Pope Pius XII - Knowledge

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Services. From this we learn that, although Pius's defenders still say that he paid a golden ransom in a vain effort to save Rome's Jews from transportation to the death camps, the most he did was indicate a willingness to chip in if the Jews could not raise the sum demanded. He also shows that no individual Jews were spared, as is often claimed, after Pius personally intervened with the Nazis. Moreover, Katz reveals that those who did escape the Nazi round-up and found sanctuary in church buildings in Rome did so in the face of explicit opposition from the Vatican. The real heroes and heroines were the priests and nuns who refused to bow to Pius's officials and hand over the desperate people whom they were hiding. The main problem with writing about Pius's wartime is that in effect, he did nothing. Facing the murders of six million people, he remained silent. As Jews were taken away from the ghetto that sat right alongside St Peter's, he may have agonised, but he did not intervene. When he did raise his voice with the German occupiers, it was either to ensure that the Vatican City state would not be compromised—that is to say, he would be safe—or to emphasise his own neutrality in a conflict which, for many, became a battle between good and evil. His unrealistic hope was that the Catholic Church could emerge as the peacemaker across Europe. Instead, both the American and British leaderships, as Katz shows, regarded the papacy as tainted by its association with Nazism and irrelevant in the post-1945 reshaping of the continent. Both had urged Pius to speak up against the Holocaust and so drew their own conclusions about him. Far from being a saint, then, he was at best a fool, perhaps an anti-Semite and probably a coward.

4221: 3281:"Hour of Darkness"... in which the spirit of violence and of discord brings indescribable suffering on mankind... The nations swept into the tragic whirlpool of war are perhaps as yet only at the "beginnings of sorrows"... but even now there reigns in thousands of families death and desolation, lamentation and misery. The blood of countless human beings, even noncombatants, raises a piteous dirge over a nation such as Our dear Poland, which, for its fidelity to the Church, for its services in the defense of Christian civilization, written in indelible characters in the annals of history, has a right to the generous and brotherly sympathy of the whole world, while it awaits, relying on the powerful intercession of Mary, Help of Christians, the hour of a resurrection in harmony with the principles of justice and true peace. 3686: 3768:, and other world leaders. But his insistence on Vatican neutrality and avoidance of naming the Nazis as the evildoers of the conflict became the foundation for contemporary and later criticisms from some quarters. His strongest public condemnation of genocide was considered inadequate by the Allied Powers, while the Nazis viewed him as an Allied sympathizer who had dishonoured his policy of Vatican neutrality. Hitler biographer John Toland, while scathing of Pius's cautious public comments in relation to the mistreatment of Jews, concluded that the Allies' own record of action against the Holocaust was "shameful", while "The Church, under the Pope's guidance, had already saved the lives of more Jews than all other churches, religious institutions and rescue organizations combined". 60: 1426: 3178: 1851: 5363:, which was largely written by Eugenio Pacelli. (b) Fourteen questions dealt with themes of individual volumes, such as the question how Pius viewed the role of the church during the war. (c) Six general questions, such as the absence of any anti-communist sentiments in the documents. The disagreement between members over additional documents locked up under the Holy See's 70-year rule resulted in a discontinuation of the commission in 2001 on friendly terms. Unsatisfied with the findings, Michael Marrus, one of the three Jewish members of the commission, said the commission "ran up against a brick wall .... It would have been really helpful to have had support from the Holy See on this issue." 1484: 1929:, signed on 20 July 1933, between Germany and the Holy See, while thus a part of an overall Vatican policy, was controversial from its beginning. It remains the most important of Pacelli's concordats. It is debated, not because of its content, which is still valid today, but because of its timing. A national concordat with Germany was one of Pacelli's main objectives as secretary of state, because he had hoped to strengthen the legal position of the church. Pacelli, who knew German conditions well, emphasized in particular protection for Catholic associations (§31), freedom for education and Catholic schools, and freedom for publications. 5189:—wrote that Dalin's work was "an essential contribution to our understanding of the reality of Pope Pius XII's support for Jews at their time of greatest danger. Hopefully, his account will replace the divisively harmful version of papal neglect, and even collaboration, that has held the field for far too long". Dalin's book also argued that Cornwell and others were liberal Catholics and ex-Catholics who "exploit the tragedy of the Jewish people during the Holocaust to foster their own political agenda of forcing changes on the Catholic Church today" and that Pius XII was responsible for saving the lives of many thousands of Jews. 1513: 3720: 16678: 16603: 4477:. However, his condition suitably improved until 8 October when he suffered a second stroke. By the mid-afternoon, his doctors had reported that Pius XII was suffering from a severe cardio-pulmonary collapse and by 15:00 CET (14:00 GMT) believed that his death was imminent. Just before sunset, Pius XII contracted pneumonia and doctors immediately moved to bring in oxygen and blood plasma. His last words were reportedly, "Pray. Pray that this regrettable situation for the church may end". When Pius XII was interred, the small crucifix and rosary that he held in his hands as he died were buried with him. 2382: 2923: 1835: 4582: 10870:, is once again about the Pope's silence about the murder of Jews in Europe -the papal archives could provide information about Vatican diplomacy between 1933 and 1945; however, the Vatican remains the only European state that withholds free access to its archives from contemporary historians. The archives of these years are crucial if many questions about the Holocaust and the Second World War are to be answered and if the many uncertainties concerning Nazi refugee assistance by the Vatican are to be removed." (Gerald Steinacher:Nazis on the Run, p. 105) 338: 2521: 4248:, issued on 2 June 1951 and 21 April 1957, respectively, increased the local decision-making of Catholic missions, many of which became independent dioceses. Pius XII demanded recognition of local cultures as fully equal to European culture. Though his language retained old conceptions – Africa, for example, merited special attention since the church there worked 'to forward her work among the heathen multitudes' – in 1956 he expressed solidarity with the 'non-Europeans who aspire to full political independence'. 1392:

to her that the nunciature was obliged to pay homage in order to proceed Levien is a young man, also Russian and a Jew. Pale, dirty, with drugged eyes, vulgar, repulsive ..." John Cornwell alleges that a worrying impression of anti-Semitism is discernible in the "catalogue of epithets describing their physical and moral repulsiveness" and Pacelli's "constant harping on the Jewishness of this party of power usurpers" chimed with the "growing and widespread belief among Germans that the Jews were the instigators of the

2170:." On 15 December 1937, during his last consistory, Pius XI strongly hinted to the cardinals that he expected Pacelli to be his successor, saying "He is in your midst." He had previously been quoted as saying: "When today the Pope dies, you'll get another one tomorrow, because the Church continues. It would be a much bigger tragedy, if Cardinal Pacelli dies, because there is only one. I pray every day, God may send another one into one of our seminaries, but as of today, there is only one in this world." 2104: 1571: 4446: 4085:(to avoid worse) ... seem to advise caution. Here lies one of the reasons, why We impose self-restraint on Ourselves in our speeches; the experience, that we made in 1942 with papal addresses, which We authorized to be forwarded to the Believers, justifies our opinion, as far as We see. ... The Holy See has done whatever was in its power, with charitable, financial and moral assistance. To say nothing of the substantial sums which we spent in American money for the fares of immigrants." 3341:, Polish ambassador to the Vatican, complained that Pius had failed to condemn the recent wave of atrocities in Poland; when Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione replied that the Vatican could not document individual atrocities, Papée declared, "when something becomes notorious, proof is not required". Although Pius XII received frequent reports about atrocities committed by and/or against Catholics, his knowledge was incomplete; for example, he wept after the war on learning that Cardinal 2194:. After the death of Maglione in 1944, Pius left the position open and named Tardini head of its foreign section and Montini head of the internal section. Tardini and Montini continued serving there until 1953, when Pius XII decided to appoint them cardinals, an honor which both turned down. They were then later appointed to be Pro-Secretary with the privilege to wear Episcopal Insignia. Tardini continued to be a close co-worker of the Pope until the death of Pius XII, while Montini became 2435:/Codex Iuris Canonici (CIC) reform. In its new constitutions, Eastern Patriarchs were made almost independent from Rome (CIC Orientalis, 1957) Eastern marriage law (CIC Orientalis, 1949), civil law (CIC Orientalis, 1950), laws governing religious associations (CIC Orientalis, 1952) property law (CIC Orientalis, 1952) and other laws. These reforms and writings of Pius XII were intended to establish Eastern Orientals as equal parts of the mystical body of Christ, as explained in the 2261: 3700: 350: 15327: 3592:

race, have been consigned to death or to a slow decline". According to Rittner, the speech remains a "lightning rod" in debates about Pius XII. The Nazis themselves responded to the speech by stating that it was "one long attack on everything we stand for. ... He is clearly speaking on behalf of the Jews. ... He is virtually accusing the German people of injustice toward the Jews, and makes himself the mouthpiece of the Jewish war criminals."

1400: 3860:. The forgetting of solidarity "imposed by our common origin and by the equality of rational nature in all men" was called "pernicious error". Catholics everywhere were called upon to offer "compassion and help" to the victims of the war. The Pope declared determination to work to hasten the return of peace and trust in prayers for justice, love and mercy, to prevail against the scourge of war. The letter also decried the deaths of noncombatants. 15339: 1132: 4709: 2767: 1265: 16740: 16654: 16615: 16723: 3944:), who confirmed the plan ... he dared to tell me—he who makes such a show of his Catholicism—that he saw nothing inhuman or un-Christian in it ... the deportation of 80,000 persons to Poland, is equivalent to condemning a great number of them to certain death." The Vatican protested to the Slovak government that it "deplore(s) these... measures which gravely hurt the natural human rights of persons, merely because of their race." 12898: 16757: 10439:"Lapide was in the 1960s an Israeli consul in Milan and was attempting, at the time he made his inflated estimates, to secure Vatican recognition for the state of Israel. Similar motives explain statements made in the immediate postwar period by Meir and Moshe Sharett, foreign ministers of the new state of Israel. Had these statements been accurate within even an order of magnitude, Pius would perhaps deserve to be honored by 2057: 4677:

documentary, the cause's vice-postulator Marc Lindeijer stated that several miracles attributed to the late pope are reported to the postulation every year but the individuals related to the healings do not come forward to enact diocesan proceedings of investigation. Lindeijer explained that this was the reason that the cause has stalled in the past as none have come forward to assist the postulation in their investigations.

1067: 3921:, was "embarrassed" when he learned of this publicly from Pétain and personally checked the information with Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione who confirmed the Vatican's position. In June 1942, Pius XII personally protested against the mass deportations of Jews from France, ordering the papal nuncio to protest to Pétain against "the inhuman arrests and deportations of Jews". In September 1941, Pius XII objected to a 6812:

myth of blood and soil; it decried its neopaganism, its war of annihilation against the Church, and even described the Führer himself as a 'mad prophet possessed of repulsive arrogance'. The Nazis were infuriated, and in retaliation closed and sealed all the presses that had printed it and took numerous vindictive measures against the Church, including staging a long series of immorality trials of the Catholic clergy."

4519: 16666: 3471:, Pius preached in his homily: "may the whirlwinds, that in the light of day or the dark of night, scatter terror, fire, destruction, and slaughter on helpless folk cease. May justice and charity on one side and on the other be in perfect balance, so that all injustice be repaired, the reign of right restored". Later he appealed to the Allies to spare Rome from aerial bombing, and visited wounded victims of the 1641:. It was permitted only so long as it developed "its activity outside every political party and in direct dependence upon the Church hierarchy for the dissemination and implementation of Catholic principles". Such concordats allowed the Catholic Church to organize youth groups, make ecclesiastical appointments, run schools, hospitals, and charities, or even conduct religious services. They also ensured that 16706: 3268:(1937), Pius wrote against "anti-Christian movements" and needing to bring back to the church those who were following "a false standard ... misled by error, passion, temptation and prejudice, have strayed away from faith in the true God". Pius wrote of "Christians unfortunately more in name than in fact" having shown "cowardice" in the face of persecution by these creeds, and endorsed resistance: 901: 4941: 4073:

another 4,238 were protected in Roman monasteries and convents. Eighty percent of Roman Jews were saved from deportation. Phayer argues that the German diplomats in Rome were the "initiators of the effort to save the city's Jews", but holds that Pius XII "cooperated in this attempt at rescue", while agreeing with Zuccotti that the Pope "did not give orders" for any Catholic institution to hide Jews.

2637: 4434: 4041:. In his 1942 Christmas Eve message, he expressed concern for "those hundreds of thousands, who ... sometimes only by reason of their nationality or race, are marked down for death or progressive extinction. On 7 April 1943, Msgr. Tardini, one of Pius XII's closest advisors, advised Pius XII that it would be politically advantageous after the war to take steps to help Slovak Jews. 4991:. Lewy's conclusion was that "the Pope and his advisers—influenced by the long tradition of moderate anti-Semitism so widely accepted in Vatican circles—did not view the plight of the Jews with a real sense of urgency and moral outrage. For this assertion no documentation is possible, but it is a conclusion difficult to avoid". In 2002 the play was adapted into the film, 3297:, establishing the "impartial" public tone which would become controversial in later assessment of his pontificate: "A full statement of the doctrinal stand to be taken in face of the errors of today, if necessary, can be put off to another time unless there is disturbance by calamitous external events; for the moment We limit Ourselves to some fundamental observations." 16642: 4092:, the German Ambassador to the Vatican, telegraphed Berlin that "the Pope has not yet let himself be persuaded to make an official condemnation of the deportation of the Roman Jews. ... Since it is currently thought that the Germans will take no further steps against the Jews in Rome, the question of our relations with the Vatican may be considered closed." 3273:

practice neglect the vivifying truths and the values inherent in belief in God and in Christ; as he perceives them wantonly break the Tables of God's Commandments to substitute other tables and other standards stripped of the ethical content of the Revelation on Sinai, standards in which the spirit of the Sermon on the Mount and of the Cross has no place?

4359:. Having decided to encourage the Christian Democrats to consider a political alliance with the Rightist parties as part of an anti-left coalition, he asked the Jesuit, Father Riccardo Lombardi, to speak with de Gasperi to consider such an alliance – an electoral alliance with those even of monarchist and neo-fascist tendencies -including the 2628:. "The most noble office of theology is to show how a doctrine defined by the Church is contained in the sources of revelation, ... in that sense in which it has been defined by the Church." The deposit of faith is authentically interpreted not to each of the faithful, not even to theologians, but only to the teaching authority of the Church. 4465:. The Pope still addressed lay people and groups about a wide range of topics. Sometimes he answered specific moral questions, which were addressed to him. To professional associations he explained specific occupational ethics in light of church teachings. Robert Leiber helped him occasionally with his speeches and publications. Cardinal 3517:—to the cardinalate in 1953. Phayer agrees that Stepinac's was a "show trial", but states "the charge that he supported the Ustaša regime was, of course, true, as everyone knew", and that "if Stepinac had responded to the charges against him, his defense would have inevitably unraveled, exposing the Vatican's support of the 3400:, Hitler said Pius would have wanted the plot to succeed: "he's no friend of mine". In the spring of 1940, a group of German generals seeking to overthrow Hitler and make peace with the British approached Pope Pius XII, who acted as an interlocutor between the British and the abortive plot. According to Toland, Munich lawyer 1116:, the recently appointed undersecretary at the Department of Extraordinary Affairs, had underscored his proposal to Pacelli to work in the "Vatican's equivalent of the Foreign office" by highlighting the "necessity of defending the Church from the onslaughts of secularism and liberalism throughout Europe". Pacelli became an 3337:, mostly German Catholic minorities living in occupied Poland, were more mixed. Phayer argues that Pius XII—both before and during his papacy – consistently "deferred to Germany at the expense of Poland", and saw Germany—not Poland—as critical to "rebuilding a large Catholic presence in Central Europe". In May 1942, 4495:, the Virgin Mary's praise of the Lord, in Latin. His doctor Gaspanini said afterwards: "The Holy Father did not die because of any specific illness. He was completely exhausted. He was overworked beyond limit. His heart was healthy, his lungs were good. He could have lived another 20 years, had he spared himself." 1680: 3247:

error". Catholics everywhere were called upon to offer "compassion and help" to the victims of the war. The Pope declared determination to work to hasten the return of peace and trust in prayers for justice, love and mercy, to prevail against the scourge of war. The letter also decried the deaths of noncombatants.

5502:, dating from 1940 to 1945, which the organisation claims show that Pius XII "worked diligently to save Jews from Nazi tyranny"; the organisation's founder, Krupp, has accused historians of harbouring "private agendas" and having "let down" the public. The foundation's research led to the publication of the book 7018:, the American monsignor, whom he consecrated himself as the first American Bishop in the Vatican curia. Spellman had organized and accompanied Pacelli's American journey and arranged a meeting with President Roosevelt. Only 30 days after his coronation, on 12 April 1939, Pope Pius XII named Spellman as 4830:(London) stated on 10 October, "Adherents of all creeds and parties will recall how Pius XII faced the responsibilities of his exalted office with courage and devotion. Before, during, and after the Second World War, he constantly preached the message of peace. Confronted by the monstrous cruelties of 6811:

was the 'first great official public document to dare to confront and criticize Nazism' and 'one of the greatest such condemnations ever issued by the Vatican'. Smuggled into Germany, it was read from all the Catholic pulpits on Palm Sunday in March 1937. It exposed the fallacy and denounced the Nazi

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came to a similar conclusion about Pius's motives. He suggested that besides seeking to protect his own church and parishioners, Pius feared that speaking out would worsen the plight of the Jews, though he could have hardly made it worse after 1942. Kershaw called the 1942 Christmas message "a missed

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for example – he considered too accommodating to the Left. On the eve of the 1952 local elections in Rome, in which again the Communist and Socialist parties threatened to win out, he used informal connections to make his views known. Pius XII stated that the war against Communism was a holy war

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called for the sympathy of the whole world towards Poland, where "the blood of countless human beings, even noncombatants" was being spilled. Pius never publicly condemned the Nazi massacre of 1,800,000–1,900,000 Poles, overwhelmingly Catholic (including 2,935 members of the Catholic clergy). In late

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regime, even possessing a list of clergy members who had "joined in the slaughter", but decided against condemning the regime or taking action against the clergy involved, fearing that it would lead to schism in the Croatian church or undermine the formation of a future Croatian state. Pius XII would

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Pius XII reiterated church teaching on the "principle of equality"—with specific reference to Jews: "there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision". The forgetting of solidarity "imposed by our common origin and by the equality of rational nature in all men" was called "pernicious

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The problem is whether one or the other of those nations, of those two Latin sisters with several thousands of years of civilization will continue to learn against the solid rock of Christianity,...or on the contrary do they want to hand over the fate of their future to the impossible omnipotence of

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Pope Pius XI died on 10 February 1939. Several historians have interpreted the conclave to choose his successor as facing a choice between a diplomatic or a spiritual candidate, and they view Pacelli's diplomatic experience, especially with Germany, as one of the deciding factors in his election on 2

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ideology. Pius XI credited its creation and writing to Pacelli. It was the first official denunciation of Nazism made by any major organization and resulted in persecution of the church by the infuriated Nazis who closed all the participating presses and "took numerous vindictive measures against the

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where he studied modern languages and history. At the end of the first academic year however, in the summer of 1895, he dropped out of both the Capranica and the Gregorian University. According to his sister Elisabetta, the food at the Capranica was to blame. Having received a special dispensation he

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Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1940, p. 407; Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1942, p. 52; Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1946, p. 89 Discorsi E Radiomessaggi di sua Santita Pio XII, Vatican City, 1951, pp.

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On 28 January 1939, eleven days before the death of Pius XI, a disappointed Gundlach informed LaFarge, the encyclical's author, "It cannot go on like this". The text had not been forwarded to the Vatican. He had talked to the American assistant to Father General, who promised to look into the matter

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For Venerable status, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints certifies the "heroic virtues" of the candidate. Making Pius XII as Venerable met with various responses, most centered on the papal words and actions during World War II. Benedict's signature on the decree of heroic virtue was regarded

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He was concerned too about the potential spread of Communism in Western Europe and the Americas. As he sought to secure resources from abroad to aid post-war recovery, believing deprivation fuelled political agitation, so he also sought to influence Italian politics. In January 1948, Luigi Gedda, of

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wrote that "The voice of Pius XII is a lonely voice in the silence and darkness enveloping Europe this Christmas. ... In calling for a 'real new order' based on 'liberty, justice and love', ... the Pope put himself squarely against Hitlerism." Historian Michael Phayer claims, however, that

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The first occasion on 18 February 1946 yielded the elevation of a record 32 new cardinals, almost half of the College of Cardinals and reaching the canonical limit of 70 cardinals. In the 1946 consistory, Pius XII, while maintaining the maximum size of the College of Cardinals at 70, named cardinals

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during the 1920s, he had made unsuccessful attempts to obtain German agreement for such a treaty, and between 1930 and 1933 he attempted to initiate negotiations with representatives of successive German governments, but the opposition of Protestant and Socialist parties, the instability of national

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later recalled that the Nuncio was heartbroken that the Kaiser turned a "deaf ear to all his proposals". She later wrote, "Thinking back today on that time, when we Germans still all believed that our weapons would be victorious and the Nuncio was deeply sorry that the chance had been missed to save

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Tardini later thanked him for not appointing him. The Pope replied with a smile. "Monsignore mio, you thank me, for not letting me do what I wanted to do". I replied "Yes Holy Father, I thank you for everything you have done for me, but even more, what you have not done for me". The Pope smiled. In

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on 4 March 2019 that Vatican archival materials pertaining to Pius XII's pontificate will be accessible to scholars beginning on 2 March 2020. While this announcement was welcome by researchers, much of it has been clouded by the role of Pope Pius XII with regard to the Holocaust. However, archival

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The commission was internally divided over the question of access to additional documents from the Holy See, access to the news media by individual commission members, and, questions to be raised in the preliminary report. It was agreed to include all 47 individual questions by the six members, and

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government to moderate its treatment of the Jews. The Pope ordered Rotta and other papal legates to hide and shelter Jews. These protests, along with others from the King of Sweden, the International Red Cross, the United States, and Britain led to the cessation of deportations on 8 July 1944. Also

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During the Second World War, after Nazi Germany commenced its mass-murder of Jews in occupied Soviet territory, Pius XII employed diplomacy to aid victims of the Holocaust and directed the church to provide discreet aid to Jews. Upon his death in 1958, among many Jewish tributes, the Chief Rabbi of

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memo on the subject described Pius as "the greatest moral coward of our age". The Vatican did not officially recognise Pavelić's regime. While Pius XII did not publicly condemn the expulsions and forced conversions to Catholicism perpetrated on Serbs by Pavelić, the Holy See did expressly repudiate

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to headline its report "Jews Rights Defended" and write of "burning words he spoke to Herr Ribbentrop about religious persecution". During the meeting, von Ribbentrop suggested an overall settlement between the Vatican and the Reich government in exchange for Pius XII instructing the German bishops

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might accurately describe the biological origins of the human form, but at the same time criticized those who "imprudently and indiscreetly hold that evolution ... explains the origin of all things". Catholics must believe that the human soul was created immediately by God. Since the soul is a

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To Pius XII, science and religion were heavenly sisters, different manifestations of divine exactness, who could not possibly contradict each other over the long term. Regarding their relation, his advisor Professor Robert Leiber wrote: "Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors prematurely.

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persons, medical lies in face of grave illness, and the rights of family members to make decisions against expert medical advice. Pope Pius XII often reconsidered previously accepted truth, thus he was first to determine that the use of pain medicine in terminally ill patients is justified, even if

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sought power: "the scene was indescribable the confusion totally chaotic in the midst of all this, a gang of young women, of dubious appearance, Jews like the rest of them hanging around the boss of this female rabble was Levien's mistress, a young Russian woman, a Jew and a divorcée and it was

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would have become more excited and would have intensified its inquisitions. If the Pope had protested, Rome would have become the center of attention. It was better that the Pope said nothing. We all shared this opinion at the time, and this is still our conviction today." There were examples when

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that "errors of fact and ignorance of context appear on almost every page". Paul O'Shea summarized the work by saying it was "disappointing because of its many inaccuracies, selective use of sources, and claims that do not bear any scrutiny. However, has rendered a service by insisting Pacelli be

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for opposing Nazi anti-Semitism and aggression. According to Paul O'Shea, "The Nazis demonised the Pope as the agent of international Jewry; the Americans and British were continually frustrated because he would not condemn Nazi aggression; and the Russians accused him of being an agent of Fascism

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Reports from 2014 indicate a potential miracle from the United States attributed to the intercession of the late pope that was reported to the postulation. The miracle pertains to a male plagued with severe influenza and pneumonia that could have proven to be fatal; the individual was said to have

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But it is His will, that the worship He instituted and practised during His life on earth shall continue ever afterwards without intermission. For He has not left mankind an orphan. He still offers us the support of His powerful, unfailing intercession, acting as our "advocate with the Father". He

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from their Jewish family in an ultimately failed attempt to keep them Catholic after their secret baptism done against the wishes of their family. The French Catholic Church received very bad press from the affair, and several nuns and monks were jailed for the kidnapping before the children were

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Cardinal Maglione handed Harold Tittmann a response to the letter on 10 October. The note thanked Washington for passing on the intelligence, and confirmed that reports of severe measures against the Jews had reached the Vatican from other sources, though it had not been possible to "verify their

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When, in 1940, the Nazi Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop led the only senior Nazi delegation permitted an audience with Pius XII and asked why the Pope had sided with the Allies, Pius replied with a list of recent Nazi atrocities and religious persecutions committed against Christians and Jews, in

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Pius XII had genuine affection for Germany, though not the criminal element into whose hands it had fallen; he feared Bolshevism, an ideology dedicated to the annihilation of the church of which he was head, but his sympathies lay with the Allies and the democracies, especially the United States,

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Pacelli’s assertion was factually incorrect. Pacelli, born in 1876, was elected Pope at the age of 63. For 33 of those 63 years, the Pope was not named Pius. Leo XIII was Pope from 1878 to 1903, including the day in 1899 when Pacelli was ordained a priest. Benedict XV was Pope from 1914 to 1922,

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regime, the genocides in Poland, the finances of the wartime church, the deportation of the Roman Jews, and the ratlines for Nazis and fascists fleeing Europe. According to Phayer, "the face of Pope Pius that we see in these documents is not the same face we see in the eleven volumes the Vatican

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than in any other part of the Church' and resolved to make the postwar German crisis a top priority – 'its refugee crisis, poverty, hunger and disease, the fate of prisoners-of-war and accused war criminals, the disruption to the internal organization and communal life of German Catholicism, and

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published a document dated 20 November 1946 on the subject of Jewish children baptized in war-time France. The document ordered that baptized children, if orphaned, should be kept in Catholic custody and stated that the decision "has been approved by the Holy Father". Nuncio Angelo Roncalli (who

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In December 1942, when Tittmann asked Cardinal Secretary of State Maglione if Pius would issue a proclamation similar to the Allied declaration "German Policy of Extermination of the Jewish Race", Maglione replied that the Vatican was "unable to denounce publicly particular atrocities". Pius XII

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and the murder of innocents based on race. The majority of the speech spoke generally about human rights and civil society; at the very end of the speech, Pius XII mentioned "the hundreds of thousands of persons who, without any fault on their part, sometimes only because of their nationality or

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Pius warned the Allies of the planned German invasion of the Low Countries in 1940. In Rome in 1942, U.S. envoy Myron C. Taylor, thanked the Holy See for the "forthright and heroic expressions of indignation made by Pope Pius XII when Germany invaded the Low countries". After Germany invaded the

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Who among "the Soldiers of Christ" – ecclesiastic or layman – does not feel himself incited and spurred on to a greater vigilance, to a more determined resistance, by the sight of the ever-increasing host of Christ's enemies; as he perceives the spokesmen of these tendencies deny or in

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Pius XII delivered numerous speeches to medical professionals and researchers. He addressed doctors, nurses, midwives, to detail all aspects of rights and dignity of patients, medical responsibilities, moral implications of psychological illnesses and the uses of psycho pharmaca. He also took on

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When it is a question of the execution of a condemned man, the State does not dispose of the individual's right to life. In this case it is reserved to the public power to deprive the condemned person of the enjoyment of life in expiation of his crime when, by his crime, he has already disposed

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Pope Pius XII developed an extensive theology of the family, taking issue with family roles, sharing of household duties, education of children, conflict resolution, financial dilemmas, psychological problems, illness, taking care of older generations, unemployment, marital holiness and virtue,

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and Giovanni Montini would be elevated and Pius XII informed the assembled cardinals that both of them were originally on the top of his list, but they had turned down the offer, and were rewarded instead with other promotions. Both Montini and Tardini would become Cardinals shortly after Pius'

4979:, defended Pius XII's actions during the war. Lichten labelled any criticism of the Pope's actions during World War II as "a stupefying paradox" and said, "no one who reads the record of Pius XII's actions on behalf of Jews can subscribe to Hochhuth's accusation". Critical scholarly works like 4072:

recounts in his memoir that he was selected to go to the Vatican and seek help. The Vatican offered to loan 15 kilos, but the offer proved unnecessary when the Jews received an extension. Soon afterward, when deportations from Italy were imminent, 477 Jews were hidden in the Vatican itself and

395: 4907:

that Pius "was instrumental in saving at least 700,000 but probably as many as 860,000 Jews from certain death at Nazi hands". Some historians have questioned this often cited number, which Lapide reached by "deducting all reasonable claims of rescue" by non-Catholics from the total number of

5377:

still refuses to open all its files from the period—which seems to me to be a conclusive admission of guilt—but Katz has winkled various papers out of God's business address on earth to add to the stash of new information he has uncovered in America in the archives of the Office of Strategic

3388:

as his personal representative. Pius warmly welcomed Roosevelt's envoy and peace initiative, calling it "an exemplary act of fraternal and hearty solidarity... in defence against the chilling breath of aggressive and deadly godless anti-Christian tendencies". American correspondence spoke of

2619:

This theological investigative freedom does not, however, extend to all aspects of theology. According to Pius, theologians, employed by the Catholic Church, are assistants, to teach the official teachings of the church and not their own private thoughts. They are free to engage in empirical

4669:, Pope Francis stated that the late pope would not be beatified because the cause has stalled. Pope Francis stated that he checked the progress of the cause for Pius XII and said that there were no miracles attributed to his intercession, which was the main reason that the cause had halted. 4545:, used an atypical approach with the embalming procedure. In a controversial press conference, Galeazzi-Lisi described in great detail the embalming of the body of the late pontiff. He claimed to have used the same system of oils and resins with which the body of Jesus Christ was preserved. 4676:

stated, on a 12 January 2016 documentary on the late pope, that there was consultation of the Vatican Secret Archives which were carried out in secret; in short it means that there are no controversies surrounding the late pontiff that could impede the potential beatification. In that same

1899:

Weimar constitution gave the German states authority in the area of education and culture and thus diminished the authority of the churches in these areas; this diminution of church authority was a primary concern of the Vatican. As Bavarian nuncio, Pacelli negotiated successfully with the

1788:, which he titled "On the Unity of Human Society". His various positions on church and policy issues during his tenure as Cardinal Secretary of State were made public by the Holy See in 1939. Most noteworthy among the 50 speeches is his review of Church-State issues in Budapest in 1938. 4060:

and said: "Every word We address to the competent authority on this subject, and all Our public utterances have to be carefully weighed and measured by Us in the interests of the victims themselves, lest, contrary to Our intentions, We make their situation worse and harder to bear".

5353:

use them as Preliminary Report. In addition to the 47 questions, the commission issued no findings of its own. It stated that it was not their task to sit in judgment of the Pope and his advisors but to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the papacy during the Holocaust.

4826:, Israel's Foreign Minister, said, "When fearful martyrdom came to our people in the decade of Nazi terror, the voice of the Pope was raised for the victims. The life of our times was enriched by a voice speaking out on the great moral truths above the tumult of daily conflict." 3855:

reiterated Catholic teaching against racial persecution and rejected antisemitism, quoting scripture singling out the "principle of equality"—with specific reference to Jews: "there is neither Gentile nor Jew, circumcision nor uncircumcision" and direct affirmation of the Jewish

1736:

was 'an untrustworthy scoundrel and fundamentally wicked person', to quote Klieforth, who also wrote that Pacelli 'did not believe Hitler capable of moderation, and ... fully supported the German bishops in their anti-Nazi stand'. This was matched with the discovery of Pacelli's

3404:

made a clandestine trip to Rome in October 1939, met with Pius XII and found him willing to act as intermediary. The Vatican agreed to send a letter outlining the bases for peace with England and the participation of the Pope was used to try to persuade senior German Generals

1558:, the archbishop of Cologne, describing the Nazis as "false prophets with the pride of Lucifer". and as "bearers of a new faith and a new Evangile" who were attempting to create "a mendacious antimony between faithfulness to the Church and the Fatherland". Two years later at 7438:: Addresses given to the Italian Catholic Union of Midwives 29 October 1951, and 26 November 1951 to the National Congress of the Family Front and the Association of Large Families, National Catholic Welfare Conference, Washington, D.C.. Text of the speeches available from 2863:

The church regards criminal penalties as both "medicinal", preventing the criminal from re-offending, and "vindictive", providing retribution for the offense committed. Pius defended the authority of the State to carry out punishment, up to and including the death penalty.

2369:

aids us likewise through His Church, where He is present indefectibly as the ages run their course: through the Church which He constituted "the pillar of truth" and dispenser of grace, and which by His sacrifice on the cross, He founded, consecrated and confirmed forever.

3763:

at the murder of "hundreds of thousands" of "faultless" people because of their "nationality or race" and intervened to attempt to block Nazi deportations of Jews in various countries. Upon his death in 1958, Pius was praised emphatically by the Israeli Foreign Minister

4842:, he repeatedly proclaimed the virtues of humanity and compassion." In the Canadian Jewish Chronicle (17 October), Rabbi J. Stern stated that Pius XII "made it possible for thousands of Jewish victims of Nazism and Fascism to be hidden away..." In 6 November edition of 4657:

to scholars so that an evaluation of the late pontiff's role in the war can be determined before canonization. This has been met with praise by the Jewish community. However, it was said that it could take up to a year to gather all the documents and then analyze them.

1937:

governments and the care of the individual states to guard their autonomy thwarted this aim. In particular, the questions of denominational schools and pastoral work in the armed forces prevented any agreement on the national level, despite talks in the winter of 1932.

3433:. When Mussolini learned of the warnings and the telegrams of sympathy, he took them as a personal affront and had his ambassador to the Vatican file an official protest, charging that Pius XII had taken sides against Italy's ally Germany. Mussolini's foreign minister 396: 4386:. Afterwards, changes in his work habit became noticeable. The Pope avoided long ceremonies, canonizations and consistories and displayed hesitancy in personnel matters. He found it increasingly difficult to chastise subordinates and appointees such as his physician, 2112: 8794: 5097:

criticised Pius XII for his actions and inactions during the Holocaust. Cornwell argued that Pius XII subordinated opposition to the Nazis to his goal of increasing and centralising the power of the Papacy. Further, Cornwell accused Pius XII of anti-Semitism. The

3827:, and approval by the Brazilian Propaganda Office in Berlin. The program was cancelled 14 months later, after fewer than 1,000 visas had been issued, amid suspicions of "improper conduct" (i.e., continuing to practice Judaism) among those who had received visas. 2846:, stating that scientific evidence now seemed to favour the evolutionary theory, upheld the distinction of Pius XII regarding the human soul. "Even if the human body originates from pre-existent living matter, the spiritual soul is spontaneously created by God." 2005:, in Bavaria: "The history of the Reichskonkordat shows, that the other side lacked the most basic prerequisites to accept minimal freedoms and rights of the Church, without which the Church simply cannot live and operate, formal agreements notwithstanding". 1348:

For the remainder of the Great War, Pacelli concentrated on Benedict's humanitarian efforts especially among Allied POWs in German custody. In the upheaval following the Armistice, a disconcerted Pacelli sought Benedict XV's permission to leave Munich, where

5304:

opportunity", adding: "Having decided to refer to the genocide, Pius ought to have followed this with a condemnation that was loud, plain and unequivocal." However, he doubted that condemnation from the Pope would have led to Nazi Germany changing course.

4173:

was misleading, as the document had originated in the French Catholic Church archives rather than the Vatican archives and strictly concerned itself with children without living blood relatives who were supposed to be handed over to Jewish organizations.

1230:. Pius X died on 20 August 1914. His successor Benedict XV named Gasparri as secretary of state and Gasparri took Pacelli with him into the Secretariat of State, making him undersecretary. During World War I, Pacelli maintained the Vatican's registry of 7373: 4390:, who after numerous indiscretions was excluded from Papal service for the last years, but, keeping his title, was able to enter the papal apartments to make photos of the dying Pope, which he sold to French magazines. Pius underwent three courses of 8126:

108: "In the midst of this world which today presents such a sharp contrast to "The Peace of Christ in the Reign of Christ", the Church and her faithful are in times and in years of trial such as have rarely been known in her history of struggle and

2896:

a material state without extraterrestrial ideals, without religion, and without God. One of these two alternatives shall occur according to whether the names of the champions or the destroyers of Christian civilization emerge victorious from the urns

3659:, who was visiting Rome. At their meeting, the Pope acknowledged the justice of punishing war criminals, but expressed a hope that the people of Italy would not be punished, preferring that they be made "full allies" in the remaining war effort. 2555:

opened the doors for biblical research. His magisterium was far larger and is difficult to summarize. In numerous speeches Catholic teaching is related to various aspects of life, education, medicine, politics, war and peace, the life of saints,

5516:

that Pius XII was involved in plots to overthrow Hitler from mid-October 1939 and was prepared to mediate a peace between the Allies and the Axis in the event of a regime change in Germany. The courier between the resistance group under Admiral

5414:

had intervened with Pope Pius XII to put an end to these illegal activities. Furthermore, he discovered "that the Pope secretly pleaded with Washington and London on behalf of notorious criminals and Nazi collaborators". Suzanne Brown-Fleming's

1049:

continued his studies from home and so spent most of his seminary years as an external student. In 1899 he completed his education in Sacred Theology with a doctoral degree awarded on the basis of a short dissertation and an oral examination in

3323:, a critic of Pius XII, assesses his policy as having been to "refuse to censure" the "German" invasion and annexation of Poland. This, Phayer wrote, was regarded as a "betrayal" by many Polish Catholics and clergy, who saw his appointment of 3908:

if the Vatican objected to antisemitic laws, Pius responded that the church condemned antisemitism, but would not comment on specific rules. Similarly, when Pétain's regime adopted the "Jewish statutes", the Vichy ambassador to the Vatican,

3736:, said: "Jews will always remember what the Catholic Church did for them by order of the Pope during the Second World War. When the war was raging, Pius spoke out very often to condemn the false race theory." This is disputed by commentator 2944:

during his pontificate—more than all his successors in the past 50 years taken together—along with many other writings and speeches. The pontificate of Pius XII was the first in Vatican history that published papal speeches and addresses in

7119:

For example, Padellaro: "Church history will memorize with special letters the secret conclave of 1946, and the cosmopolitan Pius XII, who called men of all races into the Senate of the Church", Nazareno Padellaro, Pio XII Torino, 1956, p.

1955:, the outgoing chairman of the Centre Party, negotiated first drafts of the terms with von Papen. The concordat was finally signed, by Pacelli for the Vatican and von Papen for Germany, on 20 July and ratified on 10 September 1933. Bishop 4568:

His funeral procession into Rome was the largest congregation of Romans as of that date. Romans mourned "their" pope, who was born in their own city, especially as a hero in the time of war. Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (later to be

3967:

were being systematically "butchered". Taylor asked if the Vatican might have any information that might "tend to confirm the reports", and, if so, what the Pope might be able to do to influence public opinion against the "barbarities".

2872:

Pius XII taught that the masses were a threat to true democracy. In such a democracy, liberty is the individual's moral duty and equality is the right of all people to honorably live in the place and station that God has assigned them.

10854:"brief phases of reassurance about the role of the Pope were followed by waves of critical literature and counteracted the process of exoneration that had been underway for some years. The focus of recent analyses by John Cornwell via 3130:. Pelletier had a reputation for opening new ways for Catholic charities, helping people in difficulties with the law, who had been neglected by the system and the church. Galgani was a virtuous woman in her twenties, said to have the 5558:

announced that he had discovered in the Vatican archives evidence that Pius XII had personally saved at least 15,000 Jews from extermination, and that he had sent a report on the Holocaust to the American government shortly after the

5007:. It was on Moscow Radio, on 2 June 1945, that the first accusation directly against Pius XII of refusing to speak out against the exterminations in Nazi concentration camps. It was also the first medium to call him "Hitler's Pope". 4540:

Pope Pius XII did not want the vital organs removed from his body, demanding instead that it be kept in the same condition "in which God created it". According to Galeazzi-Lisi, this was the reason why he and Nuzzi, an embalmer from

6563:

On 16 March four days after coronation, Gundlach informed LaFarge that the documents had been given to Pius XI shortly before his death, but that the new Pope had so far had no opportunity to learn about it. Passelecq, Suchecky. p.

5755: 4548:

Galeazzi-Lisi asserted that the new process would "preserve the body indefinitely in its natural state". However, whatever chance the new embalming process had of efficaciously preserving the body was obliterated by intense heat in

2708:, namely that she "having completed the course of her earthly life, was assumed body and soul into heavenly glory". To date this is the last time full papal infallibility has been used. The dogma was preceded by the 1946 encyclical 2497:

means to be above average, to be a living example of Christian virtue. The strict norms governing their lives are meant to make them models of Christian perfection for lay people. Bishops are encouraged to look at model saints like

3929:, a U.S. delegate to the Vatican, asked the Pope to condemn the atrocities against Jews; Pius replied that the Vatican wished to remain "neutral", reiterating the neutrality policy that Pius had invoked as early as September 1940. 3746:, argues that the Pope was weak and vacillating in his approach to Nazism. Cornwell asserts that the Pope did little to challenge the progressing holocaust of the Jews out of fear of provoking the Nazis into invading Vatican City. 3319:. In April 1940, the Vatican advised the U.S. government that its efforts to provide humanitarian aid had been blocked by the Germans and that the Holy See had been forced to seek indirect channels through which to direct its aid. 10443:

and celebrated by Rabbi Dalin as a righteous gentile. They were not. Whatever was thus gained diplomatically by these statements—in the short run, precious little—was purchased at the cost of considerable historical untruth." in

5336:

In 1999, in an attempt to address some of this controversy, the International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission (Historical Commission), a group of three Catholic and three Jewish scholars was appointed, respectively, by the

5288:, in God's eyes "there is neither Gentile nor Jew". In saying this, the Pope affirmed that Jews were full members of the human community—which is Goldhagen's own criterion for establishing 'dissent from the anti-Semitic creed'." 3352:(Nazi-occupied Polish zone), complained to the representatives of the Catholic Church. The church's attempted intervention caused the Nazis to retaliate by arresting rabbis and deporting them to the death camp. Subsequently, the 4080:

of Berlin to say: "We give to the pastors who are working on the local level the duty of determining if and to what degree the danger of reprisals and of various forms of oppression occasioned by episcopal declarations ...

3043:, originally given in two parts to members of the Italian cinema industry, offered a "sophisticated analysis of the film industry and the role of cinema in modern society". Compared to his predecessor's teaching, the encyclical 5578:, promoted by Hitler himself with the intention of improving his relations with the Vatican. For his part, Pius XII concentrated his efforts on protecting and improving the situation of the Church in Germany in the face of the 2373:

The church has, therefore, according to Pius XII, a common aim with Christ himself, teaching all men the truth, and offering to God a pleasing and acceptable sacrifice. This way, the church re-establishes the unity between the

737:

and his leadership of the Catholic Church during the war remain the subject of controversy—including allegations of public silence and inaction concerning the fate of the Jews. Pius employed diplomacy to aid the victims of the

5472:

On 9 October 2008, the 50th anniversary of Pius XII's death, Benedict XVI celebrated pontifical Mass in his memory. Shortly before and after the Mass, dialectics continued between the Jewish hierarchy and the Vatican as Rabbi

1524:

ordered them to be discontinued in 1927. Pacelli supported German diplomatic activity aimed at rejection of punitive measures from victorious former enemies. He blocked French attempts for an ecclesiastical separation of the

4318:, Wilhelm Hentrich and Ivo Zeiger. His personal confessor Augustin Bea was a German Jesuit and Mother Pascalina Lehnert and the other German speaking sisters of the papal household added to this element. The American bishop 3206:

In 1939, Pius XII turned the Vatican into a centre of aid which he organized from various parts of the world. At the request of the Pope, an information office for prisoners of war and refugees operated in the Vatican under

8798: 4858:

columnist, wrote that no other leader "did more to help the Jews in their hour of greatest tragedy, during the Nazi occupation of Europe, than the late Pope". Other prominent Jewish figures, such as Israeli Prime Minister

1396:, their principal aim being the destruction of Christian civilization". Also according to Cornwell, Pacelli informed Gasparri that "the capital of Bavaria, is suffering under a harsh Jewish-Russian revolutionary tyranny". 4472:

On Monday, 6 October 1958, at around 8:30 CET (7:30 GMT), he suffered a stroke, weakening him greatly in addition to his other maladies, after having taken ill the previous day after a series of meetings. He received the

1656:, who frankly told Pacelli he believed that he "misunderstood the political situation in Germany and the real character of the Nazis". Following Brüning's resignation in May 1932 Pacelli, like the new Catholic chancellor 2483:

to ensure that they are capable of a life of celibacy and service. Pius XII added one year to the theological formation of future priests. He included a "pastoral year", an introduction into the practise of parish work.

1782:. Historians Passelecq and Suchecky have argued that Pacelli learned about the existence of the draft only after the death of Pius XI and did not promulgate it as Pope. He did use parts of it in his inaugural encyclical 5034:

of the church and Christianity in the west. Pacepa indicated that he was involved in contacting eastern bloc agents close the Vatican in order to fabricate the story to be used for the attack against the wartime pope.

394: 3243:—the "dread tempest of war is already raging despite all Our efforts to avert it". The papal letter denounced antisemitism, war, totalitarianism, the attack on Catholic Poland and the Nazi persecution of the church. 3238:

was the first papal encyclical issued by Pope Pius XII, in October 1939 and established some of the themes of his pontificate. During the drafting of the letter, the Second World War commenced with the German/Soviet

2132:). According to rumours, he asked for another ballot to be taken to ensure the validity of his election. After his election was indeed confirmed, he chose the name Pius XII in honour of his immediate predecessor. 7769:

Helmuth Rolfes, "Inter Mirifica and What Followed: The Second Vatican Council as the Beginning of a New Era in the Relationship Between the Church and the Media", in Helmuth Rolfes and Angela Ann Zukowski, eds.,

5553:

The Vatican archives have provided many millions of pages and it is expected to take many years to process the findings. As of May 2021, the study of the archive has been inconclusive. In January 2022, historian

4235:

After World War II, Pope Pius XII focused on material aid to war-torn Europe, an internal internationalization of the Catholic Church, and the development of its worldwide diplomatic relations. His encyclicals,

7381: 4573:) wrote in his diary on Saturday, 11 October 1958 that probably no Roman emperor had enjoyed such a triumph, which he viewed as a reflection of the spiritual majesty and religious dignity of the late Pius XII. 2245:

as nuncio to Germany. For the first time, numerous young Europeans, Asians and "Americans were trained in various congregations and secretariats within the Vatican for eventual service throughout the world".

1770:("On the Unity of the Human Race") was ready in September 1938 but, according to those responsible for an edition of the document and other sources, it was not forwarded to the Holy See by the Jesuit General 1411:. Once, in a violation of international law, the Bavarian Revolutionary Government attempted to confiscate the Nunciature's car at gunpoint. Despite their demands, however, Pacelli refused to leave his post. 5742:

he established the Vatican Information Service to provide aid to, and information about, thousands of war refugees and instructed the church to provide discreet aid to Jews, which quietly saved thousands of

5356:

The 47 questions by the six scholars were grouped into three parts: (a) 27 specific questions on existing documents, mostly asking for background and additional information such as drafts of the encyclical

1549:

were numbered. Pacelli was summoned back to Rome at this time—the call coming by telegram when he was resting at his favourite retreat, the Rorschach convent sanatorium. He left Berlin on 10 December 1929.

6573:

Encyclical of Pope Pius on the unity of human society to our venerable brethren: The Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and other ordinaries in peace and the communion with the Apostolic see (AAS

13566: 5061: 5046: 3625: 4792:, presented an amount of money to the Pope, "in recognition of the work of the Holy See in rescuing Jews from Fascist and Nazi persecutions." After the war, in the autumn of 1945, Harry Greenstein from 3211:, which in the years of its existence from 1939 until 1947 received almost 10 million (9,891,497) information requests and produced over 11 million (11,293,511) answers about missing persons. 5429: 5270:

asserted that Pius XII "chose again and again not to mention the Jews publicly.... public statements by Pius XII ... any mention of the Jews is conspicuously absent." In a review of Goldhagen's book,

5317:

A Berlin Jewish couple, Mr. and Mrs. Wolfsson, argued in defense of the pope: "None of us wanted the Pope to take an open stand. We were all fugitives, and fugitives do not wish to be pointed at. The

1605:

As Cardinal Secretary of State, Pacelli signed concordats with a number of countries and states. Immediately on becoming Cardinal Secretary of State, Pacelli and Ludwig Kaas took up negotiations on a

4363:. Adopting a domino theory he warned that, if "the Communists win in Rome, in Italy, it will cast a shadow on the entire world: France would become Communist, and then Spain and then all of Europe." 5465:

held a reception for conference participants during which he praised Pius XII as a pope who made every effort to save Jews during the war. A second conference was held from 6–8 November 2008 by the

2564:, things eternal and contemporary. Theologically, Pius XII specified the nature of the teaching authority of the Catholic Church. He also gave a new freedom to engage in theological investigations. 1660:, wondered if the Centre Party should look to the Right for a coalition, "that would correspond to their principles". He made many diplomatic visits throughout Europe and the Americas, including an 3579:

The Pope employed the new technology of radio and a series of Christmas messages to preach against selfish nationalism and the evils of modern warfare and offer sympathy to the victims of the war.

3028:

were sent to the bishops in the East. On 13 May 1956, Pope Pius addressed all bishops of the Eastern Rite. Mary, the mother of God, was the subject of encyclical letters to the people of Russia in

11397: 5121:, that Pius XII had so little scope of action that it is impossible to judge the motives for his silence during the war, while Rome was under the heel of Mussolini and later occupied by Germany". 2587:, published in 1943, emphasized the role of the Bible. Pius XII freed biblical research from previous limitations. He encouraged Christian theologians to revisit original versions of the Bible in 3380:

With Poland overrun, but France and the Low Countries yet to be attacked, Pius continued to hope for a negotiated peace to prevent the spread of the conflict. The similarly minded U.S. President

1120:, an apprentice, in Gasparri's department. In January 1901 he was also chosen, by Pope Leo XIII himself, according to an official account, to deliver condolences on behalf of the Vatican to King 3955:

warned Pius that the Vatican's "moral prestige" was being injured by silence on European atrocities, a warning that was echoed simultaneously by representatives from the United Kingdom, Brazil,

5763: 9013: 8977: 8138: 8101: 8071: 8048: 8016: 7986: 7965: 7933: 5299:

dismissed accusations that Pius was "anti-semitic" or "pro-Nazi", but accused him of "silence" based on fear of retaliation and wrote that "Hitler played the Pope with consummate expertise".

4556:

Galeazzi-Lisi reported that heat in the halls, where the body of the late Pope lay in state, caused chemical reactions which required it to be treated twice after the original preparation.

3356:

abandoned direct intervention, instead focusing on organizing underground aid, with huge international support orchestrated by Pope Pius XII and his Holy See. The Pope was informed about

4003:, the Pope's private secretary and a liaison to the Resistance, to inform him that his sources had confirmed approximately 6,000 Polish and Jewish people were being killed every day in " 3885:

on 11 March, repeatedly protesting against the treatment of Jews. In 1940, Pius asked members of the clergy, on Vatican letterhead, to do whatever they could on behalf of interned Jews.

1554:

wrote "of the forty-four speeches Pacelli gave in Germany as papal nuncio between 1917 and 1929, forty denounced some aspect of the emerging Nazi ideology". In 1935 he wrote a letter to

5314:

accused Pius of turning a blind eye to the activities of Vatican priests assisting "denazification through conversion", which he said helped ex-Nazi anti-communists to escape justice.

12697: 6807:

Bokenkotter, pp. 389–92, quote "And when Hitler showed increasing belligerance toward the Church, Pius met the challenge with a decisiveness that astonished the world. His encyclical

5574:. Kertzer, with the support of thousands of unpublished documents, uncovered the existence of secret negotiations between Hitler and Pius XII already a few weeks after the end of the 4965:, released in English in 1964) portrayed Pope Pius XII as a hypocrite who remained silent about the Holocaust. The depiction is described as lacking "credible substantiation" by the 4068:, Nazi officials gave Jewish leaders in Rome 36 hours to produce 50 kilograms (110 lb) of gold (or the equivalent), threatening to take 300 hostages. Then Chief Rabbi of Rome 2854:

In an address given on 14 September 1952, Pope Pius XII said that the church does not regard the execution of criminals as a violation by the State of the universal right to life:

2282:, in contrast to Pius XI, who had done so 17 times in as many years. Pius XII chose not to name new cardinals during World War II, and the number of cardinals shrank to 38, with 16391: 13405: 10779: 4161:(ADL), who had himself been baptized as a child and had undergone a custody battle afterwards, called for an immediate freeze on Pius's beatification process until the relevant 2658: 1171:, became the means by which the Holy See was to establish and sustain the new, unequal, and unprecedented power relationship that had arisen between the papacy and the Church". 3984:"told the British envoy to the Vatican in mid-December that the Pope couldn't speak out about Nazi atrocities because the Vatican hadn't been able to verify the information". 3819:

Catholics". However, over the next 18 months, Brazil's Conselho de Imigração e Colonização (CIC) continued to tighten the restrictions on their issuance, including requiring a

3277:

Pius wrote of a persecuted church and a time requiring "charity" for victims who had a "right" to compassion. Against the invasion of Poland and killing of civilians he wrote:

1943:

was appointed Chancellor on 30 January 1933 and sought to gain international respectability and to remove internal opposition by representatives of the church and the Catholic

12394: 11221: 5225: 5134: 4350:, considering the party indecisive and fractious – reformist currents within it particularly, which tended to the moderate Left – represented by the Sicilian priest 3576:, Hsieh Shou-kang, was only able to arrive at the Vatican in January 1943, due to difficulties of travel resulting from the war. He remained in that position until late 1946. 2182:

his successor as Cardinal Secretary of State. Cardinal Maglione, a seasoned Vatican diplomat, had reestablished diplomatic relations with Switzerland and was for twelve years

397: 10085: 5198: 5059:

authorized Jesuit scholars to access the Vatican State Secretariat Archives, which are normally not opened for seventy-five years. Original documents in French and Italian,

2663:

As a young boy and in later life, Pacelli was an ardent follower of the Virgin Mary. He was consecrated as a bishop on 13 May 1917, the very first day of the apparitions of

1718:. Pacelli made reference to the Jews "whose lips curse and whose hearts reject him even today". This traditional adversarial relationship with Judaism would be reversed in 5185:

in 2005. He reaffirmed previous accounts of Pius having been a saviour of thousands of Europe's Jews. In a review of the book, another Jewish scholar—Churchill biographer,

5466: 3972:

accuracy". Nevertheless, Maglione stated, "every opportunity is being taken by the Holy See, however, to mitigate the suffering of these unfortunate people". According to

3771:

In 1939, the newly elected Pope Pius XII appointed several prominent Jewish scholars to posts at the Vatican after they had been dismissed from Italian universities under

2842:

spiritual substance, it is not brought into being through transformation of matter, but directly by God, whence the special uniqueness of each person. Fifty years later,

387: 10106: 3936:

told Pius that Slovak Jews were being sent to concentration camps. On 11 March 1942, several days before the first transport was due to leave, the chargé d'affaires in

4800:, told Pius XII how grateful Jews were for all he had done for them. "My only regret", the Pope replied, "is not to have been able to save a greater number of Jews". 3609:

recalled that the Pope's voice had been "broken by emotion" as he "deplored the situation" with a "clear reference to the deportation and extermination of the Jews".

16887: 16280: 5445:. These documents include diplomatic correspondence, American espionage, and decryptions of German communications. Relevant documents have also been released by the 3193:" and its divine mission. Pius XII lobbied world leaders to prevent the outbreak of World War II and then expressed his dismay that war had come in his October 1939 4480:

On the last full day of his life, his temperature rose steadily and his breathing became difficult. At 3:52 CET (2:52 GMT) on Thursday, 9 October, a Feast of Saint

15377: 12228: 8720: 3526: 5345:(Holy See's Commission) and the International Jewish Committee for Interreligious Consultations (IJCIC), to whom a preliminary report was issued in October 2000. 13260: 11141: 10535: 9373:

Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre mondiale/éd. par Pierre Blet, Angelo Martini, Burkhart Schneider and Robert Graham (7 April 1943).

6538: 6931:"Medius vestrum stetit quem vos nescetis. Everybody knew what the Pope meant". Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 105 16587: 16582: 13228: 6922:

including the day in 1917 when Pacelli was consecrated a bishop. Pius XII, quoted in Joseph Brosch, Pius XII, Lehrer der Wahrheit, Kreuzring, Trier,1968, p. 45

5296: 3500:

the forced conversions in a memorandum dated 25 January 1942, from the Vatican Secretariat of State to the Yugoslavian Legation. The Pope was well informed of

2378:

and His creatures. The Sacrifice of the Altar, being Christ's own actions, conveys and dispenses divine grace from Christ to the members of the Mystical Body.

10028: 9208: 1752:

Historian Walter Bussmann argued that Pacelli, as Cardinal Secretary of State, dissuaded Pope Pius XI – who was nearing death at the time—from condemning the

16902: 10128: 4299:

of India – the first indigenous Catholics of their respective nations to sit in the College of Cardinals. Italian Papal diplomat Angelo Roncalli (later

2325:

With few exceptions, Italian prelates accepted the changes positively; there was no protest movement or open opposition to the internationalization efforts.

928: 5603:’s crimes, including sexual abuse of seminarians and drug abuse, before action was taken. The Vatican apparently knew of Rev. Maciel’s crimes for 50 years. 5402:

described how the Argentinian government dealt with war criminals who entered Argentina. However, during his research Goñi accidentally stumbled on British

2225:

from a minor to a major role in the church. After World War II, Pius XII appointed more non-Italians than any Pope before him. American appointees included

16907: 16797: 12863: 9931: 6378: 2120:

March 1939, his 63rd birthday, after only one day of deliberation and three ballots. He was the first cardinal Secretary of State to be elected pope since

1661: 1652:

As the decade began Pacelli wanted the Centre Party in Germany to turn away from the socialists. In the summer of 1931 he clashed with Catholic Chancellor

5128:

process as well as to many documents from Pacelli's nunciature which had just been opened under the 75-year rule by the Vatican State Secretary archives.

3389:"parallel endeavours for peace and the alleviation of suffering". Despite the early collapse of peace hopes, the Taylor mission continued at the Vatican. 2186:. Yet, Maglione did not exercise the influence of his predecessor Pacelli, who as Pope continued his close relation with Giovanni Battista Montini (later 13579: 13223: 11804: 5331: 11163: 8202:

Report by the Polish Ambassador to the Holy See on the Situation in German-occupied Poland, Memorandum No. 79, 29 May 1942, Myron Taylor's papers, NARA.

4774:

more knowingly, devoutly and authoritatively, and for a longer time, than any other organised power". During the war he was also praised editorially by

4619:

by some as a public relations blunder, though acceptance of Pius XII as a saviour of Europe's Jews is regarded as 'proof of fidelity to the Church, the

1345:

with his finger on a map, he said sadly, 'No doubt this will be lost as well'. I did not want to believe it, but here, too, he was to be proved right."

15931: 15411: 13325: 13235: 13108: 13101: 10867: 6420: 4191: 1959:

cautioned against compromise with the new regime, against those who saw the Nazi persecution of the church as an aberration that Hitler would correct.

1509:, who rejected any kind of religious education, the ordination of priests and bishops, but offered agreements without the points vital to the Vatican. 15275: 3655:

leaders in an effort to prevent what he perceived to be the mistakes made at the end of World War I. On 23 August 1944, he met British Prime Minister

3077:

had been offered to Pius XII who approved the medal and the devotion based on it. The general devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus had been approved by

16892: 16306: 13185: 9017: 8981: 8745: 8142: 8105: 8075: 8041: 8020: 7990: 7958: 7937: 3708: 3357: 3316: 3045: 3039: 2603:. The encyclical demands a much better understanding of ancient Hebrew history and traditions. It requires bishops throughout the church to initiate 917: 5804: 3643:

In 1944, Pius XII issued a Christmas message in which he warned against rule by the masses and against secular conceptions of liberty and equality.

1444:– his nunciature was moved to Berlin in August 1925. Many of Pacelli's Munich staff stayed with him for the rest of his life, including his advisor 16842: 16381: 13337: 7190: 7079:

Pio XII, La Allocuzione nel concistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953 in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di Sua Santità, Vatican City, 1953, p. 455

5342: 4635:, said: "How can one venerate a man who ... seemed to give his passive permission to the Nazis as the Jews were prised from his doorstep in Rome?" 4195: 3573: 1505:. He negotiated food shipments for Russia, where the Catholic Church was persecuted. He met with Soviet representatives including Foreign Minister 1422:

troops, the Nuncio focused on, according to Lehnert, "alleviating the distress of the postwar period, consoling, supporting all in word and deed".

770: 10484: 3959:, Belgium, and Poland. Myron C. Taylor passed a U.S. Government memorandum to Pius on 26 September 1942, outlining intelligence received from the 3755:

first papal encyclical, Pius reiterated Catholic teaching against racial persecution and antisemitism and affirmed the ethical principles of the "

3289:

not yet an ally of Hitler in the war, Italians were called upon to remain faithful to the Catholic Church. Pius avoided explicit denunciations of

16857: 13421: 10859: 5169: 1997:

Church, including staging a long series of immorality trials of the Catholic clergy". On 10 June 1941, the Pope commented on the problems of the

1103: 703: 122: 6832:"Accessed 4 December 2014; "La Presse et L'apostolat: discours prononce au College Angelique le 17 Avril, 1936" Paris : Bonne Presse, 1936" 6676:

1928, Portugal I 1928, Italy I 1929, Italy II 1929, Portugal II 1929, Romania I 1927, Prussia 1929, Romania II 1932, Baden 1932, Germany 1933,

13265: 9555: 5018:

alleged in 2007 that Hochhuth's play and numerous publications attacking Pius XII as a Nazi sympathizer were fabrications that were part of a

4211: 3501: 1372:" with the 24-year-old Sister Pascalina Lehnert – she would soon be transferred to Munich when Pacelli "pulled strings at the highest level". 16822: 15691: 15418: 12670: 11371: 11278: 8616: 8400: 5785: 5664:

surpassed this number on 21 February 2001, elevating 44 cardinals. By that time, the limit had been suspended and over 120 cardinals existed.

5382:

Katz's book also discusses how the Pope's view of the anti-Nazi resistance—as harbingers of Communism—meant he chose not to intervene in the

5212: 1984:

of official Catholic Church documents. Secretly distributed by an army of motorcyclists and read from every German Catholic Church pulpit on

1908:

showed interest in negotiations only after the Bavarian concordat. However, Pacelli obtained less favorable conditions for the church in the

1633:(1929) were concluded before Pacelli became Secretary of State. Catholicism had become the sole recognized religion; the powerful democratic 10216: 9457:

Letter of Pius XII of 30 April 1943 to the Bischop of Berlin, Graf von Preysing, published in "Documentation catholique" of 2 February 1964.

9265: 6831: 2599:, the encyclical reversed Pope Leo XIII's encyclical, which had only advocated going back to the original texts to resolve ambiguity in the 15370: 12753: 12513: 11326: 9608: 9300: 8673: 5458:

published of World War II documents, a collection which, though valuable, is nonetheless critically flawed because of its many omissions".

4229: 4220: 2166:. He was quoted as saying "I call myself Pius; my whole life was under Popes with this name, but especially as a sign of gratitude towards 1606: 16817: 997:

Together with his brother Francesco (1872–1935) and his two sisters, Giuseppina (1874–1955) and Elisabetta (1880–1970), he grew up in the

15964: 15457: 15144: 7515:"The Moral Limits of Medical Research Treatment: Address to the First International Congress on the Histopathology of the Nervous System" 2014: 1637:, in many ways similar to the Centre Party in Germany, had been disbanded, and in place of political Catholicism the Holy See encouraged 1341:

what there was to save, it occurs to me over and over again how clearly he foresaw what was to come. Once as he traced the course of the

305: 9990: 4120:, states that the Pope was somehow a conspirator, specifically naming Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII), as being a party in the attempt. 2607:

for lay people. The Pontiff also requests a reorientation of Catholic teaching and education, relying much more on sacred scriptures in

641: 16346: 15645: 4308: 4252: 4108:

in 1944, Pius appealed to 13 Latin American governments to accept "emergency passports", although it also took the intervention of the

2148: 781:

himself was still open to coordinating with Pius XII on the struggle against persecution of the Catholic church. He explicitly invoked

742:

during the war and, through directing the church to provide discreet aid to Jews and others, saved thousands of lives. Pius maintained

10774: 4818:

After Pius XII's death on 9 October 1958 many Jewish organisations and newspapers around the world paid tribute to his legacy. At the

4553:

during the embalming process. As a result, the body decomposed rapidly and the viewing of the faithful had to be terminated abruptly.

3437:

claimed that Pius XII was "ready to let himself be deported to a concentration camp, rather than do anything against his conscience".

2884:. While he did not directly mention monarchy or republicanism, given the context, his speech was nonetheless widely seen as endorsing 1501:

In post-war Germany, in the absence of a nuncio in Moscow, Pacelli worked also on diplomatic arrangements between the Vatican and the

13599: 13395: 13280: 11263: 10063: 5627: 5348:

The Commission did not discover any documents, but had the agreed-upon task to review the existing Vatican volumes, that make up the

5148: 3760: 3580: 2557: 2532: 1001:

district in the centre of Rome. Soon after the family had moved to Via Vetrina in 1880, he began school at the convent of the French

10728: 10150: 3495:(rather than the diplomatic audience Pavelić had wanted). Pius was criticised for his reception of Pavelić: an unattributed British 1198:), and secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs in February 1914. On 24 June 1914, just four days before 16099: 12461:

Il Cardinale Giuseppe Siri, Arcivescovo di Genova dal 1946 al 1987 : la vita, l'insegnamento, l'eredità spirituale, le memorie

10045: 4044:

In January 1943, Pius XII declined to denounce publicly the Nazi discrimination against the Jews, following requests to do so from

3685: 1041: 7624: 5419:(2006) underlines Goñi's findings. Brown-Fleming stated how Pius XII allegedly intervened on behalf of German war criminals (e.g. 4413:", who worked full-time in factories and joined political parties and unions. He continued to defend the theological tradition of 3025: 1468:(national gatherings of the faithful), and delivered some 50 sermons and speeches to the German people. In Berlin he lived in the 16872: 16802: 15363: 15138: 13245: 12793: 7418: 6597: 5591:

published a newly discovered documentation from the Vatican Secret Archive showing that a German Jesuit had informed the Pope of

5482: 2714:, which requested all Catholic bishops to express their opinion on a possible dogmatization. On 8 September 1953, the encyclical 2347: 1094:. Shortly after ordination he began postgraduate studies in canon law at Sant'Apollinaire. He received his first assignment as a 743: 16827: 15793: 15735: 7894:

McGoldrick, Patricia M. (2012). "New Perspectives on Pius XII and Vatican Financial Transactions during the Second World War".

6905: 3430: 2152: 1456:, who was known for his expertise in Church-state relations and was a full-time politician, politically active in the Catholic 3368:(Hitler's foreign affairs adviser) when Pope was "listing the date, place, and precise details of each crime" as described by 16897: 16812: 16807: 15203: 13390: 12237: 12189: 11871: 11857: 11354: 11313: 10356: 9892: 5411: 4639: 4596: 3568:

of China. This step was envisaged earlier, but delayed due to Japanese pressure to establish relations with the pro-Japanese

2877: 2422: 2318:. The two consistories of 1946 and 1953 brought an end to over five hundred years of Italians constituting a majority of the 1379:, he informed Gasparri-using Schioppa's eye-witness testimony of the chaotic scene at the former royal palace as the trio of 1151:, he prepared digests of reports that had been sent to the Secretariat from all over the world and in the same year became a 1022: 11469: 11449: 8358:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "Statement by Myron C. Taylor to Pope Pius XII, 19 September 1942"" 7487: 16867: 15603: 15499: 13426: 13285: 13275: 12536: 11190: 9588: 9235: 3613: 2913: 2904:"...that it would have been far preferable for Italy to remain a monarchy, but he also noted that what was done was done". 2799: 2543:

Pius XII explained the Catholic faith in 41 encyclicals and almost 1000 messages and speeches during his long pontificate.

1609:

which continued until the spring and summer of 1932. Papal fiat appointed a supporter of Pacelli and his concordat policy,

810: 12580: 10269: 8646: 4537:, reported that the pontiff's body was embalmed in the room where he died using a novel process invented by Oreste Nuzzi. 4453:

With frequent absences from work, Pope Pius XII had come to depend heavily on a few close colleagues, especially his aide

4056:

of Berlin. According to Toland, in June 1943, Pius XII addressed the issue of mistreatment of Jews at a conference of the

746:, and shared intelligence with the Allies. His strongest public condemnation of genocide was considered inadequate by the 16694: 16465: 16363: 16250: 15305: 13385: 13250: 11167: 9271: 6821:

74.A l'Eveque de Passau, in "Lettres de Pie XII aux Eveques Allemands 1939–1944, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1967, p. 416

4921: 4027:, said that König urged the Holy See to withhold this information to protect the lives of his sources in the resistance. 3925:

Jewish Code, which, unlike the earlier Vichy codes, prohibited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. In October 1941,

2410: 2339: 2125: 1920:

in 1933. A total of 16 concordats and treaties with European states had been concluded in the ten-year period 1922–1932.

1599: 1199: 830: 12496:

The Vatican & the Holocaust: 860,000 Lives Saved – The Truth About Pius XII & the Jews by Robert A. Graham, S.J.

8717: 5550:

research of this period should inform a much broader shift within global Christianity, from Europe to the global South.

3199:

encyclical. He followed a strict public policy of Vatican neutrality for the duration of the conflict mirroring that of

16503: 15805: 15556: 15281: 13305: 13255: 13240: 8600: 6498: 3676: 3164: 2539:, so today We consecrate and in a most special manner We entrust all the peoples of Russia to this Immaculate Heart..." 2230: 1791:

A year before his papal election, on 26 January 1938, the Cardinal Secretary of State officiated at the baptism of the

1695: 1175: 11044: 10465: 9811: 6542: 5065:, were published in eleven volumes between 1965 and 1981. Pierre Blet also published a summary of the eleven volumes. 1895:

Pacelli concluded on behalf of the Vatican with German States. The state concordats were necessary because the German

1239: 15635: 13370: 12468: 12432: 12403: 12383: 12351: 12332: 12300: 12278: 12260: 12174: 12157: 12136: 12125: 12086: 12071: 12049: 12023: 12008: 11993: 11978: 11963: 11941: 11923: 11826: 11775: 11749: 11730: 11716: 11698: 11682: 11667: 11637: 11604: 11580: 11534: 11248: 11070: 10839: 10330:

Poliakov, Leon; November (1950). "The Vatican and the 'Jewish Question': The Record of the Hitler Period—and After".

8386: 7860: 7815: 7795: 7657: 7107: 7002: 6880: 6790:

Pham, p. 45, quote: "When Pius XI was complimented on the publication, in 1937, of his encyclical denouncing Nazism,

6640: 6405: 6386: 6323: 6184: 5844: 5701: 4751: 4215: 4109: 3463:

At a special mass at St Peters for the victims of the war, held in November 1940, soon after the commencement of the

3348:

There was a well-known case of Jewish rabbis who, seeking support against the Nazi persecution of Polish Jews in the

3090: 2761: 2406: 11297: 10879: 10532: 8430: 6598:"85 años del bautizo de Juan Carlos de Borbón (y el tenso reencuentro de los reyes Alfonso XIII y Victoria Eugenia)" 5003:

in March 2009 indicated the accusations that Hochhuth's play made widely known originated not among Jews but in the

1562:

he named Germany as "that noble and powerful nation whom bad shepherds would lead astray into an ideology of race".

16832: 16406: 15886: 15776: 13431: 13313: 10025: 4631:

said "there would be a great distortion of history" if Pius XII were canonized. Rabbi Jeremy Lawrence, the head of

3988:

directly explained to Tittman that he could not name the Nazis without at the same time mentioning the Bolsheviks.

3177: 3168: 3158: 1634: 714:, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with various European and Latin American nations, including the 10194: 5522: 3401: 15901: 15825: 15445: 15423: 13656: 13492: 13400: 13295: 13218: 12588: 5534: 4718: 4469:

was his personal confessor. Sister Pascalina was for forty years his "housekeeper, muse and lifelong companion".

4177:

Writings from released Vatican records revealed that Pius XII was personally but secretly involved in hiding the

4096: 3922: 3668: 3472: 3094: 2999: 2900:

After the referendum was successful and the Italian monarchy was abolished, Pius privately agreed with his envoy

2238: 1591: 1425: 1187: 1037: 300: 156: 149: 10383: 9939: 1850: 1206:, Pacelli, together with Cardinal Merry del Val, represented the Vatican when the Serbian Concordat was signed. 16140: 15759: 15406: 15398: 15386: 13710: 12366: 12245: 12218: 11843: 11566: 11424: 6285: 5506:, authored by Krupp; the book reproduces 225 pages of the new documents produced by the foundation's research. 5449:

and the British Foreign Office. Other information sources have become available, including the diary of Bishop

5423:). Brown-Fleming's main source was the archive of Pope Pius XII's representative in post-war Germany, Cardinal 5113:

re-examined thoroughly and placed firmly within the context of his times". Five years after the publication of

4104: 3918: 3792: 2183: 1715: 1376: 1107: 1075: 1045: 3940:

reported to the Vatican: "I have been assured that this atrocious plan is the handwork of ... Prime Minister (

3779:'s racial laws. In 1939, the Pope employed a Jewish cartographer, Roberto Almagia, to work on old maps in the 1483: 337: 59: 16435: 16014: 15989: 15598: 13482: 12961: 12888: 12858: 11766: 11346: 5612: 5322:

the Catholic Church reaction to Nazi brutality only intensified SS persecutions of both Jews and the church.

4590: 4409:, 38 years), one of his last appointees in 1958. He took a firm stand against pastoral experiments, such as " 4336: 4264: 3422: 2255: 2139:

took place on 12 March 1939. Upon being elected pope he was also formally the Grand Master of the Equestrian

1326: 1259: 8222:"The Vatican & the Holocaust: A Question of Judgment – Pius XII & the Jews by Dr. Joseph L. Lichten" 6417: 5406:

documents relating to the involvement of Vatican personnel in the smuggling of war criminals, the so-called

1951:, a Catholic nobleman, to Rome to offer negotiations about a Reichskonkordat. On behalf of Pacelli, Prelate 1672:

in December 1939, re-establishing a diplomatic tradition that had been broken since 1870 when the Pope lost

750:, while the Nazis viewed him as an Allied sympathizer who had dishonoured his policy of Vatican neutrality. 16475: 15994: 15984: 15440: 15299: 13592: 13290: 13210: 13024: 12490: 11658: 10905: 9630: 8914:"30Giorni | "Leggete il libro di padre Blet su Pio XII" (Intervista con Pierre Blet di Stefano Maria Paci)" 8221: 5181: 5084: 4038: 4016: 3542:

of Pope Pius XI, which forbade Catholics to help Communists, as not applying to military assistance to the

3525:

sent letters of protest to Pius XII asking him to use all possible means to stop the massacres against the

3522: 3492: 1520:

Despite Vatican pessimism and a lack of visible progress, Pacelli continued the secret negotiations, until

1002: 791: 12495: 12491:

The Vatican & the Holocaust: A Question of Judgment – Pius XII & the Jews by Dr. Joseph L. Lichten

9843: 9486: 5237:

silent". Other important works challenging the negative characterization of Pius's legacy were written by

16877: 16440: 15810: 15583: 15128: 12873: 12853: 12827: 12786: 12702: 12643: 12532: 7169: 6673: 5280:, published on 20 October 1939. "There Pius insisted that all human beings be treated charitably—for, as 4377: 4347: 4150: 4057: 3992: 3960: 3863: 3784: 3633: 3605:

genocide he was referring to". Speaking on the 50th anniversary of Pius's death in 2008, the German Pope

2475:, to the pastoral training of future priests. Pius XII emphasised the need to systematically analyze the 2306:

and increased the number of Cardinals from the Americas, proportionally lessening the Italian influence.

2140: 1595: 1448:

and Sister Pascalina Lehnert—housekeeper, cook, friend, and adviser for 41 years. In Berlin, Pacelli was

1437: 1329:, who replied positively to the Papal initiative. However, Bethmann Hollweg was forced to resign and the 1276: 1160: 1091: 895: 711: 707: 310: 201: 162: 143: 131: 13178: 6539:"Nostra aetate: Transforming the Catholic-Jewish Relationship: Jewish-Catholic Relationship Transformed" 5861: 5805:"Stalin for Cooperation With Pope, Free Worship, Orlemanski Says; U.S. PRIEST QUOTES STALIN ON RELIGION" 5437:'s 1997 executive order declassifying wartime and postwar documents, many of which are currently at the 1916:

was completed by Pacelli in 1932, after he had moved to Rome. There he also negotiated a concordat with

1594:

on 16 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI, and within a few months, on 7 February 1930, Pius XI appointed him

1218:

in 1912 had increased the number of Catholics within greater Serbia. At this time Serbia, encouraged by

16632: 16449: 15474: 13705: 13375: 13270: 12968: 12883: 12064:

La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pascalina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History

10481: 9829: 9777: 8261:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "Letter from Pius XII to FDR, 7 January 1940"" 7566: 7539: 4615:

did so on 19 December 2009, simultaneously making the same declaration in regard to Pope John Paul II.

4418: 4323: 4129: 4049: 4045: 2994: 2199: 1587: 1269: 415: 11741:

A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair

5736: 5100: 4967: 1598:, responsible for foreign policy and state relations throughout the world. In 1935, Pacelli was named 1190:. Pacelli became the under-secretary in 1911, adjunct-secretary in 1912 (a position he received under 16852: 16508: 16210: 15521: 13685: 13380: 13362: 12837: 11819:

The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943–1950

11470:"Vatican's Pius XII archives shed light on another contentious chapter: The Legion of Christ scandal" 11450:"Vatican's Pius XII archives shed light on another contentious chapter: The Legion of Christ scandal" 11425:"Letter showing Pope Pius XII had detailed information from German Jesuit about Nazi crimes revealed" 11088:

The Battle for Rome: The Germans, the Allies, the Partisans, and the Pope, September 1943 – June 1944

10924: 9338: 9325: 9301:"Letter showing Pope Pius XII had detailed information from German Jesuit about Nazi crimes revealed" 6375:

Christian responses to the Holocaust: moral and ethical issues: Religion, theology, and the Holocaust

5632: 5442: 4844: 4288: 4024: 4020: 3704: 3672: 3514: 3353: 3208: 2971: 2679: 2515: 2428: 2064: 1901: 1542: 1441: 1247: 1099: 1006: 349: 172: 9181:

Diplomatic Correspondence: US Undersecretary of State Summner Wells to Vatican Envoy Myron C. Taylor

4182:

discovered and spirited away to Israel. Only recently was the Pope's personal involvement revealed.

3384:

re-established American diplomatic relations with the Vatican after a 70-year hiatus and dispatched

3364:. Those intelligence materials were used by Pius XII on 11 March 1940 during a formal audience with 1017:

from 1886. In 1886 too he was sent to the private school of Professor Giuseppe Marchi, close to the

938:

had been Under-Secretary in the Papal Ministry of Finances and then Secretary of the Interior under

16882: 16341: 15916: 15433: 13559: 13352: 13347: 13192: 13066: 12982: 12940: 12485: 12016:

Three Popes and the Cardinal: The Church of Pius, John and Paul in its Encounter with Human History

11907: 10634: 9550: 5617: 4903: 4632: 4207: 4199: 3123: 2928: 2736: 2710: 2675: 2545: 2440: 2156: 1526: 1408: 815: 754: 17: 8624: 4999: 2967:, not all documents exist today. In 1944, a number of papal documents were burned or "walled in". 2789:

this may shorten the life of the patient, as long as life shortening is not the objective itself.

16847: 15959: 15815: 15542: 13690: 13436: 13342: 13331: 12947: 12616: 12598: 12131:

Passelecq, Georges and Bernard Suchecky, 1997. The hidden encyclical of Pius XI. Harcourt Brace.

11587:

The Holocaust and Catholic Conscience. Cardinal Aloisius Muench and the Guilt Question in Germany

11398:"Papa Pio XII sapeva della Shoah: la prova in una lettera scritta nel 1942 da un gesuita tedesco" 11113:

Brown-Fleming, 2006, Chapter 4: "Granting Absolution: Muench and the Catholic Clemency Campaign".

7276: 6838: 5546: 5490: 5417:

The Holocaust and Catholic Conscience: Cardinal Aloisius Muench and the Guilt Question in Germany

5104:

described Cornwell's depiction of Pius XII as anti-Semitic as lacking "credible substantiation".

4916:, has interpreted this and other praise from prominent Jewish leaders, including that offered by 4654: 4628: 4360: 4356: 4203: 4162: 3951:), saying "the massacres of the Jews reach frightening proportions and forms". Later that month, 3724: 3410: 2917: 2578: 2551: 2309:

In his second consistory on 12 January 1953, it was expected that his closest co-workers, Msgrs.

2283: 1917: 1618: 1512: 1407:

According to Sister Pascalina Lehnert, the Nuncio was repeatedly threatened by emissaries of the

1033: 944: 820: 601: 515: 295: 12441:

Kertzer, David. "The Life & Pontificate of Pope Pius XII. Between History and Controversy".

10516: 10172: 9605: 8677: 4875:

Some early works echoed the favourable sentiments of the war period, including Polish historian

4089: 3933: 3719: 3189:

During World War II Pius saw his primary obligation as being to ensure the continuation of the "

1771: 1147:

and the function of canon law when a concordat falls into abeyance. Promoted to the position of

912:

into an upper class family of intense Catholic piety with a history of ties to the papacy (the "

16837: 16782: 16712: 16430: 16316: 16029: 15343: 13585: 13505: 13477: 13017: 12878: 12779: 12518: 12288:, in Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique, Louvain, vol. 99 (3–4), hul.–dec. 2004, pp. 758–766. 11623: 10955:

The Vatican and the Holocaust, Presentation to the Dominican House of Studies, Washington, D.C.

10544: 10453: 10238: 10086:"Pope May Open Holocaust Era Vatican Archives, Possibly Shedding Light On Pope Pius XII's Role" 8861: 7019: 5474: 5424: 5090: 4722: 4604: 4534: 4387: 4272: 4225: 4158: 4012: 3926: 3913:(a French politician), was told that the legislation did not conflict with Catholic teachings. 3882: 3737: 3693: 3652: 3565: 3426: 3365: 2955: 2922: 2691: 2671: 2531:: "Just as a few years ago We consecrated the entire human race to the Immaculate Heart of the 2453: 2279: 2242: 2163: 1944: 1729: 1725: 1673: 1614: 1534: 1457: 1164: 1136: 933: 867: 804: 799: 747: 10705: 9882: 8404: 7850: 7443: 5691: 4037:

1942, Pius XII advised German and Hungarian bishops to speak out against the massacres on the

2998:, issued in 1945 on the 350th anniversary of the reunion, is a call to continued unity of the 2381: 16326: 16311: 16024: 15881: 15788: 15588: 15571: 15484: 15428: 15119: 13143: 11474: 11454: 11234: 9266:"Wartime Pope Pius XII likely knew about Nazi gas chambers in the Holocaust as early as 1942" 7772: 6669: 6174: 5450: 4789: 4785: 4503:

declared three days of mourning and the closure of offices and schools as a sign of respect;

3874: 3558: 3381: 3315:

and expressed hope for the "resurrection" of that country. The Nazis and Soviets commenced a

2992:

Churches. Pius XII asks for prayer for better understanding and unification of the churches.

2881: 2721: 1967: 1905: 1834: 1766: 1742: 1665: 1622: 1358: 1354: 1330: 1318: 908:

Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli was born on the second day of Lent, 2 March 1876, in

16376: 9180: 9168: 4581: 3448:

to refrain from political criticism of the German government, but no agreement was reached.

2664: 1291: 16792: 16787: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16485: 16412: 16255: 16215: 16034: 15936: 15911: 15850: 15655: 15630: 15566: 13080: 12954: 12868: 12608: 12450:

Reigniting a controversy: Studies of Pius XII and the Shoah in the United States since 1999

10796: 9994: 8442: 8281: 8260: 8163: 5446: 5438: 5359: 5193: 4391: 4256: 3897: 3393: 3328: 3258: 3142: 3009: 2985: 2976: 2744:. On 15 August 1954, the Feast of the Assumption, he initiated the practice of leading the 2319: 1976: 1904:. He expected the concordat with Catholic Bavaria to be the model for the rest of Germany. 1829: 1179: 848: 8357: 7777:, Festschrift for Franz-Josef Eilers (Kassel, Germany: Kassel University Press, 2007), 11. 6794:, his response was to point to his Secretary of State and say bluntly, 'The credit is his. 5731: 5117:, Cornwell stated: "I would now argue, in the light of the debates and evidence following 4733: 4280: 1966:. Most notably, early in 1937, Pacelli asked several German cardinals, including Cardinal 1317:, he conveyed the papal initiative to end the war to German authorities. He met with King 1306:

or Germany at the time, Pacelli was, for all practical purposes, the nuncio to all of the

8: 16682: 16658: 16607: 16331: 16321: 16270: 16128: 16114: 15974: 15716: 15479: 14984: 14367: 13649: 13073: 13059: 12680: 12626: 12055:

Morsey, Rudolf. 1986. "Eugenio Pacelli als Nuntius in Deutschland" in Herbert Schambeck,

11687: 11091: 10723: 9973: 9672: 6966:

Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs and Congregation of Ordinary Affairs

5587: 5555: 5105: 4854: 4292: 4284: 4268: 4238: 4136: 4113: 4077: 4053: 3871: 3805: 3588: 3569: 3324: 3252: 3219:

into whose war economy he had transferred and invested the Vatican's considerable assets.

2981: 2960: 2771: 2701: 2668: 2624:

and religion, they are subjected to the teaching office and authority of the church, the

2506:. Priests were encouraged to be living examples of the love of Christ and his sacrifice. 2394: 2234: 2195: 2034: 1956: 1559: 1555: 1530: 1473: 1469: 1168: 1036:, and in November of the same year, registered to take a philosophy course at the Jesuit 787: 699: 13452: 11704: 4314:

A German contingent dominated his inner circle at this period – the German Jesuits

4304: 3839: 2524: 1684: 1653: 1464:'s resignation in October 1928. While in Germany, he travelled to all regions, attended 1295: 16746: 16619: 16396: 16165: 16089: 16057: 15876: 15845: 15682: 15670: 15531: 15469: 15263: 15257: 15152: 15004: 14999: 14964: 14833: 14813: 14733: 14632: 14607: 14597: 14497: 14482: 14006: 13734: 13727: 13606: 12919: 12424:

The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe

11327:"Feldkamp: Pope Pius XII knew early about Holocaust and saved many Jews - Vatican News" 11195: 11142:"Address at the conclusion of the symposium organized by the "Pave the Way Foundation"" 10740: 9552:

Pave the Way Foundation Reveals Evidence of Pope Pius XII's Active Opposition to Hitler

7911: 7628: 7195: 5560: 5407: 5383: 5276: 4776: 4484:, he gave a smile, lowered his head and died. The cause of death was recorded as acute 4383: 4032: 3851: 3797: 3751: 3534: 3443: 3397: 3361: 3349: 3312: 3307: 3264: 3240: 3234: 3195: 3182: 3058: 2705: 2695: 1909: 1784: 1646: 1538: 1452:

and active in diplomatic and many social activities. He was aided by the German priest

1393: 1299: 922: 795: 659: 16185: 7415: 6278:

Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler

4560:

stationed around Pius XII's body were reported to have become ill during their vigil.

3905: 3487:

from joining Hitler in the war. In April 1941, Pius XII granted a private audience to

3338: 16565: 16470: 16245: 16231: 16205: 16190: 16094: 16079: 16009: 15999: 15868: 15800: 15701: 15665: 15561: 15338: 15171: 15104: 15099: 15019: 15014: 14989: 14923: 14898: 14878: 14838: 14788: 14753: 14708: 14673: 14663: 14653: 14637: 14622: 14582: 14567: 14537: 14462: 14442: 14402: 14287: 14141: 14086: 13940: 13525: 13515: 13115: 13087: 12474: 12464: 12428: 12399: 12379: 12362: 12347: 12328: 12296: 12274: 12266: 12256: 12241: 12233: 12214: 12185: 12170: 12153: 12132: 12121: 12100: 12082: 12067: 12045: 12019: 12004: 11989: 11974: 11959: 11937: 11919: 11878:

A Special Mission: Hitler's Secret Plot to Seize the Vatican and Kidnap Pope Pius XII

11867: 11853: 11839: 11822: 11785: 11771: 11745: 11740: 11726: 11712: 11694: 11678: 11663: 11633: 11600: 11576: 11562: 11530: 11350: 11244: 11066: 10835: 10579: 9888: 9851: 9638: 8820: 8596: 8491: 8467: 8382: 8340: 7915: 7856: 7811: 7791: 7653: 7608: 7200: 7103: 6998: 6876: 6677: 6665: 6661: 6636: 6401: 6382: 6319: 6281: 6180: 5840: 5812: 5697: 5661: 5642: 5462: 5307: 5262: 5220: 4815:

either out of "Germanophilia" or the hope that Hitler would defeat Communist Russia.

4612: 4526: 4462: 4438: 4406: 4343: 4165:

and baptismal records were opened. Two Italian scholars, Matteo Luigi Napolitano and

4008: 3759:". At Christmas 1942, once evidence of the mass-murder of Jews had emerged, Pius XII 3656: 3506: 3456: 3369: 3331:

in May 1942, an "implicit recognition" of the breakup of Poland; the opinions of the

2843: 2731: 2472: 2398: 1913: 1877: 1873: 1839: 1741:

report, written the following year for President Roosevelt and filed with Ambassador

1477: 1375:

When he returned to Munich, following Eisner's assassination by Bavarian nationalist

1337: 1207: 1183: 1152: 968: 879: 875: 583: 179: 7514: 6902: 5923: 4449:

Photograph of Pius XII on his deathbed in Castel Gandolfo, taken on 10 October 1958.

4402: 3808: 2159:. There was however a Cardinal-Secretary to run these bodies on a day-to-day basis. 1838:

Pius XI (center) with Cardinal Pacelli (front left), the radio transmission pioneer

1575: 1159:. From 1904 until 1916, he assisted Cardinal Pietro Gasparri in his codification of 1032:

In 1894, aged 18, Pacelli began his theology studies at Rome's oldest seminary, the

16646: 16455: 16260: 16240: 16160: 16145: 16044: 15946: 15820: 15660: 15618: 15613: 15593: 15576: 15489: 15158: 15094: 15069: 15049: 15024: 15009: 14979: 14918: 14913: 14863: 14793: 14783: 14763: 14738: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14668: 14627: 14577: 14572: 14562: 14542: 14532: 14492: 14437: 14412: 14387: 14362: 14352: 14342: 14327: 14226: 14206: 14196: 14161: 14096: 14091: 14071: 14031: 13971: 13910: 13895: 13890: 13825: 13810: 13785: 13775: 13573: 13535: 13530: 13467: 13171: 13150: 13122: 13010: 12989: 12926: 12456: 11888: 11735: 11628: 10922: 10906:"The Vatican & the Holocaust: A Question of Judgment – Pius XII & the Jews" 10887: 10863: 10676: 10107:"Report: Pope Francis to examine Pius' wartime record before deciding on sainthood" 9916: 8866: 7903: 7439: 7374:"In history the violence of the arrogant takes its toll, but God does not leave us" 7015: 5717: 5267: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5192:

A number of other scholars replied with favourable accounts of Pius XII, including

5153: 5152:(2008) provided further critical, though more scholarly analysis of Pius's legacy. 5080: 5015: 4913: 4454: 4296: 4276: 4166: 3981: 3910: 3889: 3788: 3776: 3756: 3742: 3651:

As the war was approaching its end in 1945, Pius advocated a lenient policy by the

3629: 3484: 3200: 3138: 3122:. The first canonizations were two women, the founder of a congregation for women, 3119: 3020:

was issued in 1952 and addressed to the Eastern Churches, protesting the continued

2933: 2880:

on whether to abolish or keep the Italian monarchy, Pius XII delivered a sermon on

2726: 2604: 2520: 2397:, a long-time critic of Pius XII's policies during World War II and an opponent of 2386: 2357: 2310: 2275: 2226: 2222: 2191: 2136: 2002: 1792: 1626: 1506: 1211: 1195: 1156: 987: 686: 631: 485: 260: 16729: 12507: 10360: 9418: 8913: 8238: 3049:(1957) shows a "high regard for the importance of cinema, television, and radio". 2949:

language on a systematic basis. Until then, papal documents were issued mainly in

1610: 1143:

By 1904 Pacelli received his doctorate. The theme of his thesis was the nature of

128:

Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1914–1917)

16513: 16480: 16424: 16418: 16275: 16180: 16084: 15896: 15390: 15355: 15197: 15164: 15084: 14994: 14969: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14873: 14808: 14773: 14758: 14693: 14683: 14658: 14612: 14592: 14557: 14547: 14527: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14477: 14472: 14422: 14407: 14332: 14312: 14292: 14277: 14272: 14252: 14216: 14201: 14121: 14106: 14101: 14066: 14056: 14041: 14001: 13991: 13976: 13966: 13956: 13820: 13765: 13669: 13472: 13318: 13199: 13157: 13136: 13003: 12933: 12636: 12545: 12528: 12486:

Chief Rabbi of Rome, Israel Anton Zolli on Pope Pius XII role during World War II

12422: 11643: 11340: 11283: 10783: 10732: 10539: 10488: 10032: 9612: 9592: 9559: 8724: 8647:"Envoy to Vatican named; Tokyo Reports Choice of Harada Under De Facto Relations" 8052: 7969: 7491: 7422: 7174: 6988:

Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960, p. 157

6909: 6502: 6424: 5538: 5518: 5031: 4771: 4766: 4570: 4550: 4496: 4332: 4319: 4300: 4142: 4065: 3831: 3824: 3812: 3780: 3772: 3712: 3689: 3617: 3554: 3385: 3107:—"both were determined to stamp out, as far as possible, all traces of dangerous 3074: 3004: 2803: 2749: 2592: 2460: 2402: 2218: 2162:

Pacelli took the same papal name as his predecessor, a title used exclusively by

2121: 1948: 1925: 1912:

of 1929, which excluded educational issues. A concordat with the German state of

1881: 1869: 1860: 1825: 1657: 1638: 1546: 1388: 1231: 1223: 1113: 1026: 1010: 949: 855: 733: 716: 691: 365: 277: 73: 9581: 7014:

In the Secretariat of State he had actively supported "foreigners", for example

5570:, one of the first historians to have analyzed the archives, published his book 5453:. These documents reveal new information about Pius XII's actions regarding the 4623:

and the Tradition' by neoconservative Catholic groups. On the other hand, Rabbi

3996: 3947:

On 18 September 1942, Pius XII received a letter from Monsignor Montini (future

3488: 2409:

by Pius XII on 2 July 1945. He later established a schismatic group called the "

1668:, who appointed a personal envoy—who did not require Senate confirmation—to the 168:

Prefect of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (1930–1939)

16862: 16576: 16401: 16195: 16170: 16134: 16074: 16067: 16062: 16052: 15906: 15891: 15830: 15706: 15696: 15452: 15331: 15287: 15269: 15238: 15232: 15224: 15218: 15212: 15044: 14974: 14908: 14858: 14848: 14828: 14803: 14748: 14743: 14713: 14688: 14617: 14602: 14587: 14522: 14467: 14457: 14432: 14317: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14191: 14176: 14111: 14076: 14046: 14016: 14011: 13996: 13930: 13905: 13880: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13850: 13770: 13760: 13642: 13634: 13457: 13129: 13094: 13052: 13045: 13038: 12653: 12570: 12389: 12162: 11902: 11794: 11653: 10855: 10736: 10273: 9991:"CNS STORY: Sainthood congregation recommends Pope Pius XII be named venerable" 9754: 9209:"Letter suggests Pope Pius XII knew of mass gassings of Jews and Poles in 1942" 7270: 5600: 5420: 5403: 5366: 5186: 5139: 5129: 5023: 5004: 4890: 4819: 4481: 4445: 4422: 4015:

and is now part of western Ukraine. It also referenced the Nazi death camps at

3914: 3496: 3434: 3320: 3190: 3062: 3030: 2828: 2785: 2716: 2588: 2179: 2103: 1579: 1570: 1551: 1287: 1280: 1219: 1215: 1125: 1018: 991: 983: 913: 871: 835: 762: 621: 51: 15769: 7907: 5718:

Encyclopædia Britannica Online – Reflections on the Holocaust: Further Reading

5485:

and expressed his disappointment towards Pius XII's "silence" during the war.

3804:

Pius later engineered an agreement—formally approved on 23 June 1939—with the

3791:'s antisemitic legislation of 1938. The Pope's appointment of two Jews to the 2107:

Pope Pius XII appears on the central loggia after his election on 2 March 1939

1333:, hoping for a military victory, delayed the German reply until 20 September. 16776: 16460: 16352: 16336: 16296: 15979: 15954: 15730: 15640: 15625: 15547: 15059: 15034: 14903: 14868: 14843: 14798: 14778: 14703: 14698: 14678: 14552: 14487: 14447: 14427: 14417: 14322: 14231: 14186: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14081: 14061: 14051: 14026: 13986: 13935: 13925: 13920: 13900: 13855: 13815: 13800: 13780: 13722: 13680: 13520: 12712: 12663: 12418: 12223: 11831: 11592: 10711: 9855: 9662:

Audience for the directors of mission activities in 1944 A.A.S., 1944, p. 208

9642: 8239:"Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum – "The Vatican Files"" 7204: 7089:

Domenico Cardinale Tardini, Pio XII, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1960 157

6979:

in Pio XII, Discorsi e Radiomessagi di Sua Santita Vatican City, 1953, p. 455

5816: 5622: 5592: 5579: 5567: 5509: 5271: 5161: 5125: 4952: 4909: 4876: 4860: 4804: 4607:. In May 2007, the congregation recommended that Pius XII should be declared 4485: 4458: 4410: 4315: 4260: 4178: 4000: 3973: 3849:

Following the German/Soviet invasion of Poland, the Pope's first encyclical,

3621: 3584: 3546:. This interpretation assuaged American Catholics who had previously opposed 3418: 3333: 3286: 3127: 3116: 3112: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3037:

Pius XII made two substantial interventions on the media. His 1955 discourse

2600: 2561: 2536: 2489: 2476: 2375: 2129: 1843: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1754: 1720: 1630: 1489: 1465: 1445: 1307: 1283: 1083: 953: 927:(1837–1916) and Virginia (née Graziosi) Pacelli (1844–1920). His grandfather 778: 611: 137: 39: 12478: 6495: 5172:

and José Sanchez wrote less critical assessments of Pius XII's pontificate.

5124:

Cornwell's work was the first to have access to testimonies from Pius XII's

4322:

wrote in November 1948 that Pius XII was 'more interested in affairs of the

3311:, Pius expressed dismay at the killing of non-combatants in the Nazi/Soviet 1758:

in November 1938, when he was informed of it by the papal nuncio in Berlin.

16670: 16570: 16445: 16301: 16265: 16004: 15926: 15770: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15494: 15293: 15109: 15089: 15074: 15054: 15039: 15029: 14888: 14883: 14823: 14818: 14768: 14452: 14397: 14392: 14347: 14337: 14236: 14211: 14181: 14116: 14036: 13961: 13875: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13790: 13500: 13462: 12996: 12811:

Born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958

12371: 12286:

Les 'silences' du pape Pie XII : genèse et critique d'un procès biaisé

11929: 11613:(Catholic University of America Press; 2013) 306 pages; scholarly biography 11526: 11048: 10891: 9582:"ADL to Vatican: 'Open Baptismal Records and Put Pius Beatification on Hold 8425:

Conway, Prof. John S., "The Meeting between Pope Pius XII and Ribbentrop",

8171: 5542: 5434: 5217:

Pius XII and the Second World War, According to the Archives of the Vatican

5056: 4980: 4864: 4812: 4808: 4673: 4666: 4643: 4600: 4466: 4395: 4351: 4169:, confirmed that the memorandum was genuine, although the reporting by the 4117: 4100: 4069: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3901: 3606: 3543: 3464: 3406: 3342: 3100: 3002:, threatened in its very existence by the authorities of the Soviet Union. 2901: 2361: 2343: 2315: 2287: 2214: 2187: 2069: 2013:

Cardinal Pacelli gave a lecture entitled "La Presse et L'Apostolat" at the

1940: 1779: 1746: 1733: 1711: 1699: 1691: 1502: 1461: 1384: 1234:

and worked to implement papal relief initiatives. In 1915, he travelled to

979: 939: 863: 859: 843:

to adhere to episcopal teaching and allowed that the human body might have

825: 774: 728: 721: 695: 538: 11618:

The Policies and Politics of Pope Pius XII: Between Diplomacy and Morality

11611:

The Life and Pontificate of Pope Pius XII: Between History and Controversy

10866:, and Giovanni Miccoli, as well as works by authors Matteo Napolitano and 9467:

Lang, Berel (Fall 2001). "Not Enough vs. Plenty: Which did Pius XII do?".

8506:

Minutes of 7 August 1941. British Public Records Office FO 371/30175 57760

5175:

In specific riposte to Cornwell's criticism, American Rabbi and historian

3069:) for all Catholics. The first medal of the Holy Face, produced by Sister 2260: 1679: 1163:

with the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs. According to

123:

Pro-Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs

16371: 16200: 16175: 16150: 16123: 16110: 16019: 15921: 15608: 15064: 14944: 14939: 14893: 14517: 14382: 14377: 14282: 14221: 14166: 14156: 14151: 14021: 13845: 13795: 13750: 13510: 13164: 12975: 12320: 12197:

Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850–1950

11240: 11164:"Vatican recalls life and teachings of Pius XII 50 years after his death" 11083: 11063:

Fatal Silence: The Pope, the Resistance and the German Occupation of Rome

10827: 6400:, Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn, p. 86, Cambridge University Press, 2005; 5371:

Fatal Silence: The Pope, the Resistance and the German Occupation of Rome

5300: 5238: 5176: 4624: 4557: 4244: 3964: 3867: 3843: 3699: 3637: 3104: 2625: 2596: 2503: 2303: 2206: 1985: 1952: 1775: 1545:, the beginnings of a world economic slump appeared, and the days of the 1453: 1350: 1191: 1079: 960: 783: 214: 12523: 11754: 11659:

The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis

10448:, "Judging Pius XII" by Kevin Madigan. 14 March 2001, pp. 6–7; see also 10357:"The Good Samaritan. Jewish Praise for Pope Pius XII by Dimitri Cavalli" 9169:

Diplomatic Correspondence: US Envoy Myron C. Taylor to Cardinal Maglione

8379:

The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis

5599:

The archives have also demonstrated that Pope Pius XII had knowledge of

5399: 5182:

The Myth of Hitler's Pope: How Pope Pius XII Rescued Jews from the Nazis

4417:

as worthy of continued reform, and as superior to modern trends such as

3692:, Pius XII's nuncio to Germany throughout World War II, with Hitler and 2806:, although only in limited circumstances, within the context of family. 16155: 15740: 15178: 14853: 14372: 14357: 14171: 14146: 13981: 13885: 13805: 13755: 13697: 13552: 13031: 12833: 12821: 12763: 12731: 12150:

Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession

12104: 11814: 11789: 11029:

Melissa Radler. "Vatican Blocks Panel's Access to Holocaust Archives".

10949: 10947: 10440: 5285: 5281: 5062:

Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale

5047:

Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale

5011: 4957: 4935: 4917: 4823: 4490: 4474: 4154: 4146: 3937: 3765: 3733: 3632:

each concluded such claims were an intentional creation of the British

3547: 3539: 3185:, in audience with Pope Pius XII, following the 1944 Liberation of Rome 3108: 3013: 2946: 2941: 2885: 2480: 2468: 2436: 1962:

Between 1933 and 1939, Pacelli issued 55 protests of violations of the

1896: 1762: 1419: 1380: 1322: 1144: 1121: 1087: 964: 957: 109: 12524:

Pope Pius XII ("Sotto il cielo di Roma") 2010 2-Episode TV Documentary

11759:

The Real Odessa. How Peron Brought the Nazi War Criminals to Argentina

11342:

The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler

9812:"Gevonden in Delpher - de Tĳd : Godsdienstig-staatkundig dagblad" 9195:

The Pope at War: The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini, and Hitler

6519:

in December 1938, but did not report back. Passelecq, Suchecky. p. 121

5396:

The Real Odessa: How Peron Brought the Nazi War Criminals to Argentina

5325: 4653:

Pope Francis also announced his intention in January 2014 to open the

4116:

Report to Hitler, dated 29 November 1944, against the backdrop of the

2888:

in the referendum, with it being difficult to misunderstand his plea.

1399: 1074:

While all other candidates from the Rome diocese were ordained in the

13915: 13623: 11836:

The Pope at War. The Secret History of Pius XII, Mussolini and Hitler

10129:"Report: Pope Secret Vatican archives on Pius not ready to be opened" 9419:"The role of the Roman Catholic Church in the Shoah (Nazi Holocaust)" 5637: 4839: 4797: 4793: 4662: 4608: 4510:

The Testament of Pope Pius XII was published the month of his death.

3878: 3680: 3468: 3294: 3290: 3172: 3021: 2964: 2838: 2766: 2741: 2720:

announced a Marian year for 1954, the centennial of the Dogma of the

2652: 2549:

clarified membership and participation in the church. The encyclical

2464: 2432: 2144: 2095: 1892: 1738: 1703: 1642: 1487:

Nuncio Pacelli visits the coal mine Dorstfeld on the occasion of the

1415: 1264: 1131: 1014: 975: 883: 844: 766: 758: 375: 36: 11523:

Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII

10944: 7726:

Apostolic Letters to the bishops in the East. AAS, 1956, pp. 260–64.

5454: 4729: 4441:, Pius XII's housekeeper and confidant for 41 years, until his death 3510: 3081:

in 1885 before the image on the Turin Shroud had been photographed.

1429:

Nuncio Pacelli in July 1924 at the 900th anniversary of the City of

16614: 15969: 15723: 15711: 13717: 10596: 6280:, Ed Frank J. Coppa, Catholic University of America Press, P. 173, 5575: 5495: 5338: 4849: 3640:

published a work in which he establishes that the plot was a fact.

3518: 3451: 3131: 2926:

In 1939 Pius XII placed his pontificate under the maternal care of

2621: 2499: 1989: 1774:. The draft encyclical contained an open and clear condemnation of 1707: 1669: 1494: 1203: 1086:, 2 April 1899, alone in the private chapel of a family friend the 840: 16763: 4646:

is considering canonization without a miracle, "us the formula of

3620:

in 1943 (Vatican City itself was not occupied); British historian

3553:

In March 1942, Pius XII established diplomatic relations with the

2640:

On 1 November 1950, Pius XII defined the dogma of the Assumption (

2620:

research, which the church generously supports, but in matters of

1135:

The Serbian Concordat, 24 June 1914. Present for the Vatican were

1066: 16653: 16226: 15840: 15462: 12897: 12746: 12690: 11673:

Falconi, Carlo. 1970 (translated from the 1965 Italian edition).

10613:

Paul O'Shea; A Cross Too Heavy; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; p. 38

10064:"St. Pius XII? Pope Francis Mulling It Over, Says Vatican Source" 9830:"Library : Newspaper Accounts of the Death of Pope Pius XII" 9277: 7758:

Post-War Italian Cinema: American Intervention, Vatican Interests

7581:

Modern Italy's Founding Fathers: The Making of a Postwar Republic

7416:

Pope Pius XII, The Moral Limits of Medical Research and Treatment

6635:

Donald J. Dietrich, p. 92, Syracuse University Press, 2003;

5318: 5027: 4835: 4529:, added by John Paul II in 1982, hangs over the tomb of Pius XII. 4518: 4414: 3956: 3835: 3820: 3483:

Pius attempted, unsuccessfully, to dissuade the Italian dictator

3459:

were critical to the financing of the papacy during World War II.

2816: 2815:

He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of

2745: 2494: 2167: 2056: 1645:

would be recognized within some spheres (e.g., church decrees of

1521: 1472:

quarter and threw parties for the official and diplomatic elite.

1430: 1303: 1227: 998: 227: 99: 12771: 10151:"Pope Francis: 'Pius XII's Cause for beatification has stalled'" 5274:

counters that Pius used the word "Jew" in his first encyclical,

2221:. He also supported the elevation of Americans such as Cardinal 698:

State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before

690:; 2 March 1876 – 9 October 1958) was head of the 16392:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

15835: 15745: 15650: 12560: 7610:

The Italian Monarchy, The State, The Church and the Holy Shroud

7100:

Selecting the Pope: Uncovering the Mysteries of Papal Elections

6693:

Ludwig Volk, "Die Kirche in den deutschsprachigen Ländern" in:

6450:

Bussmann, Walter (1969). "Pius XII an die deutschen Bischöfe".

6314:

Fahlbusch, Erwin (ed.). Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (trans.) (2005).

4944:

A rare 1899 handwriting sample of Eugenio Pacelli with text in

4894: 4831: 4687: 4542: 3893: 3008:

was issued in 1951 on the 1500th anniversary of the Ecumenical

2932:

and composed a prayer to her. This 19th-century painting is by

2798:

common prayer, religious discussions and more. He accepted the

2659:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

2641: 2608: 2210: 1993: 1933: 1414:

After the Bavarian Soviet Republic was defeated and toppled by

1314: 1243: 1235: 1095: 739: 12395:

Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy

10528: 10526: 10015:

Paul O'Shea, A Cross too Heavy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 2

9130:

Vatican Diplomacy and the Jews during the Holocaust, 1939–1943

8233: 8231: 6997:

Giulio Nicolini, Il Cardinale Domenico Tardini, Padova, 1980;

5862:"Pope John Paul II and Pope Pius XII move closer to sainthood" 5135:

Under His Very Windows: The Vatican and the Holocaust in Italy

5068: 4940: 1745:, which declared that the church regarded compromise with the 900: 847:

from earlier forms. He eliminated the Italian majority in the

16688: 12343: 6622:

Ludwig Volk, Die Kirche in den deutschsprachigen Ländern in:

6268:, David G. Dalin, Joseph Bottum, Lexington Books, 2010, p. 17 5521:

and the Pope was the Bavarian lawyer and Catholic politician

5499: 5478: 4993: 4945: 4898: 4500: 3816: 3564:

In June 1942, diplomatic relations were established with the

2989: 2950: 2636: 2528: 2299: 2295: 2149:

prefect of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office

1981: 1617:, and the treaty was signed in August 1932. Others followed: 1565: 1449: 1361:, and a tranquil Swiss sanatorium run by nuns. Schioppa, the 1342: 1050: 972: 569:

Bishops consecrated by Pope Pius XII as principal consecrator

281: 11314:"No 'smoking gun' yet in Pius XII archives, researchers say" 10923:

International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission (2000).

9487:"860,000 Lives Saved: The Truth About Pius XII and the Jews" 7747:

Papal letter to the People of Russia, AAS, 1952, pp. 505–11.

7587: 5924:"Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, aka Pope Pius XII" 5494:

announced that it would release 2,300 pages of documents in

4433: 3421:

during 1940, Pius XII sent expressions of sympathy to Queen

2631: 2153:

prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches

2128:

immediately prior to being elected as pope (the other being

2124:

in 1667. He was one of only two men known to have served as

1533:

and aided the reintegration of German priests expelled from

942:

from 1851 to 1870 and helped found the Vatican's newspaper,

13665: 12815: 12721: 11949:

Pope Pius XII and the Jews: What's True and What's Fiction?

10523: 8671: 8228: 6261: 6259: 5689: 5373:(written by Robert Katz; Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003): 4504: 3509:—a Croatian archbishop convicted of collaborating with the 2959:

since 1909. Because of the novelty of it all, and a feared

2704:

for the first time since 1854 by defining the dogma of the

1813: 1807: 1174:

In 1908, Pacelli served as a Vatican representative on the

909: 519: 256: 12295:. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. 8978:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 7 & 48; October 1939" 8939:

Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question

8882:: "Roman Catholicism – the period of the world wars". 7512: 6977:

La Allocuzione nel consistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953

6723:

volume 1: especially Part 1, chapter 10; part 2, chapter 2

5582:

policies of the Nazis, although no agreement was reached.

5229:(2000). Ecclesiastical historian William Doino (author of 4807:

wrote in 1950 that Pius XII had been a tacit supporter of

4401:

Pius XII often elevated young priests as bishops, such as

3823:

dated before 1933, a substantial monetary transfer to the

3561:, who remained in that position until the end of the war. 2427:

Decentralized authority and increased independence of the

2111: 16281:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

12293:

Pius XII and the Holocaust: Understanding the Controversy

11516:

Pio XII, Discorsi e Radio Messaggi di Sua Santita Pio XII

11104:

Goñi, afterword to the revised 2003 edition, pp. 327–348.

8431:

archives from papers stored at the University of Manitoba

7669:

Communication, Father Robert Graham, SJ, 10 November 1992

7597:, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1966 p. 114 5528: 5019: 4811:'s anti-Semitic laws, calling him "less forthright" than 4693: 4638:

On 1 August 2013, an anonymous "source who works for the

4030:

Following the Nazi/Soviet invasion of Poland, Pius XII's

3801:

in the editions of 11 November 1939 and 10 January 1940.

3012:. It included a call to oriental communities adhering to 2980:

was issued in 1944 on the 15th centenary of the death of

2682:

on the feast day of Our Lady of Fátima, 13 October 1958.

1980:. The encyclical was written in German and not the usual 1529:, supported the appointment of a papal administrator for 10677:"Encyclopædia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust" 8468:"Encyclopædia Britannica's Reflections on the Holocaust" 8282:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum –

8164:

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum –

6256: 4770:

credited Pius XII and the Catholic Church for "fighting

4382:

A long illness in late 1954 caused the Pope to consider

4291:. In 1946 and 1953, respectively, he named as cardinals 2527:

Statue of Pope Pius XII, who consecrated Russia and the

2493:

that the call to constant interior reform and Christian

1970:, to help him write a protest of Nazi violations of the 1480:, and other members of the Cabinet were regular guests. 403:

Message of Pope Pius XII at the opening of the Holy Year

10217:"Amazing Miracle Story for Pope Pius XII Canonization?" 10195:"Pio XII come Papa Francesco amava incontrare la gente" 7434:

Two speeches on 29 October 1951, and 26 November 1951:

6682:

Concordata Regnante Sanctissimo Domino Pio PP.XI. Inita

4004: 3396:, following the November 1939 assassination attempt by 3145:

on 16 January 1946 while conferring upon him the title

2678:

in 1942. His remains were to be buried in the crypt of

2264:

One of the first official color portraits of Pius XII,

1578:(at Pacelli's right shoulder) and other dignitaries in 11222:"Foundation says documents will show Pius helped Jews" 10701: 10699: 10697: 10270:"New York Times 25 December 1941 and 25 December 1942" 10026:

Wiesenthal Center shocked at pope Pius sainthood moves

9510:

Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1138

9080: 9078: 6473:

Gutman, Israel, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1136

2748:

every Sunday before address to the crowd assembled at

854:

After he died in 1958, Pope Pius XII was succeeded by

687:[euˈdʒɛːnjomaˈriːadʒuˈzɛppedʒoˈvannipaˈtʃɛlli] 16630: 16312:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

12229:

Church of Spies: The Pope's Secret War Against Hitler

11897:

Ich durfte Ihm dienen, Erinneringen an Papst Pius XII

11725:. London: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. 11589:. University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame, Indiana 11236:

Church of Spies: The Pope's Secret War Against Hitler

10925:"The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report" 9631:"The Pope, the Jews, and the Secrets in the Archives" 8323: 8321: 8319: 7540:"Library : The Legitimacy of Capital Punishment" 6955:

Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII

6942:

Ich durfte Ihm Dienen, Erinnerungen an Papst Pius XII

5723: 5369:, a Catholic journalist and writer, wrote, regarding 4920:, as less than sincere, an attempt to secure Vatican 3034:, as well as a papal letter to the people of Russia. 2907: 1868:: German prelate Ludwig Kaas, German Vice-Chancellor 1104:

Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs

11986:

Shepherd of Souls: A Pictorial Life of Pope Pius XII

8727:", Weekly Standard, Vol. 6, No. 23, 16 February 2001 5504:

Pope Pius XII and World War II: the documented truth

3636:. However, in 2007, subsequently to those accounts, 1872:, Secretary of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs 1574:

Secretary of State Pacelli with Brazilian president

13580:

International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission

12211:

The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators (1922–1945)

11892:, Freiburg i Br. Vol 163, 1958–1959, pp. 81 ff 11850:

Warum der Papst schwieg. Pius XII und der Holocaust

11809:

The Vatican and the Holocaust: A Preliminary Report

10694: 9260: 9258: 9075: 9014:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 111; October 1939" 8952:

Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution

8797:. Trumanlibrary.org. 29 August 1944. Archived from 8072:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 106; October 1939" 8017:"Pius XII, "Summi Pontificatus"; 109; October 1939" 5982: 5980: 5748: 5332:

International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission

5326:

International Catholic-Jewish Historical Commission

4784:On 21 September 1945, the general secretary of the 3084: 2205:Pius XII slowly eroded the Italian monopoly on the 1298:. After his consecration, Eugenio Pacelli left for 27:

Head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1939 to 1958

15385: 11971:Consensus and Controversy: Defending Pope Pius XII 11770:, vol. 3. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 10450:The Pius war: responses to the critics of Pius XII 9778:"Newspaper Accounts of the Death of Pope Pius XII" 8316: 7987:"Pius XII, 0Summi Pontificatus"; 35; October 1939" 7775:, Challenge of Theology and Ministry in the Church 7627:. Campus.udayton.edu. 30 July 2009. Archived from 7191:"Ex-Priest's 'Sainthood' Irks Catholics in Brazil" 6266:The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII 6010: 5693:The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII 5231:The Pius War: Responses to the Critics of Pius XII 5209:Consensus and Controversy: Defending Pope Pius XII 4803:Pius XII was also criticised during his lifetime. 4192:Pope Pius XII foreign relations after World War II 3881:Jews about to be deported to Germany. Pius called 3795:as well as the hiring of Almagia were reported by 3529:in the Croat state, however Pius XII did nothing. 2685: 2653:World consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary 2274:Only twice in his pontificate did Pius XII hold a 1070:Pacelli on the day of his ordination: 2 April 1899 1005:in the Piazza Fiammetta. The family worshipped at 753:During his papacy, the Catholic Church issued the 704:Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs 11265:Pope Francis: Pius XII archives to open next year 10384:"A Righteous Gentile: Pope Pius XII and the Jews" 10381: 9876: 9874: 9872: 8065: 8063: 8061: 7595:Italy After Fascism A Political History 1943–1965 5786:"Roman Catholicism: the period of the world wars" 5433:(2008) utilized documents that were released via 3345:had banned German liturgical services in Poland. 3214:McGoldrick (2012) concludes that during the war: 3057:In 1958, Pope Pius XII declared the Feast of the 1440:on 23 June 1920, and – after the completion of a 858:. In the process toward sainthood, his cause for 16888:Grand Masters of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre 16774: 16382:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 13664: 12167:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 11529:. Kessinger Publishing (1947, reprinted, 2005). 10386:. Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights 10329: 9255: 8962: 8960: 7578: 7513:His Holiness Pope Pius XII (14 September 1952). 6343:Cornwell, p. 128. Pacelli, quoted in Scholder's 5977: 5343:Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews 5201:: Memoirs of Jews and Catholics in Wartime Italy 5144:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 5051:In the aftermath of the controversy surrounding 4958:Der Stellvertreter. Ein christliches Trauerspiel 4366: 4275:Pius selected other resistors: Dutch Archbishop 4251:In the immediate aftermath of the war, Pius XII 4196:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 4112:for those countries to honor the documents. The 3877:in the spring of 1940 to intercede on behalf of 3375: 1974:; this was to become Pius XI's 1937 encyclical, 1732:, Pacelli in 1937 "warned A. W. Klieforth, that 1714:laws were in the process of being formulated in 773:and mass deportations of Catholic clergy in the 727:While the Vatican was officially neutral during 12398:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 12001:Man of Peace: An Abridged Life of Pope Pius XII 10671: 10669: 10046:Rabbi hits out at Pope's Veneration of Pius XII 9980:(revised edition), HarperCollins: Glasgow. 1994 9541:Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 176 9343:, Catholic Culture. Retrieved 17 December 2008. 9141:Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 206 9072:Perl, William, The Holocaust Conspiracy, p. 200 8908: 8906: 8813: 5994: 5992: 5904:Gerard Noel, Pius XII:The Hound of Hitler, p. 5 5533:On the occasion of the 80th anniversary of the 4339:of Italy's post-fascist republic was underway. 3360:by both officials of the Polish Church and the 2157:prefect of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation 1025:, a state school situated in what had been the 1021:. In 1891 Pacelli's father sent Eugenio to the 12251:Ritner, Carol and Roth, John K. (eds.). 2002. 12143:The Vatican Picture Book: A Picture Pilgrimage 12062:Murphy, Paul I. and Arlington, R. Rene. 1983. 10797:"Mark Riebling, "Jesus, Jews, and the Shoah", 10765:Genesis Press, Columbus, MS: 2000, pp. 401 ff. 9910: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9869: 9816:De Tĳd : Godsdienstig-Staatkundig Dagblad 9806: 9804: 9685:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.282-283 9093:Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, 1981, 9056: 9054: 9052: 9050: 8462: 8460: 8058: 7927: 7925: 7606: 6801: 6038: 6036: 6034: 5803:TIMES, Special to THE NEW YORK (13 May 1944). 5545:announced during an audience for staff of the 4867:expressed their public gratitude to Pius XII. 4371: 2822: 1842:(back left) and others at the inauguration of 1802:from 1975 to 2014), in a ceremony held at the 1253: 1186:. In 1911, he represented the Holy See at the 1013:at this church and Eugenio served there as an 15371: 13650: 12787: 12671:Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals 11709:Pius XII and the Third Reich: A Documentation 11629:Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII 11521:Roosevelt, Franklin D.; Myron C. Taylor, ed. 9914:"Pope's Body Embalmed with Special Process", 9068: 9066: 9038: 8957: 8941:. University of California Press. pp. 151–68. 8746:Vatican Archive – Homily by Pope Benedict XVI 8381:. Regnery Publishing: Washington, D.C. 2005; 8311:The Vatican, the Nazis and Pursuit of Justice 6684:Pontificia Universita Gregoriana, Roma, 1934. 6469: 6467: 6465: 6176:Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII 6172: 6024: 6022: 4123: 3703:Polish prisoners toast their liberation from 2674:'s requests, he consecrated the world to the 2015:Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, 499:Giovanni Battista Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano 16903:People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust 11723:Pius XII, The Holocaust and the Revisionists 11243:. 29 September 2015. pp. 47–49, 62–64. 10666: 10061: 8903: 7980: 7978: 7562: 7560: 5989: 4870: 4230:Office of Military Government, United States 3317:persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland 1662:extensive visit to the United States in 1936 1246:to Vienna, in his negotiations with Emperor 1009:. Eugenio and the other children made their 16908:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles 16798:20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests 12204:PIUS XII: The Life and Work of a Great Pope 11821:. Ithaca: McGill-Queen's University Press. 10822: 10820: 10514:, Jaca Book, Milan 2006, p. 214, quoted in 10512:Il Novecento tra genocidi, paure e speranze 9901: 9801: 9504: 9047: 8457: 8095: 8093: 7922: 7760:(New York and London: Routledge, 2009), 22. 6672:I., 1926, France II. 1926, Lithuania 1927, 6103: 6031: 5947:Paul O'Shea, A Cross Too Heavy, 2011, p. 79 4901:in the 1960s, estimated controversially in 4335:movement, was called to the Vatican as the 4271:of Berlin. From elsewhere in the liberated 4255:of high-profile resistors of Nazism to the 4212:Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše 4076:On 30 April 1943, Pius XII wrote to Bishop 3707:. Nazi persecution of Catholics was at its 3502:Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše 3016:theology to return to the Catholic Church. 2008: 1683:A smiling Pacelli with Argentine president 1292:first apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary 802: 323: 16397:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 16347:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 15378: 15364: 13657: 13643: 12794: 12780: 12378:. Roman Catholic Books (Reprint edition). 12184:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 12169:. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 12099:. Dutton; 1st American ed edition (1957). 12037:. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company. 11372:"The Pope's Secret Back Channel to Hitler" 9721:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.246 9712:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.242 9703:Robert Ventresca, Soldier of Christ, p.240 9063: 8674:"A Lover of His Church and of His Country" 8566: 8102:""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 6 & 7" 7893: 7583:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 108–109. 6462: 6398:A dictionary of Jewish-Christian relations 6381:, p. 92, Syracuse University Press, 2003; 6019: 5563:, although they did not believe the pope. 4796:, a close friend of Chief Rabbi Herzog of 4732:. Please do not remove this message until 4461:, and his long-serving housekeeper Sister 4337:election campaign for the first parliament 3838:, Pius XII ended his predecessor's ban on 2567: 2028: 1566:Cardinal Secretary of State and Camerlengo 1541:was signed on 14 June 1929. Following the 348: 336: 58: 13600:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War 12182:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War 11911:. London and Southampton: Souvenir Press. 11899:, Würzburg, Verlag Johann Wolhelm Naumann 11799:Crown of Glory, The Life of Pope Pius XII 11693:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 9929: 9324:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 9032: 8445:. Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 27 May 2004 8263:. Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu. 27 May 2004 7975: 7848: 7557: 7428: 7406:compiles 700 pages of specific addresses. 7353: 6775: 6490: 6488: 5628:List of saints canonized by Pope Pius XII 5430:Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War 5233:), concluded that Pius was "emphatically 5149:Pius XII, The Holocaust, and the Cold War 4752:Learn how and when to remove this message 4576: 2867: 2632:Mariology and the dogma of the Assumption 1124:of the United Kingdom after the death of 1029:, the premier Jesuit university in Rome. 904:Eugenio Pacelli at the age of six in 1882 771:The church experienced severe persecution 16893:Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI 12648:9 February 1930 – 10 February 1939 12255:. New York: Leicester University Press. 11782:Pius XII: Eugenio Pacelli: Pope of peace 11573:A Concise History of the Catholic Church 11422: 11299:The Shift in the Vatican Secret Archives 11042: 10817: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10345: 9408:Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 133 9382:Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 134 9352:Israel Pocket Library, Holocaust, p. 136 9298: 9011: 8975: 8403:. The American Spectator. Archived from 8287:FDR letter to Pius XII; 14 February 1940 8136: 8099: 8090: 8069: 8014: 8010: 8008: 7984: 7931: 7852:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 7059:Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace 7046:Pius XII, Eugenio Pacelli, Pope of Peace 6695:Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Band VII 6680:. See P. Joanne M.Restrepo Restrepo SJ. 6624:Handbuch der Kirchengeschichte, Band VII 6449: 5410:. Goñi found out that the British Envoy 5350:Actes et Documents du Saint Siège (ADSS) 4987:(1964) also followed the publication of 4939: 4881:Pius XII: Eugenio Pacelli: Pope of peace 4728:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4661:On 26 May 2014 on his way back from the 4585:Commemorative portrait of Pius XII, 1958 4580: 4517: 4444: 4432: 4219: 3718: 3698: 3684: 3450: 3176: 2921: 2765: 2635: 2519: 2447: 2380: 2259: 2110: 2102: 1849: 1833: 1678: 1569: 1511: 1482: 1424: 1398: 1263: 1130: 1065: 1042:Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare 899: 642:Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant 306:Pontifical Roman Athenaeum S. Apollinare 16843:Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church 12529:Newspaper clippings about Pope Pius XII 12463:. Bologna: Edizioni Studio Domenicano. 12455: 12417: 11951:. Amazon.com. Kindle. ASIN: B006KLOARW. 11510:Guide to the Documents of Pope Pius XII 11395: 11369: 11338: 11188: 10826: 10776:Sparks fly at Pius XII debate in London 10298:; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; pp. 40–41 9880: 9192: 8954:, 1997, New York: HarperCollins, p. 223 8593:Genocide in Satellite Croatia 1941–1945 8331:; Wordsworth Editions; 1997 Edn; p. 760 8300:; Wordsworth Editions; 1997 Edn; p. 594 5855: 5853: 5716:Gerard Noel, The Hound of Hitler, p. 3 4327:Germany's uncertain political future'. 4259:in 1946, among them the German Bishops 4118:20 July 1944 Plot to assassinate Hitler 3991:On 14 December 1942, German Jesuit and 3963:, which said that Jews from across the 3866:Luigi Maglione received a request from 3830:In April 1939, after the submission of 3327:as the apostolic administrator for the 3052: 2809: 2792: 2403:use of Latin as language of the liturgy 2348:General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII 2115:The signature of Pius XII never changed 1061: 757:, declaring that Catholics who profess 679:Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli 243:Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli 14: 16858:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni 16775: 12754:Sovereign of the State of Vatican City 12565:23 April 1917 – 16 December 1929 12452:. Rassegna Mensile di Israel, 681–694. 12206:. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company. 11539:Utz, A. F., and Gröner, J. F. (eds.). 11423:Winfield, Nicole (16 September 2023). 11396:Carioti, Antonio (16 September 2023). 11311: 11043:Stanford, Peter J. (13 October 2003). 10916: 10382:Rabbi David Dalin (26 February 2001). 10038: 9299:Winfield, Nicole (16 September 2023). 7436:Moral Questions Affecting Married Life 6784: 6604:(in European Spanish). 25 January 2023 6587:; Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1939 6485: 6410: 5690:Joseph Bottum; David G. Dalin (2004). 5529:Opening of the Vatican Secret Archives 5389: 4694:Views, interpretations and scholarship 4011:" located in an area of what was then 3834:and the intervention of the Carmel of 3431:Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg 3073:de Micheli, based on the image on the 1279:on 23 April 1917, consecrating him as 1275:Pope Benedict XV appointed Pacelli as 1226:'s sphere of influence throughout the 15359: 13638: 12775: 12593:19 December 1929 – 2 March 1939 12340:Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933 12113:, London and Bristol, Burleigh Press, 10342: 10173:"Dalla Teche Rai un Pio XII inatteso" 10044:Jacqueline Maley. 24 December 2009. " 9108:Les Eglises et la Persécution raciale 8617:"Religion: Rising Sun at the Vatican" 8590: 8005: 6708:Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933 5859: 5839:by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton; 5802: 5729: 4640:Congregation for the Causes of Saints 4228:, Pius XII's post-war liaison to the 4023:. Giovanni Coco, an archivist in the 3900:. Later that year, when asked by the 3300: 3228: 2878:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2849: 2700:On 1 November 1950, Pius XII invoked 2423:Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII 2290:being the only living U.S. cardinal. 1023:Ennio Quirino Visconti Liceo Ginnasio 685: 16823:Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church 16695: 12325:The Catholic Church Through the Ages 11934:The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany 11082: 10786:; Catholic Herald; 23 November 2012. 10408:, 1967, quoted in Dalin, 2005, p. 11 10272:. Catholicleague.org. Archived from 10239:"Questa malattia non è per la morte" 10062:Gagliarducci, Andrea (August 2013). 10018: 9571:Jerusalem Report, (7 February 2005). 9466: 9250:The Destruction of the European Jews 9236:The Destruction of the European Jews 8769: 8766:Alvarez and Graham, 1997, pp. 86–88. 8398: 7934:""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 106" 7849:Hayes, Peter; Roth, John K. (2012). 7842: 7188: 6770:Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany 6616: 5850: 5696:. Lexington Books. pp. 224–27. 4985:The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany 4702: 4680: 4513: 4428: 4405:(35 years) and Karol Wojtyła (later 4185: 4064:On 26 September 1943, following the 3550:arrangements with the Soviet Union. 3478: 2914:List of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII 2784:issues like the uses of medicine in 2572: 2416: 1290:on 13 May 1917, the same day as the 575:Michel-Joseph Bourguignon d'Herbigny 16251:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 12726:2 March 1939 – 9 October 1958 11864:Pius XII und die Judenrazzia in Rom 10903: 10083: 9932:"THE MAN WHO MADE THE POPE EXPLODE" 9628: 9272:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 8852:; Rosenberg Publishing; 2008; p. 36 8672:Chen Fang-Chung; Lou Tseng-Tsiang. 8139:""SUMMI PONTIFICATUS" – Section 28" 7035:, Doubleday Company, New York, 1962 4342:Pius XII was rather distrustful of 4066:German occupation of northern Italy 3787:since 1915 but was dismissed after 3358:Nazi atrocities committed in Poland 3024:persecution of the church. Several 2876:On 1 June 1946, one day before the 2778: 2755: 2614: 2411:Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church 2340:Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII 1600:Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church 1368:"His recovery began with a 'rapport 1200:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 24: 15806:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 12896: 12621:25 March 1930 – 2 March 1939 12411: 11956:Pope Pius XII: Architect for Peace 11620:(New York etc., Peter Lang, 2011). 11518:. 1939–1958. Vatican City. 20 vol. 11486: 11189:Donadio, Rachel (9 October 2008). 11073:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2003) 10832:To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949 9993:. Catholicnews.com. Archived from 9252:, (2003) 3rd edition, pp. 1204–05. 9039:Ewers, Justin (24 November 2008). 5205:Pope Pius XII: Architect for Peace 4922:recognition of the State of Israel 4599:was opened on 18 November 1965 by 4355:and excommunicated members of the 3677:Pope Pius XII and the Roman razzia 3223: 3165:Pius XII and the German Resistance 2970:Several encyclicals addressed the 2908:Encyclicals, writings and speeches 2333: 1696:International Eucharistic Congress 1176:International Eucharistic Congress 982:, in which role he negotiated the 862:was opened on 18 November 1965 by 25: 16919: 13422:Apostolic constitutions and bulls 12801: 12707:2 March 1939 – 16 July 1940 12581:Giuseppe Francica-Nava de Bontifè 12501: 12443:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 11999:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2004. 11984:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2002. 11969:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2002. 11954:Marchione, Sr. Margherita. 2000. 11914:Levillain, Philippe (ed.). 2002. 11677:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. 11559:The Holy See and Hitler's Germany 11370:Kertzer, David I. (31 May 2022). 11170:from the original on 22 July 2012 10580:Encyclopædia Britannica Online – 10559:Pius XII and the Second World War 10533:"Moscow's Assault on the Vatican" 8676:. Hsstudyc.org.hk. Archived from 8563:Phayer, 2008, pp. 10–15, 147, 150 8492:Encyclopædia Britannica Online – 7567:Pius XII. Christmas message. 1944 7102:. Barnes & Noble Publishing; 7057:Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr. 7044:Oscar Halecki, James Murray, Jr. 5860:Pitel, Laura (19 December 2009). 5398:(2002), the Argentine journalist 5022:and Eastern bloc secret services 4971:. Books such as Joseph Lichten's 4507:declared three days of mourning. 4216:Ratlines (World War II aftermath) 4110:United States Department of State 4095:In March 1944, through the papal 3614:alleged a plot to kidnap Pius XII 3581:Pius XII's 1942 Christmas address 3091:Saints canonized by Pope Pius XII 2762:Social teachings of Pope Pius XII 2328: 1710:on 25–30 May 1938. At this time, 1321:on 29 May, and later with Kaiser 956:; his father, Filippo Pacelli, a 952:, was a key financial advisor to 16755: 16738: 16721: 16704: 16676: 16664: 16652: 16640: 16613: 16601: 15932:Fourth Council of Constantinople 15887:Second Council of Constantinople 15337: 15326: 15325: 12308:The Churches and the Third Reich 12059:. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. 11462: 11442: 11416: 11389: 11363: 11332: 11320: 11305: 11302:, Historia Domus, 10 March 2019. 11291: 11271: 11257: 11227: 11211: 11182: 11156: 11134: 11125: 11116: 11107: 11098: 11076: 11036: 11023: 11014: 11005: 10996: 10987: 10978: 10969: 10960: 10935: 10897: 10873: 10848: 10834:. Allen Lane. pp. 442–445. 10789: 10768: 10755: 10746: 10717: 10657: 10644: 10628: 10616: 10607: 10588: 10573: 10564: 10551: 10504: 10495: 10473: 10459: 10433: 10424: 10411: 10398: 10375: 10323: 10310: 10301: 10288: 10262: 10253: 10231: 10219:. Roman Catholic Man. 5 May 2015 10209: 10187: 10165: 10143: 10121: 10099: 10077: 10055: 10009: 9983: 9967: 9954: 9923: 9836: 9822: 9792: 9770: 9761: 9746: 9733: 9724: 9715: 9706: 9697: 9688: 9679: 9665: 9656: 9622: 9598: 9574: 9565: 9544: 9535: 9522: 9513: 9479: 9460: 9451: 9442: 9433: 9411: 9402: 9385: 9376: 9364: 9355: 9346: 9331: 9318: 9292: 9242: 9227: 9201: 9186: 9174: 9162: 9153: 9144: 9135: 9122: 9113: 9100: 9087: 9005: 8996: 8969: 8944: 8931: 8894: 8885: 8873: 8855: 8842: 8821:"Encyclopædia Britannica : 8787: 8778: 8760: 8751: 8739: 8730: 8718:Pius XII and the Jews: A defense 8710: 8701: 8692: 8665: 8639: 8609: 8584: 8575: 8557: 8548: 8535: 8522: 8509: 8500: 8485: 8435: 8419: 8392: 8371: 8350: 8334: 8303: 8290: 8275: 8253: 8214: 8205: 8196: 8187: 8178: 8157: 8130: 8120: 8035: 7952: 7887: 7878: 7869: 7829: 7820: 7800: 7780: 7763: 7750: 7741: 7729: 7720: 7708: 7696: 7684: 7672: 7663: 7643: 7617: 7600: 7572: 7532: 7519:Eternal World Television Network 7506: 7488:"Finding God in human evolution" 7480: 7467: 7458: 7448: 7409: 7396: 7380:. 15 August 2017. Archived from 7366: 7344: 7335: 7326: 7314: 7301: 7292: 7283: 7263: 7254: 7245: 7236: 7227: 7218: 7182: 7162: 7149: 7136: 7123: 7113: 7092: 7082: 7073: 7064: 7051: 7038: 6957:. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 49 6944:. Naumann, Würzburg, 1986, p. 57 6721:The Churches and the Third Reich 6345:The Churches and the Third Reich 6316:The Encyclopedia of Christianity 5730:Coppa, Frank J. (29 June 2006). 5655: 4883:(1954) and Nazareno Padellaro's 4707: 4603:during the final session of the 3441:Germany, and in Poland, leading 3169:Catholic Church and Nazi Germany 3159:Vatican City during World War II 3085:Canonisations and beatifications 2055: 1625:(1935) and Portugal (1940). The 1155:. In 1905 he received the title 1056: 866:during the final session of the 702:, he served as secretary of the 392: 16818:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica 15902:Third Council of Constantinople 15826:First Council of Constantinople 12589:Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio 12253:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 11761:. London-New York: Granta Books 11550: 11495:(AAS). 1939–1958. Vatican City. 11144:. Vatican.va. 19 September 2008 10456:& David Dalin, 2004, p. 190 10197:. Papa Pio XII. 13 January 2016 9978:John XXIII, Pope of the Council 9844:"Religion: Pius XII, 1876-1958" 9097:, New York: Basic Books, p. 202 9043:. U.S. News & World Report. 8429:, volume 35 (1968), pp. 103–16 8224:. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 7837:Pius XII, Ich durfte ihm dienen 7189:Howe, Marvine (3 August 1973). 7025: 7008: 6991: 6982: 6969: 6960: 6947: 6934: 6925: 6915: 6895: 6886: 6865: 6856: 6824: 6815: 6762: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6726: 6713: 6700: 6687: 6654: 6645: 6629: 6590: 6585:Discorsi E Panegirici 1931–1938 6577: 6567: 6557: 6531: 6522: 6512: 6494:Hill, Roland. 1997, 11 August. 6482:Passelecq, Suchecky pp. 113–137 6476: 6443: 6434: 6391: 6368: 6359: 6350: 6337: 6328: 6308: 6299: 6290: 6271: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6193: 6166: 6157: 6148: 6139: 6130: 6121: 6112: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6045: 6001: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5916: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5762:. 13 April 2013. Archived from 4975:(1963), written in response to 4963:The Deputy, a Christian tragedy 4852:, William Zukerman, the former 4698: 4499:declared ten days of mourning; 4157:, the national director of the 3669:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 3646: 3574:Chinese Minister to the Vatican 3521:Pavelić". Throughout 1942, the 3493:newly proclaimed Croatian state 3392:According to Hitler biographer 3152: 3095:Beatifications of Pope Pius XII 3000:Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church 2686:Dogma of the Assumption of Mary 2479:condition of candidates to the 2249: 2209:; he employed German and Dutch 2173: 1592:Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio 1377:Count Anton von Arco auf Valley 1268:Pacelli at the Headquarters of 1188:coronation of George V and Mary 1038:Pontifical Gregorian University 328:("The work of justice peace" ) 301:Pontifical Gregorian University 157:Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio 16873:World War II political leaders 16803:Almo Collegio Capranica alumni 16141:Dissolution of the monasteries 15407:History of the Catholic Church 12758:2 March 1939 – 9 October 1958 12357:Wolf, Hubert. 2012 (reprint). 12066:. New York: Warner Books Inc. 11585:Brown-Fleming, Suzanne. 2006. 10175:. Papa Pio XII. 8 January 2016 9930:Peleschuk, Dan (26 May 2019). 8795:"News Release, 28 August 1944" 8623:. 6 April 1942. Archived from 8341:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7652:by Thomas J. Craughwell 2007; 5880: 5830: 5796: 5778: 5710: 5683: 4488:. Domenico Tardini prayed the 3793:Pontifical Academy of Sciences 3532:In 1941, Pius XII interpreted 3473:Allied bombing of 19 July 1943 3250:Following themes addressed in 2833:In 1950, Pius XII promulgated 1947:. He sent his vice chancellor 1706:on 10–14 October 1934, and in 1076:Basilica of Saint John Lateran 1044:. He was also enrolled at the 744:links to the German resistance 13: 1: 16828:Cardinal Secretaries of State 16015:Fourth Council of the Lateran 15990:Second Council of the Lateran 15599:Apostles in the New Testament 12962:Communium interpretes dolorum 12346:: Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag. 12271:Hitler, the War, and the Pope 12199:. Cambridge University Press. 12079:Pius XII: The Hound of Hitler 12018:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 11852:. Düsseldorf: Patoms-Verlag. 11767:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 11721:Gallo, Patrick J., ed. 2006. 11347:Random House Publishing Group 11312:Morris, Julia (20 May 2021). 11268:, Vatican News, 4 March 2019. 11011:Preliminary Report, pp. 13–14 10993:Preliminary Report, pp. 10–13 9741:Pius XII, The Hound of Hitler 9328:. Retrieved 17 December 2008. 9012:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 8976:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 8543:Hitler, the War, and the Pope 8530:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 8515:Mark Aarons and John Loftus. 8399:Hume, Brit (18 August 2006). 8137:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 8100:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 8070:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 8015:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 7985:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 7932:Pius XII (11 December 1925). 5671: 5613:Cardinals created by Pius XII 5293:Pius XII, the Hound of Hitler 4927: 4591:Canonization of Pope Pius XII 4367:Later life, illness and death 3898:Jewish deportations in Vienna 3423:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands 3376:Early actions to end conflict 2963:of the Vatican by the German 2859:himself of his right to live. 2265: 2256:Cardinals created by Pius XII 1891:was an integral part of four 1864:on 20 July 1933 in Rome with 1357:, and he left for a while to 1327:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1260:Nunciature of Eugenio Pacelli 1167:"the text, together with the 1046:State University, La Sapienza 889: 311:State University, La Sapienza 16898:Apostolic Nuncios to Prussia 16813:Apostolic nuncios to Germany 16808:Apostolic Nuncios to Bavaria 16129:Catholic Counter-Reformation 15995:Third Council of the Lateran 15985:First Council of the Lateran 15441:Catholic ecumenical councils 13276:Pontifical Relief Commission 13025:Redemptoris nostri cruciatus 12519:Newsreel footage of Pius XII 12361:. Harvard University Press. 12317:. Roma: Poliglotta Vaticana. 12145:. New York: Greystone Press. 11801:. New York: Hawthorne Books. 11797:, and Walshe, Seamus. 1958. 11784:. Farrar, Straus and Young. 11764:Gutman, Israel (ed.). 1990. 11711:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 10975:Preliminary Report, pp. 5–10 10884:by Gerald Steinacher—review" 10763:Hitler, the War and the Pope 10582:Reflections on the Holocaust 9016:. Vatican.va. Archived from 8980:. Vatican.va. Archived from 8823:Reflections on the Holocaust 8757:Chadwick, 1988, pp. 256–257. 8707:Rittner and Roth, 2002, p. 4 8494:Reflections on the Holocaust 8345:Reflections on the Holocaust 8241:. Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu 8141:. Vatican.va. Archived from 8104:. Vatican.va. Archived from 8074:. Vatican.va. Archived from 8019:. Vatican.va. Archived from 7989:. Vatican.va. Archived from 7936:. Vatican.va. Archived from 5676: 5226:Hitler, the War and the Pope 4686:been healed in full after a 3662: 3523:Yugoslav government in exile 2385:Pope Pius XII seated in the 2314:death; Montini later became 2178:After his election, he made 1902:Bavarian authorities in 1924 1450:Dean of the Diplomatic Corps 1302:. As there was no nuncio to 1108:Vatican Secretariat of State 1003:Sisters of Divine Providence 138:Titular Archbishop of Sardes 7: 16868:Italian venerated Catholics 12828:Cardinal Secretary of State 12703:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 12644:Cardinal Secretary of State 12533:20th Century Press Archives 12427:. Oxford University Press. 12152:. Oxford University Press. 12095:Padellaro, Nazareno. 1949. 11916:The Papacy: An Encyclopedia 11571:Bokenkotter, Thomas. 2004. 11525:. Prefaces by Pius XII and 11500:Pio XII, Discorsi Ai Medici 10570:Phayer, 2000, pp. xii–xiii. 10501:Marchione, 2000, pp. 16–17. 10241:. Papa Pio XII. 14 May 2015 9920:(AP), Rome, 11 October 1958 9881:Quigley, Christine (1998). 9629:Kertzer, Story by David I. 7855:. OUP Oxford. p. 363. 7788:Saintly Men of Modern Times 7033:The Cardinal Spellman Story 6416:Joseph Bottum. April 2004. 6217:Volk, 1972; Cornwell, p. 96 5837:Encyclopedia of Catholicism 5606: 5199:Yours Is a Precious Witness 4734:conditions to do so are met 4378:Late years of Pope Pius XII 4372:Late years of Pope Pius XII 4348:Italy's Christian Democrats 4151:Righteous Among the Nations 4058:Sacred College of Cardinals 3961:Jewish Agency for Palestine 3864:Cardinal Secretary of State 3785:Sapienza University of Rome 3634:Political Warfare Executive 3103:numerous people, including 2823:Evolution of the human body 2611:and religious instruction. 2509: 2141:Order of the Holy Sepulchre 1749:as 'out of the question'." 1596:Cardinal Secretary of State 1460:, a party he led following 1438:Apostolic Nuncio to Germany 1254:Archbishop and papal nuncio 1092:Francesco di Paola Cassetta 896:Early life of Pope Pius XII 712:Cardinal Secretary of State 462:Francesco di Paola Cassetta 202:Francesco di Paola Cassetta 163:Cardinal Secretary of State 150:Apostolic Nuncio to Prussia 144:Apostolic Nuncio to Germany 132:Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria 10: 16924: 15475:History of the Roman Curia 13271:Jewish orphans controversy 12969:Orientales omnes Ecclesias 12894: 12445:18, no. 4 (2013): 526–528. 12213:. Hodder + Stoughton 1973 12042:The Defamation of Pius XII 11895:Lehnert, Pascalina. 1983. 11757:. 2003 (revised edition). 11498:Angelini, Fiorenzo. 1959. 11339:Kertzer, David I. (2022). 11166:. Catholicnewsagency.com. 11065:, written by Robert Katz; 10359:. Ewtn.com. Archived from 10318:The Defamation of Pius XII 9798:Lehnert, Pascalina, p. 191 7786:Joan Carroll Cruz (OCDS). 7691:Orientales omnes Ecclesias 6862:Tardini, Pio XII roma 1960 6583:Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli. 6418:"The End of the Pius Wars" 6199:Lehnert (2014), pages 7–8. 6118:Lehnert (2014), pages 5–6. 5467:Pontifical Academy of Life 5329: 5078: 5044: 4933: 4893:, a Jewish theologian and 4845:The Jewish Post & News 4627:, founder and dean at the 4588: 4563: 4394:treatment administered by 4375: 4189: 4153:) ignored this directive. 4130:Jewish orphans controversy 4127: 4124:Jewish orphans controversy 4050:Polish government-in-exile 3783:. Almagia had been at the 3666: 3616:by the Nazis during their 3162: 3156: 3088: 2995:Orientales omnes Ecclesias 2911: 2837:, which acknowledged that 2826: 2759: 2689: 2667:. Based on the Portuguese 2656: 2576: 2513: 2420: 2337: 2253: 2200:Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster 2032: 1823: 1649:in the area of marriage). 1257: 1102:. In 1901, he entered the 893: 769:from the Christian faith. 700:his election to the papacy 651:Francesco Benedetto Cialeo 16596: 16496: 16362: 16289: 16224: 16211:European wars of religion 16108: 16043: 15945: 15867: 15758: 15681: 15541: 15530: 15522:Eastern Catholic Churches 15397: 15321: 15248: 15188: 15127: 15118: 14932: 14646: 14245: 13949: 13743: 13676: 13616: 13593:The Myth of Hitler's Pope 13544: 13491: 13445: 13414: 13361: 13304: 13209: 12907: 12847: 12809: 12760: 12751: 12743: 12738: 12728: 12719: 12709: 12695: 12687: 12677: 12675:1937 – 2 March 1939 12668: 12660: 12650: 12641: 12633: 12623: 12613: 12605: 12595: 12585: 12577: 12567: 12557: 12551: 12544: 12313:Tardini, Domenico. 1960. 12109:O'Brien, Felicity. 2000, 12029:McDermott, Thomas. 1946. 12014:Martin, Malachi B. 1972. 11936:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 11866:. Berlin: epubli-Verlag. 11597:A History of Christianity 10597:The Case Against Pius Xii 9558:12 September 2009 at the 9095:Vichy France and the Jews 7908:10.1017/S0018246X12000416 7884:Corrado Pallenberg, p. 71 7756:Daniela Treveri Gennari, 7579:White, Steven F. (2020). 6541:. Adl.org. Archived from 5633:Pius XII Memorial Library 5443:Holocaust Memorial Museum 5166:The Pope Against the Jews 5085:The Myth of Hitler's Pope 5074:The Myth of Hitler's Pope 4871:Early historical accounts 4025:Vatican Apostolic Archive 3673:Pope Pius XII and Judaism 3515:Yugoslav Communist regime 3513:by the newly established 3354:Catholic Church in Poland 3209:Giovanni Battista Montini 2972:Eastern Catholic Churches 2595:. Noting improvements in 2516:Theology of Pope Pius XII 2213:advisors, Robert Leiber, 2091: 2083: 2075: 2063: 2054: 2041: 2023: 1778:, racial persecution and 1543:Wall Street Crash of 1929 1442:Bavarian Concordat (1924) 1248:Franz Joseph I of Austria 1139:and next to him, Pacelli. 990:, bringing an end to the 978:and the legal advisor to 839:, in which he instructed 658: 650: 640: 630: 620: 610: 600: 592: 582: 574: 567: 560: 556: 544: 532: 525: 511: 503: 491: 481: 474: 466: 456: 449: 442: 438: 425: 414: 381: 371: 361: 356: 344: 332: 319: 288: 267: 238: 233: 220: 207: 194: 189: 115: 105: 95: 87: 79: 69: 57: 50: 34: 16342:Mary of the Divine Heart 15965:Clash against the empire 15917:Second Council of Nicaea 15811:Old St. Peter's Basilica 13560:Three Popes and the Jews 13193:Ad Apostolorum principis 13179:Le pèlerinage de Lourdes 13067:Sempiternus Rex Christus 12983:Deiparae Virginis Mariae 12941:Mystici Corporis Christi 12148:Pham, John Peter. 2006. 12044:. St Augustine's Press. 11947:Mallory, Marilyn. 2012. 11908:Three Popes and the Jews 11691:Pius XII und Deutschland 11512:. Westminster, Maryland. 11122:Phayer, 2008, pp. xi–xvi 10966:Preliminary Report, p. 5 10941:Preliminary Report, p. 2 10406:Three Popes and the Jews 10031:22 November 2011 at the 10024:AFP. 22 December 2009. " 9580:Anti-Defamation League. 9421:. Religioustolerance.org 9159:Phayer, 2000, pp. 27–28. 7839:, Würzburg, 1982, p. 163 7705:, AAS, 1951, pp. 625–44. 7361:Mystici Corporis Christi 7170:"Religion: Rebel in Rio" 7070:Levillain, 2002, p. 1136 6873:Pius XII und Deutschland 6431:; retrieved 1 July 2009. 6235:Stehle, 1975, pp. 139–41 6091:Levillain, 2002, p. 1211 5648: 5618:List of people from Rome 5512:argued in his 2015 book 5108:stated in his review in 5089:In 1999, British author 5038: 5010:The former high-ranking 4908:European Jews surviving 4904:Three Popes and the Jews 4633:Sydney's Great Synagogue 4307:were others among those 4303:) and Polish Archbishop 4287:; and French Archbishop 4208:Pope Pius XII and Poland 4200:Pope Pius XII and Russia 4145:, and was recognized by 3557:and received ambassador 3181:Members of the Canadian 3126:, and a young laywoman, 3124:Mary Euphrasia Pelletier 2929:Our Lady of Good Counsel 2774:by Pope Pius XII in 1954 2737:Mystici Corporis Christi 2711:Deiparae Virginis Mariae 2676:Immaculate Heart of Mary 2546:Mystici Corporis Christi 2441:Mystici Corporis Christi 2009:Relations with the media 1621:(1933), Germany (1933), 1409:Bavarian Soviet Republic 1403:Pacelli in Bavaria, 1922 1182:to London, where he met 816:Mystici Corporis Christi 755:Decree against Communism 16833:Italian anti-communists 16608:Vatican City portal 15960:Investiture Controversy 15816:First Council of Nicaea 15139:During the Roman Empire 13286:Alleged kidnapping plot 12948:Divino afflante Spiritu 12599:Francis Joseph Spellman 12306:Scholder, Klaus. 1987. 12291:Sánchez, José M. 2002. 12209:Rhodes, Anthony. 1973. 12202:Pfister, Pierre. 1955. 12195:Pollard, John F. 2005. 12180:Phayer, Michael. 2008. 12040:McInerny, Ralph. 2001. 12035:A Life of Pope Pius XII 11862:Kühlwein, Klaus. 2013. 11848:Kühlwein, Klaus. 2008. 11675:The Silence of Pius XII 11557:Besier, Gerhard. 2007. 10782:5 November 2018 at the 10538:5 February 2007 at the 10482:A Question of Judgement 10307:McInerney, 2001, p. 155 9397:Why I Became a Catholic 9193:Kertzer, David (2022). 9132:, New York: KTAV, p. 75 8937:Lesser, Jeffrey. 1995. 8880:Encyclopædia Britannica 8784:Kent, 2002, pp. 87–100. 8595:. King's. p. 220. 8443:"Harold Taylor 9/30/42" 8309:Conway, Prof. John S., 7738:, AAS, 1953, pp. 577–93 7693:, AAS, 1946, pp. 33–63. 7544:www.catholicculture.org 7277:Divino afflante Spiritu 6208:Lehnert (2014), page 8. 6179:. Penguin. p. 78. 6100:Fatoni, 1992, pp. 45–85 5998:Marchione, 2000, p. 193 5790:Encyclopædia Britannica 5737:Encyclopædia Britannica 5547:Vatican Secret Archives 5491:Pave the Way Foundation 5101:Encyclopædia Britannica 4968:Encyclopædia Britannica 4955:'s controversial drama 4655:Vatican Secret Archives 4629:Simon Wiesenthal Center 4361:Italian Social Movement 4357:Italian Communist Party 4204:Pope Pius XII and China 4163:Vatican Secret Archives 3597:"it is still not clear 3413:to act against Hitler. 3411:Walther von Brauchitsch 2918:Magisterium of Pius XII 2585:Divino afflante Spiritu 2579:Divino afflante Spiritu 2568:Theological orientation 2552:Divino afflante Spiritu 2284:Dennis Joseph Dougherty 2029:Election and coronation 1664:where he met President 1516:Eugenio Pacelli in 1927 1034:Almo Collegio Capranica 821:Mystical Body of Christ 819:, on the Church as the 708:papal nuncio to Germany 602:Francis Joseph Spellman 416:Other popes named Pius 296:Almo Collegio Capranica 16620:Catholicism portal 16431:Second Vatican Council 16317:Our Lady of La Salette 16124:Protestant Reformation 16111:Protestant Reformation 16030:Second Council of Lyon 15419:Ecclesiastical history 15344:Catholic Church Portal 15204:Conflicts with the HRE 13586:Under His Very Windows 13281:1942 Christmas address 13018:In multiplicibus curis 12901: 12838:Saint Peter's Basilica 12559:Titular Archbishop of 12546:Catholic Church titles 12273:. Our Sunday Visitor. 11780:Halecki, Oskar. 1954. 11599:. Barnes & Noble. 11561:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11541:Soziale Summe Pius XII 11493:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 10929:Jewish Virtual Library 10910:Jewish Virtual Library 10545:National Review Online 10417:e.g. Gilbert, Martin. 9887:. McFarland & Co. 9591:4 January 2009 at the 9519:Dalin, 2005, pp. 87–89 9491:Jewish Virtual Library 9439:Dalin, 2005, pp. 82–85 9395:. Reissued in 1997 as 9337:Craughwell, Thomas J. 9128:John F. Morley, 1980, 8966:McInerney, 2001, p. 49 8900:McInerney, 2001, p. 47 8723:5 January 2014 at the 8591:Paris, Edmond (1961). 8554:Phayer, 2008, pp. 9–16 7717:. AAS, 1953, pp. 5–15. 7421:21 August 2010 at the 7020:archbishop of New York 6892:Dalin, 2005, pp. 69–70 6365:Marchione, 2002, p. 22 6356:Dalin, 2005, pp. 58–59 6173:John Cornwell (2000). 6109:Marchione, 2004, p. 11 6042:Marchione, 2004, p. 10 5732:"Pius XII: Assessment" 5461:On 19 September 2008, 5425:Aloisius Joseph Muench 5380: 5295:, Catholic journalist 5168:denounced Pius, while 4973:A Question of Judgment 4948: 4912:. A Catholic scholar, 4605:Second Vatican Council 4586: 4577:Cause for canonisation 4535:Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi 4533:Pius XII's physician, 4530: 4450: 4442: 4388:Riccardo Galeazzi-Lisi 4232: 4226:Aloisius Joseph Muench 4159:Anti-Defamation League 4083:ad maiora mala vitanda 4013:German-occupied Poland 3927:Harold H. Tittmann Jr. 3883:Joachim von Ribbentrop 3728: 3716: 3696: 3694:Joachim von Ribbentrop 3566:Nationalist government 3460: 3427:Leopold III of Belgium 3366:Joachim von Ribbentrop 3283: 3275: 3221: 3186: 2956:Acta Apostolicae Sedis 2937: 2898: 2868:Democracy and monarchy 2861: 2775: 2692:Munificentissimus Deus 2680:Saint Peter's Basilica 2672:Alexandrina of Balazar 2649: 2648:(1516–1518) pictured). 2540: 2454:Apostolic constitution 2390: 2371: 2360:with the last will of 2271: 2243:Aloisius Joseph Muench 2231:nunciature in Belgrade 2116: 2108: 1884: 1858:at the signing of the 1847: 1726:Second Vatican Council 1687: 1635:Catholic Popular Party 1615:Archbishop of Freiburg 1583: 1517: 1498: 1436:Pacelli was appointed 1433: 1404: 1365:, was left in Munich. 1272: 1140: 1137:Cardinal Merry del Val 1106:, a sub-office of the 1071: 963:, was the dean of the 905: 868:Second Vatican Council 805:Munificentissimus Deus 803: 800:Apostolic constitution 683:Italian pronunciation: 476:Episcopal consecration 324: 173:Saint Peter's Basilica 16327:First Vatican Council 16025:First Council of Lyon 15789:Constantine the Great 15485:Christian monasticism 15120:History of the papacy 13236:Persecution of Church 13144:Luctuosissimi eventus 12900: 12514:Testament of Pius XII 12508:Official Vatican page 12448:Zuccotti, S. (2003). 12120:, Palgrave Macmillan 11475:Associated Press News 11455:Associated Press News 10710:; by Andrew Roberts; 10652:The Pontiff in Winter 10594:Kenneth L. Woodward. 10561:, Paulist Press, 1999 10259:Time. 16 August 1943. 10050:Sydney Morning Herald 9962:Ich durfte ihm dienen 9938:. OZY. Archived from 9448:Phayer, 2008, p. xiii 9340:The Gentile Holocaust 9060:Gutman, 1990, p. 1137 7808:The Holy Man of Tours 7773:Communicatio Socialis 7593:Giuseppe Mammarealla 7098:Tobin, Greg. (2003). 6908:24 April 2006 at the 6903:Pope Pius XII profile 6871:Michael F. Feldkamp. 6528:Humani generis unitas 6496:"The lost encyclical" 6028:Marchione, 2004, p. 9 5895:Marchione, 2004, p. 1 5488:On 16 June 2009, the 5451:Joseph Patrick Hurley 5375: 5000:La Civilità Cattolica 4943: 4790:Aryeh Leon Kubowitzki 4786:World Jewish Congress 4597:cause of canonization 4584: 4521: 4448: 4436: 4392:cellular rejuvenation 4223: 4190:Further information: 4103:, the Pope urged the 4046:Władysław Raczkiewicz 3821:baptismal certificate 3722: 3702: 3688: 3612:Several authors have 3454: 3382:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3279: 3270: 3216: 3180: 2925: 2893: 2856: 2769: 2722:Immaculate Conception 2639: 2523: 2448:Priests and religious 2431:were aimed at in the 2384: 2366: 2263: 2254:Further information: 2198:, after the death of 2114: 2106: 1968:Michael von Faulhaber 1880:, and Reich minister 1853: 1837: 1767:Humani generis unitas 1682: 1666:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1573: 1515: 1486: 1428: 1402: 1355:Free State of Bavaria 1267: 1134: 1069: 948:in 1861. His cousin, 916:"). His parents were 903: 886:on 19 December 2009. 811:forty-one encyclicals 694:and sovereign of the 482:Principal consecrator 428:Ordination history of 388:Pope Pius XII's voice 16504:Sexual abuse scandal 16413:Mit brennender Sorge 16256:Age of Enlightenment 16035:Bernard of Clairvaux 15912:Byzantine Iconoclasm 15851:Council of Chalcedon 15631:Council of Jerusalem 15500:Role in civilization 15480:Religious institutes 15412:By country or region 15282:Revolutionary Papacy 15276:Age of Enlightenment 13081:Orientales Ecclesias 12955:Orientalis Ecclesiae 12617:St. Peter's Basilica 12609:Rafael Merry del Val 12338:Volk, Ludwig. 1972. 12116:O'Shea, Paul. 2011, 12097:Portrait of Pius XII 12077:Noel, Gerard. 2008. 11876:Kurzman, Dan. 2007. 11688:Feldkamp, Michael F. 11092:Simon & Schuster 10953:Fogarty, Gerard P., 10663:Sanchez, 2002, p. 34 10604:. 27 September 1999. 10517:La Civiltà Cattolica 10487:25 July 2006 at the 10430:Lapide, 1967, p. 269 9974:Hebblethwaite, Peter 9960:Lehnert, Pascalina. 9942:on 26 September 2020 9171:; 26 September 1942. 9150:Lapide, 1980, p. 139 8775:Kurzman, 2007, p. 12 8736:Phayer, 2008, p. xii 8581:Phayer, 2008, p. 152 8572:Phayer, 2008, p. 151 8545:pp. 414–15, note 61. 8528:Israel Gutman (ed.) 7835:Lehnert, Pascalina. 7715:Orientales Ecclesias 7679:Orientalis Ecclesiae 7650:This Saint's for You 7607:Bracaglia, Giorgio. 7224:AAS, 1956, p. 354 ff 6953:Lehnert, Pascalina. 6940:Lehnert, Pascalina. 6809:Mit brennender Sorge 6792:Mit brennender Sorge 6501:30 June 2017 at the 6423:10 June 2011 at the 6253:Cornwell, pp. 103–04 6136:Lehnert (2014), 6–7. 5928:www.familysearch.org 5886:Pollard, 2005, p. 70 5447:Argentine government 5439:US National Archives 5360:Mit brennender Sorge 5253:, Paul Johnson, and 5194:Margherita Marchione 4885:Portrait of Pius XII 4828:The Jewish Chronicle 4289:Jules-Géraud Saliège 4283:; Polish Archbishop 4257:College of Cardinals 4090:Ernst von Weizsäcker 4088:On 28 October 1943, 3932:In 1942, the Slovak 3740:, who, in his book, 3491:, the leader of the 3259:Mit brennender Sorge 3143:Doctor of the Church 3137:Pius XII also named 3065:(the Tuesday before 3053:Feasts and devotions 3018:Orientales Ecclesias 3010:Council of Chalcedon 2986:Eastern Christianity 2984:, a saint common to 2977:Orientalis Ecclesiae 2810:Theology and science 2793:Family and sexuality 2724:. In the encyclical 2320:College of Cardinals 1977:Mit brennender Sorge 1866:(from left to right) 1830:Mit brennender Sorge 1819:Mit brennender Sorge 1772:Wlodimir Ledóchowski 1690:Pacelli presided as 1394:Bolshevik revolution 1284:Archbishop of Sardis 1202:was assassinated in 1180:Rafael Merry del Val 1062:Priest and monsignor 1040:and theology at the 945:L'Osservatore Romano 849:College of Cardinals 777:. Despite all this, 562:Episcopal succession 516:St. Peter's Basilica 16332:Papal infallibility 16322:Our Lady of Lourdes 16271:Shimabara Rebellion 16115:Counter-Reformation 15129:Antiquity and Early 14933:17th–21st centuries 14647:13th–16th centuries 13251:Catholic Resistance 13074:Ingruentium malorum 13060:Evangelii praecones 12681:Federico Tedeschini 12627:Federico Tedeschini 12587:Cardinal-Priest of 11402:Corriere della Sera 11191:"Synod Controversy" 11131:Phayer, 2008, p. xi 11051:on 4 September 2008 10904:Lichten, Joseph L. 10761:Rychlak, Ronald J. 10585:; web 26 April 2013 10470:; web 26 April 2013 9850:. 20 October 1958. 9673:Evangelii praecones 9611:27 May 2008 at the 9280:. 17 September 2023 9215:. 16 September 2023 8950:Friedländer, Saul. 8801:on 21 November 2015 8698:Phayer, 2008, p. 53 8427:CCHA Study Sessions 8193:Phayer, 2008, p. 18 8051:3 July 2013 at the 8046:; 111; October 1939 7968:3 July 2013 at the 7681:, AAS, 1944, p. 129 7494:on 24 February 2012 7444:CatholicCulture.org 6741:Feldkamp, pp. 88–93 6127:Rychlak, 2000, p. 6 5792:. 17 February 2016. 5720:; web 26 April 2013 5588:Corriere della Sera 5585:In September 2023, 5556:Michael F. Feldkamp 5475:She'ar Yashuv Cohen 5408:post-war "ratlines" 5390:Recent developments 5284:had written to the 5106:Kenneth L. Woodward 5030:, to discredit the 4855:The American Hebrew 4721:of this section is 4457:, his speechwriter 4293:Thomas Tien Ken-sin 4285:Adam Stefan Sapieha 4279:; Hungarian Bishop 4269:Konrad von Preysing 4239:Evangelii praecones 4171:Corriere della Sera 4137:Corriere della Sera 4078:Konrad von Preysing 4054:Konrad von Preysing 4048:, president of the 3858:Revelation on Sinai 3806:President of Brazil 3757:Revelation on Sinai 3589:human rights abuses 3570:Wang Jingwei regime 3455:The investments of 3325:Hilarius Breitinger 3253:Non abbiamo bisogno 2982:Cyril of Alexandria 2940:Pius XII issued 41 2802:as a moral form of 2772:Salus Populi Romani 2730:he promulgated the 2702:papal infallibility 2395:Carlos Duarte Costa 2196:archbishop of Milan 2035:1939 papal conclave 2001:in a letter to the 1988:, it condemned the 1957:Konrad von Preysing 1846:on 12 February 1931 1586:Pacelli was made a 1560:Notre Dame de Paris 1556:Karl Joseph Schulte 1474:Paul von Hindenburg 1331:German High Command 1240:Raffaele Scapinelli 1194:and retained under 1169:Anti-Modernist Oath 967:; and his brother, 929:Marcantonio Pacelli 788:papal infallibility 761:doctrine are to be 451:Priestly ordination 155:Cardinal-Priest of 16878:Papal chamberlains 16377:Our Lady of Fátima 16166:Ignatius of Loyola 16090:Catherine of Siena 16058:Pope Boniface VIII 15877:Benedict of Nursia 15846:Council of Ephesus 15683:Ante-Nicene period 15636:Split with Judaism 15470:Crusading movement 15264:Reformation Papacy 15258:Renaissance Papacy 15200:(1012–1044 / 1048) 15153:Ostrogothic Papacy 14246:9th–12th centuries 13567:Actes et documents 13432:Apostolic writings 13406:Fátima and Balazar 13266:Ustaše involvement 13229:conversion of Jews 12920:Summi Pontificatus 12902: 12267:Rychlak, Ronald J. 12141:Paul, Leon. 1957. 12031:Keeper of the Keys 11918:. Routledge (UK). 11508:Claudia, M. 1955. 11196:The New York Times 11031:The Jerusalem Post 10801:, 27 January 2003" 10741:American Spectator 10731:9 May 2013 at the 10707:The Pope was wrong 10641:. 9 December 2004. 10625:, 9 December 2004. 10316:McInerney, Ralph, 9780:. Catholic Culture 9604:Cavalli, Dimitri. 9595:. 13 January 2005. 9361:Dalin, 2005, p. 75 9183:; 21 October 1942. 9119:Dalin, 2005, p. 74 9084:Phayer, 2000, p. 5 9002:Dalin, 2005, p. 73 8891:Dalin, 2005, p. 70 8651:The New York Times 8407:on 27 October 2008 8211:Phayer, 2008, p. 8 8184:Phayer, 2008, p. 6 8044:Summi Pontificatus 7963:; 48; October 1939 7961:Summi Pontificatus 7896:Historical Journal 7404:Discorsi Ai Medici 7196:The New York Times 7110:. pp. xv–xvi, 143. 7031:Gannon, Robert I. 6781:Vidmar, pp. 327–31 6768:Krieg, Robert A., 6750:Volk, pp. 101, 105 6545:on 30 October 2012 6440:Phayer, 2000, p. 3 6379:Donald J. Dietrich 6082:O'Shea, pp. 86, 88 6073:Dalin, 2005, p. 47 5809:The New York Times 5756:"L'oro di Pio XII" 5561:Wannsee Conference 5384:Ardeatine massacre 5277:Summi Pontificatus 4949: 4777:The New York Times 4587: 4531: 4451: 4443: 4233: 4097:nuncio in Budapest 4033:Summi Pontificatus 3999:wrote to Reverend 3888:In 1941, Cardinal 3852:Summi Pontificatus 3798:The New York Times 3752:Summi Pontificatus 3729: 3717: 3697: 3618:occupation of Rome 3594:The New York Times 3587:voiced concern at 3535:Divini Redemptoris 3461: 3444:The New York Times 3398:Johann Georg Elser 3362:Polish Underground 3350:General Government 3313:invasion of Poland 3308:Summi Pontificatus 3301:Invasion of Poland 3265:Divini redemptoris 3241:invasion of Poland 3235:Summi Pontificatus 3229:Summi Pontificatus 3196:Summi Pontificatus 3187: 3059:Holy Face of Jesus 2938: 2882:St. Peter's Square 2850:Capital punishment 2776: 2770:Coronation of the 2706:Assumption of Mary 2696:Assumption of Mary 2665:Our Lady of Fátima 2650: 2541: 2487:Pius XII wrote in 2391: 2352:In his encyclical 2272: 2117: 2109: 2020:on 17 April 1936. 1910:Prussian Concordat 1885: 1848: 1785:Summi Pontificatus 1724:issued during the 1688: 1584: 1539:Prussian Concordat 1518: 1499: 1434: 1405: 1273: 1222:, was challenging 1210:'s success in the 1141: 1072: 906: 882:declared Pius XII 796:Assumption of Mary 660:Carlo Confalonieri 325:Opus Justitiae Pax 178:Camerlengo of the 16628: 16627: 16588:COVID-19 pandemic 16566:Pope Benedict XVI 16471:Pope John Paul II 16246:Pope Benedict XIV 16232:French Revolution 16216:Thirty Years' War 16206:Robert Bellarmine 16191:John of the Cross 16095:Pope Alexander VI 16080:Council of Vienne 16010:Francis of Assisi 16000:Pope Innocent III 15869:Early Middle Ages 15863: 15862: 15859: 15858: 15801:Arian controversy 15754: 15753: 15702:Apostolic Fathers 15353: 15352: 15317: 15316: 15209:Wandering Papacy 15172:Saeculum obscurum 15145:Under Constantine 13950:5th–8th centuries 13744:1st–4th centuries 13728:papal resignation 13632: 13631: 13545:Works on Pius XII 13391:Eastern canon law 13326:Post–World War II 13306:Foreign relations 13261:Occupied dioceses 13241:German Resistance 13116:Ad Sinarum gentem 13088:Doctor Mellifluus 12879:Illness and death 12770: 12769: 12761:Succeeded by 12729:Succeeded by 12710:Succeeded by 12678:Succeeded by 12651:Succeeded by 12624:Succeeded by 12596:Succeeded by 12568:Succeeded by 12457:Spiazzi, Raimondo 12419:Kertzer, David I. 12327:. Paulist Press. 12238:978-0-465-02229-8 12190:978-0-253-34930-9 12118:A Cross Too Heavy 12003:. Paulist Press. 11988:. Paulist Press. 11973:. Paulist Press. 11958:. Paulist Press. 11872:978-3-8442-7035-8 11858:978-3-491-72527-0 11736:Goldhagen, Daniel 11705:Friedländer, Saul 11356:978-0-8129-8995-3 10957:, 9 December 2000 10752:Dalin, 2005, p. 3 10548:, 25 January 2007 10446:Christian Century 10404:Lapide, Pinchas. 10363:on 23 August 2018 10296:A Cross Too Heavy 10131:. 20 January 2014 10109:. 19 January 2014 9894:978-0-7864-0492-6 9818:. 9 October 1958. 9606:"Pius's Children" 9528:Gilbert, Martin, 9041:Sainthood on Hold 8850:A Cross Too Heavy 8716:Dalin, David G. " 8541:Rychlak, Ronald. 8284:The Vatican Files 8166:The Vatican Files 7806:Dorothy Scallan. 7455:28, 221, 413, 574 7384:on 20 August 2017 7332:AAS, 1950, p. 753 7298:AAS, 1943, p. 305 7289:AAS, 1943, p. 297 7242:AAS, 1950, p. 657 7233:AAS, 1956, p. 357 6651:Volk, pp. 539–544 6296:Kent, 2002, p. 24 5643:Operation Seat 12 5463:Pope Benedict XVI 5427:. Then, Phayer's 5308:Gerald Steinacher 5263:A Moral Reckoning 5260:In his 2003 book 5221:Ronald J. Rychlak 5158:A Moral Reckoning 4983:'s controversial 4762: 4761: 4754: 4681:Potential miracle 4613:Pope Benedict XVI 4527:Madonna and Child 4514:Botched embalming 4493:Anima mea dominum 4463:Pascalina Lehnert 4439:Pascalina Lehnert 4429:Illness and death 4407:Pope John Paul II 4344:Alcide de Gasperi 4324:Church in Germany 4281:József Mindszenty 4265:Clemens von Galen 4253:elevated a number 4186:Post–World War II 3993:German resistance 3934:chargé d'affaires 3896:informed Pius of 3723:Pope Pius XII by 3657:Winston Churchill 3507:Aloysius Stepinac 3479:Widening conflict 3457:Bernardino Nogara 3370:Joseph L. Lichten 3183:Royal 22 Regiment 3147:Doctor evangelius 3026:Apostolic Letters 2844:Pope John Paul II 2732:Queenship of Mary 2573:Biblical research 2473:social psychology 2459:, Pius XII added 2417:Canon law reforms 2399:clerical celibacy 2356:, Pius XII links 2239:nuncio to Romania 2229:as regent of the 2101: 2100: 1878:Alfredo Ottaviani 1874:Giuseppe Pizzardo 1840:Guglielmo Marconi 1478:Gustav Stresemann 1338:Pascalina Lehnert 1277:nuncio to Bavaria 1250:regarding Italy. 1184:Winston Churchill 1153:papal chamberlain 969:Francesco Pacelli 672: 671: 668: 667: 636:13 September 1936 584:Giuseppe Pizzardo 552: 551: 421: 420: 398: 180:Apostolic Chamber 16:(Redirected from 16915: 16853:Clergy from Rome 16768: 16760: 16759: 16758: 16751: 16743: 16742: 16741: 16734: 16726: 16725: 16724: 16717: 16709: 16708: 16707: 16697: 16681: 16680: 16679: 16669: 16668: 16667: 16657: 16656: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16636: 16618: 16617: 16606: 16605: 16604: 16583:Patriarch Kirill 16456:Pope John Paul I 16261:Anti-clericalism 16241:Pope Innocent XI 16161:Society of Jesus 16146:Council of Trent 16100:Age of Discovery 16045:Late Middle Ages 15947:High Middle Ages 15937:East–West Schism 15821:Pope Sylvester I 15767: 15766: 15756: 15755: 15666:General epistles 15661:Pauline epistles 15594:John the Baptist 15577:Great Commission 15539: 15538: 15490:Catholic culture 15380: 15373: 15366: 15357: 15356: 15341: 15329: 15328: 15249:Early Modern and 15159:Byzantine Papacy 15125: 15124: 13659: 13652: 13645: 13636: 13635: 13371:Social teachings 13172:Invicti athletae 13151:Laetamur admodum 13123:Ad Caeli Reginam 13109:Ecclesiae fastos 13102:Sacra virginitas 13011:Auspicia quaedam 12990:Fulgens radiatur 12927:Sertum laetitiae 12796: 12789: 12782: 12773: 12772: 12744:Preceded by 12688:Preceded by 12661:Preceded by 12634:Preceded by 12606:Preceded by 12578:Preceded by 12552:Preceded by 12542: 12541: 12482: 12438: 12094: 11889:Stimmen der Zeit 11883:Leiber, Robert. 11880:. Da Capo Press. 11838:. Random House. 11744:. Little, Brown 11650:. Paulist Press. 11644:Cushing, Richard 11616:Coppa, Frank J. 11609:Coppa, Frank J. 11545: 11504: 11480: 11479: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11446: 11440: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11336: 11330: 11329:. February 2022. 11324: 11318: 11317: 11309: 11303: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11275: 11269: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11231: 11225: 11220:. 2009, 17 June 11215: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11186: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11138: 11132: 11129: 11123: 11120: 11114: 11111: 11105: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11094:. p. 249ff. 11080: 11074: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11047:. Archived from 11045:"Catholic guilt" 11040: 11034: 11027: 11021: 11018: 11012: 11009: 11003: 11000: 10994: 10991: 10985: 10982: 10976: 10973: 10967: 10964: 10958: 10951: 10942: 10939: 10933: 10932: 10920: 10914: 10913: 10901: 10895: 10888:Richard J. Evans 10882:Nazis on the Run 10877: 10871: 10868:Andrea Torniello 10864:Daniel Goldhagen 10852: 10846: 10845: 10824: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10805: 10793: 10787: 10772: 10766: 10759: 10753: 10750: 10744: 10721: 10715: 10703: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10673: 10664: 10661: 10655: 10648: 10642: 10635:"For God's sake" 10632: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10611: 10605: 10592: 10586: 10577: 10571: 10568: 10562: 10555: 10549: 10530: 10521: 10508: 10502: 10499: 10493: 10477: 10471: 10463: 10457: 10437: 10431: 10428: 10422: 10415: 10409: 10402: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10379: 10373: 10372: 10370: 10368: 10353: 10340: 10339: 10327: 10321: 10314: 10308: 10305: 10299: 10292: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10266: 10260: 10257: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10084:Ben-zvi, Gidon. 10081: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10059: 10053: 10042: 10036: 10022: 10016: 10013: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10002: 9987: 9981: 9971: 9965: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9927: 9921: 9917:Associated Press 9912: 9899: 9898: 9878: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9826: 9820: 9819: 9808: 9799: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9774: 9768: 9765: 9759: 9750: 9744: 9737: 9731: 9730:Schneider, p. 80 9728: 9722: 9719: 9713: 9710: 9704: 9701: 9695: 9694:Ventresca, p.284 9692: 9686: 9683: 9677: 9669: 9663: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9626: 9620: 9602: 9596: 9585: 9578: 9572: 9569: 9563: 9548: 9542: 9539: 9533: 9526: 9520: 9517: 9511: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9464: 9458: 9455: 9449: 9446: 9440: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9426: 9415: 9409: 9406: 9400: 9391:Zolli, Eugenio. 9389: 9383: 9380: 9374: 9372: 9368: 9362: 9359: 9353: 9350: 9344: 9335: 9329: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9305:Associated Press 9296: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9262: 9253: 9246: 9240: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9190: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9160: 9157: 9151: 9148: 9142: 9139: 9133: 9126: 9120: 9117: 9111: 9104: 9098: 9091: 9085: 9082: 9073: 9070: 9061: 9058: 9045: 9044: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9009: 9003: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8973: 8967: 8964: 8955: 8948: 8942: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8910: 8901: 8898: 8892: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8859: 8853: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8791: 8785: 8782: 8776: 8773: 8767: 8764: 8758: 8755: 8749: 8748:; 9 October 2008 8743: 8737: 8734: 8728: 8714: 8708: 8705: 8699: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8680:on 23 March 2012 8669: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8627:on 2 August 2008 8613: 8607: 8606: 8588: 8582: 8579: 8573: 8570: 8564: 8561: 8555: 8552: 8546: 8539: 8533: 8526: 8520: 8513: 8507: 8504: 8498: 8497:; web April 2013 8489: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8439: 8433: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8401:"Hitler's Pope?" 8396: 8390: 8377:Dalin, David G. 8375: 8369: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8354: 8348: 8347:; web April 2013 8338: 8332: 8325: 8314: 8307: 8301: 8294: 8288: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8257: 8251: 8250: 8248: 8246: 8235: 8226: 8225: 8218: 8212: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8194: 8191: 8185: 8182: 8176: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8134: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8097: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8067: 8056: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8012: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7982: 7973: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7929: 7920: 7919: 7891: 7885: 7882: 7876: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7846: 7840: 7833: 7827: 7824: 7818: 7804: 7798: 7784: 7778: 7767: 7761: 7754: 7748: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7667: 7661: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7625:"Univ of Dayton" 7621: 7615: 7614: 7604: 7598: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7490:. Archived from 7484: 7478: 7471: 7465: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7432: 7426: 7413: 7407: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7370: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7350:AAS 1954, p. 625 7348: 7342: 7341:AAS 1953, p. 577 7339: 7333: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7281: 7267: 7261: 7260:AAS 1957, p. 272 7258: 7252: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7234: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7166: 7160: 7153: 7147: 7140: 7134: 7127: 7121: 7117: 7111: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7080: 7077: 7071: 7068: 7062: 7055: 7049: 7042: 7036: 7029: 7023: 7016:Francis Spellman 7012: 7006: 6995: 6989: 6986: 6980: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6901:Catholic Forum. 6899: 6893: 6890: 6884: 6869: 6863: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6837:. Archived from 6836: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6813: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6788: 6782: 6779: 6773: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6732:Volk, pp. 98–101 6730: 6724: 6717: 6711: 6710:, pp. 34f, 45–58 6704: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6664:, Bavaria 1924, 6658: 6652: 6649: 6643: 6633: 6627: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6594: 6588: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6492: 6483: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6460: 6459: 6447: 6441: 6438: 6432: 6414: 6408: 6395: 6389: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6357: 6354: 6348: 6341: 6335: 6334:Cornwell, p. 121 6332: 6326: 6312: 6306: 6305:Cornwell, p. 115 6303: 6297: 6294: 6288: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6254: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6209: 6206: 6200: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6155: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6128: 6125: 6119: 6116: 6110: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6043: 6040: 6029: 6026: 6017: 6014: 6008: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5987: 5984: 5975: 5972: 5966: 5963: 5957: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5920: 5914: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5887: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5857: 5848: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5766:on 13 April 2013 5752: 5746: 5745: 5727: 5721: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5687: 5665: 5659: 5483:Synod of Bishops 5312:Nazis on the Run 5268:Daniel Goldhagen 5255:Denis Mack Smith 5251:Michael Burleigh 5247:Cardinal Winning 5243:Clifford Longley 5154:Daniel Goldhagen 5026:campaign, named 5016:Ion Mihai Pacepa 4997:. An article in 4914:Kevin J. Madigan 4863:and Chief Rabbi 4781:and the Nazis." 4764:During the war, 4757: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4711: 4710: 4703: 4595:Pope Pius XII's 4523:The Pope of Mary 4455:Domenico Tardini 4309:elevated in 1953 4305:Stefan Wyszyński 4297:Valerian Gracias 4277:Johannes de Jong 4167:Andrea Tornielli 3982:Domenico Tardini 3919:nuncio to France 3890:Theodor Innitzer 3840:Action Française 3789:Benito Mussolini 3777:Benito Mussolini 3630:Robert A. Graham 3485:Benito Mussolini 3201:Pope Benedict XV 3139:Anthony of Padua 3120:Pope Innocent XI 2934:Pasquale Sarullo 2779:Medical theology 2756:Social teachings 2727:Ad caeli reginam 2615:Role of theology 2605:biblical studies 2457:Sedis Sapientiae 2387:Sedia gestatoria 2311:Domenico Tardini 2270: 2269: 1939 – 40 2267: 2235:Gerald P. O'Hara 2227:Joseph P. Hurley 2223:Francis Spellman 2192:Domenico Tardini 2092:Posthumous style 2059: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2003:Bishop of Passau 1856:(seated, center) 1685:Agustín P. Justo 1654:Heinrich Brüning 1627:Lateran treaties 1507:Georgi Chicherin 1371: 1296:Fatima, Portugal 1232:prisoners of war 1212:First Balkan War 1196:Pope Benedict XV 1157:domestic prelate 988:Benito Mussolini 937: 926: 870:. He was made a 808: 720:treaty with the 689: 684: 632:Maurilio Silvani 606:8 September 1932 596:14 February 1932 563: 558: 557: 548:16 December 1929 535: 497:Agostino Zampini 494: 486:Pope Benedict XV 459: 445: 440: 439: 433: 429: 423: 422: 400: 399: 352: 340: 327: 274: 261:Kingdom of Italy 252: 250: 234:Personal details 224:16 December 1929 221:Created cardinal 116:Previous post(s) 64:Pius XII in 1951 62: 32: 31: 21: 16923: 16922: 16918: 16917: 16916: 16914: 16913: 16912: 16883:Venerated popes 16773: 16772: 16771: 16761: 16756: 16754: 16750:from Wikisource 16744: 16739: 16737: 16727: 16722: 16720: 16710: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16696:sister projects 16693:at Knowledge's 16687: 16677: 16675: 16665: 16663: 16651: 16641: 16639: 16631: 16629: 16624: 16612: 16602: 16600: 16592: 16514:World Youth Day 16492: 16481:World Youth Day 16425:Pacem in terris 16419:Pope John XXIII 16358: 16285: 16276:Edict of Nantes 16234: 16230: 16220: 16186:Teresa of Ávila 16181:Tridentine Mass 16117: 16113: 16104: 16085:Knights Templar 16039: 15941: 15897:Gregorian chant 15855: 15781: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15762: 15750: 15677: 15546: 15534: 15526: 15393: 15391:Catholic Church 15384: 15354: 15349: 15313: 15296:(1929–present) 15250: 15244: 15198:Tusculan Papacy 15190: 15184: 15165:Frankish Papacy 15130: 15114: 14928: 14642: 14241: 13945: 13739: 13672: 13670:Catholic Church 13663: 13633: 13628: 13612: 13607:The Pope's Jews 13540: 13487: 13441: 13410: 13357: 13319:Reichskonkordat 13300: 13296:Bombing of Rome 13246:Nazi euthanasia 13205: 13200:Meminisse iuvat 13186:Miranda prorsus 13158:Datis nuperrime 13137:Haurietis aquas 13004:Optatissima pax 12934:Saeculo exeunte 12911: 12909: 12903: 12892: 12843: 12812: 12805: 12800: 12766: 12757: 12749: 12734: 12725: 12715: 12706: 12700: 12693: 12683: 12674: 12666: 12656: 12647: 12639: 12637:Pietro Gasparri 12629: 12620: 12611: 12601: 12592: 12583: 12573: 12564: 12555: 12554:Giuseppe Aversa 12504: 12471: 12435: 12414: 12412:Further reading 12409: 12390:Zuccotti, Susan 12376:Before the Dawn 12284:Rota, Olivier. 12232:. Basic Books. 12163:Phayer, Michael 12092: 11903:Lapide, Pinchas 11553: 11543: 11502: 11489: 11487:Primary sources 11484: 11483: 11478:. 21 July 2024. 11468: 11467: 11463: 11458:. 21 July 2024. 11448: 11447: 11443: 11433: 11431: 11429:The Independent 11421: 11417: 11407: 11405: 11394: 11390: 11380: 11378: 11368: 11364: 11357: 11337: 11333: 11325: 11321: 11310: 11306: 11296: 11292: 11287:. 4 March 2019. 11284:TheGuardian.com 11277: 11276: 11272: 11262: 11258: 11251: 11233: 11232: 11228: 11216: 11212: 11202: 11200: 11187: 11183: 11173: 11171: 11162: 11161: 11157: 11147: 11145: 11140: 11139: 11135: 11130: 11126: 11121: 11117: 11112: 11108: 11103: 11099: 11081: 11077: 11054: 11052: 11041: 11037: 11033:. 24 July 2001. 11028: 11024: 11019: 11015: 11010: 11006: 11001: 10997: 10992: 10988: 10983: 10979: 10974: 10970: 10965: 10961: 10952: 10945: 10940: 10936: 10921: 10917: 10902: 10898: 10878: 10874: 10853: 10849: 10842: 10825: 10818: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10799:National Review 10795: 10794: 10790: 10784:Wayback Machine 10773: 10769: 10760: 10756: 10751: 10747: 10733:Wayback Machine 10722: 10718: 10704: 10695: 10685: 10683: 10675: 10674: 10667: 10662: 10658: 10650:John Cornwell, 10649: 10645: 10633: 10629: 10621: 10617: 10612: 10608: 10593: 10589: 10578: 10574: 10569: 10565: 10556: 10552: 10540:Wayback Machine 10531: 10524: 10510:Giovanni Sale, 10509: 10505: 10500: 10496: 10489:Wayback Machine 10479:Lichten, 1963, 10478: 10474: 10464: 10460: 10438: 10434: 10429: 10425: 10416: 10412: 10403: 10399: 10389: 10387: 10380: 10376: 10366: 10364: 10355: 10354: 10343: 10328: 10324: 10315: 10311: 10306: 10302: 10293: 10289: 10279: 10277: 10276:on 31 July 2010 10268: 10267: 10263: 10258: 10254: 10244: 10242: 10237: 10236: 10232: 10222: 10220: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10200: 10198: 10193: 10192: 10188: 10178: 10176: 10171: 10170: 10166: 10156: 10154: 10149: 10148: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10127: 10126: 10122: 10112: 10110: 10105: 10104: 10100: 10090: 10088: 10082: 10078: 10068: 10066: 10060: 10056: 10043: 10039: 10033:Wayback Machine 10023: 10019: 10014: 10010: 10000: 9998: 9997:on 12 June 2007 9989: 9988: 9984: 9972: 9968: 9959: 9955: 9945: 9943: 9928: 9924: 9913: 9902: 9895: 9879: 9870: 9860: 9858: 9842: 9841: 9837: 9828: 9827: 9823: 9810: 9809: 9802: 9797: 9793: 9783: 9781: 9776: 9775: 9771: 9766: 9762: 9751: 9747: 9738: 9734: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9711: 9707: 9702: 9698: 9693: 9689: 9684: 9680: 9670: 9666: 9661: 9657: 9647: 9645: 9627: 9623: 9619:. 1 April 2006. 9613:Wayback Machine 9603: 9599: 9593:Wayback Machine 9583: 9579: 9575: 9570: 9566: 9560:Wayback Machine 9549: 9545: 9540: 9536: 9527: 9523: 9518: 9514: 9509: 9505: 9495: 9493: 9485: 9484: 9480: 9465: 9461: 9456: 9452: 9447: 9443: 9438: 9434: 9424: 9422: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9407: 9403: 9393:Before the Dawn 9390: 9386: 9381: 9377: 9370: 9369: 9365: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9347: 9336: 9332: 9323: 9319: 9309: 9307: 9297: 9293: 9283: 9281: 9264: 9263: 9256: 9248:Hilberg, Raul, 9247: 9243: 9233:Hilberg, Raul, 9232: 9228: 9218: 9216: 9207: 9206: 9202: 9197:. Random House. 9191: 9187: 9179: 9175: 9167: 9163: 9158: 9154: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9136: 9127: 9123: 9118: 9114: 9105: 9101: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9076: 9071: 9064: 9059: 9048: 9037: 9033: 9023: 9021: 9010: 9006: 9001: 8997: 8987: 8985: 8974: 8970: 8965: 8958: 8949: 8945: 8936: 8932: 8922: 8920: 8918:www.30giorni.it 8912: 8911: 8904: 8899: 8895: 8890: 8886: 8878: 8874: 8860: 8856: 8847: 8843: 8833: 8831: 8819: 8818: 8814: 8804: 8802: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8774: 8770: 8765: 8761: 8756: 8752: 8744: 8740: 8735: 8731: 8725:Wayback Machine 8715: 8711: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8683: 8681: 8670: 8666: 8656: 8654: 8653:. 27 March 1942 8645: 8644: 8640: 8630: 8628: 8615: 8614: 8610: 8603: 8589: 8585: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8567: 8562: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8540: 8536: 8527: 8523: 8514: 8510: 8505: 8501: 8490: 8486: 8476: 8474: 8466: 8465: 8458: 8448: 8446: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8424: 8420: 8410: 8408: 8397: 8393: 8376: 8372: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8339: 8335: 8326: 8317: 8308: 8304: 8295: 8291: 8280: 8276: 8266: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8244: 8242: 8237: 8236: 8229: 8220: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8201: 8197: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8175:, 26 April 1940 8162: 8158: 8148: 8146: 8135: 8131: 8125: 8121: 8111: 8109: 8098: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8068: 8059: 8053:Wayback Machine 8040: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8013: 8006: 7996: 7994: 7983: 7976: 7970:Wayback Machine 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7930: 7923: 7892: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7863: 7847: 7843: 7834: 7830: 7825: 7821: 7805: 7801: 7785: 7781: 7768: 7764: 7755: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7703:Sempiternus Rex 7701: 7697: 7689: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7668: 7664: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7632: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7605: 7601: 7592: 7588: 7577: 7573: 7565: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7538: 7537: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7511: 7507: 7497: 7495: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7473:Pius XII, Enc. 7472: 7468: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7449: 7433: 7429: 7423:Wayback Machine 7414: 7410: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7385: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7359:Pius XII, Enc. 7358: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7307:Pius XII, Enc. 7306: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7268: 7264: 7259: 7255: 7251:AAS 1954 p. 313 7250: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7228: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7187: 7183: 7178:. 23 July 1945. 7168: 7167: 7163: 7154: 7150: 7141: 7137: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7074: 7069: 7065: 7056: 7052: 7043: 7039: 7030: 7026: 7013: 7009: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6952: 6948: 6939: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6920: 6916: 6910:Wayback Machine 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6870: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6847: 6845: 6844:on 4 March 2016 6841: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6816: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6776: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6731: 6727: 6719:Klaus Scholder 6718: 6714: 6705: 6701: 6692: 6688: 6660:They included: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6634: 6630: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6582: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6513: 6503:Wayback Machine 6493: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6463: 6448: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6425:Wayback Machine 6415: 6411: 6396: 6392: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6342: 6338: 6333: 6329: 6313: 6309: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6276: 6272: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6171: 6167: 6163:Cornwell, p. 75 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6145:Cornwell, p. 73 6144: 6140: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6108: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064:Cornwell, p. 32 6063: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6041: 6032: 6027: 6020: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5997: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5974:Cornwell, p. 23 5973: 5969: 5965:Cornwell, p. 22 5964: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5858: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5819: 5801: 5797: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5728: 5724: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5609: 5598: 5572:The Pope at War 5537:of Pius XII as 5531: 5519:Wilhelm Canaris 5514:Church of Spies 5392: 5334: 5328: 5087: 5079:Main articles: 5077: 5049: 5043: 5032:moral authority 4938: 4932: 4873: 4772:totalitarianism 4758: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4727: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4683: 4593: 4579: 4571:Pope John XXIII 4566: 4551:Castel Gandolfo 4516: 4431: 4380: 4374: 4369: 4333:Catholic Action 4320:Aloisius Muench 4301:Pope John XXIII 4267:of Münster and 4218: 4188: 4179:Finaly children 4143:Pope John XXIII 4132: 4126: 3978:The Pope at War 3906:Philippe Pétain 3842:, a virulently 3832:Charles Maurras 3825:Banco do Brasil 3811:to issue 3,000 3781:Vatican Library 3713:occupied Poland 3690:Cesare Orsenigo 3683: 3667:Main articles: 3665: 3649: 3624:and the Jesuit 3555:Empire of Japan 3481: 3467:bombing by the 3386:Myron C. Taylor 3378: 3339:Kazimierz Papée 3303: 3231: 3226: 3224:Outbreak of war 3175: 3161: 3155: 3097: 3089:Main articles: 3087: 3075:Shroud of Turin 3055: 3046:Miranda Prorsus 3040:The Ideal Movie 3005:Sempiternus Rex 2920: 2912:Main articles: 2910: 2870: 2852: 2831: 2825: 2812: 2804:family planning 2795: 2781: 2764: 2758: 2750:Castel Gandolfo 2740:summarizes his 2698: 2690:Main articles: 2688: 2661: 2655: 2634: 2617: 2583:The encyclical 2581: 2575: 2570: 2518: 2512: 2461:social sciences 2450: 2429:Uniate Churches 2425: 2419: 2350: 2338:Main articles: 2336: 2334:Liturgy reforms 2331: 2268: 2258: 2252: 2219:Sebastian Tromp 2184:nuncio in Paris 2176: 2084:Religious style 2065:Reference style 2047: 2045: 2043:Papal styles of 2042: 2037: 2031: 2026: 2011: 1999:Reichskonkordat 1972:Reichskonkordat 1964:Reichskonkordat 1949:Franz von Papen 1926:Reichskonkordat 1889:Reichskonkordat 1882:Rudolf Buttmann 1870:Franz von Papen 1861:Reichskonkordat 1832: 1826:Reichskonkordat 1822: 1815:Reichskonkordat 1728:. According to 1658:Franz von Papen 1639:Catholic Action 1607:Baden Concordat 1588:Cardinal-Priest 1568: 1547:Weimar Republic 1497:in 1927 Germany 1389:Tobias Akselrod 1369: 1353:had formed the 1325:and Chancellor 1262: 1256: 1224:Austria-Hungary 1178:, accompanying 1114:Pietro Gasparri 1064: 1059: 1027:Collegio Romano 1011:First Communion 950:Ernesto Pacelli 931: 920: 918:Filippo Pacelli 898: 892: 734:Reichskonkordat 717:Reichskonkordat 692:Catholic Church 682: 654:29 October 1939 616:4 February 1934 570: 561: 533: 528: 498: 493:Co-consecrators 492: 477: 457: 452: 443: 434: 431: 430: 427: 410: 409: 408: 407: 406: 404: 401: 393: 390: 366:Catholic Church 315: 278:Castel Gandolfo 276: 272: 263: 254: 248: 246: 245: 244: 225: 212: 199: 185: 74:Catholic Church 65: 46: 43: 42: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16921: 16911: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16848:Pacelli family 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16770: 16769: 16752: 16735: 16733:from Wikiquote 16718: 16689: 16686: 16685: 16673: 16661: 16649: 16626: 16625: 16623: 16622: 16610: 16597: 16594: 16593: 16591: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16562: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16511: 16506: 16500: 16498: 16494: 16493: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16488: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16421: 16416: 16409: 16404: 16402:Lateran Treaty 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16368: 16366: 16360: 16359: 16357: 16356: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16293: 16291: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16237: 16235: 16227:Baroque period 16225: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16196:Peter Canisius 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16171:Francis Xavier 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16135:Exsurge Domine 16131: 16126: 16120: 16118: 16109: 16106: 16105: 16103: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16075:Pope Clement V 16072: 16071: 16070: 16068:Avignon Papacy 16063:Western Schism 16060: 16055: 16053:Thomas Aquinas 16049: 16047: 16041: 16040: 16038: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15951: 15949: 15943: 15942: 15940: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15907:Saint Boniface 15904: 15899: 15894: 15892:Pope Gregory I 15889: 15884: 15879: 15873: 15871: 15865: 15864: 15861: 15860: 15857: 15856: 15854: 15853: 15848: 15843: 15838: 15833: 15831:Biblical canon 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15797: 15796: 15785: 15783: 15764: 15760:Late antiquity 15752: 15751: 15749: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15727: 15726: 15721: 15720: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15707:Pope Clement I 15697:Church Fathers 15694: 15688: 15686: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15622: 15621: 15616: 15611: 15606: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15580: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15553: 15551: 15536: 15528: 15527: 15525: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15503: 15502: 15497: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15466: 15465: 15460: 15458:Biblical canon 15453:Catholic Bible 15450: 15449: 15448: 15438: 15437: 15436: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15415: 15414: 15403: 15401: 15395: 15394: 15383: 15382: 15375: 15368: 15360: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15347: 15335: 15322: 15319: 15318: 15315: 15314: 15312: 15311: 15310: 15309: 15303: 15291: 15288:Roman Question 15285: 15279: 15278:(c. 1640–1740) 15273: 15270:Baroque Papacy 15267: 15261: 15254: 15252: 15246: 15245: 15243: 15242: 15239:Western Schism 15236: 15233:Avignon Papacy 15230: 15229: 15228: 15222: 15216: 15207: 15201: 15194: 15192: 15186: 15185: 15183: 15182: 15179:Crescentii era 15176: 15168: 15162: 15156: 15150: 15149: 15148: 15135: 15133: 15122: 15116: 15115: 15113: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15087: 15082: 15077: 15072: 15067: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14985:Alexander VIII 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14936: 14934: 14930: 14929: 14927: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14650: 14648: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14368:Anastasius III 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14249: 14247: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13953: 13951: 13947: 13946: 13944: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13747: 13745: 13741: 13740: 13738: 13737: 13732: 13731: 13730: 13720: 13715: 13714: 13713: 13708: 13700: 13695: 13694: 13693: 13688: 13677: 13674: 13673: 13662: 13661: 13654: 13647: 13639: 13630: 13629: 13627: 13626: 13620: 13618: 13614: 13613: 13611: 13610: 13603: 13596: 13589: 13582: 13577: 13570: 13563: 13556: 13548: 13546: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13497: 13495: 13489: 13488: 13486: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13449: 13447: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13418: 13416: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13408: 13403: 13401:Beatifications 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13367: 13365: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13328: 13323: 13310: 13308: 13302: 13301: 13299: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13232: 13231: 13226: 13215: 13213: 13207: 13206: 13204: 13203: 13196: 13189: 13182: 13175: 13168: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13140: 13133: 13130:Musicae sacrae 13126: 13119: 13112: 13105: 13098: 13095:Fulgens corona 13091: 13084: 13077: 13070: 13063: 13056: 13053:Mirabile illud 13049: 13046:Humani generis 13042: 13039:Summi maeroris 13035: 13028: 13021: 13014: 13007: 13000: 12993: 12986: 12979: 12972: 12965: 12958: 12951: 12944: 12937: 12930: 12923: 12915: 12913: 12908:Encyclicals in 12905: 12904: 12895: 12893: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12849: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12841: 12831: 12825: 12819: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12799: 12798: 12791: 12784: 12776: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12759: 12750: 12745: 12741: 12740: 12739:Regnal titles 12736: 12735: 12730: 12727: 12717: 12716: 12711: 12708: 12694: 12689: 12685: 12684: 12679: 12676: 12667: 12662: 12658: 12657: 12654:Luigi Maglione 12652: 12649: 12640: 12635: 12631: 12630: 12625: 12622: 12615:Archpriest of 12612: 12607: 12603: 12602: 12597: 12594: 12584: 12579: 12575: 12574: 12571:Arthur Hinsley 12569: 12566: 12556: 12553: 12549: 12548: 12540: 12539: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12503: 12502:External links 12500: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12469: 12453: 12446: 12439: 12433: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12407: 12387: 12369: 12359:Pope and Devil 12355: 12336: 12318: 12311: 12304: 12289: 12282: 12264: 12249: 12224:Riebling, Mark 12221: 12207: 12200: 12193: 12178: 12160: 12146: 12139: 12129: 12114: 12107: 12090: 12075: 12060: 12053: 12038: 12027: 12012: 11997: 11982: 11967: 11952: 11945: 11927: 11912: 11900: 11893: 11881: 11874: 11860: 11846: 11832:Kertzer, David 11829: 11812: 11802: 11792: 11778: 11762: 11752: 11733: 11719: 11702: 11685: 11671: 11654:Dalin, David G 11651: 11641: 11624:Cornwell, John 11621: 11614: 11607: 11593:Chadwick, Owen 11590: 11583: 11569: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11537: 11519: 11513: 11506: 11496: 11488: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11461: 11441: 11415: 11388: 11362: 11355: 11331: 11319: 11304: 11290: 11279:"The Guardian" 11270: 11256: 11249: 11226: 11218:Jerusalem Post 11210: 11181: 11155: 11133: 11124: 11115: 11106: 11097: 11075: 11035: 11022: 11013: 11004: 10995: 10986: 10977: 10968: 10959: 10943: 10934: 10915: 10896: 10894:; 24 June 2011 10872: 10856:Michael Phayer 10847: 10840: 10816: 10788: 10767: 10754: 10745: 10737:Martin Gilbert 10725:Hitler's Pope? 10716: 10714:; 16 July 2008 10693: 10681:Britannica.com 10665: 10656: 10654:(2004), p. 193 10643: 10627: 10615: 10606: 10587: 10572: 10563: 10557:Blet, Pierre. 10550: 10522: 10503: 10494: 10472: 10458: 10432: 10423: 10410: 10397: 10374: 10341: 10322: 10309: 10300: 10287: 10261: 10252: 10230: 10208: 10186: 10164: 10142: 10120: 10098: 10076: 10054: 10037: 10017: 10008: 9982: 9966: 9953: 9922: 9900: 9893: 9884:Modern Mummies 9868: 9835: 9821: 9800: 9791: 9769: 9760: 9755:Humani generis 9745: 9732: 9723: 9714: 9705: 9696: 9687: 9678: 9664: 9655: 9621: 9597: 9573: 9564: 9562:, 24 June 2009 9543: 9534: 9521: 9512: 9503: 9478: 9459: 9450: 9441: 9432: 9410: 9401: 9384: 9375: 9363: 9354: 9345: 9330: 9326:Polish Victims 9317: 9291: 9254: 9241: 9226: 9200: 9185: 9173: 9161: 9152: 9143: 9134: 9121: 9112: 9099: 9086: 9074: 9062: 9046: 9031: 9020:on 3 July 2013 9004: 8995: 8984:on 3 July 2013 8968: 8956: 8943: 8930: 8902: 8893: 8884: 8872: 8862:Cornwell, John 8854: 8841: 8829:Britannica.com 8812: 8786: 8777: 8768: 8759: 8750: 8738: 8729: 8709: 8700: 8691: 8664: 8638: 8608: 8602:978-1258163464 8601: 8583: 8574: 8565: 8556: 8547: 8534: 8521: 8517:Unholy Trinity 8508: 8499: 8484: 8472:Britannica.com 8456: 8434: 8418: 8391: 8370: 8349: 8333: 8315: 8302: 8289: 8274: 8252: 8227: 8213: 8204: 8195: 8186: 8177: 8156: 8145:on 3 July 2013 8129: 8119: 8108:on 3 July 2013 8089: 8078:on 3 July 2013 8057: 8034: 8023:on 3 July 2013 8004: 7993:on 3 July 2013 7974: 7951: 7940:on 3 July 2013 7921: 7902:(4): 1029–48. 7886: 7877: 7868: 7861: 7841: 7828: 7819: 7799: 7779: 7762: 7749: 7740: 7736:Fulgens corona 7728: 7719: 7707: 7695: 7683: 7671: 7662: 7642: 7631:on 8 June 2010 7616: 7599: 7586: 7571: 7556: 7531: 7505: 7479: 7475:Humani generis 7466: 7464:Leiber, p. 411 7457: 7447: 7427: 7408: 7395: 7365: 7352: 7343: 7334: 7325: 7321:Humani generis 7313: 7309:Humani generis 7300: 7291: 7282: 7280:(1943), p. 305 7271:Humani generis 7262: 7253: 7244: 7235: 7226: 7217: 7181: 7161: 7148: 7135: 7122: 7112: 7091: 7081: 7072: 7063: 7050: 7037: 7024: 7007: 6990: 6981: 6968: 6959: 6946: 6933: 6924: 6914: 6894: 6885: 6864: 6855: 6823: 6814: 6800: 6783: 6774: 6761: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6725: 6712: 6699: 6686: 6674:Czechoslovakia 6653: 6644: 6628: 6615: 6589: 6576: 6566: 6556: 6530: 6521: 6511: 6484: 6475: 6461: 6442: 6433: 6409: 6390: 6367: 6358: 6349: 6336: 6327: 6307: 6298: 6289: 6270: 6255: 6246: 6244:Morsey, p. 121 6237: 6228: 6219: 6210: 6201: 6192: 6185: 6165: 6156: 6147: 6138: 6129: 6120: 6111: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6057: 6044: 6030: 6018: 6009: 6000: 5988: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5949: 5940: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5888: 5879: 5849: 5829: 5795: 5777: 5747: 5722: 5709: 5702: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5605: 5601:Marcial Maciel 5566:In June 2022, 5539:Bishop of Rome 5530: 5527: 5481:addressed the 5421:Otto Ohlendorf 5412:D'Arcy Osborne 5404:Foreign Office 5391: 5388: 5367:Peter Stanford 5330:Main article: 5327: 5324: 5187:Martin Gilbert 5140:Michael Phayer 5130:Susan Zuccotti 5076: 5067: 5045:Main article: 5042: 5037: 5024:disinformation 5005:Communist bloc 4934:Main article: 4931: 4926: 4891:Pinchas Lapide 4872: 4869: 4820:United Nations 4760: 4759: 4715: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4682: 4679: 4648:scientia certa 4589:Main article: 4578: 4575: 4565: 4562: 4515: 4512: 4482:Denis of Paris 4430: 4427: 4423:existentialism 4411:worker-priests 4403:Julius Döpfner 4376:Main article: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4187: 4184: 4128:Main article: 4125: 4122: 3915:Valerio Valeri 3904:Head of State 3846:organization. 3809:Getúlio Vargas 3761:voiced concern 3725:Peter McIntyre 3664: 3661: 3648: 3645: 3497:Foreign Office 3480: 3477: 3435:Galeazzo Ciano 3377: 3374: 3372:after others. 3321:Michael Phayer 3302: 3299: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3191:Church visible 3157:Main article: 3154: 3151: 3099:Pope Pius XII 3086: 3083: 3063:Shrove Tuesday 3054: 3051: 3031:Fulgens corona 2909: 2906: 2869: 2866: 2851: 2848: 2835:Humani generis 2829:Humani generis 2827:Main article: 2824: 2821: 2811: 2808: 2794: 2791: 2786:terminally ill 2780: 2777: 2760:Main article: 2757: 2754: 2717:Fulgens corona 2687: 2684: 2657:Main article: 2654: 2651: 2633: 2630: 2616: 2613: 2577:Main article: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2514:Main article: 2511: 2508: 2449: 2446: 2421:Main article: 2418: 2415: 2407:excommunicated 2335: 2332: 2330: 2329:Church reforms 2327: 2278:to create new 2251: 2248: 2180:Luigi Maglione 2175: 2172: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2051: 2033:Main article: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2010: 2007: 1821: 1812: 1743:Joseph Kennedy 1674:temporal power 1580:Rio de Janeiro 1576:Getúlio Vargas 1567: 1564: 1552:David G. Dalin 1288:Sistine Chapel 1258:Main article: 1255: 1252: 1126:Queen Victoria 1078:, Pacelli was 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1019:Piazza Venezia 992:Roman Question 984:Lateran Treaty 914:Black Nobility 894:Main article: 891: 888: 872:Servant of God 836:Humani generis 831:liturgy reform 763:excommunicated 670: 669: 666: 665: 662: 656: 655: 652: 648: 647: 644: 638: 637: 634: 628: 627: 626:11 August 1935 624: 622:Saverio Ritter 618: 617: 614: 608: 607: 604: 598: 597: 594: 590: 589: 586: 580: 579: 576: 572: 571: 568: 565: 564: 554: 553: 550: 549: 546: 542: 541: 536: 530: 529: 526: 523: 522: 513: 509: 508: 505: 501: 500: 495: 489: 488: 483: 479: 478: 475: 472: 471: 468: 464: 463: 460: 454: 453: 450: 447: 446: 436: 435: 426: 419: 418: 412: 411: 402: 391: 386: 385: 384: 383: 382: 379: 378: 373: 372:Title as Saint 369: 368: 363: 359: 358: 354: 353: 346: 342: 341: 334: 330: 329: 321: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 303: 298: 292: 290: 286: 285: 275:(aged 82) 271:9 October 1958 269: 265: 264: 255: 242: 240: 236: 235: 231: 230: 222: 218: 217: 209: 205: 204: 196: 192: 191: 187: 186: 184: 183: 176: 171:Archpriest of 169: 166: 160: 153: 147: 141: 135: 129: 126: 119: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 91:9 October 1958 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 71: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 52:Bishop of Rome 48: 47: 44: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16920: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16838:Italian popes 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16783:Pope Pius XII 16781: 16780: 16778: 16767:from Wikidata 16766: 16765: 16753: 16749: 16748: 16736: 16732: 16731: 16719: 16715: 16714: 16702: 16701: 16698: 16692: 16691:Pope Pius XII 16684: 16674: 16672: 16662: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16648: 16638: 16637: 16634: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16609: 16599: 16598: 16595: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16578: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16516: 16515: 16512: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16501: 16499: 16495: 16487: 16484: 16483: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16461:Mother Teresa 16459: 16457: 16454: 16451: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16426: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16414: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16387:Pope Pius XII 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16365: 16361: 16355: 16354: 16353:Rerum novarum 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16337:Pope Leo XIII 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16307:United States 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16297:Pope Pius VII 16295: 16294: 16292: 16288: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16136: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16112: 16107: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16069: 16066: 16065: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16050: 16048: 16046: 16042: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15980:Scholasticism 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15955:Pope Urban II 15953: 15952: 15950: 15948: 15944: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15872: 15870: 15866: 15852: 15849: 15847: 15844: 15842: 15839: 15837: 15834: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15795: 15792: 15791: 15790: 15787: 15786: 15784: 15780: 15772: 15768: 15765: 15761: 15757: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15731:Justin Martyr 15729: 15725: 15722: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15703: 15700: 15699: 15698: 15695: 15693: 15690: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15680: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15643: 15642: 15641:New Testament 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15612: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15604:Commissioning 15602: 15601: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15559: 15558: 15555: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15548:Apostolic Age 15544: 15540: 15537: 15533: 15529: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15492: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15455: 15454: 15451: 15447: 15444: 15443: 15442: 15439: 15435: 15434:Papal primacy 15432: 15431: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15413: 15410: 15409: 15408: 15405: 15404: 15402: 15400: 15396: 15392: 15388: 15381: 15376: 15374: 15369: 15367: 15362: 15361: 15358: 15346: 15345: 15340: 15336: 15334: 15333: 15324: 15323: 15320: 15307: 15304: 15301: 15298: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15289: 15286: 15283: 15280: 15277: 15274: 15271: 15268: 15265: 15262: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15253: 15247: 15240: 15237: 15234: 15231: 15226: 15223: 15220: 15217: 15214: 15211: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15202: 15199: 15196: 15195: 15193: 15189:High and Late 15187: 15180: 15177: 15174: 15173: 15169: 15166: 15163: 15160: 15157: 15154: 15151: 15146: 15143: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15136: 15134: 15132: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15117: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15086: 15083: 15081: 15078: 15076: 15073: 15071: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15005:Benedict XIII 15003: 15001: 15000:Innocent XIII 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14965:Alexander VII 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14937: 14935: 14931: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14834:Innocent VIII 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14814:Callixtus III 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14734:Boniface VIII 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14651: 14649: 14645: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14633:Celestine III 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14608:Alexander III 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14598:Anastasius IV 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14498:Sylvester III 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14483:Benedict VIII 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14250: 14248: 14244: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14007:Anastasius II 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13948: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13748: 13746: 13742: 13736: 13733: 13729: 13726: 13725: 13724: 13723:Pope emeritus 13721: 13719: 13716: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13703: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13683: 13682: 13681:List of popes 13679: 13678: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13660: 13655: 13653: 13648: 13646: 13641: 13640: 13637: 13625: 13622: 13621: 13619: 13615: 13609: 13608: 13604: 13602: 13601: 13597: 13595: 13594: 13590: 13588: 13587: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13575: 13574:Hitler's Pope 13571: 13569: 13568: 13564: 13562: 13561: 13557: 13555: 13554: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13543: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13506:Galeazzi-Lisi 13504: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13490: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13444: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13413: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13396:Canonizations 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13360: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13321: 13320: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13307: 13303: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13219:The Holocaust 13217: 13216: 13214: 13212: 13208: 13202: 13201: 13197: 13195: 13194: 13190: 13188: 13187: 13183: 13181: 13180: 13176: 13174: 13173: 13169: 13167: 13166: 13162: 13160: 13159: 13155: 13153: 13152: 13148: 13146: 13145: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13134: 13132: 13131: 13127: 13125: 13124: 13120: 13118: 13117: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13106: 13104: 13103: 13099: 13097: 13096: 13092: 13090: 13089: 13085: 13083: 13082: 13078: 13076: 13075: 13071: 13069: 13068: 13064: 13062: 13061: 13057: 13055: 13054: 13050: 13048: 13047: 13043: 13041: 13040: 13036: 13034: 13033: 13029: 13027: 13026: 13022: 13020: 13019: 13015: 13013: 13012: 13008: 13006: 13005: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12980: 12978: 12977: 12973: 12971: 12970: 12966: 12964: 12963: 12959: 12957: 12956: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12945: 12943: 12942: 12938: 12936: 12935: 12931: 12929: 12928: 12924: 12922: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12914: 12910:chronological 12906: 12899: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12846: 12839: 12835: 12832: 12829: 12826: 12823: 12820: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12808: 12804: 12803:Pope Pius XII 12797: 12792: 12790: 12785: 12783: 12778: 12777: 12774: 12765: 12756: 12755: 12748: 12742: 12737: 12733: 12724: 12723: 12718: 12714: 12713:Nicola Canali 12705: 12704: 12699: 12692: 12686: 12682: 12673: 12672: 12665: 12664:Lorenzo Lauri 12659: 12655: 12646: 12645: 12638: 12632: 12628: 12619: 12618: 12610: 12604: 12600: 12591: 12590: 12582: 12576: 12572: 12563: 12562: 12550: 12547: 12543: 12538: 12534: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12470:88-7094-018-7 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12447: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12434:9780198716167 12430: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12416: 12415: 12405: 12404:0-300-08487-0 12401: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12388: 12385: 12384:0-912141-46-8 12381: 12377: 12373: 12372:Zolli, Israel 12370: 12368: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12353: 12352:3-7867-0383-3 12349: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12334: 12333:0-8091-4234-1 12330: 12326: 12322: 12319: 12316: 12312: 12309: 12305: 12302: 12301:0-8132-1081-X 12298: 12294: 12290: 12287: 12283: 12280: 12279:0-87973-217-2 12276: 12272: 12268: 12265: 12262: 12261:0-7185-0275-2 12258: 12254: 12250: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12230: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12201: 12198: 12194: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12175:0-253-33725-9 12172: 12168: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12158:0-19-517834-3 12155: 12151: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12138: 12137:9780151002443 12134: 12130: 12127: 12126:0-230-11080-0 12123: 12119: 12115: 12112: 12108: 12106: 12102: 12098: 12091: 12088: 12087:1-84706-355-1 12084: 12080: 12076: 12073: 12072:0-446-51258-3 12069: 12065: 12061: 12058: 12054: 12051: 12050:1-890318-66-3 12047: 12043: 12039: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12025: 12024:0-374-27675-7 12021: 12017: 12013: 12010: 12009:0-8091-4245-7 12006: 12002: 11998: 11995: 11994:0-8091-4181-7 11991: 11987: 11983: 11980: 11979:0-8091-4083-7 11976: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11964:0-8091-3912-X 11961: 11957: 11953: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11942:0-306-80931-1 11939: 11935: 11931: 11930:Lewy, Guenter 11928: 11925: 11924:0-415-92228-3 11921: 11917: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11875: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11827:0-7735-2326-X 11824: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11810: 11806: 11803: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11777: 11776:0-02-864529-4 11773: 11769: 11768: 11763: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11750:0-316-72446-7 11747: 11743: 11742: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11731:0-7864-2374-9 11728: 11724: 11720: 11718: 11717:0-374-92930-0 11714: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11700: 11699:3-525-34026-5 11696: 11692: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11683:0-571-09147-4 11680: 11676: 11672: 11669: 11668:0-89526-034-4 11665: 11661: 11660: 11655: 11652: 11649: 11648:Pope Pius XII 11645: 11642: 11639: 11638:0-670-87620-8 11635: 11631: 11630: 11625: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11608: 11606: 11605:0-7607-7332-7 11602: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11588: 11584: 11582: 11581:0-385-50584-1 11578: 11575:. Doubleday. 11574: 11570: 11568: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11555: 11542: 11538: 11536: 11535:1-4191-6654-9 11532: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11517: 11514: 11511: 11507: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11477: 11476: 11471: 11465: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11445: 11430: 11426: 11419: 11403: 11399: 11392: 11377: 11373: 11366: 11358: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11343: 11335: 11328: 11323: 11315: 11308: 11301: 11300: 11294: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11274: 11267: 11266: 11260: 11252: 11250:9780465061556 11246: 11242: 11238: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11219: 11214: 11198: 11197: 11192: 11185: 11169: 11165: 11159: 11143: 11137: 11128: 11119: 11110: 11101: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11072: 11071:0-297-84661-2 11068: 11064: 11061:in review of 11050: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11026: 11017: 11008: 10999: 10990: 10981: 10972: 10963: 10956: 10950: 10948: 10938: 10930: 10926: 10919: 10911: 10907: 10900: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10883: 10876: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10860:Susan Zucotti 10857: 10851: 10843: 10841:9780713990898 10837: 10833: 10829: 10823: 10821: 10802: 10800: 10792: 10785: 10781: 10778: 10777: 10771: 10764: 10758: 10749: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10727: 10726: 10720: 10713: 10712:The Spectator 10709: 10708: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10682: 10678: 10672: 10670: 10660: 10653: 10647: 10640: 10639:The Economist 10636: 10631: 10624: 10623:The Economist 10619: 10610: 10603: 10599: 10598: 10591: 10584: 10583: 10576: 10567: 10560: 10554: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10529: 10527: 10520:, 2009, I 540 10519: 10518: 10513: 10507: 10498: 10491: 10490: 10486: 10483: 10476: 10469: 10468: 10462: 10455: 10454:Joseph Bottum 10451: 10447: 10442: 10436: 10427: 10420: 10419:The Holocaust 10414: 10407: 10401: 10385: 10378: 10362: 10358: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10337: 10333: 10326: 10319: 10313: 10304: 10297: 10294:Paul O'Shea; 10291: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10256: 10240: 10234: 10218: 10212: 10196: 10190: 10174: 10168: 10153:. 27 May 2014 10152: 10146: 10130: 10124: 10108: 10102: 10087: 10080: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10021: 10012: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9979: 9975: 9970: 9963: 9957: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9926: 9919: 9918: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9905: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9885: 9877: 9875: 9873: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9831: 9825: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9805: 9795: 9779: 9773: 9764: 9757: 9756: 9749: 9742: 9739:Gerard Noel, 9736: 9727: 9718: 9709: 9700: 9691: 9682: 9675: 9674: 9668: 9659: 9644: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9625: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9601: 9594: 9590: 9587: 9577: 9568: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9553: 9547: 9538: 9531: 9530:The Holocaust 9525: 9516: 9507: 9492: 9488: 9482: 9474: 9470: 9463: 9454: 9445: 9436: 9420: 9414: 9405: 9398: 9394: 9388: 9379: 9367: 9358: 9349: 9342: 9341: 9334: 9327: 9321: 9306: 9302: 9295: 9279: 9275: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9259: 9251: 9245: 9238: 9237: 9230: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9177: 9170: 9165: 9156: 9147: 9138: 9131: 9125: 9116: 9109: 9103: 9096: 9090: 9081: 9079: 9069: 9067: 9057: 9055: 9053: 9051: 9042: 9035: 9019: 9015: 9008: 8999: 8983: 8979: 8972: 8963: 8961: 8953: 8947: 8940: 8934: 8919: 8915: 8909: 8907: 8897: 8888: 8881: 8876: 8869: 8868: 8867:Hitler's Pope 8863: 8858: 8851: 8848:Paul O'Shea; 8845: 8830: 8826: 8824: 8816: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8781: 8772: 8763: 8754: 8747: 8742: 8733: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8713: 8704: 8695: 8679: 8675: 8668: 8652: 8648: 8642: 8626: 8622: 8621:Time Magazine 8618: 8612: 8604: 8598: 8594: 8587: 8578: 8569: 8560: 8551: 8544: 8538: 8532:vol 2, p. 739 8531: 8525: 8518: 8512: 8503: 8496: 8495: 8488: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8444: 8438: 8432: 8428: 8422: 8406: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8387:0-89526-034-4 8384: 8380: 8374: 8359: 8353: 8346: 8342: 8337: 8330: 8327:John Toland; 8324: 8322: 8320: 8312: 8306: 8299: 8296:John Toland; 8293: 8286: 8285: 8278: 8262: 8256: 8240: 8234: 8232: 8223: 8217: 8208: 8199: 8190: 8181: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8167: 8160: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8123: 8107: 8103: 8096: 8094: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8064: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8038: 8022: 8018: 8011: 8009: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7926: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7890: 7881: 7875:O'Brien, p. 8 7872: 7864: 7862:9780191650796 7858: 7854: 7853: 7845: 7838: 7832: 7823: 7817: 7816:0-89555-390-2 7813: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7796:1-931709-77-7 7793: 7789: 7783: 7776: 7774: 7766: 7759: 7753: 7744: 7737: 7732: 7723: 7716: 7711: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7680: 7675: 7666: 7659: 7658:1-59474-184-0 7655: 7651: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7620: 7612: 7611: 7603: 7596: 7590: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7563: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7535: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7476: 7470: 7461: 7451: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7431: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7412: 7405: 7399: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7362: 7356: 7347: 7338: 7329: 7322: 7317: 7310: 7304: 7295: 7286: 7279: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7266: 7257: 7248: 7239: 7230: 7221: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7158: 7152: 7145: 7139: 7132: 7126: 7116: 7109: 7108:0-7607-4032-1 7105: 7101: 7095: 7085: 7076: 7067: 7060: 7054: 7047: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7017: 7011: 7004: 7003:88-7026-340-1 7000: 6994: 6985: 6978: 6972: 6963: 6956: 6950: 6943: 6937: 6928: 6918: 6911: 6907: 6904: 6898: 6889: 6882: 6881:3-525-34026-5 6878: 6874: 6868: 6859: 6840: 6833: 6827: 6818: 6810: 6804: 6793: 6787: 6778: 6771: 6765: 6756: 6747: 6738: 6729: 6722: 6716: 6709: 6703: 6697:, pp. 546–547 6696: 6690: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6648: 6642: 6641:0-8156-3029-8 6638: 6632: 6625: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6580: 6570: 6560: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6525: 6515: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6479: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6457: 6453: 6446: 6437: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6413: 6407: 6406:0-521-82692-6 6403: 6399: 6394: 6388: 6387:0-8156-3029-8 6384: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6362: 6353: 6346: 6340: 6331: 6325: 6324:0-8028-2416-1 6321: 6317: 6311: 6302: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6260: 6250: 6241: 6232: 6223: 6214: 6205: 6196: 6188: 6186:9780140296273 6182: 6178: 6177: 6169: 6160: 6151: 6142: 6133: 6124: 6115: 6106: 6097: 6088: 6079: 6070: 6061: 6054: 6053:Hitler's Pope 6048: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6013: 6007:O'Shea, p. 82 6004: 5995: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5971: 5962: 5956:O'Shea, p. 81 5953: 5944: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5913:O'Brien, p. 1 5910: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5854: 5846: 5845:0-8160-5455-X 5842: 5838: 5833: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5705: 5703:9780739158883 5699: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5623:List of popes 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5593:the Holocaust 5590: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5580:anti-Catholic 5577: 5573: 5569: 5568:David Kertzer 5564: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5526: 5524: 5523:Joseph Müller 5520: 5515: 5511: 5510:Mark Riebling 5507: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5354: 5351: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5323: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5272:Mark Riebling 5269: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5171: 5170:Ralph McInery 5167: 5163: 5162:David Kertzer 5159: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5126:beatification 5122: 5120: 5119:Hitler's Pope 5116: 5115:Hitler's Pope 5111: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5096: 5095:Hitler's Pope 5092: 5091:John Cornwell 5086: 5082: 5081:Hitler's Pope 5075: 5071: 5070:Hitler's Pope 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5041: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4953:Rolf Hochhuth 4947: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4910:the Holocaust 4906: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4877:Oskar Halecki 4868: 4866: 4862: 4861:Moshe Sharett 4857: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4805:Leon Poliakov 4801: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4768: 4756: 4753: 4745: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4705: 4704: 4691: 4690:to Pius XII. 4689: 4678: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4572: 4561: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4538: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4486:heart failure 4483: 4478: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4459:Robert Leiber 4456: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4419:phenomenology 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4316:Robert Leiber 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4295:of China and 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261:Joseph Frings 4258: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4240: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4138: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4114:Kaltenbrunner 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4091: 4086: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052:, and Bishop 4051: 4047: 4042: 4040: 4039:Eastern Front 4035: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001:Robert Leiber 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3974:David Kertzer 3969: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3853: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3743:Hitler's Pope 3739: 3738:John Cornwell 3735: 3726: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3622:Owen Chadwick 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3585:Vatican Radio 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419:Low Countries 3414: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3402:Joseph Muller 3399: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3334:Volksdeutsche 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3261: 3260: 3255: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3128:Gemma Galgani 3125: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3113:Maria Goretti 3110: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3079:Pope Leo XIII 3076: 3072: 3071:Maria Pierina 3068: 3067:Ash Wednesday 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2897: 2892: 2891:Pius stated: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2800:rhythm method 2790: 2787: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Latin Vulgate 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2565: 2563: 2562:Mother of God 2559: 2554: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2538: 2537:Mother of God 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2490:Menti Nostrae 2485: 2482: 2478: 2477:psychological 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2262: 2257: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2164:Italian Popes 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2130:Pope Leo XIII 2127: 2123: 2113: 2105: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079:Your Holiness 2078: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2048:Pope Pius XII 2040: 2036: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1845: 1844:Vatican Radio 1841: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1804:Palazzo Malta 1801: 1800:King of Spain 1797: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1756: 1755:Kristallnacht 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1730:Joseph Bottum 1727: 1723: 1722: 1721:Nostra aetate 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611:Conrad Gröber 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1490:Katholikentag 1485: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1466:Katholikentag 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446:Robert Leiber 1443: 1439: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1308:German Empire 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1165:John Cornwell 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084:Easter Sunday 1081: 1077: 1068: 1057:Church career 1054: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 986:in 1929 with 985: 981: 977: 974: 970: 966: 962: 959: 955: 954:Pope Leo XIII 951: 947: 946: 941: 935: 930: 924: 919: 915: 911: 902: 897: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837: 832: 828: 827: 822: 818: 817: 812: 807: 806: 801: 797: 793: 789: 786: 785: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 748:Allied Powers 745: 741: 736: 735: 730: 725: 723: 719: 718: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 680: 676: 675:Pope Pius XII 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 643: 639: 635: 633: 629: 625: 623: 619: 615: 613: 612:Albert Levame 609: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 588:27 April 1930 587: 585: 581: 578:29 March 1926 577: 573: 566: 559: 555: 547: 543: 540: 537: 531: 524: 521: 517: 514: 510: 506: 502: 496: 490: 487: 484: 480: 473: 469: 465: 461: 455: 448: 441: 437: 432:Pope Pius XII 424: 417: 413: 405:Recorded 1949 389: 380: 377: 374: 370: 367: 364: 360: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 326: 322: 318: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 291: 287: 283: 279: 270: 266: 262: 258: 241: 237: 232: 229: 223: 219: 216: 213:by Pope 210: 206: 203: 197: 193: 188: 181: 177: 174: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 154: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 101: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 75: 72: 68: 61: 56: 53: 49: 41: 38: 33: 30: 19: 16762: 16745: 16728: 16716:from Commons 16711: 16690: 16683:Vatican City 16659:Christianity 16575: 16571:Pope Francis 16497:21st century 16446:Pope Paul VI 16423: 16411: 16386: 16364:20th century 16351: 16302:Pope Pius IX 16290:19th century 16266:Pope Pius VI 16133: 16005:Latin Empire 15975:Universities 15927:Pope Leo III 15794:Christianity 15779:state church 15771:Great Church 15572:Resurrection 15535:(30–325/476) 15532:Early Church 15517:Latin Church 15512:Papal States 15507:Vatican City 15342: 15330: 15300:World War II 15294:Vatican City 15170: 15141:(until 493) 15105:Benedict XVI 15100:John Paul II 15079: 15020:Clement XIII 15015:Benedict XIV 14990:Innocent XII 14924:Clement VIII 14899:Gregory XIII 14879:Marcellus II 14839:Alexander VI 14789:Innocent VII 14754:Benedict XII 14709:Nicholas III 14674:Alexander IV 14664:Celestine IV 14654:Honorius III 14638:Innocent III 14623:Gregory VIII 14583:Celestine II 14568:Callixtus II 14538:Alexander II 14463:Sylvester II 14443:Benedict VII 14403:Stephen VIII 14288:Benedict III 14142:Adeodatus II 14087:Boniface III 13941:Anastasius I 13605: 13598: 13591: 13584: 13572: 13565: 13558: 13551: 13446:Appointments 13338:Persecutions 13317: 13314:Nazi Germany 13256:Roman razzia 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Viking. 11567:1403988315 10441:Yad Vashem 10332:Commentary 10201:14 January 10179:10 January 10135:22 January 10113:22 January 10091:22 January 9861:22 January 9784:7 February 9767:Noel, p. 4 8042:Pius XII, 7959:Pius XII, 7810:. (1990); 7790:. (2003); 6848:5 December 6507:The Tablet 6286:081320920X 6051:Cornwell, 5986:Noel, p. 9 5760:archive.is 5672:References 5286:Colossians 5179:published 5053:The Deputy 5012:Securitate 4989:The Deputy 4977:The Deputy 4936:The Deputy 4929:The Deputy 4918:Golda Meir 4824:Golda Meir 4742:April 2015 4719:neutrality 4491:Magnificat 4475:Last rites 4384:abdication 4155:Abe Foxman 4147:Yad Vashem 3938:Bratislava 3879:Lithuanian 3766:Golda Meir 3734:Elio Toaff 3663:Holocaust 3559:Ken Harada 3548:Lend-Lease 3540:encyclical 3329:Wartheland 3163:See also: 3109:heterodoxy 3014:Miaphysite 2961:occupation 2947:vernacular 2886:Umberto II 2481:priesthood 2469:psychology 2437:encyclical 2276:consistory 2137:coronation 2126:Camerlengo 2122:Clement IX 1897:federalist 1893:concordats 1824:See also: 1763:encyclical 1761:The draft 1623:Yugoslavia 1613:, the new 1470:Tiergarten 1420:Reichswehr 1381:Max Levien 1323:Wilhelm II 1319:Ludwig III 1270:Wilhelm II 1238:to assist 1145:concordats 1122:Edward VII 1088:Vicegerent 965:Roman Rota 958:Franciscan 890:Early life 856:John XXIII 664:4 May 1941 249:1876-03-02 195:Ordination 110:John XXIII 16647:Biography 16466:Communism 16436:Ecumenism 15782:(380–451) 15774:(180–451) 15763:(313–476) 15685:(100–325) 15175:(904–964) 15167:(756–857) 15161:(537–752) 15155:(493–537) 15147:(312–337) 15045:Pius VIII 14975:Clement X 14909:Urban VII 14859:Adrian VI 14849:Julius II 14829:Sixtus IV 14804:Eugene IV 14749:John XXII 14744:Clement V 14714:Martin IV 14689:Gregory X 14618:Urban III 14603:Adrian IV 14588:Lucius II 14523:Victor II 14468:John XVII 14458:Gregory V 14433:John XIII 14318:Stephen V 14308:Marinus I 14303:John VIII 14298:Adrian II 14268:Valentine 14263:Eugene II 14258:Paschal I 14192:Sisinnius 14177:Sergius I 14112:Severinus 14077:Gregory I 14047:Silverius 14017:Hormisdas 14012:Symmachus 13997:Felix III 13931:Damasus I 13906:Miltiades 13881:Eutychian 13871:Dionysius 13866:Sixtus II 13861:Stephen I 13851:Cornelius 13771:Evaristus 13766:Clement I 13761:Anacletus 13691:canonised 13686:graphical 13624:Pius Wars 13483:Cardinals 13453:Tisserant 13376:Mariology 12884:Testament 12848:Biography 12310:. London. 11755:Goñi, Uki 11055:8 January 10743:; 18/8/06 10338:: 439–49. 10245:6 January 10223:6 January 9946:30 August 9856:0040-781X 9643:1072-7825 9475:(4): 448. 9106:Delpech, 8519:pp. 71–72 7916:154304692 7402:Pio XII, 7388:20 August 7378:La Stampa 7205:0362-4331 6975:Pio XII, 5933:5 January 5866:The Times 5822:14 August 5817:0362-4331 5677:Footnotes 5638:Pius Wars 4951:In 1963, 4840:Communism 4798:Jerusalem 4794:Baltimore 4730:talk page 4663:Holy Land 4609:Venerable 4134:In 2005, 4105:Hungarian 4017:Auschwitz 3995:activist 3872:Palestine 3681:Pius Wars 3519:genocidal 3469:Luftwaffe 3295:Stalinism 3291:Hitlerism 3173:Pius Wars 3117:beatified 3101:canonized 3022:Stalinist 2965:Wehrmacht 2839:evolution 2742:mariology 2465:sociology 2452:With the 2433:Canon Law 2280:cardinals 2145:Jerusalem 2096:Venerable 2017:Angelicum 1739:anti-Nazi 1704:Argentina 1694:over the 1643:canon law 1416:Freikorps 1359:Rorschach 1161:canon law 1149:minutante 1090:of Rome, 1015:altar boy 884:Venerable 851:in 1946. 790:with the 767:apostates 759:communist 376:Venerable 357:Sainthood 333:Signature 289:Education 106:Successor 37:Venerable 16476:HIV/AIDS 15970:Crusades 15724:Irenaeus 15717:Ignatius 15712:Polycarp 15562:Ministry 15550:(30–100) 15424:Timeline 15332:Category 15306:Cold War 15080:Pius XII 15060:Leo XIII 15035:Pius VII 14904:Sixtus V 14869:Paul III 14844:Pius III 14799:Martin V 14779:Urban VI 14704:John XXI 14699:Adrian V 14679:Urban IV 14553:Urban II 14488:John XIX 14448:John XIV 14428:Leo VIII 14418:John XII 14323:Formosus 14232:Adrian I 14187:John VII 14137:Vitalian 14132:Eugene I 14127:Martin I 14082:Sabinian 14062:John III 14052:Vigilius 14027:Felix IV 13987:Hilarius 13936:Siricius 13926:Liberius 13921:Julius I 13901:Eusebius 13856:Lucius I 13816:Victor I 13801:Anicetus 13781:Sixtus I 13718:Antipope 13531:Spellman 13493:Advisers 13473:Orsenigo 13458:Maglione 13415:Writings 13363:Theology 13332:Ratlines 12869:Election 12864:US visit 12479:23247127 12459:(1990). 12421:(2014). 12392:. 2000. 12374:. 1997. 12323:. 2005. 12226:. 2015. 12165:. 2000. 12111:Pius XII 12057:Pius XII 11932:. 1964. 11905:. 1967. 11885:Pius XII 11834:. 2022. 11817:. 2002. 11807:. 2000. 11738:. 2002. 11707:. 1966. 11656:. 2005. 11646:. 1959. 11626:. 1999. 11595:. 1995. 11546:; 3 vol. 11168:Archived 11086:(2003). 10830:(2015). 10780:Archived 10729:Archived 10602:Newsweek 10536:Archived 10485:Archived 10467:Pius XII 10421:, p. 623 10069:2 August 10029:Archived 9964:, p. 197 9609:Archived 9589:Archived 9556:Archived 9532:, p. 701 9239:, p. 315 9110:, p. 267 8721:Archived 8049:Archived 7966:Archived 7660:; p. 172 7524:27 April 7419:Archived 7363:, p. 110 7210:1 August 7061:, p. 371 7048:; p. 370 7005:; p. 313 6906:Archived 6772:, p. 112 6626:, p. 539 6499:Archived 6458:: 61–65. 6452:Hochland 6421:Archived 6347:, p. 157 5868:. London 5847:, p. 267 5607:See also 5576:conclave 5496:Avellino 5400:Uki Goñi 5339:Holy See 5211:(2002); 5203:(1997), 5110:Newsweek 5014:General 4887:(1949). 4850:Winnipeg 4723:disputed 4331:Italy's 4009:furnaces 3815:to "non- 3505:elevate 3256:(1931); 3132:stigmata 2622:morality 2510:Theology 2500:Boniface 2401:and the 1990:paganism 1854:Pacelli 1708:Budapest 1670:Holy See 1495:Dortmund 1313:Once in 1214:against 1204:Sarajevo 1080:ordained 961:tertiary 813:include 226:by Pope 200:by 45:Pius XII 18:Pius XII 16633:Portals 16441:Judaism 15841:Vulgate 15651:Gospels 15626:Stephen 15543:Origins 15463:Vulgate 15399:General 15389:of the 15387:History 15225:Perugia 15219:Orvieto 15213:Viterbo 15110:Francis 15090:Paul VI 15075:Pius XI 15055:Pius IX 15040:Leo XII 15030:Pius VI 14889:Pius IV 14884:Paul IV 14824:Paul II 14819:Pius II 14769:Urban V 14453:John XV 14398:Leo VII 14393:John XI 14348:John IX 14338:Romanus 14237:Leo III 14212:Zachary 14182:John VI 14117:John IV 14037:John II 13962:Zosimus 13876:Felix I 13841:Anterus 13836:Pontian 13831:Urban I 13791:Hyginus 13668:of the 13617:Related 13536:Spiazzi 13516:Lehnert 13468:Tardini 13463:Montini 13386:Liturgy 13381:Judaism 12747:Pius XI 12701:of the 12691:Pius XI 12535:of the 12531:in the 12315:Pio XII 11505:. 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