433:
260:, are often different from those that are produced by the same plant when it is older. For example, young trees will produce longer, leaner branches that grow upwards more than the branches they will produce as a fully grown tree. In addition, leaves produced during early growth tend to be larger, thinner, and more irregular than leaves on the adult plant. Specimens of juvenile plants may look so completely different from adult plants of the same species that egg-laying insects do not recognize the plant as food for their young. The transition from early to late growth forms is sometimes called
469:. Understanding of the physiological mechanisms behind adventitious rooting has allowed some progress to be made in improving the rooting of cuttings by the application of synthetic auxins as rooting powders and by the use of selective basal wounding. Further progress can be made in future years by applying research into other regulatory mechanisms to commercial propagation and by the comparative analysis of molecular and ecophysiological control of adventitious rooting in 'hard to root' vs. 'easy to root' species.
191:
232:
733:
677:
200:
171:. This occurs when individual cells or groups of cells grow longer. Not all plant cells grow to the same length. When cells on one side of a stem grow longer and faster than cells on the other side, the stem bends to the side of the slower growing cells as a result. This directional growth can occur via a plant's response to a particular stimulus, such as light (
354:) trees often develop many adventitious buds on their lower trunks. If the main trunk dies, a new one often sprouts from one of the adventitious buds. Small pieces of redwood trunk are sold as souvenirs termed redwood burls. They are placed in a pan of water, and the adventitious buds sprout to form shoots.
239:
There is variation among the parts of a mature plant resulting from the relative position where the organ is produced. For example, along a new branch the leaves may vary in a consistent pattern along the branch. The form of leaves produced near the base of the branch differs from leaves produced at
227:
Plants exhibit natural variation in their form and structure. While all organisms vary from individual to individual, plants exhibit an additional type of variation. Within a single individual, parts are repeated which may differ in form and structure from other similar parts. This variation is most
74:
which are more than the sum of the individual parts. "The assembly of these tissues and functions into an integrated multicellular organism yields not only the characteristics of the separate parts and processes but also quite a new set of characteristics which would not have been predictable on the
865:
Additional genes contributing to the biosynthesis of major scent compounds are OOMT1 and OOMT2. OOMT1 and OOMT2 help to synthesize orcinol O-methyltransferases (OOMT), which catalyze the last two steps of the DMT pathway, creating 3,5-dimethoxytoluene (DMT). DMT is a scent compound produced by many
243:
The way in which new structures mature as they are produced may be affected by the point in the plants life when they begin to develop, as well as by the environment to which the structures are exposed. Temperature has a multiplicity of effects on plants depending on a variety of factors, including
861:
was done. The gel showed that ODO1 transcript levels began increasing between 1300 and 1600 h, peaked at 2200 h and were lowest at 1000 h. These ODO1 transcript levels directly correspond to the timeline of volatile benzenoid emission. Additionally, the gel supported the previous finding that W138
856:
cultivar W138 flowers that produce few volatile benzenoids. cDNAs of genes of both plants were sequenced. The results demonstrated that there is a transcription factor upregulated in the
Mitchell flowers, but not in the W138 flowers lacking the floral aroma. This gene was named ODORANT1 (ODO1). To
203:
This image shows the development of a normal plant. It resembles the different growth processes for a leaf, a stem, etc. On top of the gradual growth of the plant, the image reveals the true meaning of phototropism and cell elongation, meaning the light energy from the sun is causing the growing
212:
and plant growth regulators (PGRs) (Ross et al. 1983). Endogenous hormone levels are influenced by plant age, cold hardiness, dormancy, and other metabolic conditions; photoperiod, drought, temperature, and other external environmental conditions; and exogenous sources of PGRs, e.g., externally
813:
and the reproductive verticils, respectively. These functions are exclusive and the absence of one of them means that the other will determine the identity of all the floral verticils. The B function allows the differentiation of petals from sepals in the secondary verticil, as well as the
194:
This is a diagram of cell elongation in a plant. In sum, the acidity within the cell wall as a result of a high proton concentration in the cell wall. As a result,the cell wall becomes more flexible so that when water comes into the plant vacuole, the plant cell will
55:
will very early produce all of the body parts that it will ever have in its life. When the animal is born (or hatches from its egg), it has all its body parts and from that point will only grow larger and more mature. However, both plants and animals pass through a
884:, do not emit DMT. It has been suggested that these varieties do not make DMT because they do not have the OOMT genes. However, following an immunolocalization experiment, OOMT was found in the petal epidermis. To study this further, rose petals were subjected to
335:, at the leaf axil, the bud being left there during primary growth. They may develop on roots or leaves, or on shoots as a new growth. Shoot apical meristems produce one or more axillary or lateral buds at each node. When stems produce considerable
765:
pattern that will lead to the growth of floral meristems as opposed to vegetative meristems. The main difference between these two types of meristem, apart from the obvious disparity between the objective organ, is the verticillate (or whorled)
248:
the plant, the greater the susceptibility to damage or death from temperatures that are too high or too low. Temperature affects the rate of biochemical and physiological processes, rates generally (within limits) increasing with temperature.
892:. Detection of OOMT protein at 150,000g in the supernatant and the pellet allowed for researchers to conclude that OOMT protein is tightly associated with petal epidermis membranes. Such experiments determined that OOMT genes do exist within
862:
non-fragrant flowers have only one-tenth the ODO1 transcript levels of the
Mitchell flowers. Thus, the amount of ODO1 made corresponds to the amount of volatile benzenoid emitted, indicating that ODO1 regulates benzenoid biosynthesis.
228:
easily seen in the leaves of a plant, though other organs such as stems and flowers may show similar variation. There are three primary causes of this variation: positional effects, environmental effects, and juvenility.
704:
developments that must occur in order for this to take place: firstly, the plant must pass from sexual immaturity into a sexually mature state (i.e. a transition towards flowering); secondly, the transformation of the
346:. The adventitious buds help to replace lost branches. Adventitious buds and shoots also may develop on mature tree trunks when a shaded trunk is exposed to bright sunlight because surrounding trees are cut down.
840:
are produced to give off the floral smell. While components of the benzenoid biosynthetic pathway are known, the enzymes within the pathway, and subsequent regulation of those enzymes, are yet to be discovered.
235:
Variation in leaves from the giant ragweed illustrating positional effects. The lobed leaves come from the base of the plant, while the unlobed leaves come from the top of the plant.
357:
Some plants normally develop adventitious buds on their roots, which can extend quite a distance from the plant. Shoots that develop from adventitious buds on roots are termed
1118:
Quint, Marcel; Drost, Hajk-Georg; Gabel, Alexander; Ullrich, Kristian
Karsten; Bönn, Markus; Grosse, Ivo (2012-10-04). "A transcriptomic hourglass in plant embryogenesis".
798:. Another difference from vegetative axillary meristems is that the floral meristem is «determined», which means that, once differentiated, its cells will no longer
414:
stems to the ground to promote rapid growth of adventitious shoots. It is traditionally used to produce poles, fence material or firewood. It is also practiced for
520:. In layering, adventitious roots are formed on aerial stems before the stem section is removed to make a new plant. Large houseplants are often propagated by
1420:"Ethylene-promoted adventitious rooting and development of cortical air spaces (Aerenchyma) in roots may be adaptive responses to flooding in Zea mays L"
809:, each with distinct functions. According to the ABC model, functions A and C are required in order to determine the identity of the verticils of the
630:
626:
148:
to form a specialized tissue, begin to grow as the tip of a new root or shoot. Growth from any such meristem at the tip of a root or shoot is termed
1059:
Domazet-Lošo, Tomislav; Tautz, Diethard (2010-12-09). "A phylogenetically based transcriptome age index mirrors ontogenetic divergence patterns".
651:
biosynthesis in the leaf primodium. Many genetic factors were found to be involved in the suppression of these genes in leaf primordia (such as
450:
or nutrient deficiency. Another ecologically important function of adventitious rooting is the vegetative reproduction of tree species such as
117:. As this happens, the resulting cells will organize so that one end becomes the first root while the other end forms the tip of the shoot. In
144:
located at the tip of the shoot. Branching occurs when small clumps of cells left behind by the meristem, and which have not yet undergone
1334:
Ross, S.D.; Pharis, R.P.; Binder, W.D. 1983. Growth regulators and conifers: their physiology and potential uses in forestry. p. 35–78
1579:
Schuurink, Robert C.; Haring, Michel A.; Clark, David G. (2006). "Regulation of volatile benzenoid biosynthesis in petunia flowers".
584:
give mechanical support to aerial branches. The lateral branches grow vertically downward into the soil and act as pillars; example:
51:
located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant always has embryonic tissues. By contrast, an animal
570:
arise from the first few nodes of the stem. These penetrate obliquely down into the soil and give support to the plant; examples:
1269:
805:
The identity of the organs present in the four floral verticils is a consequence of the interaction of at least three types of
132:
from its seed or parent plant, it begins to produce additional organs (leaves, stems, and roots) through the process of
240:
the tip of the plant, and this difference is consistent from branch to branch on a given plant and in a given species.
1560:
671:
849:
639:
279:
Adventitious roots and buds usually develop near the existing vascular tissues so that they can connect to the
662:, etc.). Thus, with this suppression, the levels of gibberellin increase and leaf primorium initiates growth.
60:
that evolved independently and that causes a developmental constraint limiting morphological diversification.
1179:"Evidence for Active Maintenance of Phylotranscriptomic Hourglass Patterns in Animal and Plant Embryogenesis"
1348:
Jones, Cynthia S. (1999-11-01). "An Essay on
Juvenility, Phase Change, and Heteroblasty in Seed Plants".
339:, the axillary buds may be destroyed. Adventitious buds may then develop on stems with secondary growth.
125:). By the end of embryogenesis, the young plant will have all the parts necessary to begin in its life.
1669:
244:
the size and condition of the plant and the temperature and duration of exposure. The smaller and more
446:
Adventitious rooting may be a stress-avoidance acclimation for some species, driven by such inputs as
1300:
Barlow, P (2005). "Patterned cell determination in a plant tissue: The secondary phloem of trees".
750:
396:
295:. In stems with secondary growth, adventitious roots often originate in phloem parenchyma near the
272:
Plant structures, including, roots, buds, and shoots, that develop in unusual locations are called
145:
447:
432:
385:
362:
287:. However, the exact location varies greatly. In young stems, adventitious roots often form from
261:
762:
726:
465:
The ability of plant stems to form adventitious roots is utilised in commercial propagation by
996:"Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals vertebrate phylotypic period during organogenesis"
746:
381:
grew from one trunk to 47,000 trunks via adventitious bud formation on a single root system.
300:
92:
1127:
1068:
1007:
637:. Leaf primordium is initiated by the suppression of the genes and proteins of the class I
477:
347:
472:
Adventitious roots and buds are very important when people propagate plants via cuttings,
8:
1338:
Nickell, L.G. (Ed.), Plant growth regulating chemicals. Vol. 2, CRC Press, Boca Raton FL.
900:
varieties, but the OOMT genes are not expressed in the flower tissues where DMT is made.
885:
697:
88:
1131:
1072:
1011:
288:
1640:
1607:
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1381:
1281:
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1178:
1159:
1100:
1036:
995:
722:
713:; and finally the growth of the flower's individual organs. The latter phase has been
384:
Some leaves develop adventitious buds, which then form adventitious roots, as part of
231:
1645:
1627:
1608:"Role of Petal-Specific Orcinol O -Methyltransferases in the Evolution of Rose Scent"
1556:
1482:
1439:
1373:
1365:
1317:
1273:
1216:
1198:
1151:
1143:
1092:
1084:
1041:
1023:
976:
934:
595:
400:). The adventitious plantlets then drop off the parent plant and develop as separate
390:
109:
of an egg cell by a sperm cell. From that point, it begins to divide to form a plant
1537:
1498:
1385:
524:. Adventitious roots and buds must develop in tissue culture propagation of plants.
1635:
1619:
1588:
1525:
1478:
1451:
1431:
1357:
1309:
1285:
1265:
1256:
Brand, U; Hobe, M; Simon, R (2001). "Functional domains in plant shoot meristems".
1206:
1190:
1163:
1135:
1104:
1076:
1031:
1015:
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of the primordium. These verticils follow an acropetal development, giving rise to
714:
336:
296:
222:
157:
153:
64:
57:
1592:
1674:
1234:
832:
706:
689:
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arising from nodes attach themselves to some support and climb over it; example:
466:
328:
292:
245:
67:
779:
775:
497:
489:
481:
374:
164:
149:
98:
28:
1529:
1513:
1177:
Drost, Hajk-Georg; Gabel, Alexander; Grosse, Ivo; Quint, Marcel (2015-05-01).
971:
954:
917:
Bäurle, I; Laux, T (2003). "Apical meristems: The plant's fountain of youth".
721:, which describes the biological basis of the process from the perspective of
512:. Propagation via root cuttings requires adventitious bud formation, e.g., in
1663:
1631:
1514:"Review the formation of adventitious roots: New concepts, new possibilities"
1369:
1202:
1147:
1088:
1027:
858:
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332:
209:
184:
106:
84:
1194:
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1377:
1321:
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1155:
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1045:
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889:
822:
Plants use floral form, flower, and scent to attract different insects for
605:
537:
521:
378:
253:
180:
176:
172:
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1242:
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to compare the flowers that were just about to produce the scent, to the
823:
767:
738:
732:
685:
648:
513:
358:
318:
140:
located at the tip of the root, and new stems and leaves grow from shoot
129:
1139:
1080:
953:
Drost, Hajk-Georg; Janitza, Philipp; Grosse, Ivo; Quint, Marcel (2017).
814:
differentiation of the stamen from the carpel on the tertiary verticil.
761:
are formed. This same stimulus will also cause the meristem to follow a
676:
1490:
1435:
1419:
1407:
1313:
1019:
930:
837:
827:
799:
771:
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505:
438:
299:. In stem cuttings, adventitious roots sometimes also originate in the
1270:
10.1002/1521-1878(200102)23:2<134::AID-BIES1020>3.0.CO;2-3
609:
575:
547:
546:(tuberous root) occur in clusters at the base of the stem; examples:
407:
122:
71:
1512:
De Klerk, Geert-Jan; Van Der
Krieken, Wim; De Jong, Joke C. (1999).
1466:
753:
of the meristem into a flower meristem. This stimulus will activate
256:
is when the organs and tissues produced by a young plant, such as a
199:
156:
results in widening of a root or shoot from divisions of cells in a
1361:
810:
757:
cell division in the meristem, particularly on its sides where new
693:
634:
561:
473:
459:
305:
257:
141:
137:
48:
826:. Certain compounds within the emitted scent appeal to particular
754:
709:'s function from a vegetative meristem into a floral meristem or
419:
415:
401:
366:
343:
16:
Process by which structures originate and mature as a plant grows
342:
Adventitious buds are often formed after the stem is wounded or
47:
produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from
795:
791:
585:
551:
509:
284:
110:
102:
52:
40:
1605:
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has been broken down into three stages: The initiation of the
787:
783:
571:
517:
501:
485:
280:
44:
876:
867:
493:
411:
121:
plants, the embryo will develop one or more "seed leaves" (
118:
36:
32:
24:
696:
that leads to the appearance of an organ oriented towards
955:"Cross-kingdom comparison of the developmental hourglass"
324:
303:
cells that form at the cut surface. Leaf cuttings of the
216:
952:
496:
cuttings to promote adventitious root formation, e.g.,
1117:
208:
Plant growth and development are mediated by specific
152:
and results in the lengthening of that root or shoot.
1518:
In Vitro
Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant
1176:
70:, the properties of organization seen in a plant are
1578:
1417:
1418:Drew, M. C.; Jackson, M. B.; Giffard, S. (1979).
1058:
857:determine expression of ODO1 throughout the day,
647:). These class I KNOX proteins directly suppress
604:the fleshy roots give a beaded appearance, e.g.:
276:. Such structures are common in vascular plants.
1661:
866:different roses yet, some rose varieties, like
848:Mitchell flowers were used in a petal-specific
1255:
621:The genetics behind leaf shape development in
1606:Scalliet, Gabriel; et al. (2006-01-01).
1555:. McGraw-Hill/Interamericana de España, SAU.
1464:
994:Irie, Naoki; Kuratani, Shigeru (2011-03-22).
959:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
888:. Supernatants and pellets were inspected by
736:A diagram illustrating flower development in
331:, which occurs at the tip of a stem, or on a
204:plant to bend towards the light aka elongate.
75:basis of examination of the separate parts."
993:
1550:
1544:
1467:"The Ecology of Interfaces: Riparian Zones"
684:Flower development is the process by which
436:Roots forming above ground on a cutting of
1465:Naiman, Robert J.; Decamps, Henri (1997).
916:
309:form adventitious roots in the epidermis.
267:
1639:
1210:
1035:
970:
1471:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
731:
675:
431:
230:
198:
189:
1350:International Journal of Plant Sciences
1233:
560:become swollen near the tips; example:
327:develop from places other than a shoot
1662:
1299:
1574:
1572:
1347:
665:
217:Morphological variation during growth
1328:
749:is required in order to trigger the
633:, and the development of a marginal
213:applied and of rhizospheric origin.
817:
616:
167:division, a plant may grow through
13:
1569:
1398:McVeigh, I. 1938. Regeneration in
312:
14:
1686:
1553:Fundamentos de fisiología vegetal
1551:Azcón-Bieto; et al. (2000).
844:To determine pathway regulation,
527:
1483:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.621
774:elongation among the successive
536:lack a definite shape; example:
1599:
1505:
1458:
1411:
1392:
1341:
1183:Molecular Biology and Evolution
672:ABC model of flower development
1293:
1249:
1227:
1170:
1111:
1052:
987:
946:
910:
700:, the flower. There are three
418:crops grown for fuel, such as
1:
1593:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.09.009
903:
488:, are often applied to stem,
361:. They are a type of natural
101:begins from a single celled
7:
410:is the practice of cutting
394:) and mother-of-thousands (
136:. New roots grow from root
10:
1691:
1404:American Journal of Botany
1239:animal and there young one
770:, that is, the absence of
669:
602:Moniliform or beaded roots
316:
220:
82:
1530:10.1007/s11627-999-0076-z
972:10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.003
645:SHOOT APICAL MERISTEMLESS
442:, also known as firespike
183:), and physical contact (
163:In addition to growth by
78:
427:
397:Kalanchoe daigremontiana
388:; e.g. piggyback plant (
146:cellular differentiation
19:Important structures in
1581:Trends in Plant Science
629:, the establishment of
386:vegetative reproduction
363:vegetative reproduction
268:Adventitious structures
262:vegetative phase change
113:through the process of
742:
681:
443:
236:
205:
196:
1624:10.1104/pp.105.070961
1195:10.1093/molbev/msv012
1000:Nature Communications
859:RNA gel blot analysis
735:
688:produce a pattern of
680:Anatomy of the flower
679:
670:Further information:
504:leaves and shoots of
435:
369:, e.g. many grasses,
234:
202:
193:
93:Plant growth analysis
83:Further information:
623:Arabidopsis thaliana
352:Sequoia sempervirens
1140:10.1038/nature11394
1132:2012Natur.490...98Q
1081:10.1038/nature09632
1073:2010Natur.468..815D
1012:2011NatCo...2..248I
886:ultracentrifugation
698:sexual reproduction
653:ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1,
379:Pando quaking aspen
89:Plant embryogenesis
72:emergent properties
1436:10.1007/BF00384595
1400:Crassula multicava
1314:10.1002/bies.20214
1020:10.1038/ncomms1248
931:10.1002/bies.10341
743:
682:
666:Flower development
444:
237:
206:
197:
65:plant physiologist
1670:Plant development
1067:(7325): 815–818.
656:BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1
596:Epipremnum aureum
544:Fasciculated root
391:Tolmiea menziesii
21:plant development
1682:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1612:Plant Physiology
1603:
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1415:
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1389:
1356:(S6): 105–S111.
1345:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1235:Leopold, A. Carl
1231:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1189:(5): 1221–1231.
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1168:
1167:
1126:(7418): 98–101.
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1049:
1039:
991:
985:
984:
974:
950:
944:
942:
914:
896:and Damask rose
875:and Damask rose
818:Floral fragrance
643:family (such as
617:Leaf development
337:secondary growth
297:vascular cambium
293:vascular bundles
223:Plant morphology
154:Secondary growth
128:Once the embryo
58:phylotypic stage
1690:
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1116:
1112:
1057:
1053:
992:
988:
951:
947:
915:
911:
906:
833:Petunia hybrida
820:
751:differentiation
707:apical meristem
690:gene expression
674:
668:
631:dorsiventrality
627:leaf primordium
619:
530:
430:
404:of the parent.
329:apical meristem
321:
315:
313:Buds and shoots
270:
225:
219:
169:cell elongation
95:
81:
68:A. Carl Leopold
17:
12:
11:
5:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1656:
1655:
1598:
1568:
1561:
1543:
1524:(3): 189–199.
1504:
1457:
1410:
1391:
1362:10.1086/314215
1340:
1327:
1292:
1248:
1245:. p. 183.
1226:
1169:
1110:
1051:
986:
945:
925:(10): 961–70.
908:
907:
905:
902:
898:Rosa damascene
819:
816:
667:
664:
618:
615:
614:
613:
599:
592:Climbing roots
589:
579:
565:
558:Nodulose roots
555:
541:
534:Tuberous roots
529:
528:Modified forms
526:
498:African violet
482:Plant hormones
478:tissue culture
429:
426:
375:Canada thistle
317:Main article:
314:
311:
269:
266:
252:Juvenility or
221:Main article:
218:
215:
210:plant hormones
150:primary growth
99:vascular plant
80:
77:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1562:84-486-0258-7
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1308:(5): 533–41.
1307:
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1279:
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1271:
1267:
1264:(2): 134–41.
1263:
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763:developmental
760:
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727:developmental
724:
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371:quaking aspen
368:
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323:Adventitious
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185:thigmotropism
182:
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134:organogenesis
131:
126:
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115:embryogenesis
112:
108:
107:fertilisation
104:
100:
94:
90:
86:
85:Morphogenesis
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:According to
61:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1618:(1): 18–29.
1615:
1611:
1601:
1587:(1): 20–25.
1584:
1580:
1552:
1546:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1430:(1): 83–88.
1427:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1330:
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948:
922:
918:
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894:Rosa gallica
893:
890:western blot
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
853:
845:
843:
831:
821:
804:
745:An external
744:
737:
718:
683:
659:
655:
652:
644:
638:
622:
620:
606:bitter gourd
601:
591:
581:
567:
557:
543:
538:sweet potato
533:
522:air layering
471:
464:
455:
451:
445:
437:
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406:
395:
389:
383:
356:
351:
341:
322:
304:
291:between the
278:
274:adventitious
273:
271:
254:heteroblasty
251:
242:
238:
226:
207:
181:hydrotropism
177:gravitropism
175:), gravity (
173:phototropism
168:
162:
133:
127:
114:
105:, formed by
96:
62:
20:
18:
1477:: 621–658.
1243:McGraw-Hill
836:, volatile
828:pollinators
824:pollination
768:phyllotaxis
739:Arabidopsis
686:angiosperms
649:gibberellin
568:Stilt roots
514:horseradish
422:or willow.
319:Basal shoot
179:), water, (
1664:Categories
1406:25: 7-11.
904:References
854:P. hybrida
850:microarray
846:P. hybrida
838:benzenoids
729:genetics.
717:using the
582:Prop roots
506:poinsettia
462:settings.
439:Odontonema
333:shoot node
289:parenchyma
130:germinates
123:cotyledons
1632:1532-2548
1370:1058-5893
1302:BioEssays
1258:BioEssays
1203:0737-4038
1148:0028-0836
1089:0028-0836
1028:2041-1723
965:: 69–75.
919:BioEssays
882:damascene
780:verticils
759:primordia
723:molecular
719:ABC model
694:meristems
660:SAWTOOTH1
610:Portulaca
576:sugarcane
548:asparagus
484:, termed
408:Coppicing
246:succulent
195:elongate.
142:meristems
138:meristems
49:meristems
1650:16361520
1538:44027145
1499:86570563
1444:24310899
1386:21757481
1378:10572025
1322:15832381
1278:11169586
1237:(1964).
1221:25631928
1156:22951968
1097:21150997
1046:21427719
981:28347942
939:14505363
811:perianth
747:stimulus
715:modelled
635:meristem
562:turmeric
474:layering
467:cuttings
460:riparian
365:in many
306:Crassula
258:seedling
1641:1326028
1491:2952507
1452:7232582
1290:Review.
1286:5833219
1212:4408408
1164:4404460
1128:Bibcode
1105:1417664
1069:Bibcode
1037:3109953
1008:Bibcode
1006:: 248.
943:Review.
873:gallica
796:carpels
792:stamens
755:mitotic
456:Sequoia
448:hypoxia
416:biomass
367:species
359:suckers
348:Redwood
158:cambium
41:flowers
1675:Botany
1648:
1638:
1630:
1559:
1536:
1497:
1489:
1450:
1442:
1424:Planta
1384:
1376:
1368:
1320:
1284:
1276:
1219:
1209:
1201:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1120:Nature
1103:
1095:
1087:
1061:Nature
1044:
1034:
1026:
979:
937:
800:divide
788:petals
784:sepals
776:whorls
586:banyan
552:dahlia
510:coleus
486:auxins
420:poplar
402:clones
377:. The
344:pruned
301:callus
285:phloem
111:embryo
103:zygote
91:, and
79:Growth
53:embryo
45:plants
39:, and
37:leaves
29:shoots
1534:S2CID
1495:S2CID
1487:JSTOR
1448:S2CID
1382:S2CID
1282:S2CID
1160:S2CID
1101:S2CID
830:. In
572:maize
518:apple
502:sedum
490:shoot
452:Salix
428:Roots
281:xylem
33:roots
1646:PMID
1628:ISSN
1557:ISBN
1440:PMID
1374:PMID
1366:ISSN
1318:PMID
1274:PMID
1217:PMID
1199:ISSN
1152:PMID
1144:ISSN
1093:PMID
1085:ISSN
1042:PMID
1024:ISSN
977:PMID
935:PMID
878:Rosa
869:Rosa
794:and
772:stem
725:and
640:KNOX
516:and
508:and
500:and
494:leaf
454:and
412:tree
373:and
325:buds
283:and
165:cell
119:seed
25:buds
23:are
1636:PMC
1620:doi
1616:140
1589:doi
1526:doi
1479:doi
1432:doi
1428:147
1358:doi
1354:160
1310:doi
1266:doi
1207:PMC
1191:doi
1136:doi
1124:490
1077:doi
1065:468
1032:PMC
1016:doi
967:doi
927:doi
778:or
692:in
492:or
458:in
187:).
1666::
1644:.
1634:.
1626:.
1614:.
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1585:11
1583:.
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1002:.
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963:45
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790:,
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608:,
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97:A
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1010::
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588:.
578:.
564:.
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350:(
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