification and data capture
598:is a commercial example of this process.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
572:
545:A Boston Matthews Medical Extrusion Line
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910:Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide
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370:Each zone is equipped with one or more
167:is melted and formed into a continuous
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1441:Flexible intermediate bulk container
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585:
470:for products such as food packages,
339:Most screws have these three zones:
335:Extruder screws From Boston Matthews
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
27:Melted plastic manufacturing process
740:
529:
24:
2425:Vertical form fill sealing machine
760:"HOW TO SOLVE BLOWN FILM PROBLEMS"
25:
2580:
2395:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
1243:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
786:Small Scale Recycling of Plastics
2539:
2538:
2365:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
828:Concise encyclopedia of plastics
327:A simple plastic extrusion screw
273:At the front of the barrel, the
34:
2099:Electronic article surveillance
1953:Shock and vibration data logger
1798:Linear low-density polyethylene
900:
881:
872:
858:, William Andrew, p. 151,
425:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
314:
191:coatings, and wire insulation.
45:needs additional citations for
2204:Radio-frequency identification
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462:Blow extrusion of plastic film
13:
1:
2315:Extended core stretch wrapper
1268:Single-serve coffee container
957:
747:Todd, Allen & Alting 1994
677:
619:
1471:Insulated shipping container
434:
7:
2360:Material-handling equipment
2244:Verification and validation
1476:Intermediate bulk container
1258:Self-heating food packaging
825:Rosato, Marlene G. (2000),
765:. Lyondell Chemical Company
628:
382:Typical extrusion materials
10:
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2003:Time temperature indicator
722:Rauwendaal, Chris (2001),
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2458:Environmental engineering
2433:
2420:Turntable stretch wrapper
2350:Lineshaft roller conveyor
2340:Injection molding machine
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2021:
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1296:
1278:Toothpaste pump dispenser
1138:Disposable food packaging
1083:
980:Child-resistant packaging
965:
913:, Industrial Press Inc.,
831:, Springer, p. 245,
724:Polymer Extrusion, 4th ed
656:Fused deposition modeling
239:plastic injection molding
2345:Label printer applicator
2214:Shearing (manufacturing)
1813:Low-density polyethylene
1233:Pharmaceutical packaging
1203:Low plastic water bottle
1093:Alternative wine closure
553:Over jacketing extrusion
2375:Orbital stretch wrapper
1998:Temperature data logger
1918:Pressure-sensitive tape
1778:Humidity indicator card
1306:Aerosol spray dispenser
2094:Die forming (plastics)
1803:Liquid packaging board
1506:Multilayered packaging
1238:Plastic milk container
1218:Optical disc packaging
890:"Production Processes"
693:"Production Processes"
578:
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441:Die forming (plastics)
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2523:Sustainable packaging
2473:Life-cycle assessment
2453:Closed-loop box reuse
2400:Seed-counting machine
1733:Corrugated fiberboard
1683:Biodegradable plastic
1406:Corrugated box design
1060:Sustainable packaging
1050:Shelf-ready packaging
1025:Packaging engineering
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2493:PET bottle recycling
2355:Logistics automation
1883:Plastic-coated paper
1030:Resealable packaging
784:John Vogler (1984).
666:Industrial finishing
501:Sheet/film extrusion
454:Blown film extrusion
54:improve this article
2545:Category: Packaging
2380:Packaging machinery
2189:Product development
1988:Tamper-evident band
1828:Modified atmosphere
1168:Foam food container
749:, pp. 223–227.
661:Gravimetric blender
646:3D printer extruder
602:Compound extrusions
466:The manufacture of
256:polymer degradation
69:"Plastic extrusion"
2508:Reusable packaging
2468:Industrial ecology
2229:Ultrasonic welding
2194:Production control
2144:Injection moulding
2029:Aseptic processing
1738:Corrugated plastic
1608:Steel and tin cans
1578:Shipping container
1516:Packet (container)
1253:Seasonal packaging
1153:Evidence packaging
1133:Currency packaging
1128:Cosmetic packaging
1035:Reusable packaging
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421:polyvinyl chloride
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161:Plastics extrusion
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18:Plastics extrusion
2569:Forming processes
2564:Plastics industry
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2513:Reverse logistics
2498:Plastic recycling
2370:Multihead weigher
2290:Cartoning machine
2285:Cap torque tester
2199:Quality assurance
2174:Plastic extrusion
2139:Induction sealing
2109:Extrusion coating
1968:Staple (fastener)
1938:Security printing
1773:Hot-melt adhesive
1346:Biodegradable bag
1188:Glass milk bottle
1070:Tamper resistance
1010:Package pilferage
985:Contract packager
865:978-0-8155-1473-2
838:978-0-7923-8496-0
711:978-0-471-38770-1
651:Extrusion coating
611:Types of extruder
591:Extrusion coating
586:Extrusion coating
448:injection molding
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16:(Redirected from
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2528:Waste management
2518:Source reduction
2335:Industrial robot
2239:Vacuum packaging
2164:Package tracking
2119:Glass production
2079:Corona treatment
2069:Containerization
1933:Screw cap (wine)
1848:Oxygen scavenger
1311:Aluminium bottle
1263:Screw cap (wine)
1208:Luxury packaging
1040:Reuse of bottles
1005:Package delivery
990:Edible packaging
975:Active packaging
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530:Tubing extrusion
173:weatherstripping
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2488:Paper recycling
2483:Packaging waste
2463:Glass recycling
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2385:Pallet inverter
2305:Conveyor system
2260:Barcode printer
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2224:Track and trace
2179:Plastic welding
2114:Flame treatment
2084:Curtain coating
2017:
1838:Nonwoven fabric
1823:Metallised film
1728:Container glass
1655:
1653:
1647:
1623:Tub (container)
1521:Padded envelope
1292:
1118:Case-ready meat
1085:
1079:
1015:Package testing
967:
961:
956:
921:
903:
898:
897:
886:
882:
877:
873:
866:
850:
846:
839:
823:
819:
811:
809:
798:
797:
793:
782:
778:
768:
766:
762:
758:
757:
753:
745:
741:
734:
720:
716:
704:
700:
689:
685:
680:
675:
631:
622:
613:
604:
588:
567:
555:
532:
503:
456:
443:
437:
384:
317:
226:
201:
142:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Can collecting
2445:
2443:Biodegradation
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Tape dispenser
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2265:Barcode reader
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Vacuum forming
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2124:Graphic design
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Blow fill seal
2041:
2036:
2034:Authentication
2031:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:Shock detector
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1923:Pump dispenser
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:Plastic pallet
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Package handle
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:Aluminium foil
1665:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:Stand-up pouch
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Plastic bottle
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1451:Folding carton
1448:
1443:
1438:
1436:Euro container
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Disposable cup
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1326:Antistatic bag
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1178:Fuel container
1175:
1173:Food packaging
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1098:Ammunition box
1095:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:Tamper-evident
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
971:
969:
963:
962:
955:
954:
947:
940:
932:
926:
925:
919:
902:
899:
896:
895:
880:
871:
864:
844:
837:
817:
791:
776:
751:
739:
732:
714:
698:
682:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
632:
630:
627:
621:
618:
612:
609:
603:
600:
587:
584:
566:
563:
554:
551:
531:
528:
524:vacuum forming
502:
499:
488:plastic strain
455:
452:
439:Main article:
436:
433:
415:(polyamides),
383:
380:
364:
363:
360:
352:
351:
347:
344:
316:
313:
225:
222:
200:
197:
187:and sheeting,
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2581:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:Shrink tunnel
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Check weigher
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Bottling line
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Thermoforming
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2209:Roll slitting
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2154:Laser cutting
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Hermetic seal
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Security tape
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Polypropylene
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Packaging gas
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Shipping tube
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Flexible tank
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:Package theft
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Overpackaging
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
970:
964:
960:
953:
948:
946:
941:
939:
934:
933:
930:
922:
920:0-8311-3049-0
916:
912:
911:
905:
904:
891:
884:
875:
867:
861:
857:
856:
848:
840:
834:
830:
829:
821:
808:on 2013-02-02
807:
803:
802:
795:
787:
780:
761:
755:
748:
743:
735:
733:3-446-21774-6
729:
725:
718:
712:
708:
702:
694:
687:
683:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
626:
617:
608:
599:
597:
592:
583:
575:
571:
562:
558:
550:
543:
539:
537:
527:
525:
521:
520:thermoforming
516:
513:
508:
498:
496:
491:
489:
483:
479:
477:
473:
472:shopping bags
469:
460:
451:
449:
442:
432:
430:
429:polycarbonate
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:polypropylene
398:
388:
379:
377:
373:
372:thermocouples
368:
361:
357:
356:
355:
348:
345:
342:
341:
340:
333:
325:
321:
312:
309:
308:plastic waste
304:
302:
296:
292:
289:
288:back pressure
285:
281:
276:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
247:
244:
240:
235:
231:
221:
219:
215:
205:
196:
192:
190:
189:thermoplastic
186:
185:plastic films
182:
181:window frames
178:
177:deck railings
174:
170:
166:
162:
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2434:Environment,
2173:
2049:Blow molding
1978:Stretch wrap
1908:Polyethylene
1898:Plastic wrap
1888:Plastic film
1873:Paper pallet
1808:Living hinge
1713:Coated paper
1593:Spray bottle
1573:Security bag
1566:Water sachet
1556:Salvage drum
1551:Retort pouch
1456:Glass bottle
1351:Blister pack
1316:Aluminum can
1283:Water bottle
1183:Gas cylinder
1158:Field ration
1055:Shelf-stable
909:
901:Bibliography
883:
874:
854:
847:
827:
820:
810:, retrieved
806:the original
800:
794:
785:
779:
767:. Retrieved
754:
742:
723:
717:
701:
686:
623:
614:
605:
589:
580:
568:
559:
556:
548:
533:
517:
504:
492:
484:
480:
468:plastic film
465:
444:
397:polyethylene
394:
369:
365:
353:
338:
318:
315:Screw design
305:
297:
293:
272:
260:
248:
227:
210:
193:
160:
159:
131:
116:
110:October 2009
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2330:Heat sealer
2295:Case sealer
2169:Papermaking
2089:Die cutting
2054:Calendering
1958:Shrink wrap
1833:Molded pulp
1818:Meat diaper
1783:Kraft paper
1763:Foam peanut
1753:Double seam
1723:Coextrusion
1693:Bubble wrap
1673:Bail handle
1618:Thermal bag
1541:Plastic bag
1356:Boil-in-bag
1288:Wine bottle
1273:Spray paint
1228:Popcorn bag
1223:Oyster pail
1108:Beer bottle
641:3D printing
565:Coextrusion
417:polystyrene
175:, fencing,
2558:Categories
2410:Staple gun
2390:Palletizer
2280:Can seamer
2149:Lamination
2074:Converting
1963:Slip sheet
1878:Paperboard
1743:Cushioning
1703:Cellophane
1678:Bioplastic
1656:components
1643:Wooden box
1613:Tetra Brik
1536:Paper sack
1511:Multi-pack
1461:Gunny sack
1331:Bag-in-box
1298:Containers
1163:Flour sack
1148:Egg carton
1123:Coffee bag
1103:Banana box
1045:Shelf life
812:2012-08-01
726:, Hanser,
678:References
620:Advantages
495:frost line
476:blown film
427:(ABS) and
405:polyacetal
243:pultrusion
80:newspapers
2503:Recycling
2310:Drum pump
2253:Machinery
2104:Extrusion
2022:Processes
1993:Tear tape
1983:Susceptor
1973:Strapping
1928:Screw cap
1903:Polyester
1748:Desiccant
1652:Materials
1633:Unit load
1588:Skin pack
1531:Paper bag
1401:Clamshell
1143:Drink can
1075:Wrap rage
959:Packaging
769:31 August
534:Extruded
435:Die types
2436:post-use
2325:Heat gun
2275:Calender
2184:Printing
2013:Velostat
2008:Tinplate
1843:Overwrap
1768:Gel pack
1758:Flip-top
1663:Adhesive
1598:Squround
1501:Mesh bag
1486:Jerrycan
1431:Envelope
1371:Bulk box
1248:Sand bag
1213:Milk bag
1198:Juicebox
1113:Box wine
1086:packages
629:See also
596:Tetrapak
512:calender
207:اکسترودر
2159:Molding
2064:Coating
2059:Canning
1718:Coating
1708:Closure
1466:Inhaler
1321:Ampoule
1193:Growler
1084:Product
966:General
423:(PVC),
409:acrylic
391:cables.
359:vacuum.
230:nurdles
224:Process
218:Hamburg
199:History
169:profile
165:plastic
94:scholar
2543:
2478:Litter
2320:Filler
1863:Pallet
1561:Sachet
1426:Endcap
1391:Carton
1386:Carboy
1361:Bottle
1341:Barrel
968:topics
917:
862:
835:
730:
709:
536:tubing
478:line.
399:(PE),
275:molten
234:hopper
214:rubber
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1868:Paper
1788:Label
1688:BoPET
1411:Crate
763:(PDF)
636:Craft
507:films
413:nylon
350:zone.
301:steel
101:JSTOR
87:books
1698:Bung
1638:Vial
1628:Tube
1526:Pail
1421:Drum
1396:Chub
1381:Case
1376:Cage
915:ISBN
860:ISBN
833:ISBN
771:2012
728:ISBN
707:ISBN
376:RTDs
282:(34
73:news
1793:Lid
1654:and
1496:Keg
1491:Jug
1481:Jar
1366:Box
1336:Bag
374:or
284:MPa
280:psi
252:PID
56:by
2560::
450:.
431:.
419:,
411:,
407:,
403:,
258:.
183:,
179:,
951:e
944:t
937:v
924:.
892:.
869:.
842:.
773:.
737:.
695:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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